FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR A NEW PARADIGM OF COASTAL CITIES
existing
BERND GUNDERMANN
NEW URBAN SHORES •
Enrich cities through landscaping
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Opportunity to drive innovation into new planning initiatives
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Benefits to lifestyle, environment and economy
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Current seperation between built and natural environments
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Shift from sterile to natural, sensory experiences
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Change in paradigm from hard-engineering to natural approaches a.k.a. Adaptive Urbanism
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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CHARGE: THE CITY WITH LANDSCAPE •
Unique and diverse natural landscapes surround cities but never enter
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Paradigm shift
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Replace generic, engineered, characterless environments with new dimension,sensual experiences, identity and context
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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HUMANIZE: THE PUBLIC SPACE •
Private transport developed after cities established thus the related infrastructure is situated on the only remaining crown-owned land: the waterfront
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Air pollution, visual intruision, noise, vibrations = unpleasant pedestrian experience
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Removal of vehicle dominance through remote working environments, DemandResponsive Transit systems and restricted access for private vehicles into the city
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Healthier, active population
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Additional urban space for beneficial activities
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Increase in property values
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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ALIGN: WITH NATURAL RHYTHMS •
Artificial lighting, inoperable windows and air conditioning creates interior conditions isolated from daily and seasonal variation
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Unaware of environmental crisis we are facing as a result of total separation from it
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‘Cartestian Split’ made us focus on economically-measurable rather than quality of life
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Temporal awareness part of our intrinsic being
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Changing seasons apparent through planting and harvest, along with migration of birds and fluctuation of tides that occasional render some areas inaccessible
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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ADAPT: TO CLIMATE CHANGE •
Social Resilience: Networks for faster reponse times
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Environmental Resilience:Ability of the natural environment to overcome a natural disaster
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Frequency and intensity of extreme weather events - SLR, coastal erosion and storm surges
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Investing in shores to prevent inundation and valuable land being washed away
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Adaptive Urbanism - alternative to hard engineering, integrates natural methods to respond to the changing natural environment
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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VITALIZE: THE URBAN CULTURE •
Urban Design improved and famous through landscape rather than iconic buildings
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Calming, harmonizing, healthy and vitalising energy of water
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Historical settlements located by the coast for defence, transport and food
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Lifestyle benefits - experience outdoors in lunchbreaks, reenergized workspaces and shop from stalls which harvest produce on roofs
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
BOOST: THE ECONOMY •
Investing now and shifting from short-term gains to considering the longer term and mulitple lifestyles
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Economic resilience to prepare for times of financial, social and environmental change
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Invest in technology, communications, Demand Responsive Transit infrastructure
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Jonah Lehrer - article studying relationship between cognitice functions and inner city living - “Just by being in an urban environemnt, they have found, impirs our basic mental processes” “The mind needs nature, and even a little bit can be a big help”
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Competing for brain gain - can’t lure with salaries or career opportunities - biggest attraction is lifestyle
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Communal spaces for contact, discussion and exchange ideas - “concentration of social interations” largely responsible for urban creativity
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Remote, flexible work environments
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Economic damage of not protecting against extreme weather events up to US $1 trillion worldwide annual by 2050
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FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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REFLECTIONS •
Visible, life-enhancing new vision
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Opportunity to become global leaders
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New future for urban spaces
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Removal of demarcations around cities
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Fusion between built and natural
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FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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THE PARADIGM SHIFT: FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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Vanguard of science has long revealed that the human population and universe are deeply interconnected, mainstream-science and commercial industry continue to pursue this separation
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Divide has caused complete unawareness of the complexity of the natural environment which has lead to irreversible damage.
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Now that the environmental conditions are impairing our quality of life that we are questioning this hierarchical relationship
HUMANITYY
HUMANITY NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
RESISTANCE 461&3*03*5: t 4&1"3"5*0/ t %6"-*4.
•
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
RESILIENCE */5&(3"5*0/ t "-*(/.&/5 t 6/*0/
Extreme weather events are a ‘wake-up call’ to evolve from superseded archetypes
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
THE CATALYST: EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS Of the G20 countries Australia has:
DE WO R L DW I
R AU S T
ALIA
AUD $ 0,000,000
USD $ 000,000,000
ACCUMULATED ANNUAL EXPENDITURE ON EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
• The second worst deterioration in water availability • The second highest cost per GDP from extreme weather events (0.24%) • The biggest difference in temperatures among G20 nations between 2011 and 2013 • The second highest sensitivity to climate change (the number of deaths from weather events; the cost of the event in terms of GDP; and the number of people affected)
The total economic cost of natural disasters in Australia could double by 2030, and reach $23 billion by 2050. Australia makes up 0.4% of the world’s population yet expenditure on weather related events is 1%
YEARS
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EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS: REGIONAL
Drought from 2000-2009 was estimated to have caused an 80% reduction in grain production and 40% reduction in livestock
Cyclone Yasi 2011 caused $3.5billion in damages, $2 billion in agriculture and $1billion in tourism
Floods 2011 killed over 30 people and cost $2.4 billion Wildfires destroy 68 homes in 2011 Heatwave 2009 lead to 980 heatrelated deaths.
Heatwave 2013 new hottest day recorded 45.8’C Bushfires 2009 cost $4.4 billion and killed 173 people
Bushfires 2013 cause $79million of damage BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
HOW CAN WE OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES: ADAPTIVE URBANISM IN THE WATER
AROUND THE COAST
ON THE LAND
PROBLEM: • •
SLR Storm Surges
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Inundation Erosion
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Increased surface water run-off Contamination of water
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Wetlands Water Basins
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Inland Planting Permeable Paving Green Roofs
SOLUTION: • • • •
Archipelagos Oyster Reefs Pile FIelds Oyster Filtration
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
IN THE WATER: ARCHIPELAGOS
Figure 2. Diagram showing uninterrupted tidal flow but ability to break wave energy.
Figure 1. Archipelagos extending the land into the sea and interrupting wave paths
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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Uses port dredge
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Protects coastline
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Doesn’t disrupt coastline
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Enriches ecosystem
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Blurs distinction between land and water
RESILIENCE
IN THE WATER: OYSTER REEFS •
Replace artificial, resource consuming materials
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Promotes biodiversity
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Provides habitats
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Fosters growth of additional oysters to become a self-sustaining protection measure rather than the maintenance required by sea walls
Figure 3. Oyster breakwater in Alabama
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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IN THE WATER: BREAKWATER TOWERS •
Reduces impact of storm surge
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Can be located to not interrupt maritime activities and protect vulnerable areas
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Act as sanctuaries for marine life
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Reflect the built environment adding to the seamless transition between the land and sea
Figure 4. Breakwater towers extend the built environment into the water and promote natural marine environments
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
IN THE WATER: PILE FIELDS •
Interrupt wave path and thus break up the wave energy
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Resting ground for bird life
Figure 5. Brooklyn Bridge Park, New York has implemented pile fields for coastal protection
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
AROUND THE COAST: IMPROVING SEA WALLS •
Absorb wave energy
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Enhance biodiversity
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Uses dredge from other harbour areas
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Filters pollutants
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Contributes to food chain /ecosystem
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Converts carbon dioxide to to oxygen
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Tolerant of varying water levels
Figure 6. Diagram demonstrating how hard sea walls can be softened to reduce the amount of wave energy
Figure 7. Habitat creation on Hard Engineering
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
Figure 8. Varying techniques to create natural environments and habitats in areas of hard engineering
RESILIENCE
AROUND THE COAST: NATURAL WETLANDS •
Natural sponge system that absorbs, retains and slowly releases water
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Root systems stablize the soil reducing coastal erosion
Figure 9. Brooklyn Bridge Park, New York incorporating wetlands into coastal resilience systems
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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AROUND THE COAST: CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
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Integration of soft resilience and engineering
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Multifunction adaptive intervention
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Coastal richness
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Combines benefits of natural wetlands with efficiency and reduced footprint of constructed wetlands
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Requires further investigation into recent advances as well as application to local ecosystems
Figure 10. Constructed wetlands aim combine the benefits of wetlands while reducing their footprint and creating an exciting public realm
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
AROUND THE COAST: WATER BASINS
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Water basins provide overflow areas
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Creates integrated relationship between land and water
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Promotes amphibious urban environment
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Publicizes the effects of sea level rise to create greater awareness
Figure 11. Proposed waterbasin in Taiwan
Figure 12. Waterbasin in Rotterdam provides an enjoyable public space to be inhabited at all water levels
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
AROUND THE COAST: PIERS/SLIPS/PLATFORMS
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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Coastal variation interrupts wave paths
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Structure doubles as wave break
RESILIENCE
ON THE LAND: INLAND PLANTING
SLOW RELEASE SYSTEMS FOR EXCESS WATER INLAND
ENVIRONMENTAL CATCHMENTS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
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Areas for variable levels of water storage
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Planting on embankments for stability and filtering purposes
High ratios of impermeable surfaces cause surface run off and pressure on infrastructure
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Plazas, parks, wetlands, planting, and bioswales help reduce this pressure and provide a slow releasing, purifying water system
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Natural systems so as not to disrupt ecosystems
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
MAXIMIZING AGRICULTURAL LAND WHILE PROTECTING AND BALANCING ECOSYSTEMS •
Planting at boundaries and along river edges stop soil erosion and filter pollutants before they enter the water
RESILIENCE
ON THE LAND: GREEN ROOFS
Figure 14. Aerial Image of Auckland CBD
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Green roofs increase the amount of permeable surfaces and thus reduces surface run-off water
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Additional space for planting converting carbon dioxide to oxygen
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Encourages biodiversity
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Assists placemaking efforts
Figure 13. Convention centre in Vancouver
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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ON THE LAND: PERMEABLE PAVING
Figure 15. Plastic permeable paving reduces storm water run off and creates a more aesthetically pleasing environment
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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Reduces run off surface water - 100% Permeable
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Lessens stress on infrastructure
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Increased aesthetic
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Eliminates pollutants
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Shorter replacement/repair time
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Slows transport making a more pedestrian friendly environment
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Promotes tree growth
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Reinforces ground
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Interlocking panels or large rolls for quick installation
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High load bearing capacity (400T/m2)
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100% recyclable and made from 100% recycled plastic
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Reduces the use of asphalt which produces 221kg of CO2 emissions per tonne
RESILIENCE
ON THE LAND: PLACE MAKING •
Embracing, adapting and thriving in unpredictable environment
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Waterfront connectivity, accessibility and engagement
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Promotion of natural, amphibious urban environments
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Recreational and leisure destinations
Figure 16. The introduction of water and natural environments into previous sterile urban spaces creates more enjoyable, user-friendly environments
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
ON THE LAND: SMART-CITY TECHNOLOGY
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
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Smart-Cities
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egovernance
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reduced commuting
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smarter public transport
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response systems for extreme weather events
RESILIENCE
“WE CANNOT SOLVE OUR PROBLEMS WITH THE SAME THINKING WE USED WHEN WE CREATED THEM.” - EINSTEIN
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE
FROM TO
RESISTANCE RESILIENCE
BERND GUNDERMANN
ARCHITECT & URBAN DESIGNER STEPHENSON & TURNER NZ LTD
PHONE: +64 9 303 1249 EMAIL: BGUNDERMANN@STEPHENSONTURNER.COM
For more information or to download this presentation please visit our website: stephensonturner.com/project/coastal-design-research
BERND GUNDERMANN
FROM RESISTANCE TO RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE