Bairro do Recife: Integrated Urban & Energy Strategies for Vibrant Communities & Affordable Housing

BAIRRO DO RECIFE

INTEGRATED URBAN AND ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR VIBRANT COMMUNITIES AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING Rodolfo M. Macedo

BAIRRO DO RECIFE INTEGRATED URBAN AND ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR VIBRANT COMMUNITIES AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree: Master of Science

Declaration of authorship

Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning

Hereby I declare that I have written this thesis with the title

[ HafenCity University Hamburg ]

Vibrant Communities and Affordable Housing“ without any

“Bairro do Recife: Integrated Urban and Energy Strategies for help from others and without the use of documents and aids

Author:

Rodolfo M. Macedo [6044100]

other than those stated above. I have mentioned all used sources and cited them correctly according to established academic citation rules.

Supervisors:

Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Udo Dietrich

M.Sc. Gionatan Vignola

City and Date

© 2019. Copyright by Rodolfo M. Macedo

Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS > I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Udo Dietrich and M.Sc. Gionatan Vignola for assistance and guidance. This thesis would not be here if not for the support and encouragement of my family: my wife Annkristin, my parents JosĂŠ Antonio and Iara, my brother Rafael and my grandmother Therezinha. Notwithstanding, I want to show my gratitude to Maren and Heino for the patience and hospitality during some weekends of thesis development.

I am deeply grateful to the HafenCity University for allowing me to study in the REAP master program and the professors and staff for providing the circumstances of my development. Also, the topic chosen was influenced by my former studies at the Architecture and Urban Planning College (FAU) of the University of SĂŁo Paulo.

Finally, I would like to thank all my colleagues from the REAP course, especially my friends from the 8th generation for going through this journey together and for making every step of it more pleasant.

ABSTRACT Many Brazilian cities cannot provide the necessary infrastructure and services to a large extent of themselves. Concomitantly, the country has reduced the share of renewables in the energy mix. It also focuses on large hydropower plants with social and environmental issues, whereas many buildings located in the hottest climates demand energy for mechanical cooling.

The research explores the potential of the Bairro do Recife (Recife, Brazil) to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants by creating a scenario to understand possible interventions in the neighborhood. The focus lies

on verifying the livability of the urban arrangement, the energy efficiency and production of the buildings, as well as a strategy to provide affordable housing.

The results indicate that the selected urban and energy strategies could, in most of the cases, improve the status quo situation. The urban intervention would improve the mix of uses, the public spaces, and walkability. The buildings could provide thermal comfort by passive solutions, reducing the energy demand, whereas the rooftops could produce equivalent to 79% of the electricity demand those buildings by using PV-panels.

KEYWORDS > Urban Development, Energy Efficiency, Affordable Housing, Livability, Rooftop PVPanels, Zero-Energy District, Walkability, Bair, Thermal Comfort, Passive Solutions

| CONTENT

Acknowledgements

Abstract

keywords > CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

08

02.8 | Main Characteristics 45 02.9 | SWOT Analysis 46

BRAZILIAN BACKGROUND

01.1 | General Aspects 10

01.2 | Urban Situation in Brazil

11

01.3 | Energy Overview in Brazil

13

02.10 | Stakeholders 47 > CHAPTER 3. SCOPE & METHODS

50

03.1 | Focus 52

OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS

01.4 | Objectives 20

03.2 | Methodology 52

01.5 | Location 20 01.6 | Focus 20

> CHAPTER 4. URBAN INTERVENTION

01.7 | Hypothesis 21

BAIRRO DO RECIFE

01.8 | Research Questions 21

01.9 | Summary of the Outline

> CHAPTER 2. CURRENT SITUATION

22 24

54

04.1 | Introduction 57

04.2 | Surroundings 58

04.3 | Heritage & Current Occupation

60

04.4 | Existing Building Situation

62

RECIFE: URBAN AND SOCIAL

PROPOSED URBAN INTERVENTION

02.1 | General Aspects 27

02.2 | Urban Arrangement 28

04.6 | Guidelines 67

02.3 | Timeline 32

02.4 | Plans for Revitalization of the Center

34

02.5 | Overview Demand & Costs

04.7 | Indicator Results 70 GENERAL ASSESSMENT

38

02.6 | Energy Production 40 ASSESSMENT OF STATUS QUO

02.7 | Summary of Current Situation

65

CALCULATION AND INDICATORS

ENERGY IN RECIFE

04.5 | Strategy - Sectors

44

04.8 | Summary on Livability

84

> CHAPTER 5. BUILDING INTERVENTIONS

86

THERMAL COMFORT

05.1 | Climate Conditions 88

05.2 | Bioclimatic Architecture

90

MODELS AND OPTIMIZATION

05.4 | Criteria of Analysis

97

GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN 112 ENERGY BALANCE 122

> CHAPTER 6. COSTS & FUNDS

124

06.1 | Vision 126

06.2 | Concept 126 06.3 | 25-Year Scenario 132 > CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION

134

135

07.1 | Answer to Research Questions

07.2 | Main Findings 136 07.3 | Impressions 137 References 138 List of Figures 143 Annex 147

1:

INTRODUCTION chapter

BRAZILIAN URBAN AND ENERGY OVERVIEW > Brazil has social inequality context, and many cities cannot provide the necessary infrastructure and services to a large extent of themselves. Concomitantly, the country has reduced the share of renewables in the energy mix, focusing on large hydropower plants that create social and environmental issues. But also, Brazil has the potential to grow in the wind and solar sector. The energy efficiency solutions for buildings should vary among the different climates, especially detaching from the demand for mechanical cooling.

08 |

figure 01 | construction of belo monte hydro power plant | 09 (folha de sĂŁo paulo, 2013)

BRAZILIAN BACKGROUND 01.1 | GENERAL ASPECTS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT FROM 1960 TO 2015:

Brazil is the fifth biggest country of the world in area, with 8,515,800 km² of which in 2017 4,925,500km² were forests. Also, the population is 209 million inhabitants in 2017 (World Bank Group, 2019), mostly located by the Atlantic Ocean shore (Nexo Jornal, 2017).

[Trillions of Dollars] 2.5

The economy is facing a recession at the moment (ITA, 2016) and considered by the World Bank (2019) as an upper-middle-income country with a Gross Domestic Product of 2.056 trillion dollars in 2017 (figure 2), which represents R$ 19,155.89

2.0

per capita. The country has a high inequality rate, with 51.3 in the GINI Index of 2015 (World Bank, 2019). However, in the past decade, the inequality decreased, and millions are now out of the poverty line (international poverty line $1.90).

1.5

For instance, in 1990, 21.6 million inhabitants were considered below this line. A number that in 2014 was reduced to 2.8 million people. (World Bank Group, 2019)

1.0

On the other hand, the current economic and political situation of Brazil is negatively affecting this situation, as in 2015 the number of the poor started to increase again. In 2017, the percentage income share of the lowest 20% was of only 3.6% of

0.5

the GDP (World Bank Group, 2019).

Brazil is mainly an urban country, as 85% of the population live in cities (IBGE, 2010). The life expectancy is of 76 years, the fertility rate is 1.7 births per woman

0.0 1960

(World Bank Group, 2019) and the population is aging in comparison with before. figure

10 |

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

02 | GDP growth from 1960 to 2015 in trillion dollars (macedo, 2019. adapted from world bank group, 2019)

01.2 | URBAN SITUATION IN BRAZIL The urban expansion in the Brazilian cities happened most rapidly during

located the residences or industrial complexes (Villaรงa, 1998). The result is

the mid 20th century. At that moment, several transformations altered the

that in the social and economic background, many Brazilian cities could not

existing characteristics of the urban areas, such as the industrialization

provide the necessary infrastructure and services to a large extent of the ur-

processes and the rural exodus of former agriculture workers to the city se-

ban spaces (Villaรงa, 1998). For instance, only 82,6% of the household waste is

arching for new opportunities (Villaรงa, 1998). The urbanism concepts of the

daily collected, and 65,9% of the households are connected with the sewage

period influenced some of the largest cities to redevelop their central are-

network system in the entire country (IBGE, 2017);

as into places for offices and commercial activities, whereas the periphery

SEPARATION OF RESIDENTIAL ZONES FROM DIFFERENT INCOMES:

figure

03 | view of paraisรณpolis favela surrounded by high-income neighborhoods in sรฃo paulo -brazil (google earth pro, 2019) | 11

The mobility prioritized car-oriented developments since the decade of 1930

with an under-equipped periphery in the same terms has become a „Natu-

(Rubim and Leitão, 2013). In cities like São Paulo, even the legislation provides

ral Model in the Brazilians Cities“.

requirements for a minimum number of cars per apartment to be provided for each new building. As a result, the ownership of cars and motorcycles

In connection with that issue, Brazil has a growing market of gated-com-

are in over 50% of the households in Brazil, with an increase of 138,6% in ten

munity projects of many types, such as isolated towers or housing districts.

years (Rubim and Leitão, 2013).

They constitute in large areas disconnected from the streets by gates, fences, or walls. Moreover, they intend to fulfill the aspirations of the higher income

The distances increased, and especially the lower-income areas were segre-

population by offering, besides the status of exclusivity, a higher feeling of

gated from the necessary services. Villaça (2009) states that urban segrega-

security and isolation (Alves da Silva et al., 2012). Gated-communities are a

tion in Brazil can happen in three ways:

thriving market development to provide infrastructure to its residents in a way that is almost inexistent in the outside properties. At the same time,

1) The opposition between the center and the periphery, where the higher

they cause several impacts in the neighborhood, to the environment, in the

prices of land are key;

segmentation of the street network, in the privatization of open spaces, as well as the implementation of schools, hospitals and institutional types of

2) The separation between residential zones from different incomes, where

equipment (Alves da Silva et al., 2012).

the services are provided unevenly (figure 3); Therefore, to provide livable communities and reduce social segregation, 3) The segregation of specialized land use, e.g., zones for offices, zones for

the cities should become more compact and mixed-used, reducing the de-

industries and zones for residents.

pendency on cars (Gehl, 2010). Notwithstanding, they also need to provide access to infrastructure and services to people of every income, while consi-

Simultaneously, the centers suffered from severe loss of residents to maintain most of the social, health, and educational services, becoming sometimes unsafe during nighttime. This process is noticeable in cities like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Recife, São Luiz, and Manaus (Villaça 1998). For instance, the Bairro do Recife, a historical area of Recife had around 13 thousand inhabitants in 1910 (Morim de Melo, 2003), but in the census of 2010, there were less than 600 inhabitants (IBGE, 2010).

Marta Lagreca (2008) mentions that the dislocation of high and mediumincome neighborhoods, followed by infrastructure and services, in contrast 12 |

dering the local aspects (Villaça, 1998).

LEGEND:

> Uranium

01.3 | ENERGY OVERVIEW IN BRAZIL

> Hydarulic

>

The Brazilian energy mix can nowadays be considered as clean in compari-

Natural Gas

son to the rest of the world. The reason is that its development reached a > Biomass

>

proportional reduction in need of oil by a focus on hydro and biomass elec-

Coal

tricity production (Rodrigues and Halmeman, 2012). However, the share of >

Other non-renewables

>

renewables has been decreasing over time.

Oil & Derivatives

In 1970, there was a lack of diversification in the energy mix, with a pre-

35,0%

14%

27%

49% 1% 3,0% 7,0%

3%

10% 5%

11%

28%

34%

39%

39%

diversification of the energy sector showed a predominance of oil (39%) and hydropower (14%). There was also a reduction on firewood and charcoal of 12%, of the 28% of the biomass share (Rodrigues and Halmeman, 2012).

Moreover, the national government created the National Program of Alcohol

4%

world (Tavares de Andrade et al., 2009). This program took advantage of sugar-cane, which started to be cultivated in the country since the Portuguese

14% 6%

of hydroelectricity (Rodrigues and Halmeman, 2012). In 2000 (figure 4), the

also called „ProÁlcool“ in 1975, as in 1973 the oil price increased 428% in the

1% 1%

3%

41,0%

dominance of charcoal and firewood (44%), followed by oil (34%) and 14%

[RENEWABLES]

14%

[NON-RENEWABLES]

14%

domination, but to produce ethanol, as fuel for cars (Tavares de Andrade et al., 2009).

The result was the development of technologies for cars to run entirely by ethanol in 1978, as well as the improvement of the technology used for fuel production. They increased to 95,8% of the overall car production in 1985 (Tavares de Andrade et al., 2009). With the controlled situation in the oil prices, the program was reduced and later shut down. Nevertheless, the development of the „Flex-Fuel“ technology in the USA made the industry of ethanol boom once more to a level, so that by 2010 over 92% of the cars commercial-

1970

figure

1990

2000

2014

04 | brazilian energy mix in 1970, 1990, 2000 and 2014 (macedo, 2019. adapted from: Rodrigues and Halmeman, 2012; observatório do clima, 2016)

ized in the country had this asset. Consequently, it is possible nowadays for Brazilians to choose for fuel at a better price (Kohlhepp, 2010).

| 13

PRIMARY SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN 1990 AND 2014 : Consequently, Brazil is the second country, after the United States, in both Biodiesel and Ethanol production. Around 50% of industrial heat demand is supplied

LEGEND:

by biomass, as in no other country around the globe (REN 21, 2018). Besides, the biofuel market is responsible for Brazil to be the second country to employ more

> Hydarulic

> Nuclear

> Biomass

>

people in the sector of renewable energy around the world, after China. The direct and indirect jobs in renewables are around 1.1 million in total, being 795.9 thou-

Fossil

sand in biofuels, followed by hydropower with 184 thousand (REN21, 2018).

The sugar cane process is also being used to produce electricity, as the bagasse can

4%

2%

1%

10%

be used as fuel. The country is the third-biggest producer of bioelectricity, after

3%

China and the United States, with a generation of 49TWh in 2017, of which 80% used sugar-cane bagasse (REN21, 2018).

1990

Despite the political crisis and economic recession scenario that Brazil faces at the moment, between 2016-2017, the energy sector could grow the share of renewables (ITA, 2016). However, with the production of energy highly increased over

2014 24%

the decades (from around 50 Mtep in 1970 to over 250 Mtep in 2013), the share of renewables decreased to a moment that the non-renewable sources surpassed the renewables (Januzzi, 2014). This trend continues until nowadays.

Even when comparing the energy mix in 1990 to the one in 2014, it is possible to notice a significant reduction in the share of renewables. Despite the decrease in oil, from 41% to 39%, the percentage of natural gas rose from 3% to 14% and even surpassing the hydraulic sources. In total Brazil had in 1990 a share of 49% of renewables and a reduction to 39% in 2014 (Observat贸rio do Clima, 2016).

Even the electricity sector (figure 5), where the contribution from renewables was around 95% in 1990,has faced a reduction for renewables,as fossil sources rose from 4% to 24%, with a prominence of natural gas (Observat贸rio do Clima, 2016).

14 |

93% 05 | brazilian primary sources of electricity generation in 1990 and 2014 (macedo, 2019. adapted from: observat贸rio do clima, 2016) figure

In fact, there was an increase in GHG emissions for the electricity production sector. It represented only 12% of the GHG emission in 1990, in contrast to the 26% in 2014, becoming the second leading source of emissions after the transportation sector (Observat贸rio do Clima, 2016).On the other hand, some improvements can be seen in the biomass sector, especially in the sugar-cane industry that combines fuel and electricity production, and in the wind energy production (Rodrigues and Halmeman, 2012).

63%

GROWTH OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND BY SECTOR FROM 1990 TO 2014: For the transportation sector, the car-oriented approach influenced the in-

[TWh]

crease in the number of cars in the past decades, as well as the rise in their

500

share of emissions. As an example of this car-oriented system, 58% of cargo transportation is made by roads, whereas 25% by railway and only 17% by water (Observatório do Clima, 2016).

400

As a mostly urban country, (IBGE, 2010), the electricity demand (figure 6) for residential, commercial, and public building sectors also faced one of the highest increases (Observatório do Clima, 2016).

300

One of the discussions for the urban development of the cities is to provide solutions for a more energy-efficient built-up environment, reducing the electricity demand as well as the demand for unclean sources of trans-

200

portation. For instance, a report by Greenpeace (2016) created scenarios for Brazil in terms of what they called “Energy Revolution”, taking into account energy-efficiency of buildings and the use of electricity and biofuels for the transportation sector.

100

Even the new renewable-oriented projects mainly focus on large hydroelectric power plants, as the strategic plans of public interest show (IRENA,2015).

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

> Industrial

>

> Residential

> Farming

> Comercial

>

> Public

> Transportation

2014

Fuel Production

Brazil has extensive knowledge in hydroelectricity, as it is the second-largest country in installed capacity, right after China (REN 21, 2018). However, the share of renewables decreased by 5.2% from 2012 to 2013, despite the growth of over 1,700MW in hydroelectricity (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2014). In addition, most of the potential for new plants are located in areas far away from the demand of the population (figure 7). For example, three strategic

Public Electricity Generation

hydropower projects selected by the government (Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte) are in the north region (IRENA, 2015). In contrast, most of the

figure

06 | growth of the brazilian electricity demand by sector from 1990 to 2014 (macedo, 2019. adepted from: observatório do clima, 2016)

population lives by the coast, far away from those locations (Nexo Jornal, 2017). | 15

NEW STRATEGIC HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS AND POPULATION:

The Belo Monte (figure 01) demanded 25.000 workers for the construction.

Belo Monte

Therefore they were settled in temporary dormitories for an area mostly disconnected from the rest of the country. Besides problems with drug dealing and prostitution, an emergency occurred, as a result of the blockage of the only access road by protest against the dam. At that moment, supplies needed to be brought by plane (Folha de São Paulo, 2015).

Another issue was the drought situation Brazilians faced in 2014 and 2016.

It led to a reduced power generation at eight important dams of the Northeastern States of Bahia, Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Sergipe. After the incidents, a discussion about power and water consumption rationing, as well

Santo Antonio

Jirau

as increasing electricity prices started to rise (Jornal Nacional, 2016). In fact, the average increase in energy prices in recent years are around 72% (Greenpeace, 2016).

LEGEND:

Perhaps one of the most relevant problems is regarding social and envi-

Inhabitants

ronmental conflicts that the new hydropower plants may impact. For ex-

10.000.000

ample, 44% of the planned new plants would cause impacts in indigenous

1.000.000 100.000

areas, 12% in national parks, 5% in Quilombos and sustainable developments (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2014). figure

Nevertheless, many parts of the society agree, including authorities, to the

07 | map: comparison between the location of the new strategic hydropower plants and the populati-

on density in brazil (macedo, 2019. adepted from: nexo jornal, 2017)

necessity to diversify the renewable energy sector into non-hydro sources (ITA, 2016; Greenpeace,2016; Januzzi, 2014). The trend can be noticed in the Brazilian pledges for the Paris Agreement, which is to expand the non-hydraulic source of renewables from 24 to 33% by 2030 (ITA, 2016), or the Energy Plan for 2024 (Office of Strategic Energy Studies, 2015). Therefore, other sources of renewables, such as wind and solar, biomass, and small hydro facilities, are taken in consideration (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2015).

16 |

Regarding this, the Brazilian government has successfully started to implement a system of auctions for wind and solar farms, as the State of Pernambuco solar auction of 122.8MW (IRENA, 2015). Brazil, for instance, is the largest market for wind power in Latin America and the Caribean, becoming in 2014 one of the 10th largest installed capacities with 0.583GW for wind in the world (REN21, 2018). The country is among the nine states with an installed capacity of over 10,000MW

SOLAR FARM OF LAPA IN THE STATE OF BAHIA: (GWEC, 2017) and the wind market employs around 34 thousand workers (REN21, 2018) and has a capacity of over 13GW (GWEC, 2017). Notwithstanding, the wind energy sector stood by two years without new auction, but regaining activities for contracts of extra 1.4GW (GWEC, 2017).

In terms of solar power, the auctions firstly included solar projects in 2013, yet with no interest expressed. On the following year, 31 projects, representing 0.88GW, were set in an auction made exclusively for solar. However, 2015 included PV solar farms (figure 8), with 382 contracts and a power capacity of 10.51GW (Marques Reis, 2016).

For small-scale production, the BNDES (a Brazilian development bank) offers lower interest rates for renewable energy projects, including specific conditions for PV panels (IRENA, 2015). The government also provides terms of sending the produced electricity into the grid in 2012, and shared production since 2015 (Antoniolli et al., 2018). However, the 482/2012 resolution that provides a net metering system does not include direct compensation for the excedent electricity, only credit for future consumption (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2015).

The improvement of REN687/2015 is to provide cooperatives, condominiums, and joint ventures to produce electricity (IDEAL and AHK-RJ, 2018), opening new possibilities for market growth. Later on, many developments happened in the sector, such as reduction of taxation in goods and services related to solar panels or new financing possibilities with the FNE Sol. Also, the Banco do Nordeste reduced in 2018 the interest rate, while extending the payback period to 12 years (IDEAL and AHK-RJ, 2018).

The overall result is a growth in the installed capacity by solar PV panels figure

08 | solar farm of lapa in the state of bahia 158mw of installed capacity (cemacon, 2019)

from 200kWp in 2010 to 8MWp four years later (Fundação Konrad Adenau| 17

er, 2014), and 58MWp in 2018 (IDEAL and AHK-RJ, 2018). In reality, there is a significant increase in the residential capacity. For instance, in April 2018, Brazil had 24,247 PV installations, with 78% in residences and 16% allocated in commercial facilities (IDEAL and AHK-RJ, 2018). The combination of the auctioned PV farms and the growth in small-scale production made Brazil the tenth largest global capacity. It also became the second country in Latin

of new installations around the globe, only behind China, Turkey, and India (REN21, 2018). Moreover, the sector is responsible for 42 thousand jobs, which makes it the second-largest renewable employer in the country after biofuels, when large hydropower is not considered (REN21, 2018).

For the energy efficiency of buildings, it is necessary to take into account

America to exceed 1GW installed capacity, only after Chile (REN21, 2018).

that the country has a large area and covers many different climates. There-

The country has a significant potential to produce electricity from solar

region. To better understand those differences that exist from place to place,

technologies, as it receives 1,013MWh per year of solar energy. As an example, if the entire area of the Itaípu hydroelectric reservoir (the biggest Brazilian hydro plant in capacity and the second in the world) was covered with a solar farm, it would produce twice as much electricity as the plant does yearly. Also, Germany actually produces three times more electricity than Itaípu only with residential PV panels; even though the german region with the highest potential receives less radiation than the least sunnier region of Brazil (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2015).

fore, the built-up space should be adapted to the local conditions of each I simulated on the Climate Consultant software to compare climate data from cities from different conditions. The results show the demand for heating and cooling of buildings, as well as the most relevant passive solution for all the Brazilian climates.

One city per climate was selected, and data coming from the National Meteorological Institute (INMET) was used (taken by EnergyPlus.net, 2018). The chosen cities followed the Köppen-Geiger classification (Alvares et al., 2013):

The regional North-Eastern PV panel market has developed rapidly from 15% of the companies located in the area in 2017 to 18% in the following year.

Dry Zone [steppe]:

Possibly, this is due to regional credit lines and higher solar potential, even though most of the PV panels companies are in south-east, 46%, and south

Tropical Zone:

>

22% (IDEAL and AHK-RJ, 2018).

>

Af - No dry season

and altitute

Solar energy is also used for heat water systems. In 2013, Brazil had over

>

Am - Monsoon

Humid Subtropical Zone [Oceanic, without dry season]:

8.4 million square meters of solar water heating panels installed, reducing the demand for commonly used electrical showers that in Brazil can be re-

BSh - Hot, low latitute

>

Aw - dry winter

>

>

As - dry summer

>

Cfa - hot summer

sponsible for a quarter of the electricity demand in residences (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2015). The market of solar thermal heating and cooling is rapidly growing in Brazil, as the country was the fourth in the number 18 |

Cfb - warm summer

KÖPPEN‘S CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION AND CITIES OF EACH CLIMATE: SIMULATION OF CITIES ON CLIMATE CONSULTANT [% OF HOURS PER YEAR]: 5°N CITY HEATING COOLING PASSIVE PASSIVE 1st 2nd 3rd Other DEMAND DEMAND COMFORT COMFORT [not passive]

[not passive]

[no mech.]

[mech.]

Passive

Passive

Passive

Passive

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solutions

Equator

Capricorn Line

34°S

Af | Manaus

0.0%

29.1%

64.0%

64.0%

Af | Recife

0.1%

19.8%

58.9%

Aw | Palmas

0.5%

30.8%

As | Natal

0.0%

BSh | Petrolina

Ventilation

Shading

59.0%

Ventilation

Shading

54.7%

57.9%

Ventilation

Shading

2x Evap.

Cooling

28.5%

65.0%

74.5%

Ventilation

Shading

Fan-for.

Ventilation

0.2%

32.8%

56.0%

67.1%

Ventilation

Shading

Fan-for.

Ventilation

Cfa | Porto Alegre

48.7%

9.6%

71.7%

71.9%

Internal Heat Gain

Ventilation

Shading

Cfb | São Paulo

55.0%

5.7%

84.7%

85.1%

Internal Heat Gain

Ventilation

Shading

Cwa | Ituverava

30.3%

22.7%

62.2%

62.4% Internal Heat Gain

Shading

Ventilation

High Termal Mass Night

Ventilation

Internal Heat Gain

Shading

Solar Gain High Mass

Internal Heat Gain

Shading

Ventilation

Solar Gain High Mass

Humid Subtropical Zone [dry winter]: >

Cwa - hot summer

> Cwc & Csa | No climate data

>

Cwb - warm summer

available for a city in the climate zone [only

Humid Subtropical Zone [ with dry sum- existing mer]: > figure

28.4%

8.7%

77.7%

78.2%

some

specific areas of Csb - warm summer

Cwb | Belo Horizonte

Csb | Garanhus

the country]

09 | köppen‘s climate classification of brazil (macedo, 2019. adapted from: alvares et al., 2013)

figure

38.3%

7.9%

72.4%

73.2%

High Termal Mass Night

2x Evap.

Cooling

10 | result of simulation of inmet data for brazilian cities in the different climates on climate consultant in percentage of hours per year (macedo, 2019. model from: climate consultant - plus asharae standard 55, 2018; data from energyplus.net, 2018)

| 19

OBJECTIVES & QUESTIONS 01.4 | OBJECTIVES The main goal is to explore the potential of Brazilians cities to guarantee im-

2018). Likewise, there is potential for wind (offshore) and biomass (rural areas

provements in quality of life for people living in urban areas. This assessment

have sugar production from sugar-cane).

is made, creating a scenario that provides access to ordinary activities through sustainability in improved infrastructure. The scenario focuses on the energy

Finally, the city also has informal settlements (called favelas in Brazil), a repre-

efficiency of the area since an enhancement in the comfort conditions of buil-

sentation of the inequality and social segregation. The historic center of Recife

dings could also be related to energy savings. Likewise, providing a better ur-

is an intriguing location to focus on densifying the city, in terms of residents

ban environment can also reveal reductions in the demand for large-distance

and activities. There are abandoned heritage buildings and also the harbor

travels, by providing walkable and cyclable options of mobility, hence redu-

area, which reduced its importance gradually since the construction of a more

cing the energy demand of individual motorized vehicles. However, in the

significant and modern harbor in the metropolitan area (Marques, 2006).

socially unequal Brazilian context, it is essential to consider the affordability of the residences. Therefore, the definition of three main topics (Sustainable Urbanism, Energy, and Affordability) as sectors of the thesis, working in an inter-related way.

01.5 | LOCATION

20 |

01.6 | FOCUS The thesis development can be divided into three main topics: urban intervention, building intervention, and financial concept. The first one proposes to analyze, through a set of indicators, the current location, re-

Recife was selected as the area of focus, due to characteristics that can pro-

garding the quality of the urban environment and then develop a scena-

vide a compelling approach to this work. Firstly, Recife is the largest urban

rio of intervention for the area according to the possible improvements.

agglomeration of the North-East of Brazil, with a population of 3,699,428

In the building topic, it is proposed to compile climate information of Reci-

inhabitants (IBGE, 2010). However, the city reflects the problems in mobi-

fe, as well as for passive thermal comfort solutions, looking back at the ver-

lity and in the precariousness of the infrastructure (see figures 12 and 18).

nacular architecture. With the information gathered, models are developed

The city also has the potential for producing electricity from renewables. One

to represent the conditions of the neighborhood. They are used to perform

possibility is solar, as the annual global horizontal solar radiance of Recife is

simulations of thermal comfort, energy consumption, building optimizati-

2,374.67 kWh/m ², according to INMET database (taken from: EnergyPlus.net,

on, and production (e.g., PV rooftop harvesting). The result of the simulations

can represent building design guidelines applied for a more energy-efficient

tial services. This may also be potentialized by the economic recession situati-

neighborhood. The information is then used to estimate the performance of

on, which is now slowly being changed, as well as the political crises.

the community in terms of electricity and understand the benefits and constraints of the proposal.

Therefore, Brazil has to solve problems that developed countries did in the past and simultaneously, the environmental agenda of the 21st Century. In that

Finally, the financial concept consists of a cost analysis of the urban and buil-

case, this thesis hypothesizes that both (social and ecological) developments

ding scales. It is then developed an idea of how this neighborhood, as well

can be planned together, with a mutual contribution to each other. This strat-

as the buildings, could be strategically planned to provide lower prices and

egy could empower citizens and stakeholders towards, not only social equity,

investment costs.

but environmental and economic progress.

As the thesis focuses on urban and building transformations that are not im-

01.8 | RESEARCH QUESTIONS

plemented in reality, some assumptions were made during the thesis. One crucial assumption is based on the idea written by Silva et al. (2016) that an

The main questions of this thesis are:

inefficient spatial structure can reduce the quality of life, increasing the time

> Can urban and sustainable-energy strategies be applied in the context of

in transportation, thus pollution levels, and result in the unnecessary expan-

Recife to develop more energy-efficient, vibrant communities that accommo-

sion of the city under natural and/or agricultural land. Therefore, by simula-

date affordable housing?

ting a neighborhood that is densely populated and also has a higher access to services, jobs and activities; it is assumed that the energy consumption rela-

However, other sub-questions can be related to the topic:

ted to transportation, as well as its pollution levels, (especially regarding cars

> Can higher urban and population densities result in less amount of invest-

and motorcycles) can be reduced due to more sustainable alternatives such as

ments for public and private municipal services in an equivalent population

walking, biking or using public transportation. Also, the negative impacts of

sample?

urban expansion under natural and agricultural land would be reduced. This assumption is made as the transportation energy sector would be out of scope

> Has the historical center of Recife the potential to be energy-efficient as a

for the thesis.

new developing neighborhood or even a Zero Energy District?

01.7 | HYPOTHESIS

> Can Recife have existing and new buildings to provide thermal comfort under the EN15351 exclusively with passive solutions?

The necessity for sustainable development for Brazilian cities becomes a more significant endeavor with the current social disparity of the different incomes

> Can Rooftop PV panels, or energy-efficient buildings be an innovative way

in the population in terms of quality of life, especially for the access of essen-

to finance or subsidize affordable housing? | 21

01.9 | SUMMARY OF THE OUTLINE STATE OF THE ART:

> URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE - Peripheric development without proper infrastructure (public services)

SUSTAINABLE URBANISM

ENERGY

- Extensive distances to go to work (combined with lack of public transportation), a car-oriented city > ENERGY AS FUEL: - High consumption of energy due to the motorized travels > ELECTRICITY: -Increase of the demand -Decrease in the share of renewables in electricity supply (environmental impacts, and excessive distances from production areas and demand areas)

>URBAN CONSTRAINTS: - Limitations to invest in infrastructure for everyone

FINANCIAL CONCEPT

22 |

> BUILDING CONSTRAINTS: - Housing market is not able to include the lowest part of the population in regards to income, resulting in slums

INTERCONNECTION WITH: > FINANCIAL ASPECT: - Sprawled urbanization increases the costs to provide infrastructure for everyone and the price of land becomes more expensive for each resident > ENERGY: - Sprawl increases energy consumption on fuel (pedestrian/cycling areas reduced it) - Low-quality buildings increase the dependency on air-conditioning (good urban concept can provide better orientation and ventilation for low-energy buildings) > SUSTAINABLE URBANISM: - High consumption of fuel in transportation (car-oriented city) causes traffic jams, noise pollution, CO2 emissions and negative impacts on health > FINANCIAL ASPECT: - Energy inefficiency causes higher costs in fuel and electricity (which affect more the lower-income citizens)

> SUSTAINABLE URBANISM: - Lack of investment power brings infrastructure only in wealthier districts (social segregation) - Authorities have to build more infrastructure. Hence citizens have to pay more taxes for public infrastructure > ENERGY: - Inadequate investment allocation can create higher demanding energy consumption (the case in the urban sprawl and air-conditioning based buildings)

OBJECTIVES

> Simulate an improvement in quality of life (provide access to services and activities: public transportation, proximity to jobs, parks, museums, health facilities, schools)

> Provide low energy demanding housing (through passive thermal comfort solutions and PV harvesting)

> Provide concept to reduce costs in infrastructure installed in the urban area as well as the affordable price of houses

LOCATION [RECIFE]:

FOCUS

> City reflects the urban problems of the peripheric development, slumificaiton and the historic center is a speculative real-estate area

a) Analyze the urban characteristics of the location

> Area has a high potential for production of renewable energy (especially solar, wind and biomass)

c) Analyze passive solutions of thermal comfort that could reduce the energy consumption of buildings for the specific climate

> The climate will demand higher values of energy if the buildings do not focus on passive thermal comfort

> Unequal development in the city (abandoned buildings in the historic center, slums in the periphery and riverbanks, an old harbor that is losing utility by the more recently built harbor)

b) Generate an urban development scenario that could improve the area

d) Develop energy models for the most representative buildings of the urban proposal e) Estimate the consumption/production of electricity for the district (based on the models)

f) Generate a concept scenario of infrastructure and building financing to provide affordability of the urban development and the social housings

| 23

2:

CURRENT SITUATION chapter

ANALYSIS OF CITY AND METROPOLITAN RECIFE > Recife is one of the oldest and largest cities of Brazil. It concentrates most of the infrastructure in the central, where several historical buildings and large properties, such as the harbor, slums and industrial terrains are located. Most of the energy is demanded in the transportation sector, followed by commercial and residences. There is a significant potential for solar panels, with a growing market and net-metering legislation, that improved during the last decade.

24 |

figure

11 | top view from recife (quapรก, 2012)

| 25

LEGEND: >

>

metro line

Data Source (Patadata, 2015)

>

metro station

>

>

waterway boat line

Data Source (Instituto de Energia e Meio

>

waterway boat station

Ambiente, 2016)

Data Source (Diรกrio de Pernambuco,

>

2012)

figure

1 dot = 1 person location of jobs

limit Recife municipality

12 | population density, boat and rail public transportation systems, and job location (macedo, 2019.

2012)

adapted from patadata,2015; instituto de energia e meio ambiente, 2016; diรกrio de pernambuco

26 |

RECIFE: URBAN AND SOCIAL 02.1 | GENERAL ASPECTS

SHARE OF INCOME PER FIFTHS OF POPULATION:

The Metropolitan Region of Recife is the largest urban agglomeration of the

1.9% of $ [1/5 of inhab.]

North-East of Brazil, with a population of 3,699,428 inhabitants (IBGE, 2010) and

4.3% of $ [1/5 of inhab.]

composed of 14 municipalities. It is considered by the Brazilian National Institute

7.2% of $ [1/5 of inhab.]

of Geography and Statistics as a National Metropolis with direct influence in over 1,000 other Brazilian municipalities, including outside the state of Pernambuco, where the city is located (IBGE, 2007). Furthermore, it is an important economic center for the country, representing around 65% of the State of Pernambuco‘s GDP. Such developments are easily noticeable when evaluating the Human Develop-

14.0% of $ 72.6% of $

[1/5 of inhab.]

[1/5 of inhab.]

ment Index of the cities in the State of Pernambuco, in which only four reach levels considered to be high and three are inside the metropolitan area (IBGE, 2010).

The municipality of Recife corresponds to over half of the population of the metropolitan area, with around 1.63 million inhabitants. It concentrates, together with the municipality of Ipojuca, the location of the Suape Harbor and Industrial complex, the leading municipalities to sustain jobs for the metropolitan region

figure

(Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016).

from atlas do desenvolvimento humano no brasil, 2018)

13 | share of income per fifths of population of recife in 2010 (macedo, 2019. adapted

However, Recife is an unequal city. For instance, the GINI index shows a slight-

The primary residential infrastructure such as electricity, water, and the waste

ly rise in the already high gap between rich and poor from 1991 (0.67) to 2000

collection also improved during those years to almost a universal access (At-

(0.68), although the percentage of population which is considered to be „poor“

las do Desenvolvimento Humano do Brasil, 2018). Notwithstanding, in 2010,

(per capita income below R$140 or €32) reduced from 35.7% in 1991 to 13.2% in

a fifth of the population of Recife holds almost three-quarters of the entire in-

2010. Moreover, the income per capita of the city increased significantly (over

come of the city, whereas the poorer fifth holds less than two percent (figure 13).

92%) from 1991 (R$594,62 or around €137.50) to 2010 (R$1,144.26, around €265.00). | 27

02.2 | URBAN ARRANGEMENT As in other large Brazilian cities, most of the jobs are in the center of the city (figu-

POPULATION IN DAILY INTERCITY TRIPS: 50%

re 12), 66% of them are in service and 17% in retail (Instituto de Energia e Meio Am-

48%

43%

biente, 2016). The result is a sizeable inter-municipal demand for transportation,

36% 34%

for working and studying reasons, increased by the daily intercity routes caused by the more prominent offer of jobs, as mentioned before (figure 14).

29% 29%

24% 23% 23%

20%

On the other hand, the population lives almost in the reverse area when compa-

11%

red to where jobs are located (figure 12). Therefore, this also increases the demand

08% 06%

for daily pendular transportation, a combination that, along with the lack of public transportation, can cause traffic jams and dependency on automobiles(Villaça, 1998).

For instance, the number of vehicles owned in Recife, in 2012, was around 578

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

* 01. Caramagibe; 02. Paulista; 03. Olinda; 04. Abreu e Lima; 05. São Lourenço da Mata; 06. Moreno; 07. Jaboatão dos Guararapes; 08. Cabo de São Agostinho; 09. Araçoiaba; 10. Itapissuma; 11. Igarassu; 12. ilha de Itamaracá; 13. Recife; 14. Ipojuca

thousand, but because of the demand of transportation, there were over 620 thousands vehicles daily circulating in the city, coming from the other municipalities. Those numbers are becoming worse, since Recife was increasing its car ownership at a rate of 44% in the last decade, representing over 3,000 new vehicles every month (ICPS, 2016). Besides, the share of private vehicle routes in the city is close to half of the total (figure 16).

figure

14 | percentage of population making daily trips to other cities in the metropolitan region of recife (macedo, 2019. adapted from instituto de energia e meio ambiente, 2016)

DISTRIBUTION OF BUS LINES IN RECIFE: 100%

95%

Currently, the population growth is happening faster in the other municipalities

71%

of the metropolitan region, in comparison to the city of Recife. The car-oriented

48%

transformation enhanced this process that the city implemented since the 1950s, to open some broad avenues in order to alleviate traffic, as an example of largescale projects. This also happened in other large Brazilian cities, like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

The consequence was an intense sectorization of activities that expanded residences to lower-value land and the partially abandoned process of the city center (Villaça, 1998) 28 |

Metropolitan Region: 395 lines

Recife Municipality: 377 lines

Center of Recife: 281 lines

Conde de Boa Vista Av.: 190 lines

figure 15 | distribution of bus lines in the metropolitan region of recife (macedo, 2019. adapted from instituto de energia e meio ambiente, 2016)

SHARE OF TRIPS PER MODAL IN RECIFE: The public transportation is unequally distributed throughout the city and cor-

01.78%

responds to around 30% of the trips (figure 16). The rail system, for instance, has 71km of extension and is composed of three lines of subway, being one of them

24.43%

operated by diesel trains. The lines pass on the old railways that accessed the city in the past and they run almost parallel to each other (figure 12), in only four municipalities (Soares, 2017).

44.35%

The bus system is almost entirely inside the municipality of Recife, with 97% of the lines (figure 15) However, the unequal aspect is also presented inside the mu-

29.44%

nicipal boundaries, as most of them are passing through areas with higher income, as well as central areas (figure 18). In addition, almost three-quarters of the lines run in the central area and a single avenue in there, the Conde de Boa Vista

*note: bikes, boats and trucks are included together in the same share figure 16 | share of trips per model in recife (macedo, 2019. adapted from instituto de energia e meio ambiente, 2016)

Avenue (figure 15), concentrates nearly half of the lines of the entire metropolitan region (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016).

Population [p] POPULATION CONCENTRATION & DISTANCE FROM THE CENTER:

ulation [p]

[30 min]*

300,000

Since Recife is located in a flat landscape, containing islands, peninsulas, wetlands and mangrove forests that are involved by the water system (Castro, 1948), there is a plan for creating a waterway public transportation system. It would be connected with the so-called „Integrated System“ of public transportation in Recife

[30 min]*

(meaning metro and buses).

00 200,000

It is expected to be built in two lines, of a total length of 12.9 km, into the Capibari-

00

be and Beberibe Rivers (figure 12). Every boat is expected to have a capacity of 86 passengers and an expected speed of 18km/h and to accommodate some of the

100,000

demand of routes, especially in the Capibaribe River, which is an axis of develop-

50,000

00

00

ment in the city (Dário de Pernambuco, 2012).

0.5 0.5

2

5

2

5

8

10

15

20

Distance from the Center of Recife [km] 8 10 15 20

*note: 30 minDistance trip estimated with mean speedCenter of buses is around 16km/h[km] according to recife municipality (2014) from the of Recife figure 17 | population concentration and distance from the center of the city (macedo, 2019. adapted from instituto de energia e meio ambiente, 2016)

However, in contrast to biking (that together with boat and trucks represent only 1.8% of the trips), almost a quarter of the trips include walking in the metropolitan region (figure 16). In general, it is possible to notice that walking, biking, and the other public transportation solutions are mostly used by the lower and mid| 29

COMPARISON IN INCOME AND BUS LINE DENSITY OF RECIFE, 2012 income population (from 0 to 8 minimum salaries, or from 0 to R$7,040), representing over three quarters of the users in each of those transportation modes (figure 19).

On the other hand, the situation is not easy for pedestrians and bikers, as most of the population lives in distances that make routes possible, which are only used by those modes. Likewise, a large number of inhabitants are even further away from a 30-minute journey by bus, making them rely on private vehicles when

LEGEND: >

0-19% of population

>

76-100% of population

[with the highest income]

[with the lowest income]

>

20-75% of population

>

Density of bus lines, accor-

ding to the search radius,

source EMTU and STCP

> water

possible (figure 17).

Unfortunately, the poorest inhabitants (0 to 4 minimum wage) live mostly far from the city center and the public infrastructure (figure 18). Therefore, they are part of what Villaça (1998) calls „one of the remarkable characteristics of large Brazilain cities“, which is „the social segregation among residential neighborhoods of distinct social classes“.

Furthermore, part of the lower-income population is not able to take advantage of the offer of public transportation and have difficulties to purchase a private motorized vehicle (figure 18). They become a share of the population with the significant difficulties to have access to their needs in the city, as well as improving their economic condition (Villaça, 1998). This process is less intense in Recife than other large Brazilian cities, like Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, and São Paulo, as the higher class neighborhoods have some informal settlements and lower-income formal areas close by (Villaça, 1998).

However, like many other large Brazilian cities, Recife developed a change in the land-use over the past century, causing a sectorization between working spaces and residential areas (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016).

Moreover, Recife has a Human Development Index of 0.772, which is considered to be high (Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil, 2018). Notwithstanding, 30 |

18 | map: comparison of income and bus line density of recife, 2012(macedo, 2019. adapted form of Instituto da energia e meio ambiente, 2016) figure

SHARE OF TRIPS PER MODAL IN RECIFE: 100%

there are major gaps regarding the quality of life in its neighborhoods, reflecting the infrastructural problems mentioned before.

For instance, Passarinho was the neighborhood with the lowest Human Develop-

80%

ment Index of the city in 2000, along with a rapidly-growing population (from around 9,000 inhabitants in 1991 to almost 15,000 in 2000). The neighborhood is located 11 km from the city center and the mean family income was around R$

60%

170.00, equal to around 40 euros. From the head of the families, 19% did not have more than four years of school completed, including 1.5% that did not have eleven years of school (ADMR, 2005).

40% On the other hand, the wealthier areas present significantly improved conditions.

They are distributed in two sectors, one at west of the city center, around the Capibaribe River and another at south, along the shore (figure 18). There is a conside-

20%

rable variation between incomes in those areas, but the mean income per capita at those places were around R$1,900.00, close to â‚Ź440.00 (ADMR, 2005).

LEGEND: >

0-1 Minimum Salaries

>

8-15 Minimum Salaries

>

1-4 Minimum Salaries

>

15-30 Minimum Salaries

>

4-8 Minimum Salaries

>

30 + Minimum Salaries

figure

*note: bikes, boats and trucks are included together in the same share 19 | share of trips per model in recife by income in minimum salaries [R$954, close to â‚Ź 220] (macedo, 2019. adapted from instituto de energia e meio ambiente, 2016) | 31

02.3 | TIMELINE 1537 | FOUNDATION OF OLINDA & RECIFE [HARBOR] No significant intervention was made on the territory, except for some trades realized with the indigenous through barter to focusing on activities of extraction of the Brazilwood, also known as Pernambuco (Zancheti, 1998).

16th century

1630 - 1654 | DUTCH INVATION AND RECIFE AS CAPITAL

1823 | RECIFE BECOMES OFFICIALLY A CAPITAL CITY

1910 | DRASTIC URBAN INTERVENTION IN THE BAIRRO DO RECIFE

The government of Johann Moritz Nassau-Siegen, who came to Recife with many professionals and artists, bringing cultural and economic development. The Moritzstadt was built with a series of works in drainage and landfills to extend the city.

The two first bridges of the three Americas were built on that period, the Brum Fort (originally Bruyn), the Cinco Pontas Fort, as well as the first synagogue, due to the freedom of religion (Vasconcelos, 2012).

With the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, escaping from Napoleon, there was the opening of the harbors to friend nations, especially the English, bringing a substantial economic development, boosted by the cotton plantations. The neighborhoods of São José, Santo Antonio, and Bairro do Recife were densely occupied at this moment.

The Bairro do Recife was composed of residences, storage warehouses, machine shops and buildings focused on foreign trade. Santo Antonio had the main retail shops and public buildings and São José had mainly residences (Zancheti, 1998).

Commercial activities started to become more relevant. The São José Market opened in 1906, and there was a drastic plan to change the Bairro do Recife. The intervention destroyed much of the 17th-century infrastructure, including the Square of the Corpo Santo Church, to build new streets and eclectic-architectural buildings with inspiration on the plans of Hausmann in Paris (Instituto da Cidade, 2012).

17th century

18th century

19th century

1900-1920

SECOND HALF OF THE CENTURY | MODERNIZATION OF THE HARBOR AND ECONOMIC CRISIS

BEGINNING OF 17TH CENTURY | INTRODUCTION OF SUGAR-CANE PLANTATIONS Changing the relationship with the natives and introducing largescale African slavery (Vasconcelos, 2012).

32 |

18TH CENTURY | SUGARCANE CRISIS AND NEW NEIGHBORHOODS Competition against sugar produced into Central America makes the city enter in an economic crisis. Nevertheless, the city continues its development, with some new neighborhoods being created, such as Madalena, Derby, Torre, and many more. In 1724, the population was around 7,000 inhabitants (Zancheti, 1998).

The harbor passed through a moment of modernization, leading to a series of plans to transform the area, after 1815. However, in the second half of the 19th century, sugar and cotton markets were in crisis, whereas the main product to be exported was the coffee of the South-West of Brazil. The result was a cumbersome economic crisis in Recife, increased by the abolishment of slavery. The free people moved from the rural areas to the city, in search of better conditions to live.

The outcome was a massive development of low-quality housing called Mocambos (Zancheti, 1998).

From 1910 to 1913, the transformation generated an increase in land and property value like never before. Since the inhabitants of that area were poor, the population of over 13,000 inhabitants in 1910 was a reduction to almost 5,000 in three years.

This population decreased intensified over the years, and due to the contrast of harbor activities, cabarets and brothels with the land value, high-income inhabitants did not move to the neighborhood (Instituto da Cidade, 2012).

1920-1940

40‘S - 60‘S | CREATION OF SUAPE HARBOR & SECTORIZATION OF LAND-USE

70‘S | OBSOLENCY OF THE RECIFE HARBOR AND INSTITUTIONAL USE

1991 | PLANS FOR REVITALIZATION OF THE CENTER

The city was passing through a moment of sectorization of land use in the city, in which the Bairro do Recife lost residences and consolidated the harbor and trade activities, Santo Antonio and São José improved in retail and commercial aspects. In the 1960s, the Suape harbor (40km South of the Recife Harbor) was created, making most of the industries move to the other municipalities of the metropolitan region. The population grew more rapidly in those cities, following the same South and West vectors (Zancheti, 1998).

The continuous development of the Suape Harbor, aligned with the difficulty of modernizing its infrastructure, due to the historic, central and densely built location and after many existing transformations, made the Recife harbor more and more obsolete in many activities (Brandão, 2012).

In the 1970s, some governmental activities are created in the area in the Apolo land extension, without changing much of the neighborhood‘s economic role for the city (Zancheti, 1998).

Some strategies, currently in progress, were made to intervene in the center of the city, in particular at the Bairro do Recife, focusing on idle areas owned by the Harbor of Recife. There was much resistance from the population, in some projects that were considered to be exclusionary, as the movement Occupy Estelita (Brandão, 2012).

1940-1960

20‘S - 40‘S | LARGE POPULATION GROWTH AND CITY EXPANSION

40‘S - 60‘S | INTRODUCTION OF HIGH-RISES

The city suffered from tremendous growth when the population increased by 46%. Most of them came from the fields, where the rural production was not profitable for small farmers, searching for new jobs created by the industrialization. The city‘s urban expansion occurred in riverbanks, mangrove forests, wetlands, and even in the hills surrounding the area, following two directions: South and West.

Many of those axes had a mixture of classes, where it was possible to see side by side palaces and Mocambos (Zancheti, 1998).

In Boa Viagem, at the south shore, the neighborhood started increasing in density, especially for mid and high-income families, with many new highrise buildings. The other municipalities at the south shore soon passed through the same process. The result created new commercial centers in the metropolis, moving the more sophisticated retail to those areas, hence affecting the center of the city significantly (Zancheti, 1998).

1960-1980

1980-1990

1990 +

80‘S | LARGE INTERVENTIONS IN THE CENTER OF THE CITY A series of large-scale infrastructural projects of avenues were introduced to the city, demolishing many buildings in the center. Also, there was a relocation of the bus terminal and the deactivation of the rail system. This combination had the opposite outcome than expected, reducing, even more, the population and increasing the informal activities. The Bairro do Recife, had an economy completely connected with the harbor and apart from the city.

The Pilar community, an informal settlement was established (Zancheti, 1998) | 33

more management 34 |

Influence Influence

Recife - Olinda Project, 2004 | HighPlan [NOT built]

Occupy Estelita, 2008 | Social Movement Porto Digital, 2000 - currently | NGPD [on going] large scale

Influence

Influence

Project of the Former Loading Docks, 2007-2010 |NTOU [PARTIALLY Built] „Twin towers“ - 2005 | Moura Dubeux Building Firm [Built] Novo Recife Project, 2008 | Consórcio Novo Recife [NOT built]

Recife 500, current |ARIES [on going] sparse scale

More Social

Monumenta Program, 19951996 | BID [Implemented]

Reurbanization of the Pilar Community, 2010 | Instituto da Cidade [PARTIALLY built]

specific area

Less Social

Influence

reaction

Plan of Revitalization for the Bairro do Recife, 19921993 | Borsoi Arquitetos Associados [NOT built] Influence

more physical interventions

02.4 | PLANS FOR REVITALIZATION OF THE CENTER

This is a summary of some (built or non-built) urban interventions and proposals, as well as strategies, hosted by the center of Recife, from the 1990‘s until nowadays.

Plan of Revitalization of the Bairro do Recife, 19921993 | Borsoi Arquitetos Associados [NOT built] After the negative attempts from the Apolo land extension, that built highrise buildings and moved some governmental activities to the neighborhood in order to attract the redevelopment of the area; there was a proposal of revitalization made by one of the most celebrated architects of Recife, Acácio Gil Borsoi.

The plan predicted a park around the Brum‘s Fort and the continuation of the tower typology across the Capibaribe River. The difference would be in the creation of an avenue at the river fringe and a linear park that tried to reach the Cruz do Patrão, a monument lost in the middle of the harbor area. Besides, the low occupation of the Apolo area and the already noticeable difficulties of the harbor to compete against its Southern neighbor Suape, there was no intervention in the direction of utilizing those publicly-owned areas.

In addition, the plan intended to reverse the devaluation of land in the area by investing in high-income residential use, taking advantage of the visual connection between city, river, and sea (Lagreca, 2008).

Monumenta Program, 1995-1996 | BID [Implemented] A project never realized, but with some of its characteristics considered in further proposals for the city. For instance, the Monumenta/BID, from the Ministry of Culture, is an intervention proposed in 1995-1996. It divided the proposals in the neighborhood into three separated clusters:

around the community of Pilar (a slum area).

The project was responsible for some punctual renovations, like the Madre de Deus Church, the Custom House (transformed into a shopping mall with two annex buildings containing a library and car-parking), and the Chanteclair Cultural Center.

one around the old Customs House, another around the Bom Jesus street, and another

The Bom Jesus street and some buildings were revitalized, bringing some of-

fices and restaurants, complementing the development of the Porto Digital.

On the Pilar community, the only benefit implemented was the renovation of the Pilar‘s church, a historical building that is now surrounded by the slum on one side and by industries on the other.

Porto Digital, 2000 - currently | NGPD [on going] The Porto Digital (NGPD) is a non-profitable „Social Organization“ created in 2000 with three main actors: the State of Pernambuco Government, technology companies, and universities. The goal is to create a technological park uniting companies, public and private investments, academic research and developments (Porto Digital, 2018). However, the development of the Porto Digital comes from the 1970s, when it was created the TIC, Technology of Information and Communication (free translation), connecting human resources with an academic formation with an entrepreneurship focus. In 1993, more autonomy is created by the development of the Softtex Recife, separating itself from the companies while acting more like a network of business (Lagreca, 2008).

With the Pact 21, in 2000, there is a better connection between Universities, the State of Pernambuco, and private sector, conceiving the Porto Digital as a cluster localized in the Bairro do Recife, creating a way to organize the companies within the neighborhood (Marques., 2006). Some of the aimed actions are related to incentives for the TIC, EC (creative economy) and Technologies for cities companies. Another aspect is revitalizing historical buildings in the Bairro do Recife, more recently in Santo Ama-

ro. Finally, it is intended to guarantee social inclusion, especially for the Pilar community (Lagreca, 2008). In 2004, there were around 70 companies; today there are 267, as well as two startup incubators, two business accelerators, two research institutions, several governmental representations and an own collage institution called CESAR (Porto Digital, 2018).

For the revitalization of the buildings, there is a policy of tax reductions on property (IPTU), on income, and on service (ISS) for companies that renovate buildings, as well as buildings owned by the Porto Digital that are located in lower values, from R$10 to R$60 per m², around 2.5 to 15 euros per m² (Porto Digital, 2018). Consequently, over 100 million Reais were invested in the revitalization of buildings, with 80.000m² renovated and 24.000m² on the construction stage, with 13 buildings owned by the organization.

The association, together with other public institutions, creates a connection between the urban development of the city for the next years and the Porto Digital. Many of the municipal secretaries are represented inside, for instance: Culture, Mobility and Urban Control, Urban Security, Planning, Development and Urban Planning, Science and Tech-

nology, Economic Development, Pelópidas Silveira Institution (also named Instituto da Cidade) and several other (Porto Digital, 2018).

The organization also creates several programs and services focusing on five main topics: internationalization, qualification of human capital, portomídia, mind the future (aiming to investigate and study technologies for the future of cities, and the two programs: ITgreen and Porto Leve. The ITgreen is related to the promotion of social and environmental solution, whereas the Porto Leve focuses on providing sustainable solutions to the Porto Digital cluster regarding mobility, security, working comfort, entrepreneurship and tourism. Currently, they are responsible for the implementation of several interventions in the Bairro do Recife and closeby areas, such as public bike system, electric cars and car-sharing systems, smart parking. Other examples of projects are the information solutions, Zonas Azuis (paying for parking in the street), and public transportation improvements (Porto Digital, 2018). Therefore, the organization is successful at revitalizing buildings via private investments and allocating public funds in infrastructure (Marques, 2006).

| 35

Recife - Olinda Project, 2004 | HighPlan [NOT built] The Recife-Olinda is a large-scale project intended to act in the core of the metropolitan area of Recife, especially around 8 kilometers of shore in the municipalities of Recife and Olinda, by „Urban Consortiums“ between public authorities and the private sector (Lagreca, 2008).

Most of the areas selected are from idle harbor areas of the Harbor of Recife, as well as some former railway systems. It is a continuation of the discussions of the 1990s (including the Borsoi project) around the social, environmental, and cultural handling that urban development can cause in that area (Lagreca, 2008).

In the Bairro do Recife, the focus lies on the area around the Cruz do Patrão (the oldest monument of Recife that is inaccessible because of the harbor) and the Pilar community (a slum area inside the historic neighborhood of Fora de Portas). 420 dwelling units, 80 commercial spots and a school were intended to be created (Lagreca, 2008).

In other neighborhoods, some cultural activities and public spaces were considered, like in São José, which includes the rehabilitation of the Cinco Pontas Fort and some cultural centers.

Notwithstanding, the strategy is similar to

the one proposed in the Borsoi project, reverse the devaluation of land by investing mainly in higher-income developments. Accordingly, the Porto Digital would be the manager of the operation to provide public-private partnerships in the way of consortiums (joint ventures) in a division of 12 sectors (Lagreca, 2008).

However, the change of government decided not to exclude the activities of the Harbor of Recife, changing their characteristics and creating the Porto do Recife SA, a company that would independently manage the harbor (NTOU, 2012). The result did not increase activities of the harbor but instead stopped some of the sectors to be developed.

Afterwards, the strategy changed to sell some sectors to the private sector in order to have independent developments, without following the masterplan. Examples are the Estelita Dock (that hosts the Novo Recife Project), the Nassau Pier that is now the area of the controversial „Twin Towers“ and the Warehouses of the Recife Dock, transformed into cultural and commercial centers.

Novo Recife Project, 2008 | Consórcio Novo Recife [NOT built]

The Novo Recife Project is a controversial development of 15 high-rise towers (from 36 to 45 stories) in the center of the city, at the Estelita Dock in the neighborhood of São José.

The harbor owned the land, whereas it was one of the four sectors of the Recife-Olinda Project. It was intended to have 810 apartments, 641 office units, and 696 lofts (Direitos Urbanos, 2012).

However, the few accesses to the water, the typology of isolated towers with surrounding walls, along with the bad relationship with the rest of the city were criticized by the population.

This is due to the fact that the solutions that exist within the development were made throughout a purely private point of view, taking advantage of the unique view and at the same time reducing the possibility of other people to access the area, by avoiding the integration with the surrounding neighborhood (Direitos Urbanos, 2012).

Occupy Estelita, 2008 | Social Movement The #OcupaEstelita is a movement held by the civil society against the development of high-income urban developments, especially in response to the projects approved in the Estelita Docks (Novo Recife).

There was massive support for those movements, with a Facebook page of almost 25 thousand followers and official support of 145 organizations and social movements. (Sampaio et al., 2014) 36 |

The movement denies the legitimacy of the auction sold to the Consórcio Novo Recife, composed of many construction firms like Moura Debreux (same of the „Twin Towers“), Queiroz Galvão (that were involved in the corruption activities included in the Car-Wash Investigation) and GL Empreendimentos.

The outcome leads to the site occupation during the start of demolition activities of the old existing warehouses to allow the start of the construction. (Sampaio et al., 2014).

The occupants organized activities and discussions about the area and resisted the police when it was sent to confront and disperse demonstrators.

Nevertheless, the support for the cause increased. NGOs and national artists joined the cause, making the movement able to stop the construction until now, even with other attempts and redesigns (Sampaio et al., 2014).

„Twin towers“ - 2005 | Moura Dubeux Building Firm [Built]

The Nassau Condomínio, popularly known as the „Twin Towers“ is a project implemented with the same characteristics of the Novo Recife Project: Two identical towers of 41 stories with luxury apartments.

As the Novo Recife, there are also many controversies regarding corruption. In 2005, the Public Federal Ministry sued the Moura DeBreux Firm, the Municipality of Recife, and the IPHAN (National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage that approved the construction) of fraud in the auction process, convicted in 2008.

Along judicial process happened, which was running in different judicial bodies which in the end defined that area as inside the heritage perimeter, and therefore not able to make tall towers. Nevertheless, the construction continued during the process. The complex was finished and sold, even though there were legal difficulties actually to enable this.

The project carries the same critics from the population as the Novo Recife: block the connection to the water, do not integrate within the surrounding, exclusionary character, corruption and illegal processes). As a previous project already built, with confirmed illegal activities, it became an example of what the Novo Recife could have become. The impact helped to create a stronger response from civil society against those projects.

Reurbanization of the Pilar Community, 2010 | Instituto da Cidade [PARTIALLY built]

Project of the Former Loading Docks, 2007-2010 |NTOU [PARTIALLY Built]

The Favela do Pilar, or Favela do Rato (a name that was used until the years of 2000) is an informal settlement that exists within the Bairro do Recife. It is located in the historical area of the former Fora de Portas Neighborhood, meaning outside doors since it was built in the 17th and 18th centuries as Recife grew outside the walls that protected the city (Montenegro, 2009). The name Pilar comes from the church of the same name built between 1680 and 1683 in the same location of the São Jorge Fort, including using parts of the demolition as material for the church (Nery et al., 2013).

The project is connected with the Recife-Olinda. Nevertheless, with the change of authorities in 2007, it was decided to maintain some of the activities of the harbor, especially in the north part of the Bairro do Recife (Brandão, 2012). A study was conducted to select which areas to use in the neighborhood. Lots of former loading docks built in the Bairro fo Recife after the urban intervention of the beginning of the 20th century were detached from the harbor, revitalized, and given rent in the commercial, cultural and touristic activities.

The neighborhood developed as part of the harbor, hosting warehouses and some workshops for some harbor activities, suffering several expansions throughout the centuries. After the loss of population in the Bairro do Recife, there was a demolition of six blocks for extending the storage area, finally not built. At that moment, there was an opportunity for low-income families who had their working activities linked with the harbor and the mill to start occupying this area during the 1970s (Nery et al., 2008).

The community, which represents 98% of the total residents in the Bairro do Recife, had many hopes of officially guaranteeing their residence in the area with the inclusion of the Pilar pole in the revitalization plan of 1993. However, nothing happened. In 2003, there was again a plan to re-urbanize the area through the creation of the Recife-Olinda plan, creating the PRUISCP (Plan of Urban Requalification and Social Inclusion of the Pilar Community) joining state and municipal authorities and the Harbor of Recife. In 2007, the land was legalized, and a project with 588 social housing units, school, medical center a popular market and squares started to be built (Nery et al., 2008) However, only two residential blocks (88 units) are finished, as the construction stopped. Part of the population accuses the change as a lack of political will from the municipal authorities (Pinto, 2015).

On the other hand, it was discovered a cemetery in 2013, containing 65 human remains, which studies indicate to be from the Dutch occupation (Alves, 2015). Concomitantly, an industry surrounding the area is trying to approve a storage mill that would have 72m height and intensify even further the exclusion of that area for the inhabitants and the heritage that it contains (Pinto, 2015)

The project became a priority, among the other interventions planned for the World Cup in Brazil 2014, in which Recife would be one of the host cities. The harbor would use the last two warehouse buildings to build a new terminal for passengers coming to the city from cruise ships; three other buildings were going to host a cultural center, while there would be a new square at the south edge of the island. The view of the sea became a pedestrian path, whereas the beginning of the Alfredo Lisboa Avenue has an inner street to access parking spots (Brandão, 2012).

Most of the project was built; however, after the World Cup, the conclusion of the project became slower. The cultural center is open, but still, partly under construction, the square and the warehouse buildings close by are not finished. Still, the planned square was canceled.

Instead, a parking area will take place in there, shutting one of the best views one could have on the encounter of river, sea and the city.

Recife 500, current |ARIES [on going] The Recife 500 is a plan of goals that the city intends to achieve before the 500th anniversary of the city in 2037. The ARIES (Recife Agency for Innovation and Strategy) is an organization connected to the Porto Digital in charge of gathering information, contacting the population, different stakeholders to provide access to participation, background knowledge for the development and achievement of the goals (Rec500.org, 2018).

The process heard people on the internet and on the streets trying to find citizens, civic leadership, social movement representatives, as well as other associations. Also, it was organized workshops, debates, meetings with public authorities, the private sector, and universities (Rec500.org, 2018).

The long process of gathering information from the population, stakeholders and case studies of Recife, other cities and innovative solutions elsewhere, were used to set a plan spread through time, with short, mid and long-term goals (Rec500.org, 2018).

However, the program emphasizes that it is not an urban plan or development, perhaps trying to be further away from the critics of past strategies that are firmly rejected from parts of the society, such as the Novo Recife project or the „Twin Towers“.

Roughly, the guidelines are around: qualified and safe public spaces; reduction of social disparity; open information and data; improvement in education, health and resiliency; quality in housing; develop, attract and inspire talents; consolidate culture and identity; dataoriented management of the city; better connectivity in data, people, goods, services for the metropolitan region and globally; sustainable development aligned with social entrepreneurship (Rec500.org, 2018).

| 37

ENERGY IN RECIFE 02.5 | OVERVIEW DEMAND & COSTS

TOTAL ENERGY USED IN RECIFE BY SECTOR [TWH]:

As the most populous urban agglomeration of Pernambuco, Recife is a national hub, combining significant transport infrastructure, like airport, harbor, railways and roads. Therefore, 60.8% of the energy consumption of the city comes from the transportation sector, as well as 56% of the total energy bill (Gouldson et al. 2015).

In 2014, (figure 20) the sector was responsible for 6.38 TWh of energy consumption, while spending R$2.15 billion (Gouldson et al. 2015) The residential sector appears immediately after, with 1.93TWh of energy consu-

> Commercial

> Industrial

> Residencial

> Transportation

[TWh] 10

med in 2014, however with the difference that electricity is the dominant energy source required. The developments in the housing sector are responsible for the growth seen in the past years. Among the items that raise the electricity demand, the air-conditioners and electric showers are essential, as they become more often in residences. Nevertheless, the main elements are still refrigerators (Gouldson et al. 2015).

5

Close by the domiciles, the commercial and public sector spent 1.81TWh of energy, around 17%, despite being responsible for 83% of the GDP of the city. As residences, electricity is the first source of energy, resulting in an energy bill of R$ 506.8 million in 2014 (Gouldson et al. 2015).

Recife has the most significant industrial sector in the Northeast of Brazil, with

0 2000

activities related to sugarcane processing, as well as cotton and tobacco, manufigure

38 |

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

20 | total energy used in recife by sector: from 2000 to 2014 [in TWh] (macedo, 2019. adapted from gouldson et al., 2015)

figure

21 | 28kw pv panel system installed at the rooftop of a building in the neighborhood of sĂŁo josĂŠ, (atp, 2019)

historical center of recife

| 39

facturing companies focused on textiles, leather, electronics, medication, oil and

panels were installed with an investment of around 13 million Reais, close

communication. Notwithstanding, the amount of 0.95TWh used in 2014 and R$

to 3.35 million Euros (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2015). The electricity, pro-

225.08 million paid at the year represents the lowest shares in the city (Gouldson

duced by Neoenergia (controlled by the Pernambuco Energy Company) and

et al., 2015).

Odebrecht Energia, is equivalent to 30% of the demand of the Pernambuco

02.6 | ENERGY PRODUCTION The city also can be responsible for producing its own energy. There are some examples and potentials for development in the area. The relevant sugarcane

Arena. The electricity not consumed by the complex is sent to the grid, controlled by Celpe (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2015).

MONTHLY GLOBAL HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION OF RECIFE:

industry of the region can produce electricity and fuel in the surroundings of the metropolitan area of Recife. For example, the Usina Trapiche in the city of Sirianhaém, South of the Metropolitan area of Recife, has been functioning for cen-

[kWh/m².a]

turies and now produces all the required electricity, with a capacity of 2.5MW (Gaspar, 2003)

200

Recife can also take advantage of solar power (figure 22). The city has a high average annual global horizontal radiation of 2,375kWh/m².a (Energyplus.net,

150

2018). The radiation is not evenly distributed throughout the year, with the rainy winters being responsible for lower levels. However, the cooling demand for buildings is more moderate in winter. Therefore, there is an opportunity to use

100

the high-summer radiation to power up the necessary cooling systems (e.g., ceiling fans, evaporative-cooling, or air-conditioners).

50

Moreover, there is a conviction that an interconnection among solar, wind and hydroelectric structures can make Brazil be one of the largest countries to have a completely sustainable electric system (Fundação Konrad Adenauer, 2015).

Some significant solar production projects have been developed in the city and the metropolitan region. One of them is the 1.5 GWh/year Solar Farm in the

Jan

Feb Mar

Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Pernambuco Arena, a soccer stadium built for the world cup of 2014 (figure 23).

With an area of 15 thousand square meters, adjacent to the stadium, 3,652 PV

figure inmet

40 |

22 | average monthly global horizontal solar radiation calculated from the climate data of (macedo, 2019. database: energyplus.net, 2018)

In terms of micro-production and mini production, which according to the Bra-

(Gouldson et al. 2015). Nevertheless, the prices vary according to the building

zilian law is considered to be below 75kW and below 3MW respectively, the sig-

typology, the amount of electricity demand, and the income of the user. For ex-

nificant growth of the energy bill in Recife has a positive impact. That is partly

ample, the electricity company Celpe, running in Recife, has inferior prices for

because, besides the increase in energy demand, between 2001 and 2013, the

low-income residences, native-american communities, or Quilombolas (Celpe,

electricity prices expanded 78.8% (Celpe, 2013). A trend that is expected to con-

2019).

tinue in the future. In 2014, the city spent around 3.4 billion Reais on energy, making it 8.7% of the total income, but projected to increase to 12.1% by 2030

SOLAR FARM OF THE PERNAMBUCO ARENA:

The rise in electricity prices can generate a problematic scenario for the future of such communities and families, as they often cannot afford to pay regular costs for electricity. On the other hand, aligned with the improvements in legislation (Resolution 687 of 2015 and 482 of 2012), this could also turn into an opportunity for the growing photovoltaic market. Therefore, micro and mini production can become more affordable and provide more economic benefits.

This scenario may be reflected in the State of Pernambuco‘s solar panel market, in which Recife is the main city. It has the second-highest number of companies operating North-East Region (451) and the 9th of the country, (IDEAL and AHK-RJ, 2018). In a research made with PV companies working in Brazil (IDEAL and AHK-RJ, 2018), the price of installation has been fastly decreasing in types of panels commercialized in the country (figure 24). The IDEAL Institute, Institute for the Development of Alternative Energy in Latin America (free translation), have mapped 50 companies located in the Metropolitan Recife that work with photovoltaics (America do Sol, 2019). The institute also is one of the responsibles for running a project called 50 Solar Roofs Per City, which since 2013 intends to spread the PV distributed electricity generation. In cooperation with local distributors, a goal of 50 PV rooftops of at least 2kWp installed or a total 100kW is set for several cities to complete within a year.

The result has been successful in Recife, with the project registering 143,06 kWp PV rooftop installed, producing yearly around 231 MWh, but in only 14 roofs.

figure

23 | image from the solar farm of the pernambuco arena in the metropolitan recife (ANEEL, 2019)

The number one in the ranking of cities of this project is also another notorious | 41

city in the north-east region, Fortaleza. The city has 65 rooftops with a capacity

by the harvesting. Therefore, it is only beneficial to produce at least 90% of the

of 461,93 kWp, equivalent to around 748MWh per year (America do Sol, 2019).

electricity bill. In the case of the State of Pernambuco, the value is 95%, as it does

The most common system for small electricity production from PV panels in

not apply the ICMS fee (America do Sol, 2019). When there is an overproduction,

Brazil is the Net-metering system, based on Resolutions 687 and 428 (Almeida

the credits are available for the next 60 months for deduction from the bill (Al-

Braga Paranaguá, 2017). There are currently three other forms of micro and mini

meida Braga Paranaguá, 2017).

production, despite the individual generation, that include PV, hydro, wind and biomass for being part of the Brazilian net-metering system (figure 25), such as (free translation) „Remote Autonomous“, „Condominium Generation“, or even „Shared Generation“ (Normative Resolution 687/2015).

The first one allows generating electricity in a different area of the consumption bill if the production happens at the same distributor company‘s service area.

The „Condominium“ applies for vertical or horizontal settlements that can share within each other the generation credits without need to subdue it from the common spaces (America do Sol, 2019). This system

can

be

commonly

applied, for

example, in

gated

INSTALATION PRICES OF PV PANELS IN BRAZIL [ 2013 - 2017]: >

until 5 kWp

>

6-30 kWp

>

31-100 kWp

>

above 100 kWp

[R$/Wp] 10

communi-

ties, but also for a multi-stored building with different unit owners.

R$ 8,69

08 The „Shared Generation“ allows cooperatives or joint ventures, for private individuals or entities, to share the net-metering credit. As in the „Remote Autonomous“, the generation can be installed at a different property, as long as the property owner is a shareholder of the cooperative or joint venture. Additionally, its placement should be within the sphere of attendance of the distributor‘s

R$ 6,97 R$ 6,69 R$ 6,39

R$ 6,29

06

R$ 6,02

company. The credits received from the PV harvesting are divided according to

R$ 4,72

the shareholder‘s agreement (America do Sol, 2019).

To separate the self-production from the free-market, the Brazilian legislation estates that the PV user will not receive credit for producing above its electricity bill. There is also a fee to the distributor‘s company that is not able to be reduced 42 |

04

R$ 4,60

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

24 | instalation prices according to pv panel power of brazilian companies from 2013 to 2017 (macedo, 2019. based on data from ideal and ahk-rj, 2018) figure

Most of the PV panels installed in the Brazilian market, especially for

provements, as well as the continuous annual price reduction, and the

housing and small commercial enterprises are through financing the sys-

standard payback time of only six years, the initial costs are often a bar-

tem. Some examples for the improvements in financing are: the Banco do

rier to the development of the market (Almeida Braga Paranaguá, 2017).

Brasil and Caixa Econômica Federal for individuals and the Banco do Nordeste and BNDES for entities (America do Sol, 2019). Nevertheless, such im-

Nevertheless, there are other possibilities, as to rent the harvesting of PV panels, usually applied for large commercial and industrial users (Almeida Braga Paranaguá, 2017). This option can reduce or even eliminate the initial costs and

TYPES OF NET-METERING MICRO AND MINI ELECTRICITY GENERATION:

risks via shared generation. However, the direct harvesting results, (for example renting in R$/kWh) cannot be the contract unit. Instead, a fixed price of rent based on the annual energy bill of the consumer is made, setting a share of it as the rent price and another as the net-metering credit (Antoniolli et al.,2018).

Owners of Building Units

Self Generation

[ INDIVIDUAL GENERATION ] Cooperative or Joint Venture

[ SHARED GENERATION ] [ CONDOMINIUM ] Generation Property

Net-metering Property

[ REMOTE AUTONOMOUS ] figure

25 |types of net-metering systems for mini and micro electricity generation (macedo, 2019. based on data from ideal and ahk-rj, 2018) | 43

02.7 | SUMMARY OF CURRENT SITUATION

influence

ENVIRONMENT | TRANSPORTATION The transportation sector is responsible for the highest energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the city.

The government of Recife has presented and implemented plans focusing on pedestrian, cycling and shared electric vehicles.

44 |

The development of the „Cobogó“, an industrially produced shading element for buildings commonly utilized since the Brazilian modernist architecture, happened in Recife and it is still relevant in new buildings.

influence

opportunity

Traditional architecture, present in a city created in 1537, has addressed natural solutions to provide thermal comfort, which nowadays has also the opportunity to reduce energy consumption.

It can be considered a car-oriented city, as public transportation lacks quality and quantity. The results are traffic jams and difficult accessibility, especially for lowincome families.

ECONOMIC | INNOVATION CLUSTER In the last decades, recife has created a cluster for innovative companies to connect with research and incentives, through the Porto Digital.

ECONOMIC | INTEREST TO INVEST

SOCIAL | CULTURE The city, as well as the Bairro do Recife, have a significant historical heritage, artistic production and traditional cuisine. However, there are constraints to the maintenance and development of those areas, especially for the first example.

SOCIAL | SLUMS Besides the historical buildings, there is a large number of other ones in inadequate conditions in terms of infrastructure, like the ones located in slums.

response

As other Brazilian cities, it faces problems with social segregation, due to the high inequality rate and difficulty to provide infrastructure for all.

contributor

There is a considerable interest to invest in the central areas of Recife, as some projects like the „Twin Towers“ and the „Novo Recife“ show. However, those projects are contributing to the segregation of the public spaces.

Influence

Recife has a significant potential to produce electricity through solar sources.

SOCIAL | CAR-ORIENTED

The use of air-conditioning in the buildings of Recife has been rising. It is among one of the items responsible for the growth in electricity demand in the last years.

contributor

The national legislation on net-metering renewable electricity production has been developed in 2012 and improved a few years later to allow ways for individuals and companies to send the electricity produced to the grid for credits at the energy bill.

ECONOMIC | INEQUALITY

Recife is one of the largest and most important cities in the country, especially for the NorthEast region, in terms of population, culture and economy.

THERMAL COMFORT

contributor

opportunity

The solar energy sector in Brazil has been growing in the past year in both energy auctions for solar farms or individual production.

SOCIAL | RELEVANCE

The climate in Recife is hot and humid, demanding mostly cooling strategies for the buildings.

influence

SOLAR

influence

The Brazilian energy mix is reducing the share of renewables in the last decades; despite that, it can still be considered clean.

ENVIRONMENT | CLIMATE

Influence

ENVIRONMENT | RENEWABLES

ECONOMIC | OBSOLENCY OF THE RECIFE HARBOR The creation of a larger and more modern harbor at the edge of the metropolitan region of Recife makes the existing harbor obsolete for most of its activities, except regarding cruises.

ASSESSMENT OF STATUS QUO 02.8 | MAIN CHARACTERISTICS The energy sector is expanding in different areas and the data gathered was

There has been an interest in making an intervention at the Bairro do Recife for

mostly found in national and municipal scales. Therefore, there is a need to assess

some decade, even though, accompanied by some concerns of the society. Parts

the information to apply it on a neighborhood scale as this thesis intends to do.

of those transformations are in transition, whereas forces that exist in the city

Consequently, the figure below aims to set main points that might be relevant to

rejected some. Figure 26 and 27 intend to summarize the two sides:

any application in the Bairro do Recife:

INTERESTS AND CONCERNS ABOUT AN INTERVENTION ON THE BAIRRO DO RECIFE:

INTERESTS AND CONCERNS ABOUT AN INTERVENTION ON THE BAIRRO DO RECIFE:

INTERESTS IN ENERGY IMPROVEMENTS

CONCERNS REGARDING ENERGY

> Improve the thermal comfort of buildings while reducing the energy consumption

> Artificial systems to provide thermal comfort are culturally seen as better and modern

> Central area

> Large climate potencial for solar harvesting

> Legislation is still restricted [does not incentivize to produce more than the electricity bill]

> Important existant cultural, turistic, religious and public equipments

> Need to decouple electricity production from hydro > Higher benefit of electricity production due to rise at the bill > Solar and bioclimatic architecture market in growth

figure

> Lack of information for the population > Political and economic instability [recession + climate change denial of national authorities]

26 | interests and concerns about an intervention on the bairro do recife (macedo, 2019)

INTERESTS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD > Relevant heritage

> Large public land areas [the harbor and the Pilar community] > Development of touristic attractions and infrastructure [Pier Cultural Buildings, Cruise Dock] > Hub of innovation companies

figure

CONCERNS FOR THE NEIGHBORHOOD > Gentrification [large expectulation of land-owners] > Exclusion of lower-income population [Ocupe-Estelita Movement] > Decharacterization of the neighborhood [demolition of historical buildings and new highrises] > Conflict with existing harbor and industrial facilities > Existing slum dwellers evictions to the outskirts

27 | interests and concerns about an intervention on the bairro do recife (macedo, 2019) | 45

02.9 | SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS | URBANISM > Area of interest to the population and investors [water, heritage, cultural activities, business ] > Innovation cluster centralized at the Porto Digital organization [academic, public and private sectors] > Cultural identity of citizens connected to the Bairro do Recife > Existing attempt to renovate existing buildings > Stakeholders working on crowdfunding and social hous management

WEAKNESSES | URBANISM

> Several solar energy companies are set in Recife and the market is growing > Consolidated net-metering system legislation for micro and mini-scale renewable production for individuals and companies. > Wind breeze coming from the Ocean improve thermal comfort in buildings that take advantage of natural ventilation > Neighborhood connected around Porto Digital for innovation projects

ENERGY

OPPORTUNITIES | URBANISM > Large areas of public and private property to improve [industries, harbor, and pilar‘s community] > Urban arrangement possible for pedestrian and cycling transformations [flat, compact built-up area, many crossings] > Potential growth of touristic activities > Space to build new apartments

ENERGY > electricity production by solar rooftops [sustainable income generation] > high potential to produce electricity from solar energy > Potential to produce and improve building thermal comfort and energy savings through passive solutions > higher benefit for solar harvesting due to rise in the electricity bill

> Vibrant public space might reduce the feeling of safety

THREATS | URBANISM

ENERGY

> Several empty buildings [falling apart or in bad conditions]

> Biomass and wind systems are more suitable to outskirt areas than in the Bairro do Recife

> Economic and political instability [recession + possible corruption between politics and large companies]

> Economic and political instability [recession + current national government denying climate change]

> Unfriendly to pedestrians and cyclists [cars occupy most of the street, many buildings only used as parking lots, harbor and industry attracts trucks]

> Electricity demand is possibly rising by the installation of more air-conditioning systems in the renovated buildings

> high inequality rate [may cause social segregation]

> Need for grid improvements in the long-term [if solar and wind energy become more usual]

> Pilar community [slum area with few infrastrucuture]

> Cooling demand almost the entire year due to the climate

> Lack of inhabitants [dependent on visitors and workers]

> Stakeholders come from several different spheres and can sparse from each other

> Few green spaces > Limited access to the waterfront > Feeling of unsafety

46 |

ENERGY

> Electricity bill is rising

> investment power possible by few > industries and logistics companies may be against any transformation [would result in their removal] > gentrification [sensitive for the Pilar community] > social movements might be distrustful of urban interventions, due to past experiences

> Possible resistance of property owners to install PV panels on their rooftops > cultural resistance to invest in passive solutions for buildings instead of mechanic [feel modern]

The Bairro do Recife is an important area for the city, therefore attracting the

Porto Digital‘s sphere of influence is also positive, as the organization focuses

attention of the population and investors. Furthermore, the Porto Digital tech-

on technological companies, such as the renewable energy industry. There are

nological cluster already proves that it is possible to connect stakeholders from

already some projects of electric sharing cars, which are essential, not only to

different sectors to collaborate for the development of a project. The population

reduce traffic demand, but also for detaching transportation from fossil fuel. The

also has a strong identity with the area, being one of the oldest urban settle-

electricity sector is much cleaner than the transportation one, in terms of GHG

ments after the arrival of Pedro Alvares Cabral. There are many historical buil-

emission, making it a positive shift.

dings in the area, mostly in bad conditions, but in recent decades, many have been renovated.

A negative aspect of a central area is that biomass and wind energy is probably not suitable to be installed in this area, due to the size required and noise pol-

Unfortunately, the neighborhood is crowded with cars which, sometimes, use

lution. Concomitantly, the air-conditioning use is becoming more common in

the historical area as parking spaces, hence increasing the degradation of the

the city, even with the potential to use natural ventilation to reduce its demand.

structure. However, especially in the oldest urban fabric segments, there is a potential to be pedestrian-friendly, since the arrangement of the streets and buil-

The existing legislation offers an opportunity for net-metering systems, but off-

dings are beneficial to a human scale. Also, it extists the delicate situation of

grid systems are still too expensive. There is also no possibility in the legislation

the Pilar Community, a slum area that is responsible for 98% of all residents of

to take benefit of producing more than 90 to 95% of the energy bill. Moreover,

the neighborhood. Most of the workers need to come from other regions of the

in the long term, the Brazilian grid must be modernized to function if renewable

city and metropolitan area. Finally, there are few green areas and access to the

energy sources, such as solar and wind, were more often part of the system.

waterfront, despite being an island, is restricted.

The large properties of the area could facilitate the acquisition of land to an intervention, especially public ones (harbor and the Pilar community). Aspects like history, culture and identity create a substantial potential for the development of the touristic business and activities. Also, the development of a vibrant community might solve one of Brazil‘s recurring problems: the safety of public spaces. However, the current national scenario is of political instability and economic recession. This situation may represent a threat to the connection of stakeholders and to obtain investments. The high inequality rate also constitutes a complex environment that could lead to gentrification or segregation.

In terms of energy, Recife is composed of several PV companies with a growing market. Furthermore, the energy prices are increasing. A problem that can be seen as an opportunity by using PV harvesting. The inclusion of the area into the

02.10 | STAKEHOLDERS There are several spheres of stakeholders for an intervention connecting sustainable urbanism and energy to occur. The authorities, for instance, can be composed of politicians from the State and City Government, that have high political power, but might not be directly connected to an intervention. The urban planning authorities, such as SEPLAN (Planning Secretariat), Instituto da Cidade, Aries or NGPD, could be highly interested in the project. They would monitor legislation comply, set strategic guidelines for the city, and even could take part in the process.

A similar situation would exist in the heritage authorities (IPHAN, Secult, FUNDARPE, or DPPC). The difference would be that, despite regulating, some of | 47

those institutions can also acquire funds for the development of historic buil-

Other private landowners are relevant to the success of the urban intervention,

ding renovations and artistic interventions. Similarly, the environmental and

even if most of the terrain constitutes on public land. For example, industrial

energy authorities (ANEEL, Celpe, SEMA, PCS) are known to finance some pro-

activities also have large properties that would require transformation. This is

jects.

the case to create a more pedestrian-friendly scale. On the other hand, smaller properties need to be taken into account to prevent excessive land price specu-

Furthermore, there exist some other authorities, not directly connected to an

lation.

intervention because of their function, but placed at the Bairro do Recife. Some other cultural, religious and educational institutions can also be anchors for the

Different businesses have a broad spectrum of interests, such as PV companies

development of the neighborhood. One relevant example could be the Porto

or medium to low from other on-site companies. The perspectives can also be

Digital, that focuses its activities on innovational projects in the region. They

positive, for real-estate companies, or negative, for industries for whom the al-

connect academic research, technological companies, as well as funding for re-

ternatives of a changing neighborhood could be understood as a threat to their

habilitation of buildings, and interventions.

business.

In effect, the Porto Digital is responsible for the development of some transpor-

Notwithstanding, social movements could be unpredictable in terms of reaction,

tation stakeholders, such as the electric car system and the public bike stations.

as this intervention would come after the OcupeEstelita movement that fights

Together with the public transportation agents, they are an essential part of the

the development of luxurious towers at another central terrain. The proposal‘s

change, especially if the guideline is to reduce the car-oriented characteristic of

inclusion of social housing and vibrant community urbanism may not be suf-

the neighborhood.

ficient if the information is not clear, and participation during the process is limited. Therefore, a dialogue is of importance, especially with NGOs, citizens, and

The Harbor of Recife is a remarkably relevant stakeholder. Most of the terrain in the area is composed of harbor use. Nevertheless, the Suape harbor, in the metropolitan region, already contemplate most of its activities. Therefore, the idea is to focus more on passenger activities instead of large cargo and logistic services.

However, this would require intense negotiation, informing the benefits to the city, as well as the improvements in the quality of service that the harbor could give to its users.

48 |

the media.

STAKEHOLDER MATRIX INTEREST

KEEP SATISFIED State Politicians

MANAGE CLOSELY

City Politicians Porto Digital

Harbor On-site Authorities

POWER

On-site Industry & Logistic Companies

Private Land Owners

Media

Investors

Ocupe Estelita

Heritage Urban Planning Planning Authorities Authorities

Energy & Environment Authorities Social Movements

Environmental NGOs

Citizens

Building Companies

On-site Institutions

Real-Estate Companies

Transportation Institutions Offices, Commercial & Service Companies

Touristic Companies PV Companies

Tourists Neighborhood Residents

On-site Event Stakeholders Low-income Population MONITOR

INFORM

figure

28 | stakeholder matrix (macedo, 2019) | 49

3:

SCOPE & METHODS chapter

> The progression of the thesis focuses on four aspects of the urban development in the Bairro do Recife: land-use, livability, energy for the building scale, and housing affordability. There are some interconnections to other topics, without going into detail, like transportation, landscape, management, and financing. The method is based on overview information, literature review and a three-sector focus: urban intervention, building intervention, costs & fund to finish with a conclusion and discussion.

50 |

INDIRECT DIRECT INTER CONNECTION INTER CONNECTION

SCOPE

WASTE WASTEWATER WATER LANDSCAPE LEGISLATION PARTICIPATION * ENERGY * LIVABILITY FINANCING MARKETING TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT * LAND-USE HEALTH EDUCATION CULTURE * AFFORDABILITY LIFE-CYCLE MATERIAL figure

29 | scope matrix (macedo, 2019) | 51

03.1 | SCOPE

03.2 | METHODOLOGY

The progression of the thesis will focus on an urban development for the Bairro

The first part of the methodology consists of investigating the national scenario

do Recife. However, there are several fronts possible to be taken in this case. The

in terms of urbanism and energy. With this information, the research questions

main four topics regarding urbanism, that this work will touch, are related to the

and objectives are developed, as well as setting a location to be focused on and

research questions as stated below:

studied.

1. Land-Use: the urban planning aspect is mainly developed on a broad spect-

The next stage is to gather information about the location. There are three main

rum. A definition of the types of uses of open and built spaces is made. It is also

areas to be focused: the urban and social aspects, the energy overview, and the

considered, street hierarchy, width, and function; placement of most suitable

climatic and thermal comfort.

anchor locations, following the design guidelines.

2. Livability: a set of indicators are selected to analyze the livability of the proposed district scenario. It is then compared to the existing situation. Some of the indicators include walkability, connectivity, street hierarchy, estimation of inhabitants, jobs, the abundance of open spaces, the type of open spaces (public, semi-public and private), the built-up area, mix of uses, connectivity with the public transportation and so on.

Afterwards, there is a division in three parts: 1. The urban intervention that will propose a scenario and analyze the livability of the district.

2. The building intervention that analyses the thermal comfort, by simulating models that can be optimized and result in design guidelines for the communi-

3. Energy: the focus on energy will be made on the built-up environment, trying

ty, as well as the rooftop PV-panel estimation for the neighborhood.

to set the best passive strategies for the construction and renovation, according to the climate specifications. The energy demand of the neighborhood is also

3. A financial analysis that estimates the costs of the interventions and creates a

estimated, considering all buildings as optimized, according to the design guide-

financial concept with a 25-year scenario that indicates the payback period and

lines. A third part is related to the possibility of electricity production from solar

the possibility to provide affordable housing.

panels placed on the rooftop area of the buildings.

4. Affordability: A concept and a 25-year scenario will be created to explore an innovative solution to provide affordable housing according

to

the

information

presented

from

the

other

topics.

Direct and indirect interconnections to other topics do also exist, but will not be the focus here. Those can be: landscape, legislation, material, participation, financing, transportation, management or health and culture.

52 |

The final part is the conclusion and discussion of the results.

CURRENT SITUATION | RECIFE: URBAN & SOCIAL

INTRODUCTION | BRAZILIAN URBAN SITUATION

OBJECTIVES & RESEARCH QUESTIONS | [LOCATION]

INTRODUCTION | ENERGY OVERVIEW IN BRAZIL

CURRENT SITUATION | ENERGY IN RECIFE

URBAN INTERVENTION | ASSESSMENT

BUILDING INTERVENTIONS | THERMAL COMFORT | GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN

URBAN INTERVENTION | INDICATOR COMPARISON

BUILDING INTERVENTIONS | THERMAL COMFORT | MODEL GENERATION & OPTIMIZATION COSTS & FUND | FINANCIAL CONCEPT

CURRENT SITUATION | ASSESSMENT

SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY

URBAN INTERVENTION | PROPOSAL

SCOPE & METHODS |

URBAN INTERVENTION | SITE ANALYSIS

BUILDING INTERVENTIONS | THERMAL COMFORT | PASSIVE SOLUTIONS IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING INTERVENTIONS | THERMAL COMFORT | THERMAL COMFORT & CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS

BUILDING INTERVENTIONS | PV HARVESTING | ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION & GENERATION

BUILDING INTERVENTIONS | PV HARVESTING | ESTIMATION OF ROOFTOP AREA & SYSTEM CRITERIA

COSTS & FUND | 25 YEAR SCENARIO

CONCLUSION | & DISCUSSION

figure

30| methods of the thesis development (macedo, 2019) | 53

4:

URBAN INTERVENTION chapter

ANALYSIS & PROPOSITION FOR THE BAIRRO DO RECIFE > Bairro do Recife has a diverse aspect, with large properties composed of the declining harbor, the Pilar Community, and old industrial and warehouses terrains. A scenario is proposed to increase the livability of the area. It includes the population, shares open spaces, as well as the walkability and cyclability, according to a set of indicators that are compared and assessed.

54 |

100 m

N

figure 31 | masterplan proposed for the bairro do recife | 55 (macedo, 2019)

56 |

figure 32 |top-view from the bairro do recife (quapรก, 2012)

RECIFE

BAIRRO DO RECIFE 04.1 | INTRODUCTION The Bairro do Recife (figure 32 and 33) is the oldest area of the city, where the harbor was settled to provide services to Olinda. Nowadays it became an island, being physically separated from Olinda, during a harbor modernization infrastructure. There is a waterfront facing the Atlantic Ocean and another towards the Capibaribe River.

The district is better connected to the other neighborhoods that altogether are part of the center of the city: Santo Antonio, São José, Boa Vista, and Santo Amaro.

city pop.: 1.63 million p. metro. pop.: 4.04 million p.

figure 33 |image from recife (google earth, 2018)

pop. density: 7,479 p/km²

The area measures around one square kilometer (figure 34), of which the harbor constitutes the larger part with over half of the total. The population counts 604 inhabitants,being 98% from the Pilar Community,a favela in the core of the island (IBGE,2010).

BAIRRO DO RECIFE

As a historic quarter, there are many notable heritage buildings, monuments, and places that tell the story of the city, as well as representing its culture and identity.

On the next pages, it is possible to find an analysis of the neighborhood as an intent to understand the location better (figures 35-45).

1.04km² figure 34 |image from the bairro do recife (google earth, 2013)

| 57

04.2 | SURROUNDINGS

A São José

B São José dos

Market

C Courthouse in

D Concentration

E 19th

Clérigos

Republic

of buses, S.

Century

Church

Square

Antonio

warehouses

Comercial

Santo

Building

Former

Water front

street in

Antonio

in Santo

Prison/ Cu-

in Santo

São José F

District G

Antonio H

rrent Museum I

Amaro J figure

35-44 | pictures of areas in the center of recife desmonstrating some of the characteristics of its districts (macedo, 2019)

boa vista gervásio pires

district

miguel arraes

street

avanue

santo amaro

santo amaro

cemitery santo amaro

I D

district

H

F

tacaruna shop. mall

district

E

são josé

B

hospital

santo amaro das

G

C

salinas church

J santo antonio

LEGEND

district republic square

A cais de santa

bairro do

rita terminal

recife district

>

main center

>

500m commercial area

>

parks & green areas

> cemitery >

important buildings

>

comercial streets

>

district limits

45 | majority of historical building occupation diagram (macedo, 2019. adapted from: instituto da cidade, 2013)

figure

58 | 100 m

N

The center of Recife is composed of the following neighborhoods: Bairro do Recife,

like the university hospital of Universidade Católica de Pernambuco or the Oswal-

Santo Antonio, São José, Boa Vista and Santo Amaro. Together with the historic

do Cruz university hospital. Closeby, the Santo Amaro Cemetery is another amp-

center of Olinda, they compose the metropolitan center.

le open space, as well as an area with large neopentecostal protestant churches, the Santa Casa de Pernambuco Hospital, the Hospital of Cancer, and the Tacaruna

However, every neighborhood has different characteristics. In São José, for examp-

shopping mall at north.

le, it is possible to find most of the commercial streets, especially surrounding the São José Market and the Santa Rita Dock. This aspect extends to its direct neigh-

Nevertheless, as the territory is larger than the other districts, most of those buil-

bor Santo Antonio, where the popular retail and commercial activities continue

dings are far from each other, in a walkable distance base. In effect, the neighbor-

in some pedestrian streets. As one of the oldest areas of the city, there are many

hood is not verticalized as the other ones mentioned here, and despite some ver-

important buildings, especially churches and the complex of the churches of São

ticalized areas, most of the region has mainly one or two stories. Those buildings

Francisco and the Golden Chapel.

are composed of offices, retail, and housing. Informal settlements also exist in the northwestern part of Santo Amaro and along the Cabibaribe River in São José and

In Santo Antonio, there is the Republic Square, where Campo das Princesas Palace,

Boa Vista.

the State of Pernambuco‘s main governental building, is located. Nearby, situating the 19th century Santa Isabel Theater and the Justice‘s Palace. Therefore, this

The Bairro do Recife is an island that can only be accessed throughout its four

is the core of the power of the State of Pernambuco.

bridges: one connecting it to Santo Amaro, close to the Brum Fort; another two to Santo Antonio, in the Marques de Olinda Avenue and Boa Vista Avenue. The

Across the Capibaribe river, the Boa Vista district also has some commercial

fourth connection, taking the Giratória Bridge, leads to São José. It is named after

streets., which connect the Maciel Pinheiro Square, with its Boa Vista church, until

the former swing bridge of the beginning of the 1920s and dismantled in 1970s,

the neighborhoods of São José and Santo Antonio (figure 45).

due to malfunctioning, plus the intention to create a broader avenue for cars.

Santo Amaro is the biggest neighborhood of them. Many aspects change within itself. For example, in the limits of Boa Vista and Santo Antonio, there is also a commercial area that all together could be considered the main commercial center of the city. More to the North, there is Treze de Maio Park, which is the most prominent green open space in the center of the city. In its surroundings, there are several important buildings, such as the Recife‘s School of Law with other adjacent buildings, the city council, hospitals, the legislative assembly of Pernambuco, audit office of the state, and the public library of the State of Pernambuco with a public school adjacent. More to the west, there are more university buildings, | 59

04.3 | HERITAGE & CURRENT OCCUPATION The Bairro do Recife is an important area for the city in terms of heritage

46). Another example is a recently discovered cemetery (figure 49), that was

and cultural activities. Several buildings represent the periods of the deve-

partially excavated by the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) in 2013,

lopment of the city (figure 62), as well as examples of the activities of that

but abandoned since then (Galvão, 2014), resulting in the accumulation of

period. For instance, there are buildings of different religions (e.g., figure 46),

waste and rainwater in the holes. A situation that impedes the continuation

military fortifications (figure 47 and 48), harbor and industrial activities.

of the social housing projects of the Pilar community, as well as the main-

Other buildings and built infrastructure show the development of the mo-

tenance of the cemetery. A different situation is shown in the ruins of the

des of transportation in the city (the animal tram center, the railways of the

17th-century walls, exposed to the public in a street of the neighborhood

animals, electric trams, as well as the train stations).

(figure 48).

Likewise, there are examples of colonial civic architecture from the 16th, 17th,

The monument of the Cruz do Patrão is another example (figure 51), in which

18th centuries, eclectic architecture from the end of the 19th and beginning

the so considered oldest monument of the city is in the middle of a harbor

of the 20th centuries, modernist buildings (figures 52 to 62), monuments (fi-

area, thus inaccessible. The monument was placed to help the maneuver of

gure 51) and even a recently (2013) discovered cemetery (figure 49).

ships to moor on the docks of the old harbor.

Many cultural activities are taking place during the year in the neighborhood, such as the carnival, hosting performances of maracatu, frevo, and afroxé (three local, traditional types of music). Others are hosted in buildings, such as the museum of the Cais do Sertão, the Paço Frevo, the Chanteclair Cultural Center, the theaters of Apolo and Hermilo Borba Filho, the Caixa Cultural Recife, the military museum (figure 47) and so on.

Nevertheless, despite some efforts in converting the heritage into accessible buildings and infrastructure towards new activities (e.g. the transformation of the former Custom House into a shopping mall, the former harbor warehouses into commercial and cultural centers, some historical buildings into offices, museums, cultural centers, the Brum Fort into the military museum), many others are in bad condition and/or inaccessible to the public, especially in the harbor and the community of Pilar area (figure 59).

The Pilar church, that is surrounded by a slum area and an industrial complex, is inaccessible, besides the recent revitalization of the building (figure 60 |

figure 46| pilar church surrounded by a slum and industries (mendes da hora, 2013)

figure 47 | picture of the brum fort, currently hosting the military museum (macedo, 2013)

figure 48| ruins of the wall (macedo, 2013)

17th century

figure 49| historical cemetery being escavated in 2013, currently abandoned(santana, 2014)

bairro do recife

sĂŁo josĂŠ

santo antonio

brum fort

cruz do patrĂŁo

figure 50| recife and the isthmus connecting to olinda in 1771 (instituto da cidade, 2013)

figure 51 | cruz do patrĂŁo, inaccessible, inside the harbor complex (batalha,

2012)

| 61

04.4 | EXISTING BUILDING SITUATION

A 17th and 18th

B Beginning

C 17th,18th

D Former

E 19th

Centuries

of 20th

and 19th

harbour

Century

Century

Centuries

buildings

warehouses

Modernist

Former

Pilar

Existing

Current

Interventions

Silos and

Community

Industries

Harbour

Industries G

F

I

[Slum] H

J figure

F

C

52-61 | pictures of areas in the bairro do recife desmonstrating some of the characteristics of the occupation (macedo, 2019)

J

I E A

B D

C

H G

62 | majority of historic building occupation diagram (macedo, 2019. adapted from: instituto da cidade, 2013)

figure

62 | 100 m

N

IMPORTANT LOCATIONS

> 13

> 14 Marco Zero Square [ground zero of the city]

> 29 Recife City Hall [Governmental Institution]

> 01

> 15 Caixa Cultural Recife [Cultural Center]

> 30 Memorial da Justiça de Pernambuco [unaccessible]

Custom House [Paço Alfândega]

Ruins of the 17th-century wall

> 28 Tribunal Regional do Trabalho [Judicial Institution]

> 02

Madre de Deus Church

> 16 Associação Comercial de Pernambuco [Cultural Center]

> 31 Brum Fort [Military Museum]

> 03

Chanteclair Cultural Center

> 17 Malakov Tower [historical building]

> 32 Ruins of the Picão Fort [Inaccessible]

> 04

Moeda Street [historical street]

> 18 Capitania dos Portos [Marine Building]

> 33

> 05

Former Warehouse Buildings of the Harbor

> 19 Cais do Sertão [Museum]

> 34 Francisco Brennand Sculpture Park

> 20 Harbor Passenger Terminal [Cruise ships]

> 35 Cruz do Patrão [oldest monument of the city - used for

[commercial use]

Light House

> 06

Marques de Olinda Avenue [Heritage Buildings - 20th c.]

> 21 Historical Cemetery [discovered in 2013 - inaccessible]

ship maneuver when aligned with the Santo Amaro

> 07

Rio Branco Avenue [Heritage Buildings - 20th c.]

> 22 Pilar Church [historical buildings - inaccessible]

das Salinas Church on the Other side of the River]

> 08

Hermilo Borba Filho Theater

> 23 Former base of the animal and electric light rail lines

> 09

Apolo Theater

> 10

Paço do Frevo [Cultural Center]

> 24 Tiradentes Square

> 11

Arsenal Square [former place where arsenal was kept]

> 12

Bom Jesus Street [Heritage Buildings - 17th, 18th and

19th c., including the first Synagogue of America]

[currently a warehouse]

> 36 Former land connection between Olinda and Recife

[Inaccessible] > 37

Ruins of the Buraco Fort [Inaccessible]

> 25 Tribunal Regional Federal [Judicial Institution]

> 26 Advocacia Geral da União [Judicial Institution] > 27 Receita Federal [Governmental Institution]

LEGEND >

Accessible to Public

>

Restrict or No Access

>

Governmental Institution

28

01

04 05

06

07

23

24

08 09 18

10 11 12 26 27 15 13 17 14 05 19 19

21

16

05

05

19

20

36

30 22

20

figure

34 100 m

N

37

31

25 03 02

35

29

32

33

63 | highlight

locations and buildings diagram (macedo, 2019)

| 63

PROPOSED URBAN INTERVENTION LEGEND > offices > housing > commercial/retail

64 |

> institutional

> harbor

> cultural/religious

> hotel

> car-parking

04.5 | STRATEGY - SECTORS SECTOR 1 - AREA OF CONSOLIDATION:

residents and job opportunities while controlling the impact on the existing situation.

The area (figure 65) lies where most of the heritage buildings are located. However, there are very few spaces of expansion, hampering transformations. There-

In accordance to the other divisions, it was proposed a distribution of daycare

fore, interventions would require to be more punctual than in the other sectors.

centers, schools, a hotel, a social market, pedestrian streets and the increase of the commercial activity in the ground floor of the buildings, as well as for the

On the other hand, the area presents some aspects that can be developed. For

new residential demands. Most of the transformations pass by the change to pe-

instance, the region has no sign of populational growth, and most of the inhabi-

destrians and local streets, expansion of the promenade along the waterfront and

tants are from the slum (Pilar). Nevertheless, the latest projects focusing on the

plazas, playgrounds and squares in former parking areas.

elite, such as the harbor docks transformed into cultural and commercial centers, created criticism by the inhabitants.

SECTOR 2 - AREA OF RENOVATION:

Other concerns of the population are few job opportunities and activities for low-

The sector 2 (figure 65) is the one including the Pilar informal settlement, as well

income families, even with the Porto Digital activities. Therefore, the scenario for

as the industrial activity, warehouses (some are heritage buildings), the ancient

this sector is to provide a set of minor changes in land use that can provide more

cemetery and parking areas. The area is nowadays partially segregated from the

N

figure

64 | view of the volumetric

form proposed (macedo, 2019)

| 65

rest of the city, with large plots for the industrial and slum areas. Consequent-

The dock is connected to the promenad, close to a fish market on the ground floor

ly, the proposal is to create ground-floor commercial activities, daycare centers,

of a parking lot building. The Brum park would have leisure and sports equipment

playgrounds, and squares. It is also proposed to integrate a popular market, an

and would be in the connection between sectors 1, 2 and 3. At the waterfront the

educational center, a cultural center and a hospital. This scenario could create the

harbor activities would be reduced to only passenger activities, making the area

tools for the less wealthy residents, gaining economic access to other services and

much more compact than nowadays. The assumption is a facility with its own

goods besides the social housing itself. The industrial and informal areas could be

parking lots, storage buildings and the existing terminal for the cruise ships and

easily transformed on the plan, requiring fewer negotiations with landowners

other boats.

and more flexibility of design to provide deeper transformations.

The rest of the neighborhood would be a mixed-use between residential, comThe offices and hotels are located at the main avenues, creating a noise barrier

mercial, offices, hotels and parking lots. The daycare centers, schools, museums,

for the sector. Those types of uses can benefit from this location, whereas they

cultural center and a SESC (which is a mix of cultural, educational and neighbor-

can usually finance better noise protection solutions than residential buildings.

hood center) are proposed to be the anchors of the public spaces. The Cruz do Pa-

The few heritage buildings are now segregated. Their inclusion can be seen on

trĂŁo Monument, as well as some harbor machinery and equipment, are intended

new streets, reconnecting the Pilar Church with the rest of the district. Moreover,

to be left, showing the steps of the development of the area.

figure

65 | sectors (macedo, 2019)

a plaza is created to open the excavations of the historic cemetery to the public.

Another example is to convert the former animal tram base into a cultural center, resulting in several renovations, to reconnect the sector with the rest of the neighborhood.

SECTOR 3 - AREA OF EXTENSION: This sector (figure 65) is composed of the leading public land plots and the least built-up area. Also, it has the one with the worse connection and most of the open spaces. Therefore, it demands a complete transformation, becoming the extensi-

sector

on of the development. The institutional plots in the Apolo region (close to Cais sector

de Apolo Avenue) would host a promenade reopening the view to the Capibaribe river. By the water and along the promenade, two docks for boats are considered.

One in the center of the island to be part of the metropolitan public boat system of the city, that nowadays passes through the neighborhood in the Capibaribe River without having access to the Bairro do Recife. The other is for fishermen, currently working in the river and the sea but moor their boats under the bridge.

66 |

sector

1

2

3

04.6 | GUIDELINES The guideline of the design connects the historical and cultural features with the

The Brum park is also a central point to connect the Fishing dock, the fish market,

new uses of the proposal, creating public spaces that are structured by the dis-

and the bridge connecting Santo Amaro. The former use is remembered in the

tinctive uses and a better connection to the water (figure 66).

park design, taking advantage of the old silos to create a playful area for children.

As a reference of the Marco Zero Square and its axis connecting it to important

In sector 3, the existent street structures determine streets for buses (taking ad-

parts of the city, a different set of axes is created. They come from the metropo-

vantage of the foundations). The West building blocks and the canal improve the

litan waterway terminal to the hotel complex, the harbor and the Pilar church,

relationship with water and mark the original shape of the isthmus that connec-

which now became the center of the neighborhood in sector 2 (as the Marco Zero

ted the Bairro do Recife with Olinda, before the many land-transformations. The

is for the sector 1). Also, a new street connects the Bom Jesus street (and the hotel

axis of Cruz do Patrão with the Santo Amaro das Salinas Church (historically used

complex) with the Brum fort entrance, the popular market and the cemetery ru-

as ship maneuver) becomes a „Rambla“, with a new cultural and educational cen-

ins to the sector 1.

ter facing the water. Part of the harbor structure is kept to evoke memory and identity.

URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES:

LEGEND >

existing landmarks

>

inaccessable landmarks

>

proposed landmarks

independência

>

existing axis

>

existing visual axis

>

proposed axis

>

proposed visual axis

republic

campos das

square

princesas palace

figure

66 | urban design guidelines diagram (macedo, 2019)

miguel arraes avanue

santo amaro das salinas church brum fort

square

expansion

ruins of

walls limits

buraco fort

fishing deck

metropolitan

cruz do fish market

waterway terminal

patrão

buildings marking the original territory

cannal marking the original water fringe public space con-

cultural center [sesc]

nected with water malakov tower

hotel complex

marco zero square

100 m

N

popular market

passanger

extension of

dock [harbor]

deck [harbor]

cemitery ruins

brum fort pilar church

existing harbor

historical axis for ship maneuvers

street network

to get inside the harbor

| 67

NEW PROPOSED SPECIAL LOCATIONS > 01

daycare center

> 13

new hospital

> 02

school

> 14

new viewpoint

> 03

SESC [Social, cultural and educational center]

> 15

new square or plaza

> 04

new cultural center

> 16

pilar‘s church plaza

> 05

turistic buildings [hotels]

> 17

cemetery ruins

> 06

new parking building [social jobs]

> 18

Cruz do Patrão monument plaza

> 07

harbor passenger terminal

> 19

new promenade

> 08

popular market

> 20

Brum park

> 09

metropolitan waterway terminal

> 21

B rum former expansion wall remarket

> 10

new fishing dock

> 22

harbor equipment maintained [memory]

> 11

new fish market

> 23

playground

> 12

new building of the Ministério da Fazenda [Governmental Institution]

> 24

sportfield

- MOVED and expanded

09 19 06

15

23 19

08

14

19

12

15

01

23

23 04

04

04

15 01 23

14 05 05 23

68 |

23

15

06 19

19

1

05

01

05

23 15

02

17 15

15

16

08

04

05 15 15

07

LEGEND >

buildings use

>

moved used from existing one

>

open space use

10

19

19

06

14

23

15

06

04

11

21 21

13

22 23 24

20

24

4

07 07

07

07

24

N

19 06 01 06

06 05

22 04

15 08

15

15 23

06

01 19 22

22

19

19 06

06 18

06

01 06 15 06

19

23

15 01

06

18

06 19

02

19

04 06 03 22

19

22

figure

23

15

23

14

67 | view of the volumetric form proposed

with main locations (macedo, 2019)

| 69

CALCULATIONS & INDICATORS 04.7 |

figure

FIGURE-GROUND DIAGRAM

Plan not built [slum]

N

68 | existing figure-ground diagram (macedo, 2019)

SCALE 100M

figure

70 |

69 | proposed figure-ground diagram (macedo, 2019)

300M

04.7 | INDICATOR RESULTS 1 | AREA OF CONSOLIDATION EXISTING

PROPOSED

2 | AREA OF RENOVATION

EXISTING

PROPOSED

> District Coverage Ratio:

38%

> District Coverage Ratio:

47%

40%

37%

> Connectivity of Street Network: cars - 220[1/km²] 106[1/km²]

pedestrians - 273[1/km²] 319[1/km²]

> Conectivity of Street Network: cars - 118[1/km²] 118[1/km²]

pedestrians - 128[1/km²] 251[1/km²]

> Cyclomatic number: cars - 182[1/km²] 137[1/km²]

> Cyclomatic number: cars - 77[1/km²] 92[1/km²]

pedestrians - 87[1/km²] 235[1/km²]

pedestrians -

231[1/km²]

281[1/km²]

> Average distance between intersections: cars - 63[m] 75[m] pedestrians - 65[m] 61[m]

> Average distance between intersections: cars - 99[m] 103[m] pedestrians - 92[m] 66[m]

3 | AREA OF EXTENSION

EXISTING

PROPOSED

TOTAL EXISTING

PROPOSED

> District Coverage Ratio:

18%

31%

> District Coverage Ratio:

33%

27%

> Conectivity of Street Network: cars - 5[1/km²] 31[1/km²] pedestrians - 5[1/km²] 169[1/km²]

> Conectivity of Street Network: cars - 77[1/km²]

pedestrians - 92[1/km²]

63 [1/km²] 213 [1/km²]

> Cyclomatic number: cars - 10[1/km²] 15[1/km²]

pedestrians - 10[1/km²] 108[1/km²]

> Cyclomatic number: cars - 63[1/km²]

pedestrians - 77[1/km²]

58 [1/km²] 168 [1/km²]

> Average distance between intersections: cars - 272[m] 194[m] pedestrians - 272[m] 89[m]

> Average distance between intersections: cars - 179[m]

pedestrians - 178[m]

141 [m] 74 [m]

ASSESSMENT: > District Coverage Ratio: possible to notice a low ratio in the total area, mainly due to the harbor and parking areas in sector 3. This was increased slightly in the proposal; however, only 33% of the ratio (which is low in comparison with dense european cities like Paris: 60%). The sector 2 was reduced since the occupation of warehouses and the slum represented solution with no proper lighting and ventilation. > The overall connectivity of street network for cars, as well as pedestrians, can be considered to be high (77 for cars, 92 for pedestrians, as in Paris the number would be around

100). However, sector 1 is the main responsible for this, while the sector 3 had only 5 as a result for both modes. This is mainly because of the harbor and the large plots of the Apolo area. The proposal reduced the car connectivity and increased the pedestrian, resulting in 63 and 213 of overall, respectively.

The pedestrian result was significantly higher (31 for cars, and 169 for pedestrians). > The cyclomatic number had a similar approach. The overall existing situation is 63 for cars and 77 for pedestrians, and proposed 58 for cars and 168 for pedestrians. Therefore, the vehicles have low and pedestrians higher results.

> The average number between intersections was relatively poor when compared to Paris (150m), having cars and pedestrians with similar rates, 179 and 178 respectively. But the result is very different when compared to sectors. Sector 1 is composed of the historical center with small blocks and many streets, whereas sector 3 would have large blocks. The proposal normalized the gap between the sectors and created a difference between cars and pedestrians.

For cars, the number would be higher than 100m and pedestrians lower than that.

The overall was 141 for cars and 74 for pedestrians. The results would show the intention of creating a more pedestrian-friendly neighborhood, with shorter distances and better connectivity, while the cars would still be part of it, but in a less relevant way.

Also, the car numbers would include public transportation, such as buses, therefore remaining extremely important. In fact, the idea of less connectivity is also related to the fact that this would be good to avoid traffic impacts caused by car intersections and traffic lights.

| 71

OPEN SPACE DIAGRAM Plan not built

N

[slum]

figure

70 | existing open spaces diagram (macedo, 2019)

LEGEND > parks >

green squares

>

private gardens

figure

72 |

SCALE

>

parking

> storage

>

sportfields

>

>

plazas/pedestrian streets

> playgrounds

71 | proposed open spaces diagram (macedo, 2019)

no use

100M

300M

INDICATOR RESULTS 1 | AREA OF CONSOLIDATION

EXIST. PROP.

> Coverage Ratio: green and water- 03% 14%

2 | AREA OF RENOVATION

EXIST. PROP.

> Coverage Ratio: green and water- 09% 20%

storage/parking/no use - 16% 02%

pedestrian zones, plazas & sport fields -

12%

storage/parking/no use -

07%

pedestrian zones, plazas & sport fields -

00%

00%

34% 11%

3 | AREA OF EXTENSION EXIST. PROP.

TOTAL EXIST. PROP.

> Coverage Ratio: green and water- 04% 34%

> Coverage Ratio: green and water- 04% 25%

storage/parking/no use - 63% 05%

storage/parking/no use - 38% 03%

pedestrian zones, plazas & sport fields -

00%

19%

pedestrian zones, plazas & sport fields -

0.03% 21%

ASSESSMENT:

The current situation presented many are-

The proposal intends to reduce such uses

ted some pedestrian zones and plazas, but

spaces from 4% to 25%, reduced unwanted

as of storage, parking or that are not used

by also increasing pedestrians zones, pla-

had an increase from 12 to 34%.

uses from 38% to 3% and extended pedest-

(in total 38%). This scenario was less pre-

zas, sport-fields, and green and water areas.

sent in sector 2, and most current in sector

rians, plazas, sport and playground areas The sector 2 is the one with the least share

from 0.03% to 21%. According to the muni-

3, in which almost two quarters were of

The greenest sector became the third, with

of open spaces, but still with 20% of gree-

cipal master plan of Recife, there should be

those uses.

the creation of the Apolo Park, the Brum

nery and 11% of pedestrian and plaza areas.

at least 10% of those areas, which shows its

park, and the canal. Sector 1 already presen-

The overall increased the green and water

compliance. | 73

PRIVATE, SEMI-PRIVATE & PUBLIC OPEN SPACE DIAGRAM Plan not built

N

[slum]

figure

72 | existing private, semi-private and public open spaces (macedo, 2019)

LEGEND

SCALE

> public > semi-private > private

figure

74 |

73 | proposed private, semi-private and public open spaces (macedo, 2019)

100M

300M

INDICATOR RESULTS 1 | AREA OF CONSOLIDATION

EXIST. PROP. ACCESS.

2 | AREA OF RENOVATION

EXIST. PROP. ACCESS.

> Coverage Ratio: public - 24% 35%

> Coverage Ratio: public - 02% 19%

24% > 36% semi-private - 00% 01%

2% > 20% semi-private - 00% 01%

private - 06% 03%

private - 14% 11%%

3 | AREA OF EXTENSION EXIST. PROP. ACCESS.

TOTAL EXIST. PROP. ACCESS.

> Coverage Ratio: public - 03% 44%

> Coverage Ratio: public - 07% 37%

3% > 46% semi-private - 00% 02%

private - 65% 06%

7%> 39% semi-private - 00% 02% private - 39% 06%%

ASSESSMENT: Most of the current open spaces are pri-

In sector 1, the public spaces already do-

change. From 65% of private spaces (mainly

vate, 39%, with only 7% of public spaces

minated (24%) and were extended to 35%.

harbor and parking lots), this was reduced

and no semi-private spaces. This means

Together with the semi-private, the acces-

to only 6%, whereas the public and semi-

that most of the open space areas are

sible area rose from 24 to 36%. Sector 2 had

private increased from 7% to 39% mainly

not accessible to the people. Therefore

only 2% of the areas public, which was in-

by the parks created.

the proposal decided to change those pa-

creased by 19% (20% accessible) while the

rameters to provide that a higher share

private areas reduced from 14% to 11%. The

of the public spaces could be reached.

third sector suffered the most significant | 75

BUILDINGS: LAND USE DIAGRAM [EXISTING]

N

figure

74 | existing upper floors - building land use (macedo, 2019)

SCALE 100M

figure

75 | existing ground floor - building land use (macedo, 2019)

LEGEND > offices > housing > commercial/retail 76 |

300M

NOTE: > car-parking

> industries

> harbor

> institutional

>

> cultural/religious

> hotel

no use/abandoned

The slum area could not be precisely dimensioned, therefore, for the calculation, it was assumed the area would be similar to the planned social housing project that was not implemented. However, every building was considered with only one floor, as the orginal slum is set currently.

BUILDINGS: LAND USE DIAGRAM [PROPOSED]

N

figure

76 |proposed upper floors - building land use (macedo, 2019)

SCALE 100M

figure

300M

77 | proposed ground floor - building land use (macedo, 2019)

LEGEND > offices > housing > commercial/retail

> car-parking > industries

> harbor

> institutional

>

> cultural/religious

> hotel

no use/abandoned

| 77

INDICATOR RESULTS

1 | AREA OF CONSOLIDATION

2 | AREA OF RENOVATION

EXISTING m²[%] | PROPOSED m²[%]

> offices

156,535.84 [44%]

133,785.04 [34%]

> offices

17,309.78 [12%]

32,607.20 [10%]

> housing

176.79 [00%]

49,668.58 [13%]

> housing

8,323.64 [06%]

176,245.11 [52%]

26,527.44 [07%]

63,993.35 [16%]

> commercial/retail

869.34 [01%]

46,215.68 [14%]

69,157.81 [20%]

0.00 [00%]

18,255.69 [12%]

0.00 [00%]

0.00 [00%]

43,852.59 [11%]

0.00 [00%]

19,364.09 [06%]

0.00 [00%]

0.00 [00%]

> industries

71,558.56 [49%]

0.00 [00%]

28,563.87 [08%]

21,546.17 [06%]

> institutional

7,737.42 [05%]

45,560.91 [14%]

> cultural/religious

35,713.45 [10%]

37,610.89 [10%]

> cultural/religious

838.35 [01%]

16,130.37 [05%]

31,495.00 [09%]

34,105.69 [09%]

22,179.87 [15%]

0.00 [00%]

6,123.66 [02%]

3,417.38 [01%]

0.00 [00%]

0.00 [00%]

> commercial/retail > no use > hotel

> industries

> institutional > car-parking

> harbor

3 | AREA OF EXTENSION > offices

> no use > hotel

> car-parking

> harbor

TOTAL

EXISTING m²[%] | PROPOSED m²[%]

EXISTING m²[%] | PROPOSED m²[%] | DIFFERENCE [%]

0.00 [00%]

84,715.15 [09%]

> offices

> housing

0.00 [00%]

487,815.38 [51%]

> housing

> commercial/retail

0.00 [00%]

47,971.16 [05%]

2,181.21 [01%]

0.00 [00%]

> no use > hotel

> commercial/retail 27,396.78 [02%] > no use > hotel

11,102.96 [01%]

16278,04 [08%]

0.00 [00%]

> institutional

119,037.61 [55%]

179,399.37 [19%]

> cultural/religious

5,946.00 [03%]

34,552.17 [04%]

> cultural/religious

0.00 [00%]

89,460.12 [09%]

> car-parking

71,803.84 [33%]

11,102.96 [03%]

> car-parking > harbor

173,845.62 [13%] 8,500.43 [01%]

0.00 [00%]

> industries

78 |

EXISTING m²[%] | PROPOSED m²[%]

> industries

89,594.71 [07%] 0.00 [00%]

251,107.39 [15%] 713,729.07 [40%]

+44% +8,296%

158,180.19 [09%]

+477%

0.00 [00%]

-100%

74,319.64 [04%]

[new use]

87,836.60 [13%]

0.00 [00%]

-100%

155,338.90 [33%]

246,506.45 [14%]

+59%

42,497.80 [04%]

88,293.43 [05%]

+108%

53,674.87 [05%]

123,565.81 [07%]

+130%

> harbor

77,927.50 [18%]

32,159.15 [02%]

-59%

TOTAL

716,613.21

> institutional

1,687,861.13

136%

ASSESSMENT In the building land-use, the historical center is the most built-up area (FAR

bring some social uses to the sector, and therefore helping the integration

of 1.34), in comparison to the other sectors (sector 2 is 0.75 and sector 3 is

with the other sectors and the city. FAR increased considerably (0.75 to 1.72).

0.37). Nevertheless, it also presents 20% without use. On the other hand, there are many office areas (44% of total) and some cultural and religious ins-

In sector 3, most of the land accomodates the harbor, but few constructions, most-

titutions. The proposal for that sector introduced the residential (from less

ly of one floor. Therefore the institutional towers represent 55% of the use in the

than 1% to 13%) and hotels (intended to be 11%), increasing also other shares

sector, while only 33% of the harbor. The proposed scenario formulates here the

of use, like commercial/retail (from 7% to 16%). FAR slightly increased to 1.47.

most radical transformation. The harbor would be reduced in area and share. Institutional use would increase its total area slightly, but reduce the percentage

Half of sector 2 is composed of industrial use, some offices (12%) and non-

to 19%, due to the newly built-up area (e.g., the FAR from 0.37 to 1.65). Housing

used buildings (12%), as well as the residential use of the Pilar communi-

would represent over half of the total, whereas the cultural, offices, commercial,

ty. The estimated residential area (Pilar community) resulted in 6% of the

retail, and parking would have between 5 and 10%. The cultural use changed

use.

from 3 to 4%, yet the area changed from almost 6,000m² to around 34,500m².

The transformation would reduce the car-parking areas (current-

ly 15%), increase the residential area to over half of the neighborhood, but also the commercial, hotels, cultural and institutional, with the intention to

In total, the dominance of offices, harbor, industries, and institutions would change to a mixed-use (e.g., more activities like retail, hotels, cultural and especially residences). The result works accordingly to the concept of allowing people

EXISTING PROPOSED > Building density

historical center

1,001.30 [NE/km²] 986.13 [NE/km²]

slum & heritage

644.61 [NE/km²] 659.96 [NE/km²]

harbor, parking & storage

total

94.03 [NE/km²] 345.34 [NE/km²] 408.24 [NE/km²] 542.18 [NE/km²]

EXISTING PROPOSED

> Floor Area Ratio historical center 1,34 1,47 slum & heritage 0,75 1,72

harbor, parking & storage 0,37

total 0,66 1,55

of different incomes to live in the center and close by to the main neighborhoods.

With the reduction of the harbor to only one passenger terminal, the industries would not be placed in the center of the city any longer. Consequently, it was assumed to be entirely moved away. The area would be much denser as well, the total Floor Area Ratio was only 0.66, and it was increased significantly, to 1.55.

However, this is still much less when compared to a dense european city such as Barcelona (FAR of 2.56 in the region of Eixample, the Cerdà expansion plan).

The neighborhood also could be more diverse, as the building density increased in total (from 408 NE/km² to 540 NE/km²), mainly due to the sector 3 (from 94 to 345 NE/km). In assumption, every building would have only one entrance.

1,65

| 79

STREET HIERARCHY DIAGRAM Plan not built

N

[slum]

figure

78 | existing street hierarchy (macedo, 2019)

LEGEND >

main street

>

secondary street

>

local street

figure

80 |

NOTE:

SCALE >

pedestrian street

> [arrows] make reference of car

> [dashed lines] private or

street lane direction [not menti-

semi-private streets

oned: two-way street]

79 | proposed street hierarchy (macedo, 2019)

private streets , as the ones in the Apolo area and inside the harbor, were not included in the street coverage ra-

100M

300M

tio calculations because they are not accessible, except for parking and harbor activities.

INDICATOR RESULTS 1 | AREA OF CONSOLIDATION

EXIST. PROP.

2 | AREA OF RENOVATION

EXIST. PROP.

>Street Coverage Ratio: 33% 12%

>Street Coverage Ratio:

25%

28%

>plaza and pedestrian streets:

>plaza and pedestrian streets:

00%

11%

12%

34%

3 | AREA OF EXTENSION EXIST. PROP.

TOTAL EXIST. PROP.

>Street Coverage Ratio:

14%

12%

>Street Coverage Ratio:

20% 14%

> plaza and pedestrian streets:

00%

19%

>plaza and pedestrian streets:

04% 21%

ASSESSMENT The changes in terms of streets intend to make the neighborhood more pedest-

nected the area. However, the pedestrian streets are still the most considerable

rian-friendly, as well as reducing the costs of public interventions, as pedestrian

change (from 0% to 11%). The indicator more evident in sector 3, which had less

streets cost much less than car lanes.

street ratio than the municipal law accepts (at least 20%), with only 14% and no pedestrian areas, except for the sidewalks of those streets. The transformation

This aim can be seen in the sector 1, that possibily, because it was developed befo-

increased the total area of streets, by creating more pedestrian streets and plazas

re the use of cars, has one with the highest share of streets (33%), as well as plazas

(19%). In total, the street rose from 24% to 35%. However, the share of pedestrians

and pedestrian streets (12%). There was a change in the percentage of both redu-

changed from 4% to 21%, and cars reduced from 20% to 14%, in accordance to the

cing car streets to 12% and pedestrians areas to 34%.

concept of the proposal.

In sector 2 there occured an overall increase in the area of streets, even for cars (from 25% to 28%). This may appear because the slum and industries plots discon| 81

INDICATOR RESULTS 1 | AREA OF CONSOLIDATION

2 | AREA OF RENOVATION EXIST.

PROP.

> Number of buildings with more than 150 m to the next:

EXIST.

PROP.

> Number of buildings with more than 150 m to the next:

public transit stops -

66

0

public transit stops -

17

5

bike rental stations -

32

3

bike rental stations -

20

2

> Mean distance between two public stops:

90m 100m

80m 100m

TOTAL

3 | AREA OF EXTENSION

> Mean distance between two public stops:

EXIST.

PROP.

EXIST.

PROP.

> Number of buildings with more than 150 m to the next:

> Number of buildings with more than 150 m to the next:

public transit stops -

6

2

public transit stops -

89 7

bike rental stations -

12

13

bike rental stations -

64 18

> Mean distance between two public stops:

320m 100m

> Mean distance between two public stops:

160m 100m

ASSESSMENT The current condition of public transportation and bike stations are relatively

Therefore, the concept was to reorganize the same bus lines into new stops (on

good. There are many lines closeby, a BRT system in the Cais do Apolo Avenue in

every 100m on average) around a ring that crosses the three sectors. Also, the ex-

the east of the island, and some public bike station in sector 1. Nonetheless, the

pansion proposed a number of bike stations to the sectors 2 and 3, as well as filling

distribution is only optimal because there is a small occupation in sectors 2 and

the gaps of areas in sector 1 that were not well located for bikes. As a result, the

3. Additionally, sector 1 presents the most number of buildings outside a radius of

number of buildings far away from buses (from 89 to 7) and bike stations (from

150m distant from a bus stop and bike station.

64 to 18) was reduced, as well as an overall reduction in the mean distance (due to sector 3 improvements in bus stops).

82 |

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND BICYCLE STATIONS DIAGRAM Plan not built

N

[slum]

LEGEND > bus stop [150 m radius]

figure

>

public bike stop

80 | existing public transportation and bike stations (macedo, 2019)

SCALE

[150 m radius]

100M

figure

300M

81 | proposed public transportation and bike stations (macedo, 2019) | 83

GENERAL ASSESSMENT

and the harbor area is a vast spatial segregator. Moreover, both show a lack of sidewalks and only offer dangerous crossings, making the situation not livable.

The trees and greenery conditions are often not livable as well, even though this varies from area to area. In general, there are few green spaces currently (only 4% of the total open spaces), and only some streets with proper trees along it. However, the large number of open spaces presented in the area could be an opportunity to extend the greenery, as in the proposal of this project.

04.8 | SUMMARY ON LIVABILITY The district coverage ratio and urban density would not represent a vibrant, livable neighborhood, even with a better result in the building density (which could reflect in the diversity of buildings in the area). The proposal improves this indicator, but the change is still not significant to reach levels of cities like Paris in the ratio and the neighborhood of Winterhude in Hamburg for the building density (because of the sector 3). The high distance between intersections makes the Bairro do Recife not livable, but the intervention could significantly improve this condition, making it livable for pedestrians and still large for cars (which could be a positive aspect for them as well, as they have fewer interruptions to circulate).

The connectivity, in general, is close to Paris, but very uneven for pedestrians and cars in the different sectors. The proposal would improve especially the pedestrians conditions, making it more livable (twice connected as Paris) and reduce the connectivity for cars, making it a pedestrian-oriented district.

The accessibility of the neighborhood can be considered as not livable as most of the workers have to come to the district from far distances, sometimes requiring cars for the travel, and difficulties of access in the less wealthy areas, where public transportation can be scarce. The walkability is also a problem. Sector 1 has most of the sidewalks in good condition. However, they are often short and sometimes broken, in bad shape or inaccessible for disabled people. On the other sectors, the situation is worse: the Pilar community has no pavement in the streets and alleys 84 |

Cyclists have a relatively good condition to circulate in the area, despite the lack of cycle lanes. This is because most of the internal streets are not high speed, and there is also a public bike rental system implemented in the area. On the other hand, the connection to other areas is extremely difficult for them, if not impossible (due to broad high-speed avenues with chaotic traffic and only 4 bridges as accesses), making the situation less livable. The proposal of creating bike lanes in those avenues (as the project intends to) would improve the situation.

The open space condition could be considered to be livable if only the coverage ratio would be on focus. Notwithstanding, the amount of storage, parking, and areas with no use are high. Therefore, the situation would only become livable by following the proposal, in which the use of open space is high for plazas, squares, and parks. Also, the share of open space per inhabitant is high (4,781m²/person) in the current condition, making it sparse to be livable (as a central urban environment).

The World Health Organization recommends a number between 9 and 50 m²/person. Curitiba is one Brazilian example, considered to be successful in this criteria, with an area of 52m²/p. The proposal reaches a number in the middle of the WHO recommendation (32m²/p), with a variation of 79m²/p in the sector 1 (because of the few residential numbers) to 11m²/p in sector 2 and 21m²/p in sector 3. This could be considered to be more suitable for a livable urban area.

> Estimation of residents

EXISTING PROPOSED

1 | Consolidation 4 1,656

2 | Renovation 598 5,875

3 | Expansion 0 16,261

TOTAL 602 23,791

> Estimation of jobs EXISTING PROPOSED

1 | Consolidation 4,128 5,017

2 | Renovation 517 2,665

3 | Expansion

2171 5,991

TOTAL 6,817 13,672

> Share of open space per inhabitant

EXISTING PROPOSED

1 | Consolidation

19,700 [m²/p]

79 [m²/p]

2 | Renovation

90 [m²/p]

11 [m²/p]

3 | Expansion

0 [m²/p]

21 [m²/p]

TOTAL 4,781 [m²/p] 32 [m²/p]

> Population density EXISTING PROPOSED

1 | Consolidation

0.2 [p/ha]

62.8 [p/ha]

2 | Renovation

30.6 [p/ha]

300.6 [p/ha]

3 | Expansion

0.0 [p/ha]

278.0 [p/ha]

TOTAL 5.52 [p/ha] 218.26 [p/ha]

The open spaces situation is currently not livable, as most of the spaces are private and with restricted access. The proposal intends to change this aspect drastically, making it livable, from 7% of accessible public areas to 37%. Regarding the population density, the current situation is not livable (only 5.52 p/ha). The project considered to create a densely populated district, resulting in a total density estimation of almost 220p/ha. However, it is still far away from the Eixample neighborhood of Barcelona with a density of 359p/ha. The situation was highly improved and can reach numbers close to it in sector 2 and 3 (300p/ha and 278p/ha, respec-

metropolitan region of Recife would have a similar density, the area of occupation would be reduced from 321,626 ha (IBGE,2010) to only 16,949 ha - a much more compact city.

In terms of building land-use, the current situation could be only considered livable in sector 1, and during the day (as office, cultural, institutional and commercial use combined, in general, only opens during the daytime). The sector 2 and 3 have industrial and harbor activities as significant factors. The proposal creates a better-distributed use, focusing on office, commercial and mainly residential use.

The result could be considered to be more livable than the existing situation (especially for sectors 2 and 3).

The street configuration appears to be livable in sector 1, however, not in the others, as there are many wide or unpaved streets (informal settlement). Nevertheless, the proposal reduces the number of secondary roads and increase pedestrian and local streets in the neighborhood, reorganizing the main streets. This could also affect positively the noise criteria. Nonetheless, the data was found to assess the current level of noise in the neighborhood. It is assumed to be high due to the observations in the field.

In regard of the public transportation, the situation could be considered to be livable as there is access to public transportation lines mostly closeby. The proposal also maintains the livable aspect and improves the quality of the indicators.

Due to the BRT system, the frequency of the system can be already considered livable. This is also true for the bike rental systems, that are already present.

In conclusion, it possible to claim that the current situation is not livable, as most of the aspects are not qualified enough. However, it is a heterogeneous quarter, especially in sector 1, which could be considered as livable. Finally, the proposal could be considered to be livable, as most of the indicators were improved by the project, even if some of them presented more changes than others.

tively). The overall proposed situation can be considered to be livable. If the whole | 85

5:

BUILDING INTERVENTIONS chapter

ENERGY & THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS > Analysis of climate and traditional passive solution for thermal comfort, followed by a set of simulations of residential and office rooms calculated in the Primero Software.

The results create a guideline of architectural solutions for buildings, which generate a base for an energy assessment of an optimized district that can also produce electricity with rooftop PV-panels.

86 |

figure 82 |image from the bairro do recife (macedo, 2013)

| 87

THERMAL COMFORT 05.1 | CLIMATE CONDITIONS Recife is located by the Atlantic Ocean, in the north-east region of Brazil. The latitude is around 08.05° South and longitude 34.95° West, according to the information of station 82900 (INMET, 2019), and its average elevation is 4 meters above sea level, (Gouldson et al. 2015). As mentioned before, the city is placed within the

TEMPERATURE RANGE AND THERMAL COMFORT ZONE IN RECIFE: >

Recorded High & Low

>

Comfort Zone [90% accept.]

>

Average High & Low

>

Mean Temperature Range

Tropical Climate with monsoon characteristics (Alvares et al., 2013), like characteristic temperature and precipitation numbers. For instance, the annual temperature mean is around 25°C, with a low range during the year. The monthly tempe-

30°C

rature oscillates between 23.9°C in July, the coolest month, to 26.5°C in February, the warmest month (INMET, 2019).

The total annual average precipitation is 2,307.6mm, with the rainy period located between April and July, where the relative humidity of the air is in average 85%

25°C

(INMET, 2019), representing 59% of the of annual precipitation. The driest month is November, with an average rainfall of around 35.7mm (Ferreira, 2016).

Notwithstanding, the monthly average sunlight exposure of Recife is higher from October to January, being above 250 hours. On the other hand, July is the month with the lowest exposure, 157.6 hours (INMET,2019).

To analyze the thermal comfort for Recifians, it was used climate database released from the Brazilian National Meteorological Institute, called INMET. The

20°C

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

data can be accessed on the Energy Plus website (Energyplus.net, 2018). All 411 figure

88 |

Annual

83 | temperature range and thermal comfort zone generated from climate concultant (macedo, 2019. adapted from atlas climate concultant 6.0; database source energyplus.net, 2018)

WIND ROSE OF RECIFE - SPEED AND FREQUENCY: city climate data available from the INMET are related to the period of 2000 to >

0-2 m/s

>

4-6 m/s

>

2-4 m/s

>

6-8 m/s

2010 (Scheller et al., 2015). Afterwards, it was generated a model in Climate Consultant according to the ASHRAE Standard 55-2010.

N

30%

In terms of temperature, it is possible to notice (figure 83) that the mean tempe-

NW

Frequency

rature is within the comfort zone the entire year, making the climate satisfac-

20%

10%

tory for people to remain outdoors. In fact, from October to April, the dry bulb

NE

mean in the hours around midday reach uncomfortable high levels (Energyplus. net, 2018). Moreover, the average high and low temperatures, particularly in summer, can reach levels higher than the comfort zone (figure 83).

The wind direction is mostly coming from the Atlantic Ocean towards the con-

0%

W

E

tinent. The predominant course comes from the south-east, with less frequency of the opposite direction (figure 84). Moreover, significant wind flowings arrive also from the Ssouth and the east (LabEEE, 2018). Only in rare moments, the wind reaches velocities above 8m/s, maintaining its flows in the majority of the cases below 6m/s. However, around 75% of the time, the wind speed lies between 2 to 4m/s (LabEEE, 2018), which could be interesting to provide natural ventilation in

SW

SE S

figure

84 | wind rose of recife - speed and frequency orientation (labeee, 2018)

buildings. In some occasions, they could even produce electricity, as wind turbines are able to produce electricity with blowing speeds of around 3 or 4 m/s (BWEA, 2005). In this regard, the neighboring city of Olinda pursues a 225kW wind turbine, less than 2 kilometers from the center of Recife, running since 1999 by the Federal University of Pernambuco (ANEEL, 2003). | 89

05.2 | BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE

ventilation, design of the openings, as well as other passive solutions for cooling or heating are important(Reschke, 2013). Therefore, it is necessary to mention that this chapter will only focus on some of them, in regards to the building

The Brazilian norm NBR 15220 states that thermal comfort is a psycophisiologic

thermal performance.

satisfaction of an individual in regards to the thermal conditions of the environment (NBR15220). However, there are many ways of looking into it. There is a

The NBR 15220 divides Brazil into eight climate zones. The guidelines for clima-

struggle of approaches dealing with thermal comfort. One perspective is highly

te zone 8 (Recife) propose large and shaded openings for ventilation, as well as

focused on creating controlled indoor environments, as the other is the people‘s

reflecting walls and roofs. Furthermore, another proposition is ventilation ope-

adaption to a range of thermal impressions (Baker, 2000).

nings at the attic and permanent cross-ventilation during summer (NBR 15220).

The shaded openings can be essential to block the direct radiation and may

The fact is that humans occupied extreme opposite parts of the globe by ad-

avoid an increase in temperature, thus saving energy. However, without proper

apting before starting to use fossil fuels, even if this includes shelter provision

dimensioning, the harness of natural light might be impaired (da Silva Duarte

(Baker, 2000). In hot and humid climates, such as in Recife, the comfort zone

Lopes, 2016).

defined for colder climates often do not apply. For instance, a study organized in Thailand with 1,322 locals found out that the comfort zone of the sample was

Natural ventilation is not only related to improvements in air-quality and sen-

almost entirely without any intersection with the traditional biometric chart

sation of comfort, but can also reduce the heat load by cooling it down. This

made by Olgyay. Both, relative humidity and temperature, were higher than the

happens when the air temperature is not higher than the outdoor temperature.

accepted in the classic chart, yet better suited for the climate of their land (Jit-

Otherwise, it requires control of the openings. The night flush ventilation can

khajornwanich, 2006).

as well be a relevant solution to cool the building (da Silva Duarte Lopes, 2016).

There is an increasing conscience to include adaptive solutions into the design

This strategy can perform better than radiation cooling if requirements in buil-

of our indoor environments (Bakers, 2000), as well as learning passive solutions

ding design are followed (e.g., building orientation, form and its openings). Mo-

from the vernacular architecture (Jitkhajornwanich, 2006). The bioclimatic ar-

reover, humidity, airspeed and air temperature have to be taken into account

chitecture intends to create buildings adapted to the climate conditions by ta-

(Aflaki et al., 2015).

king advantage of natural aspects of climate to provide thermal comfort for the users (Paes de Souza, 2012).

Many variables can affect the thermal comfort. Some of the characteristics can be clothing, age, gender, type of activity (Reschke Pires, 2013), or even freedom of choice (Baker, 2000). Also, the buildings orientation, the color used, the organization of the external surroundings (e.g., trees for shading), the thermic mass, 90 |

05.3 | COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE There are several passive solution examples in vernacular architecture. The Brazilian colonial architecture provided successful elements of passive solution for its cities between the 15th and 18th century (Paes de Souza, 2012).

In the first years, the lack of knowledge of the available resources, as well as the

influences, most of the connection was erased throughout the next regimes

climate, made the Portuguese take advantage of the indigenous technologies for

(Matos et al., 2014).

their first buildings (Matos et al., 2014).

Nevertheless, there are some indications that the first Portuguese settlers in However, some studies attribute the Portuguese adaptation to the climate due

Brazil were Arabic or had Arabic origins (so-called New-Christians). They could

to its Islamic influences (Paes de Souza,2012; Matos et al., 2014). Fact is, that a so-

theoretically transmit the vernacular knowledge to the colonial architecture, as

lution was needed to deal with the high temperatures and the exceeding solar

the use of adobe and rammed earth, called „Taipa de Pilão“ in Brazil (Paes de

radiation (Matos et al., 2014).

Souza, 2012). The frequent use of the external walls of rammed earth usually had a thickness between 30 cm and 1.2 meters, depending on the number of floors or

The Islamic domination of Portuguese lands happened between the 8th and

the composition of the material (Paes de Souza, 2012). These earth-based walls

13th centuries, called Gharb al-Andaluz (Paes de Souza, 2012) and, besides the

were vital because they worked in both dry and wet areas of the country. In arid regions, the humidity could be held by the walls, whereas in wet areas, the moisture was partly absorbed with more intensity than other heated-earth ma-

MUXARABI [TOP-LEFT] ON ILLUSTRATION OF RECIFE 1824:

terials, like bricks (Paes de Souza, 2012).

The coating of the walls was usually made of a mixture of lime, sand and mud.

Later on, it was introduced tin-glazed ceramic tiles, called „Azulejos“ (figure 87) to better protect the wall against water, (Paes de Souza., 2012). An interesting fact is that the „Azulejos“ were initially used in Brazil to then become a tradition in Portugal (Matos et al., 2014). Both, the white color of the lime composition and the „Azulejos“, or even the buildings, received the lime-based paint; the reflective properties improved thermal comfort (Paes de Souza, 2012).

Three major components were used for the openings until the 18th century. The windows were mostly operable, with horizontal or vertical axis systems for opening. The „Escuros“ were wood structures to provide complete protection from sunlight. On the other hand, when they were closed, no sunshine or ventilation was passing through that window. There was also a profound use of external venetian window blinds also made of wood (Colin, 2011).

figure

85 | illustration of 1824 recife, shading solutions for thermal comfort, including a muxarabi in the top-left side of a building at bom jesus street (luna, 2014) | 91

Since the glass was expensive, it was rarely used until the 17th century (Co-

(H. C. L. Brandão, 2012). This foreign influence could also be seen during the end

lin, 2011). Instead, it was used the so-called (despite the disagreement in

of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, as ventilation related to the proli-

nomenclature) „Gelosias“ (see ground-floor windows in figure 86), which

feration of diseases, following the Miasma Theory (Segawa, 2003). For instance,

are wood lattice structures set at the windows (Camacho et al., 2018). Per-

the argumentation to create greater floor height in buildings was made to have

manent openings were also used, even though they could be combined

more volume for air storage without opening the windows, and only later the

with operable parts, like the „Muxarabis“ (see the left building in figure 85

importance of air-change was understood (Segawa, 2003).

and upper floor in figure 86). In colonial Brazil, they functioned as a balcony with modillions that usually extended throughout most of the faça-

The „Alpendres“ or „Varandas Alpendradas“ were balcony systems covered by

de, yet with lattice protection mostly non-operable (Pares de Souza, 2012).

a roof, and sometimes held by columns, similar to porches or „loggias“(Colin,

It has commonly been assumed that those solutions have a direct influence by

2011). Commonly, they were faced towards the courtyard in urban houses, at the

Islamic architecture. Both left permanent natural ventilation running through

front in the „Casas Sertanejas“ (from the countryside of the semi-arid region) or

the building, and also controlled the excess of light (Matos et al., 2014). They have

surrounding the building of the main residence of farms, called „Casa Grande“

also been comfortable visual purposes since, at that moment in society, those

(Colin, 2011). They provided shaded open areas and sometimes a considerable

types of windows allowed, especially women, to observe the street secluded to

extension of the house utilities, as areas for cooking and washing (H. C. L. Bran-

the other side (Colin, 2011). In fact, the „Muxarabis“ were set at the frontal façade,

dão, 2012).

whereas at the back façade, it was common to find regular balconies (H. C. L. Brandão, 2012).

Additionally, those types of balconies can be found even in the most impoverished houses (Matos et al. 2014). Later on, the French balcony became common.,

In 1809, one year after the Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil, the king D.

even though they did not provide much shading. The balconies created little

João VI, arguing to be an insult to the portugese kingdom, mandated the re-

benefits on thermal comfort at this period and would only return to be a strat-

moval of „Muxarabis“ and other Moorish ornaments. Nevertheless, the measure

egy to provide better thermal comfort at the end of the 19th and beginning of

was favoring the glass consumption, an essential British product at the time the

the 20th Century, with the eclectic architecture. At this moment the „Alpendres“

Brazilian harbors became open to friendly nations (Matos et al., 2014).

were used at the entrance of the houses, which were no longer entirely built along with the extension of the front façade, allowing wind to pass through the

With the obligation to follow more european visual patterns, the thermal com-

property. Nevertheless, the materials used in those porches were not proper to

fort became compromised with the increase of the head load getting inside

the climate (e.g., steel), therefore, not benefiting the comfort (H. C. L. Brandão,

the buildings that shifted to glass windows. On the other hand, the removal of

2012).

„Muxarabis“ was less harmful to the building, as they became regular balconies

92 |

(H. C. L. Brandão, 2012). The adaptation to the heat gains earned by glazed-win-

Most of the urban properties followed traditional Portuguese guidelines: they

dows passed through the implementation of a ventilated basements and roofs

were aligned with the street, with a narrow and deep volume. This made most

figure

86 |chica da silva house, 18th century, currently

technical iphan (national artistic and historical heritage institute, free translation) office in tiradentes, minas gerais

- brazil. one of the best

remainings of the moorish influence in the colonial brazilian architecture. the top-left side: is a muxarabi structure, the ground floor windows have „gelosiais“, the roof with eaves (iphan, 2019)

| 93

of the houses to be extended until the limits to their neighbors (having two external façades), providing more structural stability and also a noise barrier to the inside property. Nevertheless, it also made the uses of balconies, windows and porches very important to provide proper light, shading and ventilation (Matos et al., 2014).

The Patios, a combined Roman and Arab influence (Paes de Souza, 2012), were proper solutions to guarantee not only benefits to the structural system but also provided better illumination and ventilation solutions for a building. However, they were more suited for larger structures, such as the religous and public complexes (Colin, 2011). The Patio was mostly associated with vegetation and water, also essential to provide shading and improved humidity in more arid climates (Matos et al., 2014).

Colonial architecture initially used thatched roofs, using the native-american techniques, introducing later on the ceramic roof tiles held by wood. In this system, the eaves were extremely important, not only to protect the rammed-earth from the water but also in to provide shading (figure 86). Sometimes, they were ornamented with modillions and could also offer air-exchange for the roof (Colin, 2011).

The Brazilian modernist movement in architecture was also responsible for the development of bioclimatic solutions, through reinventing some of the traditional architecture and mixing with the international style. Architectural production in the middle of the 20th century often relied on studies of sun control (Camacho, 2018). The balconies were used and sized to provide shading(H. C. L. Brandão, 2012).

Another instrument was the „Brise-Soleil“ (figure 89) that became one of the classic elements of the Brazilian modernism. Even though, maybe one of the figure

94 |

87 | „azulejos“ from colonial façades in são luis do maranhão - brazil. (image source: pinimg.com, 2019)

most interesting solutions was the development of the „Cobogó“. In 1929, Recife was entering the industrial process and the „Cobogó“ was created at that period, named after their inventors the Brazilian Amadeu de Oliveira Coimbra (CO), Ernest Boeckmann (BO) and Antonio de Góis (GÓ) (Camacho et al., 2018).

It was a discernable reinterpretation of the traditional architecture, especially the „Muxarabis“ and „Gelosias“. Differently from other fixed shading systems, like the „Muxarabi“ or ventilated walls, the „Cobogós“ were produced in an industrial scale, even though intends to create the same architectural solutions as their predecessors, such as control of natural light, provision of natural ventilation, privacy and security (Camacho et al., 2018). The first project with „Cobogós“ was realized in 1935 in Olinda (figure 88), metropolitan Recife, by Luiz Nunes and later on incorporated nationally in the most iconic buildings of the Brazilian modernist architecture (Camacho et al., 2018).

Nevertheless, in the middle of the 20th century, the artificial light and controlled temperature systems were already developed, detaching the solutions of thermal comfort of the building from its climate. Therefore, the modernism also provided entire glass façades, that required curtains and offered little or no sun protection. The result was a massive increase in heat gains, as well as making air-conditioning essential. In fact, nowadays, even balconies started to be closed by glass, increasing the problem (H. C. L. Brandão, 2012).

figure

88 | first project to use „cobogós“, 1935, olinda - brazil. (image source: wikimedia.com, 2019)

| 95

96 |

figure 89 | gustavo capanema building, rio de janeiro - brazil, 1936-1947, icon of brazilian modernist architecture taking advantage of some colonial solutions, such as „azulejos“ and introducing „brise-soleil“ façade(iphan, 2019)

MODELS & OPTIMIZATION 05.4 | CRITERIA OF ANALYSIS The simulations are intended to reach at least the Category III of the EN15251, with a possible exceedance of 3% in hours of use. The primary indicator will be the percentage of hours in fulfillment with the Category mentioned above. It was decided to focus on two main groups of models: residential and office use. The latter would be an approximation to assume the requirements of the other uses of the entire neighborhood, such as commercial, retail, institutional, hotels, etc.

EXTERNAL WALL

VENTILATION

> W1: 5cm [Concrete Wall] U-value = 5,03 W/m².K

> Natural Ventilation > Airtightness: 3/h > Air Change by infiltration: 0.09/h

EXTERNAL ROOF

> R1: [1cm Ceramic Tiles + Air Chamber + 1cm Wood Ceiling] U-value = 2,00 W/m².K

OPENINGS

The choice of utilizing the Primero-Comfort software was made because it is an open-source, Energy-Plus based software that allows the simple manipulation of several inputs in the construction, shading, ventilation, dimension and use of the model (Primero Comfort). Notwithstanding, the results can be given according to the EN15251. The software is set to run simulations for rooms. Therefore, it was created a representative space for the existent and proposed buildings of the neighborhood. The prototype room has an area of 45,21m² and twelve meters of extension between the opposite external façades. There is a break that can represent toilets,

> 10% of the area of the external façade > Single glazing [Ug=5,8 W/m².K;Uf>=4 W/m².K]]

> Operable Windows > Possible Cross-Ventilation > Minimum Air Change: 23°C > Maximum Air Change: 25°C > Reduction of Minimum Air-Change: 39°C > Outside Period of Use: Ventilation above daily average: 16°C

OFFICE USE

SHADING

> Ocupation : 8m²/person [based on: Silva Duarte Lopes,2016] > Electric Equipments: 10W/m² [based on: Silva Duarte Lopes,2016] > Lighting: 13W/m² [based on: Silva Duarte Lopes,2016] > Occupancy:

> No Shading System

RESIDENTIAL USE

> Ocupation : 28m²/person > Electric Equipments: 6W/m² > Lighting: 5.4W/m² > Occupancy:

staircases, or other rooms that would at first represent a barrier for light and ventilation. The analysis would follow a structure in order to simulate a non-optimized building, to then make changes in this order : M1: Orientation; M2: Openings; M3: Shading Strategies; M4: Rooftop|Innerceiling Materials; M5: External Wall Materials; M6: Ventilation Strategies

0

24[h]

0

24[h] | 97

SUMMARY OF THE SIMULATION DECISIONS:

figure

90 | summary of the decided inputs for the room simulation. the dimensio-

ning, openings, shading and ventilation variation of strategies (macedo, 2019)

98 |

CATALOGUE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED IN THE SIMULATION: W1: 5CM [CONCRETE WALL]

R1 [CERAMIC TILES + WOOD CEILING]

U-value = 5,03 W/m².K [4cm Insulation] U-value = 0,91 W/m².K

U-value = 2,00 W/m².K

W2: 10CM [CONCRETE WALL] U-value = 4,40 W/m².K

W3: 10CM [BRICK WALL]

R2 [CERAMIC TILES + CONCRETE SLAB]

U-value = 3,70 W/m².K

U-value = 1,92 W/m².K U-value = 0,30 W/m².K [12.5cm Insulation]

W4: 14CM [HOLLOW BRICK WALL]

R3 [WAFFLED CONCRETE SLAB + PLASTER + CERAMIC DECK]

W5: 19CM [HOLLOW BRICK WALL]

U-value = 2,48 W/m².K

U-value = 2,02 W/m².K [4cm Insulation] U-value = 0,72 W/m².K

U-value = 1,19 W/m².K U-value = 0,21 W/m².K [17.5cm Insulation]

R4 [EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF - 10CM EARTH]

W6: 24CM [HOLLOW BRICK WALL] GLASS WOOL [INSULATION]

U-value = 2,18 W/m².K U-value = 0,31 W/m².K [12.5cm Insulation]

U-value = 1,61 W/m².K

W7: 46CM [HOLLOW BRICK WALL]

U-value = 0,98 W/m².K

R5 [INTENSIVE GREEN ROOF - 40CM EARTH]

W8: 60CM [RAMMED EARTH WALL]

U-value = 0,97 W/m².K

U-value = 1,22 W/m².K figure

91 | catalogue of construction materials used in the simulation, sepa-

rated by roofs (r-models) and external walls (w-models) (macedo, 2019)

| 99

S

figure

W NW N

SE

E

NE

SW

ORIENTATION OF EXTERNAL FAÇADES IN THE URBAN INTERVENTION:

92 | map of the urban intervention with the external façades marked according t0 their orientation (macedo, 2019)

AREA OF EXTERNAL FAÇADE ACCORDING TO ITS ORIENTATION: 65,471 m²

61,679 m²

62,414 m² 55,552 m²

54,189 m²

SHARE OF EXTERNAL FAÇADE ACCORDING TO ITS ORIENTATION:

58,455 m²

57,669 m² 57,786 m²

13.8%

11.7% W

12.2%

12.2%

NE

100 |

N

NW

W

SW

S

SE

E

93 | area of external façades according to their orientation in square meters (macedo, 2019)

figure

N

SW

NE

S

13.2%

figure

NW

SE

E

11.5%

13.0%

12.4%

94 | share of external façades according to their orientation in percentage (macedo, 2019)

the southeast (62.414 m² of external façade) and northwest (65.471 m²),

05.5 | RESULTS

which is the most predominant direction of the wind.

M1. ORIENTATION: The urban proposal presents a homogenous distribution of the buildings, in terms of orientation. The most common areas of façades are THERMAL COMFORT [%] FOR EACH ORIENTATION [ CAT.III EN15251 ]: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

The area calculation was made by creating a 3D model of the proposal and allocating the square meters of the façades, including every floor, to the proper building orientation. The bisector line between each orientation divided the orientation sectors (N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W,NW). Therefore, north, for instance, was considered to be a 22,5° range with the north in the middle.

N-S

The shape of the terrain also influences this result, as the island is most-

NW-SE

100%

[44%]

NE-SW

be open in the east and west. However, with the creation of blocks and the subtle shift of the island out of the main N-S axis, the other orienta-

80%

tions were possible to occur.

60%

[39%]

[37%]

ly orientated in north-south. This leaves most of the façades possible to

The simulation of a residential room showed that the best orientation

W-E

[34%]

[34%]

E-W

is from north to south and vice-versa. There is a symmetrical aspect, showing that, with opposite façades, there is little influence in which orientation the large part of the room would be more beneficial. The result shows more impact from the sun rather than the wind. However,

[37%]

[39%]

the software settings may reduce the influence of wind direction.

[44%]

SW-NE

SE-NW

For the continuation of the analysis, the east-west orientation was chosen, as the most pessimist scenario. This means that if the optimizations made can reach the target, then the other orientations would perform

S-N figure

even better results.

95 | simulation of thermal comfort for a residencial room. hours of comfort according to the III of the EN15251 (macedo, 2019)

category

| 101

RESIDENCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SHADING BY WINDOW SIZE: 50%

M2. OPENINGS: The opening simulation set 9 different possibilities, from 10% to 90% of the area of the external faรงade able to be open to daylight and ventilati-

40%

on, without shading devices. The result shows a linear pattern, in which small windows perform better than large openings, with the best result being 10% of the openings with 34% of the hours in comfort, according

30%

to category III of the EN15251. However, this result is far from being acceptable, as two-third of the year have temperatures above the comfort zone.

20%

On the other hand, it is possible to notice that, to provide daylight to the room, very few opening areas are sufficient. In fact, the 10% squared window in the center of the room is similar to the ones used in social

10%

housing projects in shape and size. This demonstrates that those projects try to insert the necessary amount of light, saving money on shading solutions. However, they may also preclude users from taking advantage of more ventilation.

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

0%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

M3. SHADING:

> Venetians

> Opacity

The simulation of the shading strategies from 10% to 90% of openings

>

> Brise-Soleil

variations demonstrates that large overhangs and vertical fins have the best performance. Instead of designing many layers of shading overhangs and vertical fins, it was created one overhand and two vertical fins, extended to provide the same shading until there was no reduction in natural light. However, the results of 40% and 80% of openings create a worse performance than the neighboring samples.

102 |

50 cm Protection

> Balcony

>

Balcony + 50cm

protection + Venetians >

Glass Type

96 |overlay performance of shading solutions by the size of window in a residential room (macedo, 2019) figure

OFFICE PERFORMANCE OF SHADING BY WINDOW SIZE: 50%

This possibly occurred because the optimal extension of the shading system should be a value between the tested alternatives. For example, the 40% openings shading extension equals 30%, because the addition of 50cm resulted in worsening of natural light. The same happens in the 80% openings. This model represents fixed shading systems such as brise-soleils, cobogós, screens, or any other fixed shading device for the

40%

entire façade.

It is also possible to notice that all shading performances improve fol-

30%

lowing the increase in the area of the openings, except for the steady result of the balcony model and the 50cm protection. In regard of the smaller openings (between 10% and 40% of the area of the façade), the

20%

performance can improve with a combination of shading solutions such as Venetians, balconies, small overhangs and fins (50cm). The improvement becomes similar to the Brise-Soleil model, with parallel development in thermal comfort with 40% openings (23% increment for resi-

10%

dential and 13% for offices). This solution is quite similar to the existing situation of historical buildings. Those buildings have Venetian win0%

dows, balconies and thick walls with ornaments that provide shading.

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% [Share of external façade area with openings]

This could also mean that instead of a Brise-Soleil, Cobogó or shading

> Venetians

> Opacity

screen, there is a possibility to create a loggia, which is similar to the „Al-

>

> Brise-Soleil

nation of a loggia with one of those shading strategies, like the cobogó,

>

solution .

50 cm Protection

> Balcony

Balcony + 50cm

protection + Venezians >

Glass Type

97 |overlay performance of shading solutions by the size of window in an office room (macedo, 2019) figure

pendres“, following the colonial architecture traditions. Having a combiwhich is very common in the Brazilain modernist architecture is also a

The result of the shading covered was an increase of depth, according to the growth in the opening sizes. The 10% opening had a 1 meter structure, 2 meters for 20%, 2,5m for 30-40%, 4 meters for 50%, 5 meters for | 103

[ ROOFTOP: RESIDENTIAL ] RESIDENTIAL BALCONY MODEL & INFLUENCE OF ROOF MATERIALS:

[% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

[

]

BALCONY MODEL PERFORM BETTER

RESIDENTIAL BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL & INFLUENCE OF ROOF MATERIALS: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

0%

0%

-10%

-10%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL PERFORM BETTER

]

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

R1 [Tiles+Wood]

>

R5 [Intensive Greenroof]

>

Inner Ceiling

>

Roof Type Comparison

>

R2 [Tiles+Concrete]

>

R2 + 12,5cm Insulation

>

Difference between

>

Difference between each

Inner Ceiling Performance

External Roof Result

and External Roof Results

>

R3 [Waffled slab+polystirene]

>

R3 + 17,5cm Insulation

>

R4 [Extensive Greenroof]

>

R4 + 12,5cm Insulation

98 | influence of the roof construction in the model of residential use, cross ventilation and 50cm 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019) 104 |

[

99 | influence of the roof construction in the model of residential use, cross ventilation and fixed 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

figure

figure

sun protection, venetians and balcony shading systems. from

shading devices. from

[ ROOFTOP: OFFICE ] OFFICE BALCONY MODEL & INFLUENCE OF ROOF MATERIALS:

OFFICE BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL & INFLUENCE OF ROOF MATERIALS:

[% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

[

]

BALCONY MODEL PERFORM BETTER

[% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

0%

0%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[

BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL PERFORM BETTER

]

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

R1 [Tiles+Wood]

>

R5 [Intensive Greenroof]

>

Inner Ceiling

>

Roof Type Comparison

>

R2 [Tiles+Concrete]

>

R2 + 12,5cm Insulation

>

Difference between

>

Difference between each

Inner Ceiling Performance

External Roof Result

and External Roof Results

>

R3 [Waffled slab+polystirene]

>

R3 + 17,5cm Insulation

>

R4 [Extensive Greenroof]

>

R4 + 12,5cm Insulation

figure

100 |

influence of the roof construction in the model of office use, cross ventilation and

sun protection, venetians and balcony shading systems. from openings

50cm 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with

figure

101 |

influence of the roof construction in the model of office use, cross ventilation and fixed

shading devices. from

10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

(macedo, 2019) | 105

60%, 5.5 meters for 70-80%, and 6 meters for the 90% window.

M4. ROOFTOP MATERIALS:

Another conclusion is that the type of glazing resulted in fewest im-

The rooftop construction results demonstrated that the choice of the

provements, becoming a non-beneficial solution, mainly due to its high

roof has a strong influence on the overall thermal comfort. The range

cost. 60% opacity has almost the same results as the Venetians, howe-

between the best result of the external roofs with the worst perfor-

ver, with the disadvantage of reducing the view.

mance can be of over a third of the hours.

In the comparison between uses, the residential room performs much

The best results in all models were achieved by the inner ceiling (best

better than the office, despite both exhibit similar characteristics for the

results around 40% in residential models, around 20% in balcony offices

shading strategies. The two groups of simulations are also far from the

and over 50% in Brise-Soleil offices). They were followed by the insula-

target of category III of EN15251. For example, in the 40% of openings,

ted roofs (R2+INS, R3+INS and R4+INS). A third general category can be

the 51% of comfort hours of residences become 18% for offices, whereas

set with the intensive green roof (R5) and the waffled concrete slab (R3).

the 61% of residential room with cobogรณs in the 90% opening series, is

The worse results occured, with some differences, between the tile roofs

reduced to 26% when changed by offices in the same conditions. This

with or without concrete slab and the extensive green roof. These outco-

reduction was expected as the office model produce more internal heat

mes demonstrate that low U-value rooftops are the ones which perform

with equipment, lighting and personal.

better.

The continuation of the simulation shows two models for each use: one

Moreover, the improvements are unequal in regards of the number of

with balcony, venetian on the top and bottom part of the openings and

openings the models have in the external faรงade. The balcony models

the sun shading structure of 50cm. This represents many existing buil-

[balcony, 50cm protection and Venetians on the top and bottom parts of

dings, as well as new ones that can follow the same criteria. The second

the openings] show more considerable improvements in thermal com-

model is the Brise-Soleil, that can also represent loggias, cobogรณs or

fort for smaller openings (from 10% to 70% of the external faรงade in re-

shading screens. As an example, the overall contribution of shading in

sidential and 30% to 60% in offices). The best result in both is set at 40%

the balcony model (40% openings, the best performance of the model)

of openings. On the other hand, the Brise-Soleil models have higher re-

is 27% in the residential use and 8% for the offices. The Brise-Soleil (90%

sults for larger openings (above 50%). This may show an influence of the

openings, best result) model had a more substantial contribution: 49%

shading system in the performance of the roof share of improvement.

in the residential model and 21% in the office use.

The use of the room influences the result as well. The worst outcome in the residential models is the extensive green roof (R4) in opposition to the default roof tiles (R1) of the office models. The residentials also have 106 |

similar shares of optimization for R1 and R2, showing that the concre-

posed to the sun radiation) can be transfered to the inside by night. The

te ceiling does not increase the performance significantly. On the office

scenario may be reduced in the concrete ceiling, as the roof tiles and the

models, this is different. The extensive green roof (R4) and the roof tiles

air layer can reduce the absorption of the concrete. Office use is most-

with the concrete ceiling (R2) have similar results.

ly set during the sunshine period. Therefore, the heat absorbed by the higher solar mass roofs can provide a reduction in the heat gains room.

This may be caused by the period of use in the building and the thermal mass of the roof. The residential models use the building also during

Also, the high mass of the intensive green roof (R5) may hold the heat

nighttime, where the heat from the extensive green roof (directly ex-

without releasing it at the night period, therefore possibly becoming an

R2 ROOF TYPE OPTIONS FOR EXISTING AND NEW BUILDINGS:

improvement for all models.

The roof type chosen for all models was the R2+INS [roof tiles + 12,5cm glass wool + 10cm concrete ceiling] because, despite not being the best result, it is very similar to the other insulated roofs and much more simple to be built. Also, it was assumed that it could represent both: a roof tile and a flat roof. The flat roof would be shaded by solar panels: PV panel and the air layers similar to the tile and air (Figure 102).

M5. EXTERNAL WALL MATERIALS: The wall material simulations indicate that the share of the faรงade openings influences the improvements of thermal comfort, as well as the wall materials that should be selected in combination. Smaller openings require lower U-values, whereas a higher share of openings demand a high U-value wall. For example, most of the improvements in the 10% of openings have W7 [46cm hollow brick] as the most beneficial wall type, whereas the 90% mostly the W2 [10cm concrete] as the most relevant.

That might be caused by the fact that smaller openings have more area of external faรงades, making them more relevant in preventing external

figure

102 | comparison of what is assumed to be used as the insulated r2 rooftop. one with roof tiles and another with pv panels to provide shading to the rest of the ceiling (macedo, 2019)

heat gains. With larger windows, the opening and shading solutions be| 107

[ EXTERNAL WALL: RESIDENTIAL ] RESIDENTIAL BALCONY MODEL & INFLUENCE OF WALL MATERIALS: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

[

]

BALCONY MODEL PERFORM BETTER

RESIDENTIAL BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL & INFLUENCE OF WALL MATERIALS: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

30%

30%

25%

25%

20%

20%

15%

15%

10%

10%

5%

5%

0%

0%

-5%

-5%

-10%

-10%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL PERFORM BETTER

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

W1 [5cm concrete]

>

W4 [14cm hollow brick]

>

W7 [46cm hollow brick]

>

W5 + 4cm Insulation

>

W2 [10cm concrete]

>

W5 [19cm hollow brick]

>

W8 [60cm rammed-earth]

>

Wall Type Comparison

>

W3 [10cm brick]

>

W6 [24cm hollow brick]

>

W1 + 4cm Insulation

>

Difference between each

External Wall Result

103 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of residential use, 12,5cm insulated 50cm sun protection, venetians and balcony shading. from 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

]

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

108 |

[

104 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of residential use, 12,5cm insulated 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

figure

figure

roof of tiles and concrete ceiling, cross ventilation and

roof of tiles and concrete ceiling, corss ventilation and fixed shading devices. from

[EXTERNAL WALL: OFFICE ] OFFICE BALCONY MODEL & INFLUENCE OF WALL MATERIALS:

OFFICE BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL & INFLUENCE OF WALL MATERIALS:

[% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

10%

[

]

[% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

10%

5%

5%

0%

0%

-5%

-5%

-10%

-10%

[

BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL PERFORM BETTER

]

BALCONY MODEL PERFORM BETTER

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

W1 [5cm concrete]

>

W4 [14cm hollow brick]

>

W7 [46cm hollow brick]

>

W5 + 4cm Insulation

>

W2 [10cm concrete]

>

W5 [19cm hollow brick]

>

W8 [60cm rammed-earth]

>

Wall Type Comparison

>

W3 [10cm brick]

>

W6 [24cm hollow brick]

>

W1 + 4cm Insulation

>

Difference between each

External Wall Result

figure

105 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of office use, 12,5cm insulated roof 50cm sun protection, venetians and balcony shading. from 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

of tiles and concrete ceiling, cross ventilation and

figure

106 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of office use, 12,5cm insulated roof 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

of tiles and concrete ceiling, cross ventilation fixed shading devices. from

| 109

come more necessary. This fact is possible to notice when comparing the

M6. VENTILATION:

balcony and shading strategies. Balcony models (residential and office) depend more on the improvement of the wall materials, whereas the

The natural ventilation was already considered in all simulations. How-

Brise-Soleil models can rely on W2 [10cm concrete] and even W1 [5cm

ever, the simulations include strategies that may improve ventilation

concrete], which was used as default, to better operate. The changes in

quality. The first one [M6.1. EXCLUSIVE OPENINGS] is the increase of the

those models can even create negative impacts on thermal comfort.

infiltration airtightness from 3 to 10 times per hour. This manipulation intends to consider openings exclusively to provide natural ventilation

One explanation is that the shading, provided in the faรงade of the Bri-

but does not include changes to provide daylight.

se-Soleil room, already deals with a number of solar heat gains. Hence, requiring from the wall a characteristic, that mostly helps release the

The second one [M6.2. HEIGHT EFFECT] improves the stack ventilation

internal gains fastly and reduce the heat absorption.

effect. The height of the model is already 4 meters, which marks similar characteristics for the historical and some institutional buildings. How-

The interesting fact about the balcony model is, that it contradicts the

ever, the inclusion of a solution for stack ventilation can increase the air

guidance of the NBR 15220. The best result for residential use is using

change and therefore replace the warm air or guarantee a breeze that

the W7, followed by the W8 [60cm rammed-earth]. The norm states that

reduces the sensation of thermal discomfort.

the walls should be light and reflective, following the Brise-Soleil model. However, with the correct share of openings and shading solutions,

The results indicate that ventilation strategies have positive impacts on

the heavy walls such as W8, found in historical buildings, perform much

the optimization of the building. The M6.1 [exclusive openings] impacts

better than the light walls.

more deeply the improvement of thermal comfort rather than the stack ventilation, even though they operated better in combination.

Furthermore, even for the office balcony model, the best result is the W4

110 |

[14cm hollow brick] until a 40% opened faรงade. This wall is a mean of the

However, the stack ventilation manifests more significant improve-

extreme characteristics tested. The explanation may be related to the

ments in thermal comfort in the office models. Perhaps, the explanation

use. Different from residential use, the internal heat gains of an office

is the higher demand of releasing the internal heat gains. In fact, except

are higher. Therefore, it is required a wall that can protect the solar heat

the external roof of the residential balcony model, all office use models

gains, but simultaneously contributing to the release of internal heat

relied more on improvements made by ventilation strategies when

gains.

compared to the residential ones.

| 111

GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN The simulation results show that the thermal comfort goal of category III of the

ing strategy (called of balcony model and Brise-Soleil model) and the type of

En 15251, with a 3% exceedance possibility, can be reached by only using passive

rooftop (external or inner ceiling). Accordingly, the result leads to :

solutions in almost all models (except the external rooftops of the office use).

This fact challenges the Brazilian norm NBR 15220 that states that in climate 8,

SIMULATION MODELS:

where Recife is located, passive solutions are insufficient to reach thermal com-

fort.

> R-Be.

Also, in contradiction to the NBR 15220, the simulation demonstrated that it is

possible to reach the thermal comfort using a different combination of stra-

tegies. The Brazilian norm, on the other hand, focuses mainly on maintaining

constant ventilation, as well as using light and reflective walls and roofs. The

models showed that the share of openings, counting the shading strategies, can

> R-Bi.

> O-Be.

> O-Bi.

Residential: balcony model, with external rooftop Residential: balcony model, with inner ceiling Office: balcony model, with external rooftop Office: balcony model, with inner ceiling

> R-BSe. Residential: balcony model, with external rooftop > R-BSi. Residential: balcony model, with inner ceiling > O-BSe. Office: balcony model, with external rooftop > O-BSi. Office: balcony model, with inner ceiling

partially redefine the optimal wall and rooftop to be used.

All of them were analyzed for the same orientation (E-W), same roof [R2+INS For instance, the R1, used as default [roof tile with 5cm wood ceiling] could fit

roof tiles with 12,5cm glass wool] and comparing nine types of openings (from

into the criteria of the norm. The simulations showed that this is the worst

10% to 90% of the external faรงade area).

choice in the office models and the second one in the residential.

The goals could be reached by combining characteristics that improve each

112 |

The simulations show that the shading and rooftop materials are the

other. For example, the residential models could reach the goal with less effort

most significant solutions to reach category III in thermal comfort. The

than the offices, possibly because of the difference in the production of internal

R2+INS external rooftop can increase over 30% of the hours in all mo-

heat, as well as the period of use. There was also a similar difference between

dels, whereas the inner ceiling can reach over 50% improvements.

the inner ceiling and the external roof, not requiring stack ventilation for re-

There are eight strategies used: crossing the use (residential or office), the shad-

aching the target.

Therefore, the residential models with an inner ceiling (R-Bi and R-BSi) have the

However, the thermal comfort of the inner ceiling had an exceedance from the

best results of the sample. The R-BSi could even reach category II of the EN15251,

goal of only 24 hours and 345 hours for the external roof. This result is similar

with 1% exceedance.

to the findings of the general simulation, and possibly demanding only ceiling fans to achieve comfort. For this reason, despite parameters that differ from the

The O-Be and O-BSe results do not reach the goal. This may occur due to the ext-

norm, the historical buildings have a performance similar to the best result that

reme heat loads that those models have to deal with, both coming from outside

the other simulation could find, reaching the thermal comfort. Also, the buil-

and inside. Nevertheless, the passive strategies could also reduce the gap of the

dings were built in a time without electricity available, as well as internal heat

exceeding hours in 71% for the office balcony model (external roof - 40% ope-

production, making the possibility for thermal comfort in this way of life more

nings) and in 73% for the office Brise-Soleil model (external roof - 60% openings).

achievable.

It could be a scenario for the use of ceiling fans to provide comfort with less energy demand than a regular building with air-conditioning.

Social housing had a worse performance. The fulfillment was 46% for external rooftops and 79% for the inner ceiling. With the optimization of the roof, walls

The two different shading strategies rely on different actors to be optimized. The

(insulation) and ventilation strategies (same as for historical building model) the

balcony models take more advantage of the external walls with lower U-values

comfort could only be reached for the inner ceiling, while the external rooftop

and smaller openings, whereas the opposite happens to the Brise-Soleil models.

model achieved 80% of thermal comfort, meaning 1,217 hours of discomfort.

Therefore, although the social housing parameters are aligned with the Brazili-

Another set of simulations was made to understand how the historical buil-

an norm, the thermal comfort of the heritage models perform better.

dings, as well as social housing, perform and how they can be optimized. Both models used the balcony shading system and external rooftop of R2 as default.

With all the results, the guidelines for building construction and rehabilitation

The external walls of social housing were W1, whereas the historical building

were set according to the figures 107 to 114.

used W8. The openings for historical were from 40-50% of the faรงade and social housing 10%.

The historical building results showed that with an inner ceiling, category III could already be reached without improvements for the residential use and with 73% of comfort in offices. The external roof models had 48% of thermal comfort for residential and 24% for offices. With the optimization of insulation on the external rooftops and increase in airtightness and height ventilation, the target was reached in the residential use, but not in the office.

| 113

[ RESIDENTIAL: BALCONY MODEL ] [R-Be.] RESIDENTIAL BALCONY MODEL WITH EXTERNAL ROOFTOP: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

|-GOAL REACHED -|

[CAT III EN 15251: 3% Exc.]

100%

[R-Bi.] RESIDENTIAL BALCONY MODEL WITH INNER CEILING: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

|- - - - - - - - - - - - - GOAL REACHED - - - - - - - - - - - - -|

90%

80%

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

Openings [ 10% - 90% of the external faรงade area ]

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

External Wall [ 19cm hollowbrick wall + 4cm insulation

| 25cm hollow brick ]

>

Shading [ 50cm protection + venetians (low & high) + balconies ]

>

Exclusive Ventilation [ infiltration 10/h ]

>

Roof [ 12,5cm insulated roof with tiles and concrete | Inner ceiling ]

>

Height Effect [ stack ventilation ]

107 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of residential use, 12,5cm insulated 50cm sun protection, venetians and balcony shading. from 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019) 114 |

100%

90%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% >

[CAT III EN 15251: 3% Exc.]

108 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of residential use, inner ceiling, cross 50cm sun protection, venetians and balcony shading. from 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

figure

figure

roof of tiles and concrete ceiling, cross and height ventilation, increased airtightness and

and height ventilation, increased airtightness and

[ OFFICE: BALCONY MODEL ] [O-Be.] OFFICE BALCONY MODEL WITH EXTERNAL ROOFTOP: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251] [CAT III EN 15251: 3% Exc.]

100%

GOAL NOT REACHED [398 hours]

[O-Bi.] OFFICE BALCONY MODEL WITH INNER CEILING: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251] | - GOAL REACHED - |

[CAT III EN 15251: 3% Exc.]

90%

90%

80%

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

Openings [ 10% - 90% of the external faรงade area ]

>

External Wall [ 19cm hollow brick wall + 4cm insulation]

>

Shading [ 50cm protection + ventians (complete)+ balconies ]

>

Exclusive Ventilation [ infiltration 10/h ]

>

Roof [ 12,5cm insulated roof with tiles and concrete | Innerceiling ]

>

Height Effect [stack ventilation]

figure

109 |

influence of the external wall construction in the model of office use,

12,5cm

insulated

roof of tiles and concrete ceiling, cross and height ventilation, increased airtightness and fixed shading devices. from

10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

100%

110 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of residential use, inner ceiling, and 50cm sun protection, venetians and balcony shading. from 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019) figure

ventilation strategies of

| 115

[ RESIDENTIAL: BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL ] [R-BSe.] RESIDENTIAL BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL WITH EXTERNAL ROOFTOP: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

[CAT III EN 15251: 3% Exc.]

|- - - - - - - - GOAL REACHED - - - - - - - -|

[R-BSi.] RESIDENTIAL BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL WITH INNER CEILING: [*CAT II EN 15251: 1% Exc.]

100%

100%

90%

90%

80%

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%* 70%* 80% 90%*

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% [Share of external faรงade area with openings]

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

Openings [ 10% - 90% of the external faรงade area ]

>

External Wall [ 10cm concrete ]

>

Shading [ fixed shading system ]

>

Exclusive Ventilation [ infiltration 10/h ]

>

Roof [ 12,5cm insulated roof with tiles and concrete | Innerceiling ]

>

Height Effect [stack ventilation]

figure

111 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of residential use, 12,5cm insulated

roof of tiles and concrete ceiling, cross and height ventilation, increased airtightness and fixed shading devices. from

116 |

[% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GOAL REACHED - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|

10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

112 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of residential use, inner ceiling, cross 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019) figure

ventilation, increased airtightness and fixed shading devices. from

[ OFFICE: BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL ] [O-BSe.] OFFICE BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL WITH EXTERNAL ROOFTOP: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251]

[CAT III EN 15251: 3% Exc.]

100% GOAL NOT REACHED [393 hours]

[O-BSi.] OFFICE BRISE-SOLEIL MODEL WITH INNER CEILING: [% of fulfilled hours - Cat.III of the EN15251] [CAT III EN 15251: 3% Exc.]

| - - - - - - - - GOAL REACHED - - - - - - - - |

90%

90%

80%

80%

70%

70%

60%

60%

50%

50%

40%

40%

30%

30%

20%

20%

10%

10%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

[Share of external faรงade area with openings]

>

Openings [ 10% - 90% of the external faรงade area ]

>

External Wall [ 10cm concrete | 5cm concrete - Default ]

>

Shading [ fixed shading system + bottom venetians ]

>

Exclusive Ventilation [ infiltration 10/h ]

>

Roof [ 12,5cm insulated roof with tiles and concrete | Innerceiling ]

>

Height Effect [stack ventilation]

figure

113 | influence of the external wall construction in the model of office use, 12,5cm insulated roof

of tiles and concrete ceiling, cross and height ventilation, increased airtightness and fixed shading devices. from

10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019)

100%

figure 114

| influence of the external wall construction in the model of office use, inner ceiling, cross and 10% to 90% of the external faรงade area with openings (macedo, 2019) height ventilation, increased airtightness and fixed shading devices. from

| 117

GUIDELINES: [ Residential | Balcony ] Lower U-value and higher thermal mass

Ventilation External Wall

cross ventilation + exclusive openings + height effect [ Insulated roof ] OR

External Roof

* R-Bi. W4: 14cm hollow bricks

R2+INS: Roof Tiles (or PV Panels) + air layer + 12,5cm glass wool + 10cm Concrete

OR

* EXISTING BUILDING W8: 60cm rammed earth OR

+

W5+INS: 19cm hollow bricks + 4cm glass wool figure

118 |

115 | guideline for residential

buildings with balcony shading strategy

(macedo, 2019)

+

+

[ Smaller ] Shading

50cm fins or overhangs + venezians on bottom and top part of windows + balcony overhang

Openings

[40%]

[50%]

GUIDELINES: [ Residential | Brise-Soleil ] [ Insulated roof ] OR

External Roof R2+INS: Roof Tiles (or PV Panels) + air layer + 12,5cm glass wool + 10cm Concrete

[60%] [70%] [80%] [90%] Openings

External Wall high U-value and low thermal mass Shading Brise-Soleil, Cobogรณs, Loggias or other double faรงade system W2: 10cm concrete wall

116 | guideline for residential buildings with brise-soleil shading strategy (macedo, 2019)

figure

cross ventilation + exclusive openings + height effect

Ventilation | 119

GUIDELINES: [ Office | Balcony ] Ventilation [40%]

cross ventilation + exclusive openings + height effect

[50%] [ Insulated roof ] OR

External Roof R2+INS: Roof Tiles (or PV Panels) + air layer + 12,5cm glass wool + 10cm Concrete

Openings

W5+INS: 19cm hollow bricks + 4cm glass wool * O-Bi. +

[10%]

OR

[20%]

* EXISTING BUILDING

* EXTERNAL ROOFTOP FLOORS REQUIRE CEILING FANS 398 hours of exceedance

figure

120 |

117 | guideline for non-

residential buildings with balcony shading strategy

(macedo, 2019)

+

+

W8: 60cm rammed earth

Shading 50cm fins or overhangs + venetians entire windows + balcony overhang

External Wall

Lower U-value and higher thermal mass

GUIDELINES: [ Office| Brise-Soleil ] [ Insulated roof ] OR

External Roof R2+INS: Roof Tiles (or PV Panels) + air layer + 12,5cm glass wool + 10cm Concrete

figure

118 | guideline non-resi-

dential buildings with brise-soleil shading strategy

(macedo, 2019)

[60%] [70%] [80%] [90%] Openings External Wall high U-value and low thermal mass

Shading

W2: 10cm concrete wall OR

Brise-Soleil, Cobogรณs, Loggias or other double faรงade system + bottom Venetians

* EXTERNAL ROOFTOP FLOORS REQUIRE CEILING FANS

* O-BSi. W1: 5cm concrete wall

cross ventilation + exclusive openings + height effect

Ventilation

393 hours of exceedance | 121

ENERGY BALANCE

>

Existing Residential

>

Existing Non-Residential

>

New Residential (Balcony)

>

New Non-Residential

(Brise-Soleil) >

New Residential (Brise-Soleil) 70,028,712.82 kWh/a

The calculation of the energy consumption of the neighborhood takes into con-

55,187,729.41 kWh/a

sideration the optimized existing and new buildings. The demands considered

|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|

were artificial light, electric equipment, and heating demand when necessary made by ceiling fans. The result was a total of over 70 million kWh/a. However, the improvements of the buildings (disregarding openings and shading strategies) in thermal comfort reduced the cooling demand by around 40 to 70% de-

40,351,945.15 kWh/a

pending on the model.

29,149,024.90 kWh/a

The calculation of the capacity of electricity generation took into account the existing rooftops that were already altered or had a flat roof, assumed to be invi-

9,552,746.61 kWh/a

1,438,886.31 kWh/a

9,924,310.37 kWh/a

11,950,992.02 kWh/a

are the most common in the Brazilian market, in a horizontal inclination, resul-

9,424,798.75 kWh/a

11,950,992.02 kWh/a

ting in a production of 55 million kWh/a, representing 79% of the estimated elec-

774,911.94 kWh/a

sible for the population. Therefore, it would not create problems with approving the installation with the authorities. The map (Figure 120) demonstrates the rooftops selected for solar harvesting.

Close to the equator, an installation of polycrystalline panels was chosen. They

tricity consumption (figure 119). Nonetheless, the net-metering system in Brazil

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

does not subsidize overproduction. In consequence, there is an incompatibility between buildings with high density that produce less than electricity demands

697,834.16 kWh/a

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION [* Rooftop PV panels ]

and others with an overproduction. figure

119 | estimated comparison between the annual electricity consumption and production of the entire

district separated by land use in kwh/year. (macedo, 2019)

122 |

AREA OF HAVERSTING 237,144.57m² *Assumed to use 70% of the area with PV panels

> Polycristaline [14% efficiency]

> Horizontal [Annual global horizontal solar radiation 2,374.67 kWh/m²

figure

> ROOFTOP AVAILABILITY FOR PV PANELS: Criteria of selection considered 1.) All new buildings 2.) Existing buildings with flat roofs 3.) Historical buildings with clearly altered rooftops.

120 | rooftop assumed for the pv-harvesting (macedo, 2019)

NOT CONSIDERED: 4.) Historical buildings without existing rooftop (assumed to be asked to be made as original); 5.) Historical buildings with rooftops that could not be altered (assumed to be important to the heritage legislation); 6.) Areas of rooftops of all typologies with interference from other buildings.

The biggest consumers and producers are the non-residential uses. This may oc-

[+40% R$]

cur because housing represents only 40% of the built-up space of the Bairro do

Building

Recife. Also, the electricity consumption of the models (office use) is higher, due

Costs

to more equipment usage. Besides, the top floor of the buildings requires some hours of cooling demand.

11.7 YEAR PAYBACK

ENERGY SAVINGS FROM OPTIMIZATION: The optimization of the buildings can represent a mean annual saving of 260 Brazilian Reais (R$) in the neighborhood. In a 25-year scenario, the total reduc-

[+R$ BILL]

tion on the electricity bill could reach R$ 3,067,505,910. If this represents an in-

Electricity

crease of the building costs to a level similar to the higher income numbers for

Bill Savings

building estimations (40% increase), the mean payback time of this increment would be 11.7 years (figure 121).

figure

121 | summary of estimated savings created by the building optimization (macedo, 2019)

| 123

6:

COSTS & FUNDS chapter

FINANCIAL CONCEPT AND 25-YEAR SCENARIO > A concept describing how urban development and energy solutions can provide innovations to manage affordable housing. A 25-year scenario is then created to estimate costs of investment for the urban development and its built-up space, suggesting how to allocate funds for subsidized prices of rent.

124 |

TAXES [high density]

EXTERNAL IDENTITY FORMATION Provide Rooftop Area for PV Panels

INTERNAL IDENTITY FORMATION

DEVELOP & MANAGE NEIGHBORHOOD [together with Local Authorities] Income Generation for Non-residents

Finance the Fund with Free-Market Rental Units

More Diverse and Vibrant Community

NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION [Porto Digital + Residents + PV HARVEST

Local Businesses]

PV RENTAL

[Price: 95% of

AFFORDABLE HOUSING FUND

Electricity Bill]

Individual or Company

RENT PV PANEL [Price: 70% of

ROOFTOP PV PANELS [RENTAL SYSTEM]

Social Inclusion in Sustainable Energy Generation

Electricity Bill]

BUILDING UNITS RENTAL

Finance the Fund PV Rental System

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

figure

122 | concept of neighborhood association, pv (macedo, 2019)

leasing system and built-up unit rent

| 125

06.1 | VISION

06.2 | CONCEPT

The vision of this thesis is based on the idea written by Silva et al. (2016) which

The center of the concept is the Neighborhood Association that needs to be crea-

states that an inefficient spatial structure can reduce the quality of life, incre-

ted. The association would work in three different forms: developing and mana-

asing the time of transportation, thus pollution levels, and result in the unne-

ging the neighborhood, controlling a PV rooftop harvesting for rental purposes,

cessary expansion of the city into natural or agricultural land. Moreover, the

and allocating economic resources to create and run an affordable housing fund.

existing limitations in investment for public infrastructure make it difficult to provide proper services to districts, built in areas with absent or low existing

Development and management are ordinary functions of a neighborhood asso-

infrastructures. It is the case for the informal settlements and the new districts

ciation in Brazil. Those associations usually work together with local authorities

in the periphery.

to manage the neighborhood, alerting for the needs of maintenance, organizing events, and pressuring for improvements. The development of entire districts

Consequently, the idea is that the city could improve the conditions for its citi-

is also possible to be set by those organizations. The legislation facilitates the

zens. This could be reached by creating areas, which offer basic infrastructure

existence of gated-communities because of possible attributions of such associ-

and are densely populated, to make any improvements more economically ef-

ations. Therefore, the company that runs a gated-community is organized as an

ficient, regarding the highest benefits for the population. Instead of struggling

association, even though the residents are not in control.

against the number of areas to be developed, the city would start a change from inside-out. In a long-term perspective, this could represent a better allocation of

In this thesis, it is proposed to organize the association into three main actor

higher quality services for different social strata and the control of the depletion

groups: the Porto Digital Organization, the residents of the neighborhood and

of natural and agricultural land in the periphery.

the local enterprises. The Porto Digital is an important stakeholder, as it has a close dialogue with the authorities, as well as the academic and business sec-

However, more developed areas have higher prices, which is often not an affor-

tors. For this reason, the Porto Digital can search for funds and has the Know-

dable destination for social housing and low-income families. For this reason,

How technologies, as well as workforce to develop projects, while it already acts

the energy concept is of great importance. Usually, energy production using

as a non-profitable organization, as it can be noticed by some of their realized

rooftops is an additional feature in urban developments. Whereas, in this pro-

projects.

posed concept, it could work as a capital input, adding the income, generated by the market building units. As a result, it could subsidize the payback invest-

The Porto Digital, can equally reach local authorities, national and internatio-

ments and finance the reduction of the prices of some residential units.

nal institutions for funds, as well as enterprises, private investors, or even innovative investing companies. The Urbe.me is one example of those innovative companies, a crowdfunding real-estate investment fund that allows people to invest a minimum of R$1.000,00 (around 250 Euros). This investment generates

126 |

income higher than saving accounts of treasure investments (URBE.ME, 2019). It

It is assumed that the connection between the Porto Digital, the Harbor and

could create a beneficial scenario for a more democratic and strongly identified

the connection of both with local authorities (created by the association) could

community that supports the project even when they are not residents.

sustain the political interest to obtain the large public terrain of the Harbor, the Pilar Community and the Pilar Industry to make an urban intervention for

Although the Porto Digital is part of (and funded by) governmental institutions,

the entire neighborhood. This can be provided by the fact that the government

the organization has an independent structure regarding decision-making and

would find it interesting to increase the taxes on property, touristic activities,

execution. Therefore, it is less likely that an institution like the Porto Digital

and consumption. With the development of urban infrastructure, the associa-

would be directly influenced by political interests from one government to ano-

tion would set guidelines for the construction and refurbishment of the buil-

ther, as time passes. This is of great importance because urban development can

dings, following instructions of a passive solution to provide thermal comfort

take decades to be completed. Hence, the project would need to survive several

and energy efficiency.

government generations, sometimes with different interests. The success of the Porto Digital is possibly the independence from the political shifting of the par-

The second function of the association is to provide rooftop areas to install PV

ties.

panels for electricity generation. This can be accomplished by partnering with local PV companies, of which some already connected to the Porto Digital, to

The

residents are also essential to improve the participation pro-

install and maintain the systems.

cess. By giving them decision-making powers, it is possible to increase their engagement in the neighborhood. Whereas the develop-

The rooftops can be secured for this use in two different ways. First, by cont-

ment of the area also extends the spectrum of people taking part in the

rolling the associations own developments and second, by integrating the

future of their community, with fewer possibilities of suffering from autho-

use of the rooftop inside the refurbishment subsidize the program, if the buil-

ritarian measures chosen by others. This could reduce the chances of past

ding heritage legislation allows. This is already present in the Porto Digital.

negative experiences that led to, for instance, the Ocupy Estelita movement.

The electricity production would be then used in the net-metering system as a

Local businesses are as well crucial as a source of participation, but mostly to en-

shared generation but would be rented for any citizen or company within the

gage them into the district. This is harder to happen to this sector, mainly if it is

CEPEL area. This approach creates a win-win situation for the association, the

composed of large companies. The companies placed at Bairro do Recife already

non-residents, and off-site enterprises, as well as for the electric companies, in-

have a connection, as some are part of the Porto Digital cluster. However, many

cluding the PV panel ones.

others are excluded and could benefit from these connections. Innovation can also be a result of a link and collaboration process like this.

For example, a customer that would like to have a reduction in its own electricity bill, but does not have the money and/or does not want to invest in the installa| 127

tion of a PV panels system could make a rent contract with the association. The

A similar example of the fund, that is proposed is run by an NGO, composed of

cost of this contract would be 70% of the electricity bill. The association would

professors and former students of the University of SĂŁo Paulo, called FUNDO

then take part in the installation and maintenance costs to harvest 95% of the

FICA (Communal Real-estate Fund for Rent, free translation). Their work consists

electricity, which is the maximum profitable generation that the current Bra-

of raising money to buy small appartments in the center of SĂŁo Paulo to allocate

zilian legislation allows. When this is sent to the customer, it results in a 25%

families that cannot afford to live there. They select the new tenants by com-

reduction in costs, with no money spent.

paring if the people are residents, passing throughout eviction processes in the district or people that work in the area and cannot afford to live nearby or even

The association would have a payback time of approximately seven years [3,5 ye-

other gender and race. The goal is to set rents that do not surpass 30% of the

ars for private residents and 2,68 years for non-residential use], but with a long

family income. It is estimated that the FICA rents are less than half of the price

term profit, whereas the PV companies would have large-scale and constant

of other apartments in the same building (FundoFICA.org, 2019).

work to do. Moreover, the electric sector would have more renewable energy produced without any investment, even though the grid would need significant

A third option of financing the affordable housing budget is by allocating the

improvements if this system would be expanded at larger scales.

profit, generated by the car parking buildings to the fund, as the urban intervention limits the parking area and the buildings can be held by the association.

As a third function, the association would manage an affordable housing fund.

As the owner of many building units, the association could set rents to free-market and social units. The free-market profit, as well as the one from the PV panel rents, can be allocated to the fund, creating a budget to manage social units.

Those units can host different income families that require some subsidize. For instance, the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (My House My Life Program, free translation), which is one of the most extensive social housing financing programs, takes into account three different low income classes: HIS 1 [Social Interest House 1, free translation] - from R$0 to R$1,600.00; HIS 2 [Social Interest House 2, free translation] - from R$1,600.00 to 3,275.00; HMP [Popular Market House, free translation] - from R$3,275.00 to R$ 5,400.00. Each one of them pays a different amount to live in one of the units built by the program. However, there are some problems to reach the lowest income in this system (Krause et al., 2013).

128 |

This could reduce the negative aspect of car trips.

DIAGRAM OF FINANCIAL STRATEGY AND 25-YEAR SCENARIO FOR THE ASSOCIATION AND FUND TERRAIN

PROPERTY LOTS

BUILDING UNITS

Urban

Building

Affordable

Intervention

Intervention

Housing Fund

Existing [-R$]

[-R$]

Social [-R$] Free-Market [-R$]

[+R$]

[+R$]

R$ 475,155,475

R$ 1,052,702,297

R$ 400 mi.

R$ 800 mi.

Housing R$ 949,121,770

R$ 300 mi.

Water Canal + Bridges

R$ 200 mi.

R$ 600 mi.

R$ 513,167,913 [48.7%] Payback Costs + 8% Interests

R$ 400 mi.

Cycling Lanes Pedestrian Streets

WATER

Street Paving Street Lighting Demolitions Planning Approval

STREET

R$ 100 mi.

Pluvial Water Network Drinking Water Network Sewage Network Earthwork

R$ 0 Urban Intervention Costs figure

R$ 200 mi.

[+R$]

[SOCIAL] [+R$] BUILDING figure 123 | diagram of finanUNITS cial strategy (macedo, 2019) RENTAL

25-YEAR SCENARIO [SOLD PROPERTIES + RENT]

R$ 1 bi.

Squares, Parks and Playgrounds

[+R$]

PV RENTAL [+R$]

Hotel R$ 27,773,859 Offices R$ 48,674,614 Car-Parking R$ 27,132,053

R$ 0 Owned Property Prices

ROOFTOP PV PANELS: > assumed to be all installed in year 1 > assumed PV system‘s loss of efficiency of 1% every year > estimated 8% energy inflation > Estimation of price of electricty: only residential [cheapest] to be conservative BUILDING UNITS: > all non-residental units are leased in the market price > all buildings are finished and in use in year 1 > rent prices increase 0.5% per year > all building costs are for the highest income developments in Recife, from the CUPE table (PINI, 2019), to include increase in costs for building optimizations > rent/selling prices taken from FIPEZAP (2019) for the

124 | 25-year scenario: urban intervention costs and selling prices of properties owned by the association by sector in R$ (macedo, 2019)

> Estimated annual costs estimated to be 30% of income generated > The money allocated to the Social fund was estimated to be 90% of the income >Renting Price assumed to be 70% of the User‘s Electricity Bill [with a production of 95% of the price] Bairro do Recife or Neighboring areas > Estimated annual costs estimated to be 20% of income generated > Class II pays 25% of market renting price + Class III pays 50% of market renting price > The money allocated to the social fund estimated to be 90% of the income

| 129

OVERALL RESULT OF THE 25-YEAR SCENARIO - SHARE OF BUILT-UP AREA AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING Private 494,885.41 m² [58.2%] Inhabitants in

Association 218,843.66 m²

Private Ownership [18,4%]

Affordable Housing:

[41.8%]

ca. 7,320 [31% of all residents] RENT CATEGORIES:

Class I [9.2%]

Class I 0% of market price

Social Price 218,843.66 m² [27.7%] Market | Private Development [58.2%]

Class II [9.2%]

25% of market price Class III [9.2%]

Market Price 494,885.41 m² [72.3%] Market | Association [14.1%] Private Development Terrain sold by association [39.8%]

Class II

Class III 50% of market price

Owned by Association [41.8%]

[66% of the owned housing properties] Commercial 18% 7%

Residential

Share of Housing Built-up Areas in the Bairro do Recife

Owned by Association

25%

[30%]

2% 2% 2% 4% 3%

Hotel

Car-Parking

25-YEAR FUND BENEFIT R$ 883,432.221 [ 68% | Built-up Rent ] [ 32% | PV-Leasing ] 125 | overall results of 25-year scenario: shared of built-up area and affordable housing (macedo, 2019) figure

130 |

15%

3%

Institutional

12% Offices

2% Harbor

5%

Share of Built-up Areas Cultural

in the Bairro do Recife

25-YEAR SCENARIO - COMPARISION OF PAYOFF AND FUND RISING FOR PV AND BUILDING UNITS RENT [Year 7]

R$ 10,513,274

R$ 17,285,539 R$ 14,570,727

R$72,507

R$ 20 mi.

R$ 0,00

>

Cummulative Investment

Payback Reduction

>

Annual Income sent to users 25-YEAR PROSPECT | PV LEASING

-R$ 38,915,821

-R$ 40 mi.

-R$ 60 mi.

-R$ 80 mi.

-R$ 100 mi.

-R$ 119,299,793

-R$ 120 mi.

Year 1

Year 5 figure

Year 10

126| 25-year scenario:

Year 15

Year 20

pv leasing system payoff and fund contribution

[Year 18] R$ 56,607,035 R$ 86,830,439

Year 25

1,226,153,470 kWh

903,481,504 kWh

Sent to Users:

User Savings:

R$ 233,582,498

Revenue Generated:

R$ 654,030,993

Mean Annual Income:

R$

Total Sent to Fund:

R$ 286,124,296

PAYBACK TIME:

7th YEAR

18,312,867

R$ 97,871,778

25-YEAR PROSPECT | BUILDING UNITS RENT

R$ 89,436,239

Cummulative Renting Revenue: R$ 92,153,089

-R$ 200 mi.

-R$ 400 mi.

-R$ 600 mi.

-R$ 720,788,579

-R$ 800 mi.

-R$ 1 bi.

-R$ 1.2 bi.

-R$ 1.6 bi.

Electricity Generated:

(macedo, 2019)

R$ 0,00

-R$ 1.4 bi.

Annual Fund Income

R$ 8,260,049

-R$ 20 mi.

R$ 200 mi.

>

-R$ 1,559,071,729

Year 1 figure

Year 5

Year 10

127| 25-year scenario:

Year 15

Year 20

built-up units rent payoff and fund contribution

[44%]

Free-Market

R$ 2,038,572,180

[22%]

Social-Class III

R$ 341,808,892

[22%]

Social-Class II

R$ 170,904,446

Mean Annual Income:

R$ 85,742,843

Total Sent to Fund:

R$ 597,307,925.49

PAYBACK TIME:

18th YEAR

>

Cummulative Investment

Payback Reduction

>

Annual Market Renting

>

Annual Fund Income

Income Year 25 (macedo, 2019) | 131

25 YEAR PROSPACT [+25] AFFORDABLE HOUSING FUND

R$ 117,623,888

R$ 111,961,183 R$ 96,445,910

R$ 100 mi.

R$ 94,937,749

R$ 80 mi.

[Year 18]

R$ 60 mi.

R$ 48,297,925

68% Overall Contribution

R$ 40 mi.

R$ 17,285,539

R$ 20 mi.

32% Overall Contribution

R$ 0,00 Year 1 >

PV Reinstallation

R$72,507

[Year 7]

figure

R$ 15,790,638

Year 5

128 | 25- year scenario [+25]:

Year 10

Year 15

Year 20

PV Leasing - Annual Contribution to the Fund

06.3 | 25-YEAR SCENARIO A scenario where all the infrastructure was built demonstrates that the system could almost accomodate a third of the estimated residents (over 7,300) in affordable housing units. This may be distant from what the social conditions demanded from the status quo, but this scenario does not consider any subsidize from the government or other institutions. Consequently, it is interesting to notice that, with the market tools for real-estate and electricity produced from solar panels, a different management could provide a more inclusive urban environment.

Since almost half of the land properties, owned by the association, are required to be sold in order to provide payback for the urban infrastructural development, 132 |

Year 25

Year 33

Year 50

affordable housing fund budget (macedo, 2019)

>

Building rental - Annual Contribution to the Fund

the share of units that can be developed by the association represents 30% of the total built-up area.

It is important to notice that the neighborhood is in a central area, where prices are higher than in other parts of Recife. A significant part of the district is already privately owned, thus reducing the profitability of the development. However, most infrastructure already exists, which reduces the costs, especially on the street pavement, as well as in water, sewage, lighting, and earthwork systems.

The most expensive part of the proposal was the water canal with bridges, followed by the public spaces and pedestrian streets. Nonetheless, the unitary price [R$/m²] of pedestrian and cycling infrastructure used in the calculation (based

on the PINI table, 2019) represents only 9% of the car pavement costs. This is ad-

One question that could be raised about the inclusion of social housing along

ded to the fact that the original PINI numbers were less than half of the chosen

with the rehabilitation of the Bairro do Recife is: Would developers and other

ones because it was intended to estimate high-quality sidewalks and bike lanes.

stakeholders loose interest in investing on market housing units in the neighborhood by expecting a negative impact created by the affordable housing?

The scenario created, needed to sell almost 40% of all residential built-up potential to private owners, leaving behind 41.8% of the housing units held by the

In many examples around the country, the answer might be yes. However, there

association. From those, 66% would provide affordable housing for the three

are other scenarios in which social housing was integrated within the concepts

chosen classes: Class I (no rent required), Class II (renting price is a quarter of

of the masterplan and helped create value. The Jardim Edith complex in SĂŁo Pau-

the free-market) and Class III (with a reduction of 50% on the market value).

lo is one example. Built in a high-income neighborhood, it is located at a former

The other residential and non-residential units were leased on regular prices to

slum with the same name.

provide revenues for the fund.

At first, the association of residents of the neighborhood was against the project, This system demanded 18 years of payback for the investments (with 16% inte-

fearing the decline in real estate value of their properties. However, the muni-

rest rate) and provided the first revenues. After that, the fund becomes constant,

cipality followed the Ă guas Espraiadas masterplan, building a 17 stories three-

even surpassing the 25-year scenario, since the costs have been paid and renova-

tower complex with 252 housing units in front of the most significant Brazilian

tion rates are taken into account in the estimated annual expenses.

television cooperation and a landmark bridge (Olczyk, 2015).

The rooftop PV-leasing system contributes 32% of the funding budget. However,

The result was different from the expected, and the value of the building units

with the 7-year payback, the system starts improving the budget at an early

increased fastly, hence, creating another problem: the pressure from the mar-

stage. Besides increasing the budget to 286 million Brazilian Reais, it creates a

ket on the low-income owners to sell their apartments (Olczyk, 2015). A problem

unique characteristic to make the affordable fund start its activities eleven ye-

that would not exist in a renting system.

ars before if only real-state assets ran it. Another aspect is that it establishes R$ 233 million in saving for the renters of PV panels, in the 25-year prospection.

The continuation of this scenario would generate even higher results, as the building costs are paid off. This could make the association increase the social housing units and make the community even more diverse in terms of income. On the other hand, the PV-panels would possibly require to be reinstalled every quarter of a century to keep the efficiency at a high level.

In the future, the prices of installation would probably be lower, the energy price higher, and the technology better - making it a safer investment. | 133

7:

CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION chapter

> The urban proposal indicators announce that the solutions chosen could provide more aspects of livability to the Bairro do Recife when compared to the existing situation. The energy simulation demonstrated that passive solutions could provide thermal comfort in Recife, with or without a reduced necessity of other cooling solutions.

The analyzed scenario shows that the system could accommodate almost a third of the estimated residents in affordable housing units.

134 |

07.1 | ANSWER TO RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The estimation of PV-panels harvesting demonstrated that Recife has a large po-

The research explored situations in which urban and sustainable energy stra-

global radiation, (2.) the optimal inclination for PV-panels to be placed is close to

tegies could be applied to the Bairro do Recife to develop more efficient, vibrant communities that accommodate affordable housing.

The urban proposal indicators show that the solutions chosen could provide more aspects of livability to the Bairro do Recife, when compared to the existing situation. The walkability indicators showed that the district would have better connectivities for pedestrians, solving the large inaccessible areas of the Capiba-

tential to produce electricity on urban environment. This results in: (1.) its high 0°, allowing their use in flat surfaces of terrains and roof. Additionally, (3.) it has a short payback time (of 3.5 years for residential use and 2.68 years for commercial, industrial and other non-residential uses).

The density of the neighborhood in the simulated scenario allowed the investments on building units to provide better financial return and optimized a development where the association owned only part of the properties. Neverthel-

ribe waterfront, Pilar community, industrial properties, and the harbor.

ess, to create a zero-energy district, the city would have to limit urban density.

Also, there was an increase of public and open spaces, changing the use of sto-

For instance, the proposed intervention could not become a zero-energy district

rage and car-parking into plazas, parks, squares, and playgrounds. Nevertheless, the urban density (from 5 to 218 p.ha) controlled the excess of public spaces, which would create maintenance and (in Brazil) security problems. The share of open spaces per inhabitant decreased from over 4,780 m²/p. to 32 m²/p., entering the range, recommended by the World Health Organization (9-50 m²/person).

The increase in 6,855 jobs also makes those areas more likely to be used for non-

but produce 79% of the demand. As the mean urban density of Recife would probably be smaller (for instance the city‘s population density is 70 p./ha, as the proposed district 281 p./ha), the possibility to be closer to (or even reaching) a zero-energy standard might become higher, if all non-shaded rooftops had PVpanels.

residents.

This is significant because it could become a relevant sector in the economy of

The energy simulation demonstrated that passive solutions could provide ther-

and fossil fuels. However, it is important to emphasize that in a large-scale PV

mal comfort in Recife, without or with a reduced necessity of other cooling solution. This means that the city of Recife, especially the buildings, dependeingmainly on mechanical cooling, could become more energy efficient. Moreover, the colonial architecture seems to have positive solutions to provide thermal comfort, contradicting the Brazilian norms, if optimizations are made, especially on the rooftop (insulation).

the city, as well as aligned with the need for detachment from hydroelectricity production scenario, the improvements on the already lagged grid would be essential.

Despite the difficulties in combining the different sectors, unifying the various stakeholders and dealing with a complicated urban and social situation, the tools for developing solutions in this regard are available. On the other hand, it is doubtful that a system like this could be created without many adaptations and constraints.

| 135

In a society with high inequality rates, a government with great political power,

For the city level, the proposed scenario could provide insight to the central al-

but low investment capacity and a private sector with the potential to grow, the

location of social housing, a more participatory system of developing and ma-

needed investments can become sparse and below the necessary. For this rea-

naging communities, less state dependency on investment and infrastructure,

son, more than providing a one-way solution, the financial concept can become

a system of electricity bill reduction with no direct investment and a more con-

a relief to public expenditure and social housing demand. The concept could

nected neighborhood to live, work or visit. On the other hand, there could be

also be combined with existing social policies to extended the benefits and re-

problems beyond the scope that would generate stress in the electricity grid, a

sults of some programs.

distortion in the necessary investments in infrastructure for the peripheric areas, or a lack of interest in the PV leasing system.

If on one side, the association system is a legally established and wellknown instrument that can increase participation in decision making, it can

The regional and national levels are aligned with the necessity to find solutions

also slow-down and break some developments due to different opinions.

to provide social equity, affordable housing, renewable energy, and increase the efficiency of buildings. In conclusion, the majority of the proposed indicators had

Furthermore, it is difficult to estimate if this would apply to other urban con-

a positive impact. Nevertheless, this concept may not be replicable to other con-

texts, even in Recife. The proposal consists of aspects that are similar to both

junctures, even in a different area of Recife. In my opinion, this research shows

new developments (large owned non-built land properties) and renovation of

that a focus on the local conditions could provide a better impact on a healthy

the existing city (existing buildings and urban infrastructure owned by third

urban development. One of them would be achieving thermal comfort stan-

parties).

dards with passive solutions, while the Brazilian norm states its impossibility.

In terms of significance, the research encounters different themes. For the neigh-

07.2 | MAIN FINDINGS

borhood, it would provide a small exploration in topics like the reoccupation of this space by many sectors of the society, as well as the protection of the herita-

The livability of the neighborhood, at least in terms of the indicators selected, de-

ge and cultural buildings, improvements in infrastructure and access of public

monstrates that the center of the city can be a much more diverse place than it

and private services, increase in the thermal comfort of the buildings, reduction

is currently. Also, I noticed that high population density and built-up areas could

in the electricity demand and social inclusion.

be combined with a high share of open spaces and improvements in walkability and cyclability. However, the research cannot take into account how those pub-

However, negative impacts that could be caused by the scenario of this research

lic spaces will be used, or how traffic will respond to the proposal (with empha-

could be gentrification, an intense political and economic fight over the control

sis on the cultural values and specificities).

in development and management, cultural rejection (especially for the reduction of cars and air-conditioning), and so on.

In terms of energy, the discrepancy from the Brazilian norm and the simulation results demonstrated that further analysis should be made in order to under-

136 |

stand the bioclimatic solutions that can be applied in architecture to provide

intense labor of negotiations and political will need to be made for all of this to

thermal comfort for Recife and other climates. Another conclusion could be that

exist together.

a local focus on architectural strategies should be taken into account. This could maybe even lay in the same climate zone, as some conditions (e.g., wind speed

However, the situation created by this thesis focused on existing technologies

and direction) can differ.

and legal frameworks, local stakeholders, and a very generic assessment of market strategies for profitability. The combination of this matrix of possibilities is

On the other hand, there might be a necessity to look into the past to find passi-

the only handling that generated the different scenario studied. In my opinion,

ve solutions to provide thermal comfort. The historical building models establis-

it is possible to say that we have most, if not all, of the tools necessary to provide

hed that thermal comfort could be reached with little optimization.

change. This was only one scenario of several possibilities. Even though maybe the most important one is the one being created right now that will affect us

In the financial aspect, it is possible to notice that the urban assets generated

and the next generation to come.

by the proposal could provide not only a payback but also generate a profit. This profit was then used to finance affordable housing. However, some solutions chosen in the proposal would generate better results if they were chosen differently. One example is the creation of the water canal and its bridges. This represented the higher cost of urban development, possibly generating fewer cost-benefits to a place that is already surrounded by the waterfront.

07.3 | IMPRESSIONS This thesis reflects some topics related to our cities and their impact on the society, economy, and environment. The future of our cities might define how we exploite the natural realm, using or not strategies that may harm it, or how the urban environment can affect economic development and/or block social equity.

Even if most of this cannot be answered by this research, the intention is to bring some light into the discussion of the tools, so that players available can actually change a current situation by choosing another path. It is true that the | 137

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of the University of Taubaté. [online] (in portuguese) Available at: < https://ibeipr.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/solucoesurbanisticasislamicas.pdf > [Accessed at 12 of May 2019] PINI (2019). CUPE - Custos Unitátirios PINI de Edificações: Local Recife - Ano 2017. website [online] (in portuguse). Available at: < http://tcpoweb.pini.com.br/IndiceCustoSel.aspx > [Accessed at 21 June 2019] Pinto, L. C. (2015). Recife tem dono?. [online] (in portuguese). Available at: < https://marcozero.org/moinho-do-absurdo/> [ Accessed at 29 March 2018] Primero Comfort (2019). What is Primero (English). [online] Available at: < http://www.primerosoftware.de/what-primero-english/ > [Accessed at 10 of June 2019] Porto Digital (2018). Porto Digital Parque Tecnológico. website. [online] (in portuguese). Available at: < http://www.portodigital.org/home > [Accessed 10 March 2018] Rec500.org (2018). Recife 500 anos. website. [online] (in portuguese).

Available at: < http://www.rec500.org.br/ > [Accessed at 29 March, 2018] REN21 (2018). Renewables 2018: Global Status Report. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. [online] Available at: < http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/17-8652_GSR2018_FullReport_web_-1.pdf > [Accessed at 27 April 2019] Reschke Pires, J. (2013). Ivestigação da Viabilidade da Redução do Consumo de Energia Elétrica em Edificações Residenciais Através da Aplicação de Soluções de Comforto Ambiental Passivo. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos: São Leopoldo. [online] (in Portuguese) Available at: < http://biblioteca.asav.org.br/vinculos/000007/0000075D.pdf > [Accessed at 11 of May 2019] Rodrigues, S. A. and Halmeman, R. J. (2012). Matriz Energética Brasileira: uma reflexão sobre a situação atual e possíveis riscos de „apagões“. Bioenergia aganize: diálogos, year 2, n.1, p. 11-26, jan./jun. 2012. [online~(in portuguese). Available at: < [PDF] fatecpiracicaba.edu.br [PDF] Matriz energética brasileira: uma reflexão sobre a situação atual e possíveis riscos de “apagões” >

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Rubim, B. and Leitão, S. (2013). O Plano de Mobilidade Urbana e o Futuro das Cidades. [online] (in portuguese). Available at: < http://www.scielo. br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-40142013000300005> Sampaio, A. and Motta, H. (2014). #OCUPEESTELITA: por um novo recife.

Revista Greenpeace. [online] (in portuguese). Available at: <http://revistagreenpeace.org/juntos-somos-mais/ocupeestelita-por-um-novorecife/> [Accessed 12 March 2018] Segawa, H. (2003). Treble Clef: Notes on Environmental Comfort History. Porto Alegre: Ambiente Construído, Vol 3, Number 2, pp. 34-46. [online] (in portuguese) Available at: < https://seer.ufrgs.br/ambienteconstruido/article/view/3449 > [Accessed at 30 of November 2017] Scheller, C., Sorgato, M. J., Melo, A. P. and Lamberts, R. (2015). Análise de Arquivos Climáticos para a Simulação de Desempenho Energético e Edificações. Centro Brailsiero de Eficiencia Energética. [online] (in Portuguese). Available at: < http://cb3e.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/Relatorio_AnaliseArquivosClimaticos_CB3E.pdf > [Accessed at 21 Octorber 2018] da Silva Duarte Lopes, F. (2016) Simulação de Consumo Energético e Comforto Térmico para Edifício de Escritórios em Teresina/PI com Uso de Estratégias Bioclimáticas Passivas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP: Campinas [online] (in portuguese). Available at: < http://www.infohab.org.br/encac/files/2017/topico5artigo52.pdf > [Accessed at 03 of January 2018] Silva, G. J. A., Silva S. E. and Nome C. A. (2016). Densidade, dispersão e forma urbana: Dimensões e limites da sustentabilidade habitacional. Arquitextos Vitruvius [online] (in portuguese). Available at: < http://www. vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/arquitextos/16.189/5957> [Accessed at 10 March 2018] Soares, R. (2017). Um metrô Ainda Renegado. Article from Uol and Jornal do Commércio [Online] (in portuguese). Available at: <.http://especiais.jconline.ne10.uol.com.br/metro/> [Accessed 10 March 2018] Tavares de Andrade, E., Garcia de Carvalho, S. R., Fernandes de Souza, L. (2009). Programa do Proálcool e o Etanol no Brasil. ENGEVISTA, V. 1 1, n.

2. p. 127-136, December 2009. [online] (in portuguese). Available at: <

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http://periodicos.uff.br/engevista/article/view/8847/6315 > [Accessed at 25 March 2019] UNDP (2016). Human Development Report 2016. United Nations Development Program. New York, USA. [online] Available at: < http://hdr. undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf> [Accessed at 10 March 2018] URBE.ME (2019). Investimento Imobiliário Simplificado. [online] (in portuguese) Available at: < https://urbe.me/ > {Accessed at 10 of June 2019] Vasconcelos, T., (2012) A Cartograia Histórica da Região Metropolitana do Recife. (in portuguese) Villaça, F. (1998) Espaço Intra-Urbano no Brasil. (in portuguese)Editora Fapesp. São Paulo, Brazil World Bank Group (2019). Data Bank - Country Profile: Brazil. [online] Available at: < https://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y &dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=BRA > Zancheti, S., Marinho, G. and Lacerda, N., (1998). Revitalização do Bairro do Recife: Plano, Regulação e Avaliação. Mestrado em Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 1998. (in portuguese).

LIST OF FIGURES figure 01

Construction of Belo Monte Hydro Power Plant (Folha de São Paulo, 2013)

9

figure 02

GDP growth from 1960 to 2015 in trillion dollars (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from World Bank Group, 2019)

10

figure 03

View of Paraisópolis Favela Surrounded by High-Income Neighborhoods in São Paulo -Brazil (Google Earth Pro, 2019)

11

figure 04

Brazilian Energy Mix in 1970, 1990, 2000 and 2014 (Macedo, 2019.

Adapted from: Rodrigues and Halmeman, 2012; Observatório do Clima, 2016)

13

figure 05

Brazilian Primary Sources of Electricity Generation in 1990 and 2014 (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from: Observatório do Clima, 2016)

14

figure 06

Growth of the Brazilian Electricity Demand by Sector from 1990 to 2014 (Macedo, 2019. Adepted from: Observatório do Clima, 2016) 15

figure 07

Map: Comparison Between the Location of the New Strategic Hydropower Plants and the Population Density in Brazil (Macedo, 2019.

Adepted from: Nexo Jornal, 2017)

16

figure 08

Solar Farm of Lapa in the State of Bahia 158mW of Installed Capacity (Cemacon, 2019)

17

figure 09

Köppen‘s Climate Classification of Brazil (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from: Alvares et al., 2013)

figure 10

Result of Simulation of INMET Data for Brazilian Cities in the Different Climates on Climate Consultant in Percentage of Hours per Year (Macedo, 2019. Model from: Climate Consultant - Plus Asharae Standard 55, 2018; Data from Energyplus.net, 2018)

figure 11 figure 12

Top View from Recife (Quapá, 2012)

19

19 25

Population Density, Boat and Rail Public Transportation Systems, and Job Location (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Patadata,2015; Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016; Diario de Pernambuco 2012)

26

figure 13

Share of Income per Fifths of Population of Recife in 2010 (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil, 2018)

27

figure 14

Percentage of Population Making Daily Trips to Other Cities in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016)

28

figure 15

Ditribution of Bus Lines in the Metroplitan Region of Recife (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016)

28

figure 16

Share of Trips per Model in Recife (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016)

29

figure 17

Population Concentration and Distance from the Center of the City (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016)

29

figure 18

Map: Comparison in Income and Bus Line Density of Recife, 2012 (Macedo, 2019. adapted from of Instituto da Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016)

30

figure 19

Share of Trips per Model in Recife by Income in Minimum Salaries [R$954] (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente, 2016)

31

figure 20

Total Energy Used in Recife by Sector: from 2000 to 2014 [in TWh] (Macedo, 2019. adapted from Gouldson et al., 2015)

38

figure 21

28kw PV Panel System Installed at the Rooftop of a Building in the Neighborhood of São José, Historical Center of Recife (atp, 2019)

39

figure 22

Average Monthly Global Horizontal Solar Radiation Calculated from the Climate Date of INMET (Macedo, 2019. Database: Energyplus.net, 2018)

40

figure 23

Image from the Solar Farm of the Pernambuco Arena in the Metropolitan Recife (ANEEL, 2019)

41

figure 24

Instalation Prices According to PV Panel Power of Brazilian Companies from 2013 to 2017 (Macedo, 2019. Based on Data from Ideal and AHK-RJ, 2018)

42

figure 25

Types of Net-Metering Systems for Mini and Micro Electricity Generation (Macedo, 2019. Based on Data from Ideal and AHK-RJ, 2018)

43

figure 26

Interests and Concerns about an Intervention on the Bairro do Recife (Macedo, 2019)

45

figure 27

Interests and Concerns about an Intervention on the Bairro do Recife (Macedo, 2019)

45

figure 28

Stakeholder Matrix (Macedo, 2019)

49

figure 29

Scope Matrix (Macedo, 2019)

51

figure 30

Methods of the Thesis Development (Macedo, 2019)

53

figure 31

Masterplan proposed for the Bairro do Recife

55

figure 32

Top-view from the Bairro do Recife (QuapĂĄ, 2012)

56

figure 33

Image from Recife (Google Earth, 2018)

57

figure 34

Image from the Bairro do Recife (Google Earth, 2018)

figure 52

Picture of area A in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

figure 53

Picture of area B in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

57

figure 54

figure 35

Pictures of Area A in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area C in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 55

figure 36

Pictures of Area B in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area D in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 56

figure 37

Pictures of Area C in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area E in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 57

figure 38

Pictures of Area D in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area F in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 58

figure 39

Pictures of Area E in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area G in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 59

figure 40

Pictures of Area F in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area H in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 60

figure 41

Pictures of Area G in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area I in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 61

figure 42

Pictures of Area H in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Picture of area J in the Bairro do Recife Desmonstrating some of the Characteristics of the Occupation (Macedo, 2019)

62

58

figure 62

figure 43

Pictures of Area I in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

Majority of Historic Building Occupation Diagram (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from: Instituto da Cidade, 2013)

62

58

figure 44

Pictures of Area J in the Center of Recife Desmonstrating Some of the Characteristics of Its Districts (Macedo, 2019)

58

figure 45

Majority of Historical Building Occupation Diagram (Macedo, 2019.

Adapted from: Instituto da Cidade, 2013)

58

figure 46

Pilar Church Surrounded by a Slum and Industries (Mendes da Hora, 2013)

60

figure 47

Picture of the Brum Fort, Currently Hosting the Military Museum (Macedo, 2013)

61

figure 48 figure 49 figure 50 figure 51

Ruins of the 17th Century Wall (Macedo, 2013) Historical Cemitery being Abandoned(Santana, 2014)

Escavated

61 in

2013,

Currently

Recife and the Isthmus Connecting to Olinda in 1771 (Instituto da Cidade, 2013) Cruz do PatrĂŁo, Inaccessible, Inside the Harbor Complex (Batalha, 2012)

61 61 61

figure 63

Highligh Locations and Buildings Diagram (Macedo, 2019)

63

figure 64

View of the Volumetric Form Proposed (Macedo, 2019)

64

figure 65

Sectors (Macedo, 2019)

66

figure 66

Urban Design Guidelines Diagram (Macedo, 2019)

67

figure 67

View of the Volumetric Form Proposed with Main Locations (Macedo, 2019)

68

figure 68

Existing Figure-Ground Diagram (Macedo, 2019)

70

figure 69

Proposed Figure-Ground Diagram (Macedo, 2019)

70

figure 70

Existing Open Spaces Diagram (Macedo, 2019)

72

figure 71

Proposed Open Spaces Diagram (Macedo, 2019)

72

figure 72

Existing Private, Semi-Private and Public Open Spaces (Macedo, 2019)

74

figure 73

Proposed Private, Semi-Private and Public Open Spaces (Macedo, 2019)

74

figure 74

Existing Upper Floors - Building Land Use (Macedo, 2019)

76

figure 75

Existing Groud Floor - Building Land Use (Macedo, 2019)

76

figure 76

Proposed Upper Floors - Building Land Use (Macedo, 2019)

77

figure 77

Proposed Groud Floor - Building Land Use (Macedo, 2019)

77

figure 78

Existing Street Hierarchy (Macedo, 2019)

80

figure 79

Proposed Street Hierarchy (Macedo, 2019)

80

figure 80

Existing Public Transportation and Bike Stations (Macedo, 2019)

83

figure 81

Proposed Public Transportation and Bike Stations (Macedo, 2019)

83

figure 82

Image from the Bairro do Recife (Macedo, 2013)

87

figure 83

Temperature Range and Thermal Comfort Zone Generated from Climate Concultant (Macedo, 2019. Adapted from Atlas Climate Concultant 6.0; Database Source Energyplus.net, 2018)

88

figure 84

Wind Rose of Recife - Speed and Frequency Orientation (LabEEE, 2018)

89

figure 85

Illustration of 1824 Recife, Shading Solutions for Thermal Comfort, Including a Muxarabi in the Top-Left Side of a Building at Bom Jesus Street (Luna, 2014)

figure 86

Chica da Silva House, 18th Century, Currently Technical IPHAN (National Artistic and Historical Heritage Institute, Free Translation) Office in Tiradentes, Minas Gerais - Brazil. One of the Best Remainings of the Moorish Influence in the Colonial Brazilian Architecture. The Top-Left Side: is a Muxarabi Structure, the Ground Floor Windows have „Gelosiais“, the Roof with Eaves (IPHAN, 2019)

93

figure 87

„Azulejos“ from Colonial Façades in São Luis do Maranhão - Brazil.

(Pinimg.com, 2019)

94

figure 88

First Project to Use „Cobogós“, 1935, Olinda - Brazil. (Wikimedia. com, 2019)

95

figure 89

Gustavo Capanema Building, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil, 1936-1947, Icon of Brazilian Modernist Architecture Taking Advantage of Some Colonial Solutions, such as „Azulejos“ and Introducing „Brise-Soleil“ Façade(IPHAN, 2019)

96

Summary of the Decided Inputs for the Room Simulation. The Dimensioning, Oppenings, Shading and Ventilation Variation of Strategies (Macedo, 2019)

98

figure 91

Catalogue of Construction Materials Used in the Simulation, Separated by Roofs (R-models) and External Walls (W-models) (Macedo, 2019)

99

figure 92

Map of the Urban Intervention with the External Façades Marked According to their Orientation (Macedo, 2019)

100

figure 90

figure 93

Area of External Façades According to Their Orientation in Square Meters (Macedo, 2019)

100

figure 94

Share of External Façades According to Their Orientation in Percentage (Macedo, 2019)

100

figure 95

Simulation of Thermal Comfort for a Residencial Room. Hours of Comfort According to the Category III of the EN15251 (Macedo, 2019)

101

figure 96

Overlay Performance of Shading Solutions by the Size of Window in a Residential Room (Macedo, 2019)

102

figure 97

Overlay Performance of Shading Solutions by the Size of Window in na Office Room (Macedo, 2019)

103

figure 98

Influence of the Roof Construction in the Model of Residential Use, Cross Ventilation and 50cm Sun Protection, Venetians and Balcony Shading Systems. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

104

Influence of the Roof Construction in the Model of Residential Use, Cross Ventilation and Fixed Shading Devices. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

104

Influence of the Roof Construction in the Model of Office Use, Cross Ventilation and 50cm Sun Protection, Venetians and Balcony Shading Systems. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

105

figure 101

Influence of the Roof Construction in the Model of Office Use, Cross Ventilation and Fixed Shading Devices. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

105

figure 102

Comparison of What is Assumed to be Used as the Insulated R2 Rooftop. One with Roof Tiles and Another with PV Panels to Provide Shading to the Rest of the Ceiling (Macedo, 2019)

107

figure 103

Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Residencial Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling, CrossVentilation and 50cm Sun Protection, Venezians and Balcony Shading.

From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

108

figure 104

Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Residencial Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling, CrossVentilation and Fixed Shading Devices. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

108

figure 105

Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Office Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling, Cross Ventilation and 50cm Sun Protection, Venezians and Balcony Shading. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

109

figure 99 figure 100

91

figure 106

figure 107

figure 108

figure 109

figure 110

figure 111

figure 112

Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Office Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling,Cross Ventilation and Fixed Shading Devices. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019) Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Residential Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling, Cross and Height Ventilation, Increased airtightness and 50cm Sun Protection, Venetians and Balcony Shading. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019) Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Residential Use, Inner Ceiling, Cross and Height Ventilation, Increased airtightness and 50cm Sun Protection, Venetians and Balcony Shading. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019) Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Office Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling, Cross and Height Ventilation, Increased airtightness and 50cm Sun Protection, Venezians and Balcony Shading. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area With Openings (Macedo, 2019) Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Office Use, Inner Ceiling, Cross and Height Ventilation, Increased airtightness and 50cm Sun Protection, Venezians and Balcony Shading. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019) Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Residential Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling, Cross and Height Ventilation, Increased airtightness and Fixed Shading Devices. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

109

114

figure 116

Guideline for Residential Buildings with Brise-Soleil Shading Strategy (Macedo, 2019)

119

figure 117

Guideline for Non-Residential Buildings with Balcony Shading Strategy (Macedo, 2019)

120

figure 118

Guideline for Non-Residential Buildings with Brise-Soleil Shading Strategy (Macedo, 2019)

121

figure 119

Estimated Comparison Between the Annual Electricity Consumption and Production of the Entire District Separated by Land Use in kWh/ year. (Macedo, 2019)

122

figure 120 114

115

115

116

Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Residential Use, Inner Ceiling, Cross Ventilation, Increased airtightness and Fixed Shading Devices. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

116

figure 113

Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Office Use, 12,5cm Insulated Roof of Tiles and Concrete Ceiling, Cross and Height Ventilation, Increased airtightness and Fixed Shading Devices.

From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area With Openings (Macedo, 2019)

117

figure 114

Influence of the External Wall Construction in the Model of Office Use, Inner Ceiling, Cross and Height Ventilation, Increased airtightness and Fixed Shading Devices. From 10% to 90% of the External Façade Area with Openings (Macedo, 2019)

117

figure 115

Guideline for Residential Buildings with Balcony Shading Strategy (Macedo, 2019)

118

Area of Rooftop Assumed for the PV-Harvesting (Macedo, 2019)

123

figure 121

Summary of Estimated Savings Created by the Building Optimization (Macedo, 2019)

123

figure 122

Concept of Neighborhood Association, PV Leasing System and Builtup Unit Rent (Macedo, 2019)

125

figure 123

Diagram of Financial Strategy (Macedo, 2019)

129

figure 124

25-Year Scenario: Urban Intervention Costs and Selling Prices of Properties Owned by the Association by Sector in R$ (Macedo, 2019)

129

figure 125

Overall Results of 25-Year Scenario: Shared of Built-up Area and Affordable Housing (Macedo, 2019)

130

figure 126

25-Year Scenario: PV Leasing System Payoff and Fund Contribution (Macedo, 2019)

131

figure 127

25-Year Scenario: Built-up Units Rent Payoff and Fund Contribution (Macedo, 2019)

131

figure 128

25- Year Scenario [+25]: Affordable Housing Fund Budget (Macedo, 2019)

132

ANNEX

ANNEX - HISTORICAL PICTURES

figure a1 | moritzstadt and bairro do recife between 1637-44, from the ruins of olinda, by frans post (instituto da cidade, 2013)

figure a2 | moritzstadt and bairro do recife between 1637-44, by frans post (places picked by brany, 2014)

C

148 |

figure a3 | bom jesus street, end of (luna, 2014)

19th century

figure a4 | moritzstadt and bairro do recife between 1637-44, by albert eckhout (instituto da cidade, 2013)

figure a6 | corpo santo church destroyed in (instituto da cidade, 2013)

figure a5 | marco zero square in 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s (luna, 2014)

figure a8 | panorama picture from recife in 1855, by frederich hagedorn (insituto da cidade, 2013)

1910

figure a7 | public buildings in the apolo land extension created in the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s (macedo, 2013)

| 149

EXISTING PLANS

Plan of Revitalization of the Bairro do Recife, 1992-1993 | Borsoi Arquitetos Associados

A B

A 150 |

B

figure a 9, 10, 11 | proposal for the bairro do recife (borsoi, 1993)

Recife - Olinda Project, 2004 | Masterplan

figure a12 | masterplan of the recife-olinda project, utilizing the iddle harbor land in the center of the city to create new developments (highplan, 2004)

Porto Digital, 2000 - currently | NGPD

figure a13 | public bike system, project realized by the porto digital, via porto leve project (macedo, 2013)

figure a14 | electric car-sharing project realized by the porto digital, via porto leve project (macedo, 2013)

| 151

Novo Recife Project, 2008 | Consรณrcio Novo Recife

figure a15 | perspective of the novo recife project, new developments in the estelita docks creating contraction in the city (gl empreendimentos, 2009)

figure a16 | masterplan of the novo recife project, new developments in the estelita docks creating contraction in the city (gl empreendimentos, 2009) 152 |

Reurbanization of the Pilar Community, 2010 | Instituto da Cidade

figure a17 |view of the finished social housing in the pilar community (google streetview, 2017)

K

figure a18 |view of the finished social housing in the pilar community (google streetview, 2017)

L

L

K

figure a19 |3d view of the pilar community (google earth, 2018)

figure a20| perspective of the reurbanization of the pilar community (instituto da cidade, 2013) | 153

URBAN COMPARISON: DESCRIPTION OF THE QUALITY OF EXISTING STREETS The distribution of the streets is currently following some hierarchy, as the streets

The sector 3 has shorter sidewalks, especially in the areas around the harbor and

located on the fringe with the water carry the more massive traffic and the public

industries (figures A22, A23, A24). The combination of broad avenues, short side-

transportation (buses, BRT) with the Cais da Alfândega, Cais de Apolo and Alfredo

walks, and bad quality of the sidewalks (with steps, interruptions, and holes) ma-

Lisboa, and Militar avenues. They are responsible for the access of the four bridges

kes the walkability worse.

that connect the Bairro do Recife with the rest of the city. There are no bike lanes on them, and the sidewalks vary, approximately between 3.5 m and 5m, especially

On the other hand, most of the other streets have little or no clear hierarchy and

around the sector 1 and 2.

are just as wide they can be for cars to drive and park, making their sidewalks short (around 1.5 m). They are in better conditions in the sector, despite having some problems, and presenting more problems in the other areas as figures A25 shows, especially in the Pilar community area where there are no sidewalks or pavement of the street.

Moreover, there is no separation for bike lanes or public transit infrastructure, except for some railways left from the former tram lines that used to be present in some streets of sector 1. The greenery varies according to the street, but in general, there are few or no trees in the streets. In sector one, only the Bom Jesus, Moeda streets, as well as the Rio Branco and Marques de Olinda avenues present trees.

The sector 2 has basically no vegetation on the streets, whereas the sector 3 has punctual vegetation around the Brum Fort and the Cais de Apolo Avenue.

This avenue is the only street with separated lanes for public transportation, in that case, the BRT system. Despite not having any existing bike lane in the neighborhood, there are plans of creating two in the Rio Branco avenue (connecting to Santo Antonio and Boa Vista), and another in the south part of the Alfredo Lisboa Avenue, connecting with São José.

Currently, there are some „bike routes“ (free translation from the municipal nofigure a21| car parking in warehouse in sector 2 with a worker of the community of pilar (macedo, 2013)

154 |

menclature) located around the Warehouse Docks of the Recife Harbor. The socalled „bike routes“ are temporary lanes created in the weekends for leisure purposes.

figure a22| person with difficulty to cross the street in sector 3 (macedo, 2013)

figure a23| large steps and short sidewalk length in sector 3 (macedo, 2013)

figure a24| uneven level of sidewalks and steps in sector 2 (macedo, 2013)

figure a25| lack of sidewalk close to the pilar community in the sector 2 (macedo, 2013)

As an assumption, the quality of the sidewalk would not be a problem anymore, The ratio between building height and building distance varies along the neigh-

as they would be improved or extended. The greenery would be more present, as

borhood. In the occupations of the sector 1, the most densely built area has a ratio

well with trees on at least every 20 meters.

of around 3.0, but most of the neighborhood have low-density buildings, and even the towers at the Cais do Apolo Avenue are far away from each other.

The car-parking situation of building environments, as well as open spaces, would also be shifted. There is an increase of parking area and parking spots in every sec-

On the other areas, the situation is the opposite. Therefore, there is some influ-

tor, which would be in theory an opposite indicator in terms of the reduction of

ence in the denser areas of the neighborhood, but in others (sector 2 and 3) there

the car-oriented concept, however, if it is considered an estimation of car spots per

is no influence due to the few numbers of buildings and their heights.

inhabitant, it is possible to see that there is a reduction of 84% and if it is considered the total of jobs and inhabitants estimated, resulting in a reduction of 90%.

With the proposal, this would be significantly altered as many new buildings would be constructed in the neighborhood. The sector 2 would have more streets

As some of the residents in this area could work in a walking and biking distance

with 2.0 of proportion between building height and building distance. In sector

inside the neighborhood in the central ones surrounding the Bairro do Recife, as

three this should be similar for the most densely-built areas, because the buil-

well as the street connection and cyclomatic number for cars that would decrease

dings are high in the number of stories, but are as well more distant between

in opposition of pedestrians, the cars use could also be indirectly reduced, regard-

each other.

less of the car ownership pattern that could exist in the future.

| 155

On the other hand, the organization of car spots in mixed-use buildings could also be a profitable social business for lower-income families, following an already existing job system in the surroundings of the Pilar community.

CAR PARKING

EXISTING

PROPOSED DIFF.

> CONSOLIDATION

57,527.69 [m²]

297,762.43 [m²]

+418%

> RENOVATION

29,105.44 [m²]

195,466.62 [m²]

+572%

> EXTENSION

102,279.52 [m²]

674,392.33 [m²]

+559%

> TOTAL 188,912.65 [m²] 116,7621.38 [m²] +518% > ESTIMATION OF CAR SPOTS

3,8921 [spots]

EXISTING

PROPOSED

DIFF.

> CAR SPOTS PER INHABITANTS

10.46

1.64

-84%

> CAR SPOTS PER JOBS

0.92

2.85

208%

> SPOTS/ JOBS & INHABITANTS

21.78

2.21

-90%

figure a26| sector 3, low density buildings, with no daylight interference (macedo, 2013)

156 |

6,297 [spots]

figure a27| bom jesus street, one of the best examples of street greenery and densiy-built street (macedo, 2013)

[Final Thesis] Sustainable Urbanism Calculations CALCULATIONS [Renewable Energy as a Driver for Vibrant Communities & Affordable Housing]

URBAN INTERVENTION RESULTS BY INDICATOR

[TOTAL VALUES] [EXISTING vs. PROPOSED]

CONSOLIDATION AREA exisiting

NUMBER INDICATOR

1

District Coverage Ratio

2

Building Density

CONSOLIDATION AREA proposed

RENOVATION AREA exisitng

EXTENSION AREA existing

RENOVATION AREA proposed

EXTENSION AREA proposed

TOTAL EXISTING

0,37

0,38

0,47

0,40

0,18

0,31

1001,30

986,13

644,61

659,96

94,03

345,34

TOTAL PROPOSED

UNITS

COMPARISON

0,27

0,33

ratio

0.6 [Paris]

408,24

542,18

NE/km²

650 Winterhüde

>100 [Paris] [600 Venice

3.1

Connectivity of street network [CARS]

220

106

118

118

5

31

77

63

N/km²

3.2

Connectivity of street network [PEDESTRAINS]

273

319

128

251

5

169

92

213

N/km²

>100 [Paris] [600 Venice

4.1

Cyclomatic number [CARS]

182

137

77

92

10

15

63

58

1/km²

81 [Paris]

4.2

Cyclomatic number [PEDESTRAINS]

231

281

87

235

10

108

77

168

1/km²

81 [Paris]

5.1

Average distance between intersections [CARS]

63

75

99

103

272

194

179

141

m

150 [Paris]

5.2

Average distance between intersections [PEDESTRAINS]

65

61

92

66

272

89

178

74

m

150 [Paris]

6

Open Space per Inhabitant

19700

79

90

11

0

21

4781

32

m²/p

52 [Curitiba, BR]

6.0

Open Space Coverage Ratio

0,30

0,50

0,28

0,32

0,67

0,57

0,48

0,48

ratio

6.1

Green and Water Coverage Ratio

0,03

0,14

0,09

0,20

0,04

0,34

0,04

0,25

ratio

6.2

plazas/pedestrian streets/sportfields/playgrounds Coverage Ratio

0,12

0,34

0,00

0,11

0,00

0,19

0,03

0,21

ratio

(min) 10% [Recife]

6.3

Storage, Parking, no use Coverage Ratio

0,16

0,02

0,07

0,00

0,63

0,05

0,39

0,03

ratio

ideal 0

Street Coverage Ratio

0,33

0,12

0,25

0,28

0,14

0,12

0,20

0,14

ratio

(min) 20% [Recife]

66

0

17

5

6

2

89

7

NE

ideal 0

6.4

[to be added in 6.0]

32

3

20

2

12

13

64

18

NE

ideal 0

8.1

Proportion of buildings (persons) with more than 150 m to the next BUS stop Proportion of buildings (persons) with more than 150 m to the next BIKE stop BUILDINGS: Proportion of Offices

0,44

0,34

0,12

0,10

0,00

0,09

0,13

0,15

ratio

[to be added in 9.2]

8.2

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Housing

0,00

0,13

0,06

0,52

0,00

0,51

0,01

0,40

ratio

8.3

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Commercial

0,07

0,16

0,01

0,14

0,00

0,05

0,02

0,09

ratio

8.4

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Industries

0,00

0,00

0,49

0,00

0,08

0,00

0,13

0,00

ratio

[to be added in 9.3]

8.5

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Institutional

0,08

0,06

0,05

0,14

0,55

0,19

0,33

0,14

ratio

(min) 5% [Recife] [to be added in 9.1]

7.1 7.2

[to be added in 9.2]

8.6

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Cultural

0,10

0,10

0,01

0,05

0,03

0,04

0,04

0,05

ratio

8.7

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Hotels

0,00

0,11

0,00

0,06

0,00

0,01

0,00

0,04

ratio

[to be added in 9.2]

8.8

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Harbor

0,02

0,01

0,00

0,00

0,33

0,03

0,18

0,02

ratio

[to be added in 9.3]

8.9

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Car-parking

0,09

0,09

0,15

0,00

0,00

0,09

0,05

0,07

ratio

8.9.1

BUILDINGS: Proportion of No use

0,20

0,00

0,12

0,00

0,01

0,00

0,07

0,00

ratio

9.1

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Public Use

0,18

0,15

0,06

0,18

0,58

0,22

0,37

0,19

ratio

9.2

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Commercial/Offices/Hotels

0,52

0,62

0,12

0,29

0,00

0,15

0,15

0,28

ratio

9.3

BUILDINGS: Proportion of Industrial/harbor

0,02

0,01

0,49

0,00

0,41

0,03

0,31

0,02

ratio

9.4

Estimation of Residents

4

1656

598

5875

0

16261

602

23791

p

9.5

Estimation of Jobs

4128

5017

517

2665

2171

5991

6817

13672

p

10

Floor Area Ratio (Plot Ratio)

1,34

1,47

0,75

1,72

0,37

1,65

0,66

1,55

ratio

2.56 [Barcelona]

11

Population Density

0,2

62,8

30,6

300,6

0,0

278,0

5,52

218,26

p/ha

359 p/ha [Barcelona]

12

Estimation of Dwelling units

2

552

196

1958

0

5420

198

7930

DU

13

Housing Density

0,076

20,932

10,027

652,760

0,000

0,311

1,82

122,28

DU/ha

230 DU/ha [Barcelona]

14

Population per Dweeling Units

2,00

3,00

3,05

3,00

0,00

3,00

1,03

2,87

p/DU

1.56 p/DU [Barcelona]

15.1

Share of Private Open Spaces

0,06

0,03

0,14

0,11

0,65

0,06

0,39

0,06

ratio

15.2

Share of Semi-Private Open Spaces

0,00

0,01

0,00

0,01

0,00

0,02

0,00

0,02

ratio

15.3

Share of Public Open Spaces

0,24

0,35

0,02

0,19

0,03

0,44

0,07

0,36

ratio

15.4

Share of Accessible Open Spaces

0,24

0,36

0,02

0,20

0,03

0,46

0,07

* Total Area km²

0,26365674

0,19546662

0,58493221

0,37 1,04405557

ratio km²

| 157

[Final Thesis] Sustainable Urbanism Calculations

[Renewable Energy asRESULT a Driver for Vibrant Communities & Affordable Housing] ENERGY MODELS, ESTIMATION OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND ROOFTOP PV HARVESTING

[TOTAL VALUES]

[EXISTING vs. PROPOSED]

RESIDENTIAL 1.1: rooftop flor existing building

GUIDELINES

M1 - Orientation M2 - Percentage of Openings M3 - Shading system M4 - Roof Material M5 - Wall Material M6 - Ventilation aspect COMFORT III EN 15251 REACHED? Exceedance: COMMENT:

RESIDENTIAL 1.2: inner flor existing building

E-W

RESIDENTIAL 2.1: rooftop flor New building

E-W

E-W

40-50%

40-50%

Balcony File -

W8 (Rammed Earth)

E-W

E-W

10-60%

60-90%

INS R2

W6 (25cm h.brick)

Inf.:10/h + Stack vent.

Inf.10/h

YES YES None None * ENERGY SIMULATION WILL BE MADE WITH 40% OPENINGS

RESIDENTIAL 4.1: rooftop flor existing socialhousing

E-W

INS R2

-

YES YES [1%Exceedance] None * ENERGY SIMULATION WILL BE MADE WITH 40% OPENINGS

Inf.10/h

YES *YES* [2% Exceedance] Class II [1%] * ENERGY SIMULATION WILL BE MADE WITH 90% OPENINGS

ANNUAL ELECTRICITY ESTIMATION PV RENT SYSTEM

1.2 1.2

Midium Earthworth

1.617,45

1.608,63

707,99

707,99

707,99

16,34

16,34

16,34

16,34

17,80

17,80

36,52

36,52

35,78

35,58

11,17

11,17

11,17

11,17

11,17

11,17

15,66

15,66

15,66

15,66

-

-

-

-

-

1,02

1,16

27,51

27,51

27,51

28,97

28,97

53,20

52,25

52,60

51,24

15.177,24

57.855,98

284.747,47

57.855,98

284.747,47

62.089,51

119.606,72

139.622,71

644.166,14

2,17

5,92

2.696,58

7.364,76

774.911,94

9.424.798,75 51.354,04

51.354,04

4,43

4,43

293,87

5.032,70

10.521,17 143%

90%

125.254,89

605,93

12.274,98 10.521,17 29.149.024,90

150%

120%

70.028.712,82 237.144,57

4,43

1.438.886,31

136%

127%

40.351.945,14

10.521,17

10.521,17 11.950.992,02

1.678.861,13

5,61 13.287,74

4,43

5.032,70

10.521,17 11.950.992,02

390%

2,93

7.755,09 ONLY SIMULATED TO UNDERSTAND HOW SOCIAL HOUSING PROJECTS PERFORM. 9.924.310,37

4,43

697.834,16

SIMILAR RESULT TO THE OFFICE 3.1-3.2 MODELS: THEREFORE, ALL CALCULATION WILL ONLY TAKE 6.995,52 THEM INTO ACCOUNT. ***The artificial light 9.552.746,61 demand of models OFFICE 3.1-3.2 are higher, therefore 6.182,97 the intention is to make a conservative estimation***

5,92

2.998,63

23.240,17 10.521,17 55.187.729,41

79%

15%

79%

72%

3,50

3,50

3,50

2,68

2,68

514.193,59

8.805.994,12

8.805.994,12

1.060.232,02

21.478.228,88

40.664.642,72

7,00

2374,67

Area of Proposal [m²]

be made as original); (5) Historical Buildings with Rooftops that could not be altered (assumed to be important to the heritage legislation); (6) Areas of Rooftop of all typologies with interference from other buildings * SHARE OF NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: it was assumed that half of the constructions would follow the guidelines of Model 2.1 and 2.2, as the other half would follow the Model 3.1 and 3.2 * EXISTING MODERN BUILDINGS: It was assumed that they could be improved in the conditions of Model 3.1, 3.2 for residential buildings and 4.1, 4.2 for non-residential buildings. Therefore, the Gross Floor Area of those buildings were counted within sich models * Estimation of system size = area of PV panels [70% of rooftop area] x 1kW/m² x Efficiency [14%] * ENERGY PRICE CALCULATION:

Cost of Proposal

[m²]

[R$]

0,98

2544,84 R$

SELLING OF OWNED LAND PROPERTIES 2.497,25

179438 R$

22.729.362,06

1.5

Pluvial Water Drainage

12,40

235536 R$

2.920.643,30

1.6

Paving

1.6.1

Streets

5057,72 R$

5.234.841,35

1.6.2

Pedestrian Streets

1.035,02 90

174379,89 R$

15.694.190,10

1.6.3

Cycling Lanes

90

10445,70 R$

940.113,00

1.7

Street Lightining/ Energy

21,38

333206,65 R$

7.123.958,18

1.8

Demolitions

9,98

489622,02 R$

4.886.427,76

400

373559,68 R$

149.423.872,00

9.000

28049,07 R$

252.441.630,00

Plannning/ Approval

0,07

27,51 12.991,93

126,67

2.1

TOTAL

1.650,93

707,99

Sewage network

Squares, Playgrounds

[ASSUMED TO BE SOLVED BY CEILING FANS]

1.650,93

504,95

697.895,83

Water canal and Bridges

[389h EEXCEED.]

[ASSUMED TO BE SOLVED BY CEILING FANS]

YES [2% Exceedance]

804,66

902.309,20

1.9

NO YES NO 17% Eceedance [2% Exceedance] 17% Exceedance *NOT USED IN THE CALCULATIONS [ only * 393 HOURS OF reference] EXCEEDANCE

504,95

2.478.110,40

2.0

NO 4% exceedance * 24 HOURS OF EXCEEDANCE

W1 (5cm concrete)

Inf.:10/h + Stack vent.

804,66

179438 R$

3.1

1217 h Exceedance

NO 15% Exceedance * 345 HOURS OF EXCEEDANCE

INS R2 W2 (10cm concrete)

738,74

314658 R$

3.0

Inf.:10/h + Stack vent.

504,95

236490 R$

1.4

-

INS W5 (Ins.+19cm h.brick)

Inf.: 10/h + Stack

E-W 50-90%

738,74

2,95

Drinking Water Network

INS R2

W8 (Rammed Earth)

Inf.: 10/h

E-W 60-90%

Brise File + Lower openings with Venezians

504,95

7,88

Heavy Earthworth

1.3

-

INS W1 (ins.+5cm conc.)

Topographic work Light Earthworth

INS R2

E-W 10-20%

Balcony File + Venezians in middle openings

OFFICE 3.2: inner flor new building

738,74

5,03

1.2

-

E-W 40-50%

OFFICE 3.1: rooftop flor new building

504,95

-

[R$/m²] 1.1

E-W 40-50% Balcony File

OFFICE 2.2: inner flor new building

738,74

THE URBAN PROPOSAL COSTS COSTS OF OF URBAN PROPOSAL Unitary Price

E-W

OFFICE 2.1: rooftop flor new building

504,95

* PV PANEL HAVESTING [MWh/year] Assumed to be 70% of the roof surface + polycrystalline panels placed horizontal * ROOFTOP AVAILABILITY FOR PV PANELS: Criteria for selection considered (1) All new buildings (2) Existing buildings with flat roofs (3) Historical buildings with clearly altered rooftops. NOT CONSIDERED: (4) Historical Buildings without existing rooftop (assumed to be asked to

SERVICES

OFFICE 1.2: inner flor existing heritage building

10%

NO YES 20% Exceedance None * IS CONSIDERED DEMOLISHED IN THE PLAN [only reference]

[ RESIDENTIAL 2.1; 2.2; 3.1; 3.2 are considered to built in equal rates]

UNIT Light Consumption [kWh/year] UNIT Equipment Cons. [kWh/year] Light Consumption [kWh/m²year] Equipment Cons. [kWh/m²year] Ceiling Fan Cons. [kWh/m²year] Consumption [kWh/m²year] m² use in the neighborhood [m²] Average Number of Floors Unit Block Consumption [kWh/year] TOTAL DISTRICT CONSUMPTION [kWh/year] Area of Harvesting [m²] Block Unit Size of System [kW] Total Size of System [kW] UNIT Block PV panels harvesting [kWh/year] TOTAL DISTRICT PV panels harvesting [kWh/year] Block Unit with PV -Energy Offset [%] Energy Offset [%] Payback Period [years] TOTAL HARVESTING NOT SENT TO RENTERS [kWh/year] Payback Period [years] * Annual global horizontal solar radiation [kWh/m²]

E-W

OFFICE 1.1: rooftop flor existing heritage building

Balcony File INS R2

W2 (10cm concrete) Inf.:10/h + Stack vent.

RESIDENTIAL 4.2: inner flor existing Social housing

E-W

20-90% Brise File

INS W5 (Ins.+19cm h.brick)

Inf.: 3/h

RESIDENTIAL 3.2: inner flor new building

RESIDENTIAL 3.1: rooftop flor New building

Balcony File

INS R2 Inf.: 10/h + Stack

RESIDENTIAL 2.2: inner flor new building

9,27 TOTAL COSTS PAYBACK INVESTMENT WITH INTERESTS

1.044.055,57

R$

9.679.624,28

R$

475.155.474,70

R$

513.167.912,68

* Unitary numbers based on PINI Table (Gama da Costa, 2017) 158 |

TOTAL AREAS OF PROPOSAL [owned properties] INDICATOR

CONSOLIDATION

RENOVATION

EXTENSION

TOTAL

OWN TERRAINS AREA (Aos) [m²]

OWN TERRAINS AREA (Aos) [m²]

OWN TERRAINS AREA (Aos) [m²]

OWN TERRAINS AREA (Aos) [m²]

SELLING PRICE [R$/m²]

SELLING PRICE [R$/m²]

Properties of Urbanization Predominantly Offices

0

1869

16636

18505

2630

R$

48.674.614,79

Predominantly Housing

0

31197

107665

138862

6835

R$

949.121.770,00

Strictly Commercial

0

0

0

0

2630

R$

Institutional/Cultural

DONATED

DONATED

DONATED

DONATED

DONATED

R$

Predominantly Hotel

6698

2852

1009

10559

2630

R$

DONATED

DONATED

DONATED

DONATED

DONATED

R$

Predominantly Car-parking

Harbor

1818

0

8497

10315

2630

R$

TOTAL

8516

35918

133807

178241

VALID

R$

*SHARE OF PROPERTY AREA EQUIVALENT TO TOTAL PAYBACK

* Selling and Renting Prices taken by FIPEZAP (2019) * Building Costs based on CUPE table for the city of Recife (PINI, 2019)

27.773.858,83 27.132.053,58 1.052.702.297,20 48,7%

25-YEAR SCENARIO | PV PANEL LEASING SYSTEM + MONEY SENT TO AFFORDABLE HOUSING FUND

RENT PV SYSTEM [for residential homes in the city] & ALLOCATED MONEY FOR THE AFFORDABLE HOUSING FUND Electricity Generated [kWh]

PAYBACK | COST-BENEFIT [RENTAL SYSTEM]

Year

TOTAL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Combined Annual Mean

Electricity not sent to User [kWh]

User Annual Savings [R$]

Produced Annual Income [R$]

Estimated Annual Costs [R$]

INCOME PER YEAR

Cummulative Summ

[R$]

[R$]

MONEY SENT TO THE FUND [R$]

55.187.729

40.664.643

R$

10.513.274,22

R$

29.437.167,81

R$

8.831.150,34

R$

20.606.017,46 -R$

119.299.793,05

R$

-

54.635.852

40.257.996

R$

10.408.141,47

R$

29.142.796,13

R$

8.742.838,84

R$

20.399.957,29 -R$

98.899.835,76

R$

-

54.089.494

39.855.416

R$

10.304.060,06

R$

28.851.368,17

R$

8.655.410,45

R$

20.195.957,72 -R$

78.703.878,05

R$

-

53.548.599

39.456.862

R$

10.201.019,46

R$

28.562.854,49

R$

8.568.856,35

R$

19.993.998,14 -R$

58.709.879,91

R$

-

53.013.113

39.062.294

R$

10.099.009,26

R$

28.277.225,94

R$

8.483.167,78

R$

19.794.058,16 -R$

38.915.821,75

R$

-

52.482.982

38.671.671

R$

9.998.019,17

R$

27.994.453,68

R$

8.398.336,10

R$

19.596.117,58 -R$

19.319.704,17

R$

51.958.152

38.284.954

R$

9.898.038,98

R$

27.714.509,14

R$

8.314.352,74

R$

19.400.156,40

R$

80.452,23

R$

72.407,01

51.438.570

37.902.104

R$

9.799.058,59

R$

27.437.364,05

R$

8.231.209,22

R$

19.206.154,84

R$

19.286.607,07

R$

17.285.539,35

-

50.924.185

37.523.083

R$

9.701.068,00

R$

27.162.990,41

R$

8.148.897,12

R$

19.014.093,29

R$

38.300.700,36

R$

17.112.683,96

50.414.943

37.147.852

R$

9.604.057,32

R$

26.891.360,51

R$

8.067.408,15

R$

18.823.952,36

R$

57.124.652,71

R$

16.941.557,12

49.910.793

36.776.374

R$

9.508.016,75

R$

26.622.446,90

R$

7.986.734,07

R$

18.635.712,83

R$

75.760.365,55

R$

16.772.141,55

49.411.685

36.408.610

R$

9.412.936,58

R$

26.356.222,43

R$

7.906.866,73

R$

18.449.355,70

R$

94.209.721,25

R$

16.604.420,13

48.917.568

36.044.524

R$

9.318.807,22

R$

26.092.660,21

R$

7.827.798,06

R$

18.264.862,15

R$

112.474.583,40

R$

16.438.375,93

48.428.393

35.684.079

R$

9.225.619,15

R$

25.831.733,61

R$

7.749.520,08

R$

18.082.213,53

R$

130.556.796,92

R$

16.273.992,17

47.944.109

35.327.238

R$

9.133.362,95

R$

25.573.416,27

R$

7.672.024,88

R$

17.901.391,39

R$

148.458.188,31

R$

16.111.252,25

47.464.668

34.973.966

R$

9.042.029,32

R$

25.317.682,11

R$

7.595.304,63

R$

17.722.377,48

R$

166.180.565,79

R$

15.950.139,73

46.990.021

34.624.226

R$

8.951.609,03

R$

25.064.505,29

R$

7.519.351,59

R$

17.545.153,70

R$

183.725.719,49

R$

15.790.638,33

46.520.121

34.277.984

R$

8.862.092,94

R$

24.813.860,24

R$

7.444.158,07

R$

17.369.702,16

R$

201.095.421,66

R$

15.632.731,95

46.054.920

33.935.204

R$

8.773.472,01

R$

24.565.721,63

R$

7.369.716,49

R$

17.196.005,14

R$

218.291.426,80

R$

15.476.404,63 15.321.640,58

45.594.370

33.595.852

R$

8.685.737,29

R$

24.320.064,42

R$

7.296.019,32

R$

17.024.045,09

R$

235.315.471,89

R$

45.138.427

33.259.893

R$

8.598.879,92

R$

24.076.863,77

R$

7.223.059,13

R$

16.853.804,64

R$

252.169.276,53

R$

15.168.424,18

44.687.042

32.927.294

R$

8.512.891,12

R$

23.836.095,13

R$

7.150.828,54

R$

16.685.266,59

R$

268.854.543,13

R$

15.016.739,93 14.866.572,54

44.240.172

32.598.022

R$

8.427.762,21

R$

23.597.734,18

R$

7.079.320,25

R$

16.518.413,93

R$

285.372.957,05

R$

43.797.770

32.272.041

R$

8.343.484,59

R$

23.361.756,84

R$

7.008.527,05

R$

16.353.229,79

R$

301.726.186,84

R$

43.359.793

31.949.321

R$

8.260.049,74

R$

23.128.139,27

R$

6.938.441,78

R$

16.189.697,49

R$

317.915.884,33

R$

14.570.727,74

1.226.153.469,86

903.481.504,11

R$

R$

654.030.992,64

R$

196.209.297,79

R$

R$

286.124.295,90

49.046.138,79

36.139.260,16

233.582.497,37 9.343.299,89

26.161.239,71

7.848.371,91

457.821.694,85 18.312.867,79

R$

14.717.906,81

11.444.971,84

| 159

PAYBACK | COST-BENEFIT [RENTAL SYSTEM]

25-YEAR SCENARIO | ASSOCIATION BUILT-UP AREA RENT + MONEY SENT TO AFFORDABLE HOUSING FUND

TOTAL

160 |

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Combined An. Mean

SOCIAL RENT CLASS I [0% of market price]

SOCIAL RENT CLASS II [25% of market price]

SOCIAL RENT CLASS III [75% of market price]

Free-Market RENT *0,5% increase/year

Estimated Annual Costs

INCOME PER YEAR

Cummulative Summ

[R$]

[R$]

[R$]

[R$]

[R$]

[R$]

[R$]

R$

-

R$

6.434.869,76

R$

12.869.739,53

R$

76.756.028,15 -R$

15.351.205,63

R$

80.709.431,80 -R$

1.402.815.643,61

R$

-

R$

6.467.044,11

R$

12.934.088,22

R$

77.139.808,29 -R$

15.427.961,66

R$

81.112.978,96 -R$

1.321.702.664,64

R$

-

R$

6.499.379,33

R$

12.998.758,66

R$

77.525.507,33 -R$

15.505.101,47

R$

81.518.543,86 -R$

1.240.184.120,78

R$

-

R$

6.531.876,23

R$

13.063.752,46

R$

77.913.134,86 -R$

15.582.626,97

R$

81.926.136,58 -R$

1.158.257.984,21

R$

-

R$

6.564.535,61

R$

13.129.071,22

R$

78.302.700,54 -R$

15.660.540,11

R$

82.335.767,26 -R$

1.075.922.216,95

R$

-

R$

6.597.358,29

R$

13.194.716,58

R$

78.694.214,04 -R$

15.738.842,81

R$

82.747.446,10 -R$

993.174.770,85

R$

-

R$

6.630.345,08

R$

13.260.690,16

R$

79.087.685,11 -R$

15.817.537,02

R$

83.161.183,33 -R$

910.013.587,52

R$

-

R$

6.663.496,80

R$

13.326.993,61

R$

79.483.123,54 -R$

15.896.624,71

R$

83.576.989,24 -R$

826.436.598,28

R$

-

R$

6.696.814,29

R$

13.393.628,58

R$

79.880.539,16 -R$

15.976.107,83

R$

83.994.874,19 -R$

742.441.724,09

R$

-

R$

6.730.298,36

R$

13.460.596,72

R$

80.279.941,85 -R$

16.055.988,37

R$

84.414.848,56 -R$

658.026.875,53

R$

-

R$

6.763.949,85

R$

13.527.899,70

R$

80.681.341,56 -R$

16.136.268,31

R$

84.836.922,80 -R$

573.189.952,72

R$

-

R$

6.797.769,60

R$

13.595.539,20

R$

81.084.748,27 -R$

16.216.949,65

R$

85.261.107,42 -R$

487.928.845,30

R$

-

R$

6.831.758,45

R$

13.663.516,90

R$

81.490.172,01 -R$

16.298.034,40

R$

85.687.412,96 -R$

402.241.432,35

R$

-

R$

6.865.917,24

R$

13.731.834,48

R$

81.897.622,87 -R$

16.379.524,57

R$

86.115.850,02 -R$

316.125.582,33

R$

-

R$

6.900.246,83

R$

13.800.493,66

R$

82.307.110,98 -R$

16.461.422,20

R$

86.546.429,27 -R$

229.579.153,06

R$

-

R$

6.934.748,06

R$

13.869.496,12

R$

82.718.646,54 -R$

16.543.729,31

R$

86.979.161,42 -R$

142.599.991,64

R$

-

R$

6.969.421,80

R$

13.938.843,60

R$

83.132.239,77 -R$

16.626.447,95

R$

87.414.057,22 -R$

R$

-

R$

7.004.268,91

R$

14.008.537,82

R$

83.547.900,97 -R$

16.709.580,19

R$

87.851.127,51

R$

-

R$

7.039.290,26

R$

14.078.580,51

R$

83.965.640,47 -R$

16.793.128,09

R$

88.290.383,15

R$

120.955.576,24

R$

-

R$

7.074.486,71

R$

14.148.973,41

R$

84.385.468,68 -R$

16.877.093,74

R$

88.731.835,06

R$

209.687.411,30

R$

-

R$

7.109.859,14

R$

14.219.718,28

R$

84.807.396,02 -R$

16.961.479,20

R$

89.175.494,24

R$

298.862.905,54

R$

-

R$

7.145.408,44

R$

14.290.816,87

R$

85.231.433,00 -R$

17.046.286,60

R$

89.621.371,71

R$

388.484.277,25

R$

-

R$

7.181.135,48

R$

14.362.270,96

R$

85.657.590,17 -R$

17.131.518,03

R$

90.069.478,57

R$

478.553.755,82

R$

-

R$

7.217.041,16

R$

14.434.082,31

R$

86.085.878,12 -R$

17.217.175,62

R$

90.519.825,96

R$

569.073.581,78

R$

-

R$

7.253.126,36

R$

14.506.252,72

R$

86.516.307,51 -R$

17.303.261,50

R$

90.972.425,09

R$

660.046.006,87

-

170.904.446,15

R$

R$

2.038.572.179,80 -R$

407.714.435,96

R$

-

6.836.177,85

81.542.887,19 -

16.308.577,44

341.808.892,30 13.672.355,69

2.143.571.082,28 85.742.843,29

R$

55.185.934,42 32.665.193,09

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

Sector

STAKEHOLDERS State of Pernambuco Government

Autorities & Institutions

City of Recife Government SEPLAN/Intituto da Cidade/Aries/NGPD IPHAN/Secult/FUNDARPE/DPPC ANEEL/Celpe/SEMA/PCS

FOCUS

INTEREST [State Politicians]

MANAGEMENT

POWER 2,0

10,0

Keep constant dialogue and inform how the project is benefitial to the population

[City Politicians]

4,0

9,0

Authorities [Urban Planning]

9,0

6,0

Authorities [Heritage]

8,0

6,0

Authorities [Energy & Environment]

6,0

6,0

Tribunal Regional Federal, Advocacia Geral da União, Receita Federal, Recife City Hall, Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco, Capitania dos Portos, Superintendência da Polícia Federal, Fire Department

On-site authorities

2,0

7,0

Keep constant dialogue and inform how the project is benefitial to the population

Nossa Senhora do Pilar Municipal School, Cais do Sertão, Centro de Artesanato de Pernambuco, Sinagoge Kahal Zur Israel, Paço do Frevo, Embaixada de Pernambuco, Museu Militar, Caixa Cultural, Chanteclair Institute, Hermilo Borba Filho Theater, Apolo Theater, Associação Comercial de Pernambuco [cultural center], Francisco Brennand Sculpture Park, Memorial da Justica de Pernambuco, CESAR, Igreja católica [Madre de Deus + Pilar]

On-site Institutions [Cultural, Religious & Educational]

6,0

4,0

Integrate the stakeholders into the project by listening to needs and desires

Porto Digital

Innovation/Technologial Center + promoter of projects and interventions

9,0

It ts the developer institution of the Project, connecting stakeholder and 8,0 managing the executing and mantenance of it

Transportation institutions

7,0

3,0

Harbor

3,0

Propose way to coexist in a more beneficial way to the neighborhood, keeping 8,0 constant dialogue and informing how the proposal and their adaptation is important to the development of the area

Land owners

7,0

7,0

Buying the terrain or cooperating towards a partnership for the development of the project

Investors

6,0

7,0

Being transparent and trying to include investments from different sources in a way that there is no main investor that can impose changes unecessary to the project

Offices, commercial & service Companies

6,0

Possible users of the built-up space, keep 2,0 informed about the benefits of the project to the population and their interests

Grande Recife Consórcio de Tansporte, BikePE, Carro Leve, Porto Leve

Harbor of Recife

Private Land-owners Private investors, MCI, Angels Club, Dapes, Veneza Investimentos, Athena, Smartus; [crowdfunding] Urbe.me, Bloxs, etc.

Restaurants, stores, offices, supermarkets, butcheries, groceries, good manufactures/repair, etc.

Work closely towards approval and requirements of the stakeholder

Integrate the stakeholders into the project by adapting the project to their needs

| 161

Aut

Memorial da Justica de Pernambuco, CESAR, Igreja católica [Madre de Deus + Pilar]

Porto Digital Grande Recife Consórcio de Tansporte, BikePE, Carro Leve, Porto Leve

Harbor of Recife

Private Land-owners Private investors, MCI, Angels Club, Dapes, Veneza Investimentos, Athena, Smartus; [crowdfunding] Urbe.me, Bloxs, etc.

NGO's / Associations

Private Sector

Restaurants, stores, offices, supermarkets, butcheries, groceries, good manufactures/repair, etc.

Green Power, Blue sun brasil, Insole Energia Solar, Globalsun, JPK Energy, Sunlight, Engesol, ATP Solar, etc.

Other

9,0

8,0

It ts the developer institution of the Project, connecting stakeholder and managing the executing and mantenance of it

Transportation institutions

7,0

3,0

Integrate the stakeholders into the project by adapting the project to their needs

Harbor

3,0

Propose way to coexist in a more beneficial way to the neighborhood, keeping 8,0 constant dialogue and informing how the proposal and their adaptation is important to the development of the area

Land owners

7,0

7,0

Investors

6,0

Being transparent and trying to include investments from different sources in a 7,0 way that there is no main investor that can impose changes unecessary to the project

Offices, commercial & service Companies

6,0

Possible users of the built-up space, keep 2,0 informed about the benefits of the project to the population and their interests

PV Companies

10,0

Buying the terrain or cooperating towards a partnership for the development of the project

2,0

Partnership or purchase service from the companies

Sete&Oito, Fertine, SCS, AM Máquinas, Oceanus, Bom On-site industries & logistic companies Gosto - Pilar Factory, Posto petrobras, Posto Recife Antigo

-

6,0

Buying the terrain or cooperating towards a partnership for the development of the project. Also informing way the transformations are benefitial to the city, which can indirectly improve their business

S2, Zygmunt kratz, Gedeão Pontes, Life Imóveis, Imobiliária Madre de Deus, Cemape, etc.

Real-estate companies

9,0

4,0

Operate the "free market units" as their regular business

Armazens do Porto, Recife Antigo Hostel [on-site], Hotel Azul Fusca, [on-site], Mangue Oranje Hostel [onsite], Recife Plaza Hotel, IBIS, etc.

Touristic companies

9,0

Possible users of the built-up space, keep 3,0 informed about the benefits of the project to the population and their interests

Sam, VL, Dallas, Luna, Carrilho- Aliança Colonial, Romarco, Santo Antonio, Queiroz Galvão, Moura Dubeux, etc.

Building Companies

10,0

MTST, FICA, MNLN, Habitat Brasil

5,0

purchase service from the companies

Social Movements

5,0

5,0

OcupeEstelita Movement

3,0

6,0

On-site Event Stakeholders

2,0

Keep constant dialogue and inform how 1,0 the project is benefitial to the environment & population

Environmental NGOs

4,0

3,0

Citizens

5,0

2,0

Low-income Population

Low-income population

6,0

1,0

Neighborhood Residents Tourists Media

Neighborhood Residents

10,0

1,0

Tourists

6,0

2,0

Media

4,0

7,0

OcupeEstelita Carnaval [Galo da Madrugada, Afoxé, Maracatú], street markets, shows, parties, celebrations, [Local ]: CEPAN, IBRAEMA; [national approach, outside Recife]: America do Sol, Greenpeace, Insolar, Winrock International Brazil, Renove Citizens

162 |

Innovation/Technologial Center + promoter of projects and interventions

Keep informed how the project is beneficial to the population Keep informed how the project is beneficial to the population, also of low income strata Keep informed how the project is beneficial to the population