Integrating Sustainability and Spatial Planning from an International Perspective Prepared by Roberto Rocco Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy TU Delft
Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/quidtum/3582643470
Challenge the future
SpatialPlanning &Strategy
Urbanism?
In this exercise, you will need to ‘locate’ yourself inthe hypothetical triangle that composes URBANISM at TU Delft. According to your previous education and aspirations for the future, where would you be? Mark a cross inside the triangle and write your name and country of origin near that cross. Would you add another element to this geometrical form? Is it a polygon? A square? What other categories would you add, if any?
Design
Human Sciences
Physical Sciences
Semester 4
Quarter 1 Quarter 2
Analysis & Design of Urban Form
(design practice the urban scale)
History and Theory of Urbanism (theoretical)
R & D Studio Social spatial processes in the city
(design practice and research the neighbourhood scale)
R & D Studio
Spatial strategies for the Global Metropolis
Practice of Urbanism (theoretical expositive)
Sustainable Urban Engineering of the Territory (theoretical + instrumental)
Research and design methodology for urbanism (instrumental expositive)
(design practice and research metropolitan/regional scale)
Quarter 4
Quarter 3
R & D Studio
Free choice (varied)
Graduation orientation
Semester 3
Semester 2
Semester 1
TU Delft Urbanism Graduation Track (2012)
Theory of Urbanism (instrumental expositive)
Methodology (Thesis Plan) (instrumental expositive)
Graduation Lab Urbanism (design practice + varying degrees of theoretical and instrumental courses)
Graduation Lab Urbanism (almost exclusively design practice)
Why do we plan? For whom do we design? What do we want to achieve?
Consolidation of objectives of Spatial Planning around the notion of sustainability Image source: Sarah Cass at sarahcass.blogspot.com
‘Enhanced’ Sustainability environmental
sustainability social
economic
“For sustainability to occur, it must occur simultaneously in each of its three dimensions” (economic, social and environmental) Larsen, 2012
visions directions • the the elaboration elaboration ofofvisions andand directions for sustainable and fair futures
for sustainable and fair futures
Burnham Place at Union Station Master Plan; Washington, D.C. (Image: Akridge & SBA)
Increased public goods
Aerial view of the winning design for the European Spallation Source (ESS) by Henning Larsen Architects, COBE and SLA (Image: Henning Larsen Architects)
Redistribution of gains
ttp://roarmag.org/2011/11/what-the-99-want-all-power-to-the-peoples-assemblies/
Increased life chances and prosperity
results in...
Social sustainability This has been guided by ideas like
‘The right to the city’ (Lefebvre, 1998,
Harvey, 2008), ‘Spatial justice’ (Harvey, 2009) the ‘Just city’ (Fainstein, 2000) and ‘Spatial justice (Soja, 2010).
But why?
An understanding that without social sustainability, overall sustainability is difficult to achieve, specially in view of high rates of deprivation, informality and inequality around the world. UN Millennium Development Report (2012)
Photo: Valéria Gonçalvez/Estadão
Social sustainability
sustains the governance necessary to achieve
overall sustainability
` An C a n environmentally a n e n v i r o n msustainable entally sustainable world cannot world exist exist without without spatial spatialjustice justiceand andredistribution? redistribution. It is crucial to escape the simplistic view that slums and other forms of informal urbanization (people) are polluting our water resources’.
Robust sustainability The World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED) emphasizes “(…)
concerted attention to social, ecological and economic conditions” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
Sustainability studies The expression ‘sustainable
and fair futures’ refers to social, economic and
environmental sustainability of living environments (United Nations, 1993). Image source: Sarah Cass at sarahcass.blogspot.com
Public goods
Public goods refer to intangible public assets produced by collective undertaking and whose costs are not imposed on any particular individual when making use of the good (Olson, 2009). Accessibility, clean air, security are examples of public goods created by collective undertaking or public regulation and action. Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bearseye/8719343763/sizes/k/in/photostream/
While avoiding externalities
http://www.flickr.com/photos/iulianionescu/2436448880/sizes/z/in/photostream/
Redistribution of gains Refers to the social function of property and
production: ownership of property must reflect the fact that land and other assets owe a large part of their value to the existence of public
goods, infrastructure and positive externalities that benefit those assets. Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/blacktulip06
Redistribution of gains Redistribution of gains ought to happen when private property realizes gains that can be traced to the existence of public goods produced by collective
undertaking and that can be taxed by public authorities (as in the case of municipal taxes).
My plot!
My plot!
DinoVabec NYC to LA
I am not exaggerating!
Life chances Life chances refer to the understanding that households are spatially bound and life chances are not equally present everywhere.
Therefore it is necessary to promote
redistribution of gains and increase public goods
where such life chances are not present (van Kempen, 1994).
data source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007 there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701
HDI Human development index (2007( city of sao paulo districts compared
Unequal life chances saudi arabia Perus
bahamas
Anhanguera
Trememb e
Argentina
venezuela
ukraine
Jaragua
Cachoeirinha
Brasilandia
lybia
cuba Jacana
cyprus
Tucuruvi
M andaqui
cyprus
Pirituba
croatia
chile
Freguesia do O
S. D omingos
slovakia Limao bahrain
mauritius
Denmark
Jaragua
Czech Rep. Casa
latvia
Verde
Santana
spain
Bom Retiro
Barra Funda
germany Santa
singapore
Cecilia
Perdizes
Jaguare
Pinheiros
spain
chile
Rio Pequeno
Austria
Argentina
Austria
M orumbi
Vila Sonia
FRance
Cyprus
Norway
Itaim Bibi
M oema
Australia
Itaquer a
ukraine
Carrao
Guaianases
cyprus
Cidade Lider
cuba
bahamas
MALTA Ipiranga
cyprus
Vila Pruden te
Dominican Rep.
Alvim
Malaysia Parque do Carmo
Jose Bonifacio
Panama
Panama
bahrain opemba emba Sapop
Sao Mateus
bosnia
Japan
Camp o
New Zealand Belo
estonia
bulgaria
Iguatemi
sri lanka
oman
Cursino
Sacoma
uruguay
Sao Rafael
ukraine
Santo Amaro
Camp o Limp o
Capao Redondo
cyprus
Cidade Tiradentes
ukraine
Sao Lucas
Saude
Vila Andrade
kazakhstan
Lajeado
Artur Russia bahamas
cyprus
Vila Agua Rasa Formosa Aricanduva cyprus
SWEDEN Vila M ariana
Itaim Paulista
peru Vila Curuca
Pont e Rasa st kitts
Argentina Vila Matilde
Tatuape
Lib erdade
Iceland
Butanta
cuba
Argentina
sri lanka
Penha
Pari
Belem
Paulista
Albania
Jardim Helena
Sao M iguel
Vila Jacui
seychelles Vila Maria
bulgaria
lybia
Cangaiba Vila Guilherme Malta
Bras S. Korea IcelandSWEDENs.Korea Alt o de republica MALTA Se Consolac ao poland Pinheiros Australia sloveniaM ooca Bela Cambuci singapore Finland Norway Vista Jardim
qatar
Ermelino M atar azzo
seychelles
Hong kong Argentina
Lapa
Vila Leopoldina
Raposo avar T es
Vila M edeiros
Netherlands
Jabaquara
poland
Jardim Sao Luis
Malaysia
Campkong o Hong Grande
Cidade lybia Ademar
Socorro S.KOrea
Pedreira
turkey
Sky high: SWEDEN
thailand Cidade D utra
Jardim A ngela
mexico
Very high: Spain Grajau
Dominican republic Parelheiros
high: Czech republic
China
moderately high: mexico Medium: thailand Medium to low: kyrgystan
Life chances are intrinsically
related to the concept of
spatial justice.
Finally: Prosperity!
Prosperity refers to societal advancements, as opposed to individual gains (profit).
This is a reference to the three Ps in sustainability studies (planet, people and profit), in which the term profit has been replaced by ‘prosperity’ in order to reflect the public nature of social advancement (Hammond, 2006).
People
Prosperity Profit
Planet
Challenges and failures The challenges and failures in development over the past decades have demonstrated
that “for sustainability to occur, it must occur simultaneously in each of the three
dimensions� (economic, social and environmental) (Larsen, 2012).
Integration of sustainability and spatial planning
The integration of these sustainability dimensions into spatial planning requires a thorough understanding of policy-making and policy-implementation processes concerning the management of territories in general and of natural resources in particular.
Understanding territorial governance It is necessary to understand governance structures and arrangements in relevant
territorial units in relation to the objectives described above (i.e. redistribution of gains
and increase of life chances) and to the management of natural resources.
Effectiveness + democracy building This is necessary because understanding governance structures is crucial in order to
achieve effectiveness of policymaking and
implementation, while strengthening civil society.
Crucially, this approach addresses the issue of democracy-building, which we see as a condition sine qua non for social sustainability.
Governance is at the centre
... of spatial planning processes. Â
Governance
Governance (normative) Civil Society
Private Sector
Public Sector Positive tension: checks and balances
Governance (descriptive) Civil Society
Private Sector
Civil Coalitions between sectors and within sectors
Public Sector Public Sector
Urban planners & Designers
Governance entails an understanding of how policy making and implementation happens in complex societies
Changes in governing (& planning) Emergence of a particular style of governing where there must be sustained co-ordination and coherence among a wide variety of actors with different purposes and objectives from all sectors of society. Papadopoulos, 2007
Multilevel governance ‘Involves a large number of decision-making arenas, differentiated along both functional and territorial lines and interlinked in a nonhierarchical way’ Eberlein and Kerwer, 2004
Network governance Policy-making and implementation is ‘shared’ by politicians, technocrats, experts, dedicated agencies, authorities, semi private and private companies, the public, NGOs, etc which constitute NETWORKS of policy and decision making across levels, territories, mandates
The rise of the city
region as a relevant unit for planning
Randstad Sources: http://vervoersplanoloog.blogspot.nl/ and http://www.randarchief.blogspot.nl
BosWash
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boswash.png
Pearl River Delta
Rhur Valley
These new kinds of cities present new challenges for spatial planners
Planning happens in
much more complex socio political arenas
Our case: Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo in South America Puerto Cabezas
Bluefields
Maracaibo
Barranquilla
Barquisimeto
Caracas Maturin
Valencia
Cucuta
Ciudad Bolivar
San Cristobal
Venezuela
Medellin
Cali
Guiana
Puerto Ayacucho
Bogota
French Guiana
Suriname
Apoteri
Colombia
Boa Vista
Mitu
Pasto
Macapa
Quito
Ecuador
Belem
A m a z o n Manaus
Guayaquil
Santarem
Fortaleza
Sao Luis
Iquitos Talara
Teresina
Sullana
A
B a s i n
n
Orellana
s d e
Peru u n M o
Recife Porto Velho
Rio Branco
Brazil
Cocama Cerro De Pasco
t
Callao
Natal
Tarauaca
Huanuco
Lima
Imperatriz
Ayacucho Cuzco
Salvador
Mato Grosso
a
i n
Maceio Aracaju
Ica
s
Bolivia
Puno Arequipa
Brasilia
Plateau Cuiaba
Goiania
La Paz
Tacna
Santa Cruz
Atac
Arica
Belo Horizonte
ama Desert
Campo Grande
Iquique
Paraguay
Tarija San Salvador De Jujuy Salta
Antofagasta
Pacific Chile
Vitoria Campinas
Rio de Janeiro
Concepcion
S達o Paulo
Santos
C. Oviedo
San Miguel De Tucuman
Asuncion
Curitiba
Foz Do Iguacu
Joinville Resistencia
Argentina s
Cordoba
SanRafael
m ns
Rosario
Buenos Aires
Concepcion
a
Bahia Blanca
Porto Alegre Tacuarembo
a
Mendoza
Santiago
p
Valparaiso
Florianopolis
Uruguay
Paysandu
Durazno
Montevideo
S達o Paulo > than 18 million inh. > than 10 million inh. (megalopolis) > than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis) > than 3 million inh. (metropolis) > than 1 million inh. (big city)
Please,
click for movie
What is Sao Paulo? Sao Paulo is a divided global city
in a fast growing developing country
Issues of spatial justice, redistribution and equal life chances are are urgent
Sao Paulo is this
But also this...
saudi arabia Perus
bahamas Anhanguera
Trememb e
Argentina
venezuela
ukraine
Jaragua
Cachoeirinha
Brasilandia
lybia
cuba Jacana
cyprus
Tucuruvi
M andaqui
cyprus
Pirituba
croatia
chile
Freguesia do O
S. D omingos
slovakia Limao bahrain
mauritius
Denmark
Jaragua
Czech Rep. Casa
latvia
Verde
Vila Guilherme Malta
Lapa
Bom Retiro
Barra Funda
Vila Leopoldina
germany Santa Cecilia
Perdizes
Austria
Belem
Pinheiros
spain
chile
Rio Pequeno
Austria
cuba
M orumbi
Vila Sonia
Itaim Bibi
FRance
Cyprus
Norway M oema
Australia
Guaianases Cidade Lider
cuba
Malaysia Parque do Carmo
Ipiranga
cyprus
Jose Bonifacio
Panama
Panama
bahrain opemba emba Sapop
Sao Mateus
bosnia
Iguatemi
sri lanka
Saude
Camp o
Vila Andrade
New Zealand Belo
estonia
Capao Redondo
Cursino
Sao Rafael
Sacoma
ukraine
uruguay
Santo Amaro
Camp o Limp o
oman
cyprus
Cidade Tiradentes
ukraine
Sao Lucas
Japan
bulgaria
Compared
ukraine
Carrao
cyprus
MALTA
Vila Pruden te
Dominican Rep.
Alvim
bahamas
SWEDEN Vila M ariana
kazakhstan
Lajeado
Artur Russia bahamas
cyprus
Vila Agua Rasa Formosa Aricanduva cyprus
Lib erdade
Paulista
Iceland
Butanta
Itaquer a
Argentina Vila Matilde
Tatuape
Bras S. Korea IcelandSWEDENs.Korea republica MALTA Se Consolac ao poland Australia sloveniaM ooca Bela Cambuci singapore Finland Norway Vista Jardim
Jaguare
Itaim Paulista
peru Vila Curuca
Pont e Rasa st kitts
Argentina
sri lanka
Penha
Pari
Argentina
Alt o de Pinheiros
qatar
Albania
Jardim Helena
Sao M iguel
Vila Jacui
seychelles Vila Maria
bulgaria
lybia
Cangaiba
Santana
spain
Ermelino M atar azzo
seychelles
Hong kong Argentina
singapore
Raposo avar T es
Vila M edeiros
Human Development
Netherlands
Jabaquara
poland
Jardim Sao Luis
Malaysia
Campkong o Hong Grande
Cidade lybia Ademar
Socorro S.KOrea
Sky high: SWEDEN
Pedreira
turkey
thailand Cidade D utra
Jardim A ngela
mexico
Very high: Spain high: Czech republic
Grajau
China
Dominican republic
moderately high: mexico
Parelheiros
Medium: thailand Medium to low: kyrgystan kyrgyztan M arsilac
N
0
20km
HDI Human development index (2007( city of sao paulo districts compared
data source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007 there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701
Perus
bahamas Anhanguera
Trememb e
Argentina
venezuela
ukraine
Jaragua
Brasilandia
Cachoeirinha
lybia
cuba Jacana
cyprus
Tucuruvi
M andaqui
cyprus
Pirituba
croatia
chile
S. D omingos
mauritius
Jaragua
Freguesia do O
slovakia Limao bahrain Denmark
Czech Rep. Casa Verde
Vila M edeiros
latvia Santana
spain
Cangaiba Vila Guilherme Malta
Vila Maria
bulgaria
lybia
Albania
Argentina
Jardim Helena
sri lanka
Sao M iguel
Vila Jacui
seychelles
Hong kong Argentina
Lapa
seychelles
Ermelino M atar azzo
Pont e Rasa st kitts
peru Vila Curuca
Itaim Paulista
kazakhstan
Penha Bom Vila Pari Retiro germany Santa Itaquer a Lajeado Austria Argentina Leopoldina Argentina Artur Cecilia Vila Matilde Russia Belem Dominican Rep. Tatuape singapore bahamas Perdizes Alvim Bras S. Korea IcelandSWEDENs.Korea Alt o de republica MALTA cyprus qatar ukraine Se Carrao Consolac ao poland Pinheiros Jaguare Guaianases Australia M ooca slovenia Bela cyprus Cambuci singapore Finland Cidade Lider Jose Norway Vista Vila Jardim cuba Pinheiros Lib er dade Malaysia Bonifacio Agua Rasa For mosa Paulista Aricanduva spain chile Austria cyprus Parque do Panama Iceland Rio Pequeno Butanta bahamas Cidade Carmo Tiradentes SWEDEN MALTA Vila Vila Sao Lucas ukraine Ipiranga cuba Norway M ariana Panama bahrain M orumbi cyprus Pruden te Raposo avar T es Itaim M oema FRance opemba emba Sapop Vila Sonia Sao Mateus Bibi Cyprus bosnia Iguatemi Australia Barra Funda
Japan
sri lanka
Saude
Camp o
Vila Andrade
New Zealand Belo
estonia
bulgaria
oman
Cursino
Sacoma
uruguay
Sao Rafael
ukraine
Santo Amaro
Camp o Limp o
Capao Redondo
cyprus
Netherlands
Jabaquara
poland
Jardim Sao Luis
Malaysia
Campkong o Hong Grande
Cidade lybia Ademar
Socorro S.KOrea
Pedreira
turkey
Sky high: SWEDEN
thailand Cidade D utra
Jardim A ngela
mexico
Very high: Spain Grajau
Dominican republic Parelheiros
high: Czech republic
China
moderately high: mexico Medium: thailand Medium to low: kyrgystan
Avenida Paulista: one of 5 main business districts
Marginal Pinheiros: The newest and biggest CBD
An extended metropolitan complex with 5 contiguous metropolitan areas
27.6 million
The metropolitan area
19.8 million
TheThe metropolitan area municipality
11.2 million
Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions 12. Water Sources Circuit 13. Mantiqueira
10. Bocaina
Viracopos Airport
4. Campinas 5. Paraiba Macro- Axis
Campinas
8. Bragantina
7. Jundiai
Sao Jose dos Campos
Jundiai Ernesto Stumpf Airpot Sao Paulo International Airport
6. Sorocaba
11. Alto Paraiba
Campo de Marte Airport
Sorocaba Sao Roque
1. Core
2. MASP
Congonhas Airport
Sorocaba Airport
9. Sao Roque
14. Litoral Norte 3. Santos Santos Port of Santos
Main municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex Other municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex Other municipalities in the State of Sao Paulo Main highway Regional highway
Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions 12. Water Sources Circuit 13. Mantiqueira
10. Bocaina
4. Campinas 5. Paraiba Macro- Axis
Campinas
8. Bragantina
7. Jundiai
Sao Jose dos Campos
Jundiai
11. Alto Paraiba
6. Sorocaba Sorocaba Sao Roque
1. Core
2. MASP 14. Litoral Norte
9. Sao Roque
3. Santos Santos
1. Core Municipality
8. Bragantina Peri-Metro Regional Unit
2. Greater Sao Paulo (MASP)
9. Sao Roque Peri-Metro Regional Unit
3. Metropolitan Santos
10. Bocaina Peri-Metro Regional Unit
4. Metropolitan Campinas
11. Alto Paraiba Peri-Metro Regional Unit
5. Paraiba Macro Axis Proto Metropolis
12. The 'Water Circuit' Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
6. Sorocaba Proto Metropolis
13. Mantiqueira Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
7. Jundiai Peri-Metropolitan Regional Unit
14. Litoral Norte Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit
Core: 11.3 million (31 sub-municipalities) Metro: 19.9 million (39 municipalities) Macro-metro: 27.6 million (95 municipalities) Main unit urban node
Other important urban node Airport
0
15
30
1: 1 500 000 1 CM = 15 KM
45 km
city-region in a middle-income
175 km NASA Earth Observatory
Photo by S達o Paulo, Brazil, at Nigh
country
Areas where multi-level
networked governance is required
Sao Paulo Compnhia Metropolitana de Transportes
Metropolitan mobility
+ 928 local bus lines on core municipality
Water and waste management
Informal development around one of Sao Paulo’s water reservoirs Source: Google Earth
Large Regional Infrastructure
Congonhas: the busiest airport in South America and Source: Google Earth
its integration in the city
Large Regional Infrastructure
Source: http://upgradesemanal.blogspot.nl/2011/04/trem-bala-no-brasil.html
The route of the proposed speed train between Rio de Janeiro and the city of Campinas
Environmental protection and management
The new external ring road of Sao Paulo crossing the water reservoirs of the city and large parts of the Source: Google Earth
Atlantic Forest
Who plans the region? The State of Sao Paulo Secretary of Metropolitan Development State System of Metropolitan Development Chamber of Metropolitan Development
Ministry of Cities: The Statute of Cities +Ministry of Planning and Development
Secretary of Metropolitan Development (+EMPLASA) 95 municipalities of Macro-metropolis + 5
metropolitan councils+ sectorial enterprises
Main partner EMPLASA: Paulista Enterprise for Metropolitan Planning
http://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/
Main tasks Institutional organisation Coordination and feasibility Planning foundations Territorial Planning Coordination of Regional Projects
Integrated water resources management Perhaps the most urgent regional governance challenge is the management of
water resources
Water management : organisecd in river basin committees
Source: Google Earth
Governance (normative) Civil Society
Private Sector
Public Sector Positive tension: checks and balances
Alto Tiete River Basin Committee
Cities River Basin Committee Plenary Civil Society
Technical Committees
State Executive Board
Area Subcommittees
Civil Society
Composition of the River Water basin Committee Plenary
16 municipalities representatives 16 State agencies or departments 16 Civil Society representatives
Civil Society? Slum Federation of the State of Sao Paulo > Industry Federation of the State of Sao Paulo
Features A literal translation of the governance model, with integral participation of stakeholders (including the private initiative) in the decision making process, but... lack of integration with active spatial planning
Metropolitan mobility and connectivity
Main problems in regional planning and design
1. GOVERNANCE a. excessive sectorialization: lack of integration of policies b. lack of transparence and accountability c. too many levels of decision making + too many administrative units: bureaucratic nightmares
Main problems in regional planning and design
2. LACK OF REGIONAL STRATEGIC VISION Reactive planning rather than active planning The regions develops faster than planners can plan it
Policy formulation and implementation Networks involving:
•
public actors (politicians and administrators) in different decision levels
• • • • •
technocrats economic agents interest representatives (civil + corporate) other stakeholders experts (e.g. planners)
New forms of steering complex governance networks
Deliberation Bargaining Compromise-seeking
Thanks for listening!
Questions?
This presentation is available at www.issuu.com/robertorocco
Prepared by Roberto Rocco Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delft for information, please contact r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl