Architectural Thesis on design of AIFF International Football stadium, New Delhi

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work presented in the thesis project entitled “AIFF STADIUM COMPLEX, NEW DELHI” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor Architecture of Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi is an authentic work carried out under my supervision and guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis project does not form a basis for the award of any previous Degree to anyone else.

Dr. Smriti Mishra DepartmentofArchitecture

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi

The thesis project as mentioned above is hereby approved as a creditable study of project work and has been presented in a satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. (External

Head of the Department of Architecture,

Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The compilation of my thesis project would have been a distant possibility had I not received support from various quarters. I would like to express my heart felt gratitude to all of them.

First of all, I would like to thank my Family for being the constant support and source of encouragement and encouraging me in moments of success and believing in me in times of failure.

I take this opportunity to thank my guide Dr. Smriti Mishra for helping me out in difficulties and showing me the right direction. My thanks also go to all other faculty members who helped me in the development of my project.

I also thank our H.O.D. Dr. Satyaki Sarkar for his endless support.

I thank my friends for making my journey through architecture a memorable one.

I thank all my classmates, juniors and seniors for the love and support they gave me in these last five years of association.

I am highly indebted to Taha, Ankit, Suren and Rohith without whose help I would never have been able to complete my thesis successfully.

Finally, I would like to thank everyone who has directly or indirectly contributed in the making of this project.

ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW:

Football (or soccer as the game is called in some parts of the world) has a long history. Football in its current form arose in England in the middle of the 19th century. But alternative versions of the game existed much earlier and are a part of the football history. Football is the world’s most popular ball game in numbers of participants and spectators. Simple in its principal rules and essential equipment, the sport can be played almost anywhere, from official football playing fields (pitches) to gymnasiums, streets, school playgrounds, parks, or beaches. Football’s governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), estimated that at the turn of the 21st century there were approximately 250 million football players and over 3.3 billion people “interested” in football; in 2010 a combined television audience of more than 2.6 billion watched footballs’ premier tournament, the quadrennial month long World Cup finals.

1.2

HISTORYOFFOOTBALL:

The contemporary history of the world's favorite game spans more than 100 years. It all began in 1863 in England, when rugby football and association football branched off on their different courses and the Football Association in England was formed becoming the sport's first governing body. Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have a long and intricately branched ancestral tree. A search down the centuries reveals at least half a dozen different games, varying to different degrees, and to which the historical development of football has been traced back. Whether this can be justified in some instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball about for thousands of years and there is absolutely no reason to consider it an aberration of the more 'natural' form of playing a ball with the hands.

The Greek 'Episkyros' of which few concrete details survive was much livelier, as was the Roman 'Harpastum'. The latter was played out with a smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines and a center line. The objective was to get the ball over the opposition's boundary lines and as players passed it between themselves, trickery was the order of the day. The game remained popular for 700 800 years, but, although the Romans took it to Britain with them, the use of feet was so small as to scarcely be of consequence. International matches were being staged in Great Britain before football had hardly been heard of in Europe. The first was played in 1872 and was contested by England and Scotland.

This sudden boom of organized football accompanied by staggering crowds of spectators brought with it certain problems with which other countries did not face until much later on.

The spread of football outside of Great Britain, mainly due to the British influence abroad, started slowly, but it soon gathered momentum and rapidly reached all parts of the world.

By the late 1930s there were 51 FIFA members; in 1950, after the interval caused by the Second World War, that number had reached 73. Over the next half century, football's popularity continued to attract new devotees and at the end of the 2007 FIFA Congress, FIFA had 208 members in every part of the world.

1.3 HISTORY OF FOOTBALLIN INDIA:

Football in India dates back to the nineteenth century when the game was introduced by the British soldiers. Although Cricket is the most popular game in the country even today, football is widely celebrated in many parts of the country especially West Bengal, Goa, Kerala and the North Eastern states.

Soon, other clubs like Mohun Bagan, Sovabazar and the Aryan Club came into existence and Calcutta became the epicenter of Indian football. To glorify the beautiful game, several tournaments cropped up, among those, the Trades Cup, The Cooch Behar Cup, The Durand Cup and the IFA Shield took the spotlight. Sovabazar became the first team to win the Trades Cup, in 1982. But it was in 1911 that India made a mark in football.

During the 1970’s, India club football was at its peak, with Mohun Bagan, East Bengal and Mohammedan Sporting Club being the three most active clubs with huge fan bases throughout the country. East Bengal won the1973IFAShieldedgingpast PyongyangCity SportsClubwhile MohunBagan won the1978edition by having the better of FC Ararat Yerevan of Soviet Union, becoming the first Indian team to win the title against a Non Asian team after Independence.

1977 was a special year for Indian football. First, Brazilian legend Pele set his foot for the first time on Indian soil for an exhibition match against Mohun Bagan AC for his club New York Cosmos. The Kolkata giants played exceptionally well to hold the North American side 2 2 in front of 70,000 people at the Eden Gardens stadium. It was also in that year that the AIFF started the Federation Cup, back then it was the most prestigious club tournament in India. ITI Bangalore won the inaugural edition of the tournament by virtue of a 1 0 win against Mohun Bagan in the final.

The Nehru Cup was started by the All India Football Federation in 1982, which was a tournament involving International teams from around the globe. Uruguay won the inaugural edition of the cup defeating China in the final. The 1980’s and 1990’s saw a huge decline Indian football as they failed to hold onto their position in Asia and suffered heavy defeatsin International fixtures. After several years of trophy drought, the “Blue

Tigers” finally won the Nehru Cup in 2007 after defeating Syria 1 0 on the final. The Indian Super League is the latest development of Indian football; it is a franchise based football competition which started in 2014 with 8 teams. Gradually, the ISL expanded and 10 teams are currently playing in the league. The ISL and the I League are being played simultaneously. A proposed Indian Super Cup is set to begin which will include teams from both the leagues.

1. STADIUM DESIGN CONSIDERATION

2.1

STUDY OF STADIUM FORMS

2.1.1 ANCIENT GREECE (ANCIENT ERA)

The stadiums of ancient Greece, often carved out of hillsides to allow a clear view, fostered civic and religious engagement. In 776 B.C. Olympia first drew the Greek world to its games, which were banned as pagan a millennium later.

3 COLOSSEUM

2.1.2 COLOSSEUM (ANCIENT ERA)

1 Stadium at Olympia

Roman gladiators fought their battles in arenas, a term derived from the Latin word for "sand," whichsoakedupthebloodspilledintheirdeadlycontests.StadiumsacrosstheRomanEmpireweredesigned tomaximizespectacle, entertaining and distracting restless populations.

2.1.3 PANATHENAIC STADIUM (ANCIENT ERA)

Pierre de Coubertin's revival of the Olympic Games in 1896 also restored stadiums to their place as important civic buildings. The increasingly urbanized public wanted more entertainment, and the industrial revolution's iron, steel, and technology went toward providing it in huge edifices. 7 PANATHENAIC STADIUM 5 ASTRODOME

2.1.4 ASTRODOME (1970s)

Financial pressures and growing television audiences became the drivers of architectural innovation in stadium design. Stadiums also began to be seen as opportunities for governments and urban planners to boost city fortunes with economically productive sports facilities.

2.1.5

MUNICH OLYMPIASTADION (1980s)

Worried that shadows from an opaque roof would make it difficult to film the 1972 Olympics in color, builders used translucent Plexiglas instead.

2.1.6

SKYDOME (1990s)

NowcalledRogersCentre, thestadiumwasthefirst withafullyfunctionalretractable roof, which takes 20 minutes to open or close.

2.1.7 BIRD’S NEST STADIUM (2000s)

Since the 2008 Olympics, the stadium has lured more tourists than athletes with attractions like a winter carnival, a wax museum, and Segway tours. Stadiums have become more about mass entertainment and civic identities.

2.1.8 FISHT STADIUM (2010s)

Built to host the 2014 Winter Olympics, the stadium has been redesigned and the roof removed for the 2018 World Cup. It again has many amenities like stadium view restaurants, a hotel and even a mall.

11 BIRD'S NEST

2.2 LOCATIONSTRATEGY

13 FISHT STADIUM

The location of a new stadium is a primarily a decision based on Urban Development. Different criteria have to be accessed before choosing an ideal site. In addition to topographical, historical and socio cultural conditions, important reference points include good transport links via main roads, motorways and public transport as well as the distance to the airport and central station in the same manner as when choosing location for trade fair areas, large exhibition spaces. If the stadium is not only to be used solely for local events, then it must also be easily accessible

or visitors from abroad. The examples show three German and one Brazilian city where major sports events are held on a regular basis.

14 LOCATION

2.3 URBANCONTEXT

Any decision regarding the integration of a stadium into urban planning not only depends upon the available plot area and its intended use, but follows the same logic as applied to the role that the stadium is to play in its immediate vicinity. This is true because of the fact that Olympic Parks because they are as relevant now as they were 1000 years ago.

If the stadium is situated in a residential area, conflicts over noise pollution or vehicle parking space come into play. Hence, it’s important to organize open spaces around the stadium to prevent congestion.

2.4 BUILDINGFORMANALYSIS

When designing even a normal building, the floor plan’s form plays a very important factor. The shape or the form of a stadium depends on various factors such as the size of land, the intended use and the arrangement of the accompanying stands. The seating type plays an important role in deciding the stadium form. Essentially, two types of forms can be identified. The 400M Oval Olympic type stadium and the Rounded Rectangle (best for Football). Many of the stadiums in India are formed from the Olympic type as many athletic events are also done on them. The chosen form is the Rounded Rectangle form (with minimal variation).

16 BUILDING FORM ANALYSIS

2.5 SPECTATORACCESSIBILITY

When we consider the accessibility of a Football stadium, there has to be a proper distinction between spectators and service providers in order to guarantee smooth functioning of the stadium. These would also depend on the no. of tiers and the internal organization of spaces. In addition to these gangways, integrated vormitories have to be provided. Particular attention has

17 ACCESSIBILITY

to be provided when designing the stands’ accessibility. Wide paths 2.5M, ramps for specially abled, emergency ramps, elevators and escalators must be provided. Meanwhile, athletes reach the stadium from one longitudinal end to the playing field via a tunnel. In the case of an emergency, barriers and single entry access control systems must not constitute an obstacle, and, it must be possible to open doors in the direction of exit.

The division of access should be separated into gangways, vormitories, and no. of tiers for proper distinction and segregation spectators and service providers.

2.6 TIERDIVISION

Depending on the design concept and the size and capacity of the stadium, grandstands can be distributed over multiple tiers. Tiers refer to the levels of spectator seats that are placed one on top of the other.

Stadiums initially had one single tier embedded into the landscape, then they started to be made of concrete in the Modern Era as shown in 2.1.5. Capacity is dependent on the purpose of use, for example in the Premier League a minimum of 20,000 is mandatory and for international games, 30,000 is the minimum recommended capacity. Since we need to design an international venue, a capacity of 50,000 is selected as the optimum capacity.

As the capacity of a stadium increases, we need to add more tiers to the stadium, hence the upper tiers have a really bad sightline. In such a situation, we have two options to consider, one is increasing the angles of inclination of these tiers and the other is we can create the bowl to be waveform like. Here, increasing the angle of inclination is considered.

2.7

SEATINGANDBALUSTRADES

Spectator seating quality and comfort plays a vital role in deciding whether going to that particular stadium is enjoyable and worth it. Stadium seating has evolved from continuous benches to individual seats made of unbreakable and fire proof materials.

The width of seats here according to the FIFA manual is 400mm per person and the horizontal distance between two seats in different rows is 700mm. Stadium seating is integrated into the stadium design and often color coded.

Here, while designing seating, universal accessibility is of primary importance. Such wheelchair spaces are placed either on the highest edge of a tier or the lower tier. Part of the wheelchair spaces should be designed in such a way such that there is space for an accompanying person.

The lower tiers also must have handrails made completely of glass with proper line of sight adjustment. Additional areas in the seating must be provided for the media and photographers. They can either be desks with a folding seat or by temporarily extending the seats to accommodate the media.

2.8 VIPBOXES&SKYBOXES

Most boxes with seating are arranged between individual spectator stands and contain special catering areas for guests of honor in the form of VIP lounges. A box refers to a small room with seats and has an open frontage, while the term lounge refers to an exclusive recreational area.

These can often be combined to create a lounge with an open frontage which is the case here. It is preferable to provide a small screen with the live telecast of the match. The service Kitchen area is located in an adjacent room for fast service. A typical lounge also has a cloakroom and a bar.

Separate Toilets have to be provided in the skyboxes and lounges. Service personnel provide guests with beverages and food. So spaces for the personnel should be provided.

These spaces can be used in non game days as either conference rooms, meeting rooms, and guestrooms. Hence they should be planned before in such a way to accommodate two types of user bases. For example, the Allianz Arena has special wallpapers of artificial turf and lamps designed as floodlights.

These spaces can also be designed as a showpiece for business clients hence increasing the economic viability of the design.

2.9 STRUCTUREANDSUPPORTSYSTEMS

Load bearing structures with large span distances are necessary to obtain a view from the auditorium of the event field, that is as far as feasible, unobstructed by columns. The static solutions are derived from the bridge construction, industrial construction or the construction of large warehouses.

But the main difference is that while the aforementioned construction types need not be elegant, stadiums should be aesthetically pleasing. The outcome of a structural stadium design is the outcome of structural engineers and architects. Influencing factors to be considered are length of dead weight of a beam, wind loads on the beams, or floodlight loads and loads due to additional structures. The six examples shown below are regarded as the most structurally advanced stadiums. The most widely geographically accepted designs are static designs with fixed beams, and a mounting height of the roof which is as low as possible.

2.10 SEPARATIONOFPLATFORM/FIELD

In order to prevent spectators and guests from gaining access to the playing field various types of measurements can be taken. But the spectator’s line of sight must not be disturbed in any way.

There are three methods which can be used to solve this problem. One possible measure is increasing the height of the stands by 2M which impedes access for spectators or even makes it impossible and does not detract in visual terms. In the event of an emergency the evacuation of the interior spaces becomes difficult but egress ramps can be provided in all four corners of the pitch (for 50,000 capacity).

The second method is to design a ditch, but safety barriers have to be provided at all ends to prevent falling into the ditch. Mobile bridges provide the connection across the bridge. The last option is to install large glass partition walls between the pitch, this method is rejected by FIFA but still used by many local authorities. The first method is optimal because it is accepted by FIFA and C lines become better after adding 2M to the lower tier. Hence this is chosen.

2.11 LIGHTINGSYSTEMS

When deciding the lighting layout and design many parameters have to be considered. The way in which the lighting is used, the type of sport, and how the structure is fitted with the lighting. Uniformity is the basic priority when deciding the lighting layout, such that the performance of the athlete isn’t affected in any way. Spectators must be able to enjoy an excellent view without glare. Again, three widely accepted lighting layouts are considered.

The first type is placing high lighting masts placed on the edges of the stadium or even outside the structure. But in this case the building lights up the surrounding structures. The second type is the

lighting that’s installed directly in the stand roof jutting out from the roof construction. This method is widely used by many new football stadiums and is adopted in this design. The third type is the one that protrudes from the roof and is externally visible like the case of London Olympic Stadium. Such lighting disturbs the surrounding structures. FIFA recommends a minimum lighting power of 1,200 lux measured at a height of 1.5M above the pitch. The basic prerequisite is continuous supply of electricity and in the case of a failure, a backup emergency power must be provided in the form of generators. The lighting shouldn’t disturb the surroundings.

2. DISSERTATION

3.1 CHAPTER1

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, crowd modelling has become increasingly important both in the computer games industry and in emergency simulations. This paper discusses some aspects of what has been accomplished in the field of crowd modelling. Studying crowd behavior is difficult because it requires exposing people to real situations. So, a good and reliable computational tool that takes into consideration the human and social behavior of a crowd could serve as a viable alternative.

1.1 WHY?

Considering the nature of a stadium evacuation, however, problems may arise on account of various issues, such as spectator seat and concourse exit bottlenecks, leading to spectator accumulation during the evacuation from these areas.

Another issue may be an excessive accumulation easily causing a secondary disaster, such as stampedes, whereby evacuation guidance becomes difficult.

However, although the guidelines method and verification method are easy means of calculating evacuation times, regardless of whether an accumulation is comparatively considered, or even if one calculates the number of accumulated people, it may not be easy to place these accumulation conditions into an actual plan and then observe them

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• What are the factors that affect egress in a stadium?

• When and where do these incidents occur?

• Which parameters can be identified during the simulation?

1.3 OBJECTIVES

• To identify the critical factors affection evacuations using literature studies.

• To opt for a Multi Agent Software that is going to be used for generating the simulation and analysis(PathFinder).

• To carry out Case Study of a section of a stadium. (D.Y.Patil Stadium)

• To assess the simulation using different parameters and situations identified.

• To analyse the observations and come up with design considerations.

1.4 SCOPE

• Assessing Evacuation Strategies.

• Reducing Accumulation.

• Comparing different types of Multi Agent Softwares.

• Human behavior and different movement patterns.

1.5 LIMITATION

Here, in this research, only a part of a stadium is considered. Since the stadium to be considered is D.Y Patil Stadium, only one stand along with two staircases and a spectator capacity of 60,000. A stand was considered for the simulation.

METHODOLOGY

3.2 CHAPTER 2

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Throughout history mankind has experienced many disasters and accidents that have affected a large number of people. These disasters tend to highlight problem areas and therefore they are sadly required. In addition, they result in commitment and willingness for the society to develop the designs of buildings and safety systems.

The definition of a mass evacuation is indistinct. One definition of mass evacuation that will be used in this paper highlights that there are three factors that have to be fulfilled (Drury & Cocking, 2007).

1. A mass of people needs to be involved.

2. There must be a perceived threat to life.

3. And finally, there must be a reasonable chance that within a limited time, be able to escape from danger.

Focus in this report is mainly on evacuations of larger public assembly locations, especially sports grounds, but also on areas were a large number of people are gathered within a small area.

2.2 LITERATURE STUDIES

2.2.1 Inbrox Stadium Disaster.

On January the 2nd in 1971, 66 spectators became victims and lost their lives to one of the first accidents that has been well documented at a sport ground. In addition to the deaths there were about 150 people that got injured. The accident took place at Ibrox Stadium, in Glasgow at the classic "Old Firm" game between the local rivals Rangers and Celtic. The disaster occurred in the final stages of the match, in context

with a late equalizing goal, made by Rangers. Because of the magnitude of the match, and because of the late goal, people were euphoric. They sang and partied wildly. Moreover, a large part of the audience was noticeably influenced by alcohol which also could have affected the outcome. The arena had reached its maximum capacity and there were around 80 000 people attending Ibrox this evening. These two factors, the euphoria of the spectators and the high pressure, due to the full seated stadium was underlying causes to the accident (Walker, 2004). The accident took place at stairway 13 when people fell and the main cause of death was compressive asphyxia as the people piled up. The theory behind the accident is still uncertain but it is believed to depend on someone tripping on his or her way down the stairway, a domino effect set in and more people fell over. Stairway 13 was the most frequently used staircase in the whole stadium, about 20 000 people are believed to have used this stairway. The built up pressure that was created by the people from behind, as everybody was trying to leave the stadium at the same time, which increased the magnitude of this disaster. The people behind did not know that a person had fallen and continued to walk, this pressure made more and more people fall, which resulted in a pile of people (Walker, 2004). This accident is interesting for this report as it highlights a disaster that happened during egress and could therefore be likely to happen during an evacuation. The design for this egress route was inadequate and stressed the importance of design and functionality at sports grounds.

2.2.2 Bradford City Fire

On May the 11th, 1985 in the city of Bradford, UK, a small fire first started at the Valley Parade stadium's main grandstand at the northern end of the stand. The fire growth phase was rapid and only 7 minutes after ignition the whole stand was in flames. The match should have been a tribute to the team as they had just become champions of the division three in the English football. In this match, which was the last of the season, Bradford City’s Football Club faced Lincoln City. Festivities were held before and during the game to celebrate the team, including a parade. In addition to this, the team and various persons were awarded with prizes before the game. Also the team received a championship trophy. This attracted a lot of audience, and about

11,000 people are estimated to have been at the stadium that day. Around 5,000 of the spectators were located in the main grandstand. The fast spread of the fire made it impossible for all the spectators in the main grandstand to evacuate fast enough, which caused the deaths of 56 persons and injured around 300. This is still one of the biggest tragedies in the English football (Klem, 1986); (Popplewell, 1985). This disaster is significant to this paper as the evacuation possibilities were challenged, because of the locations of evacuation routes and the rapid fire growth. Also certain behaviors in case of fire can be evaluated for this disaster.

2.2.3 Hillsborough Disaster

The 15th of April in 1989 another even more tragic disaster occurred in English football. Many blame the police and the security staff because that they admitted

more spectators into the arena then it was designed for. When the capacity was exceeded pressure was built up from the people trying to enter from the back of the stand. As many as 96 people died and more than 400 got injured due to the crowd crush. Compressive asphyxia was the main cause of death (Stuart Smith, 1998); (Hillsborough Independent Panel, 2012).This accident occurred in the beginning of the FA Cup semi finals between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. Over 50,000 spectators were on the site this day. The match was played at a neutral location and for various reasons a large part of the audience was late. As a result of this the police had difficulties handling the large number of fans outside the stadium. To handle the escalating situation a new entrance was opened to enter the stands. Because of the excessive amount of people trying to enter, great forces and pressures propagated through the crowd. The people closest to the fences, that shielded the pitch, were finally crushed (Stuart Smith, 1998); (Hillsborough Independent Panel, 2012). This

25 HILLSBORUGH DISASTER

disaster is of importance for this paper as it includes phenomenon during an ingress situation that is likely to happen during an evacuation. It highlights the importance of design of the stadium’s structure as well as crowd management and planning.

CHAPTER3

3.3.1 HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY AS A PARAMETER

3.3.1.1 INTRODUCTION

To understand how mass evacuation works, it is essential to gain an understanding of the underlying psychology. How a person behaves in a certain situation depends on a lot of factors, e.g. personal matters and if the person is alone, or in a group when the fire occurs or another threat which constitute an emergency situation. Even though a lot has been done in this field in the last decades it is vital to know that science, based on human behavior cannot completely be compared to other scientific disciplines. Mostly because that the results and the assumptions is not based on a universal validity like mathematics and physics. For example, a research made in India cannot be assumed to be applied all over the world. The same thing can be said about studies that have been done on a particular test group, such as age or gender. It is unclear how these results, in an acceptable way, can be applied to other groups. The reason for this is that the different individual factors for behavior described in this chapter, can certainly be expected to vary with the cultural, social and geological environment. In India, fire drills are a common occasion during the primary school years, which will influence one’s behavior and actions during an emergency situation. The same cannot be said for poor, developing countries where school access is limited or not existing. People with such a different background and knowledge cannot be expected to behave in the same matter.

3.3.2 INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

In the case of an emergency the occupants of a building are faced with problem solving. A classic problem solving model has been developed by Polya (1957). It includes four cognitive stages:

1. Understand the problem. Define situation and determine the problem.

2. Devising a plan. Look for information, make decisions and structuring actions.

3. Carry out the plan, execution of previous made decisions.

4. Assessing if the action made is solving the problem at hand.

First step is of most importance in case of a fire. It is the most decisive step. The time spent on evaluating the situation, seconds or even minutes, in a non evacuation behavior, leads to less time

for the actual evacuation. The information gathered in the first step is the basic for devising a plan to solve the problem. If information is missed, under or overvalued or if the situation is not interpreted right, this will lead to incorrect and improper decision making. In the first stage the information may come from different sources. In case of a fire it might comefrom smoke or maybe even seeing the flames. It could also be a spoken message or a fire alarm. Other people may also be the source of information. Likewise, the environment which one is present in has impact on the information as well as that previous experience in similar environment or situations (case of emergency) may have an impact. In the second stage when one is devising a plan, there are two common reactions. When given ambiguous information in a public place, one ignores the situation or investigates the situation further. Ignoring is more common because people tend to fall back in to their normal roles, when located at a public place, as customers or visitors, who does not take action. They usually assume it is the staff’s responsibility to deal with the situation and does not want to overreact to a situation which is already under control and thereby lose face in front of others, leaving one with a feeling of shame. Investigating means interacting with other people and in that way try to identify the situation. Sometimes the person needs to get a grasp of the nature of the incident. This often implies that the person is moving towards the threat, in this case of a fire. According to literature in decision making during risk situations, in case of a fire people will not use all available information from the situation, but instead focus on the options one feels more likely to solve the problem. In such case when a quick solution is needed, a well run decision plan could be applied. For evacuees this means evacuating trough a familiar route, usually through the main entrance which one used to enter the building.

3.3.3 GROUP BEHAVIOUR

Research has revealed that surrounding people and their behavior most likely will have an influence during an evacuation. This is called the social influence. It has also indicated that people often are afraid of making a fool of themselves. Especially when they are in a group of unknown people. This phenomenon often leads to delayed decision times. But as fast as someone in the group takes the first step, and for example begins to walk to an exit door or just stands up, others are likely to follow (Nilsson & Johansson, 2009). In another study that has been done regarding evacuations out of large retail stores, other factors were found. Indications are given that when a fire alarm or any other factor occurs that results in an evacuation. Half of the individuals will still

stayintheareatrying tofind theirrelatives orcompanions until they thenstartto evacuate(Shields & Boyce, 2000). It has also been shown that a crucial factor in influencing the direction of a person’s movement, during an evacuation, were a combination of the person’s role and his or her familiarity with the routes and the structures of the building. If the individual’s friends or family were elsewhere in the building the person would likely try to find them first before evacuation could be started. This is called the affiliative model, which state that people have a willingness to seek the familiarity during evacuation conditions (Sime, 1985). Mawson has further explored and developed the concept of the affiliative model by Sime. Social ties have an effect on the human behavior during disaster. The social group which one is connected to usually tries to stay together during the evacuation. In addition employees do not abandon their responsibilities during an emergency, instead they do what they are trained to do and try to help people evacuate (Mawson, 2005). Flight and affiliation is a rare behavior where people escape from a specific situation and move toward another situation or location that is perceived as familiar but not necessary safe. The occurrence of flight and affiliation depends mostly on the whereabouts of familiar people, where they are. In the absence of attachment figures who generates a calming effect, the probability of flight and affiliation behavior will increase (Mawson, 2005).

3.3.4 CROWD DURING PRE MOVEMENT

The pre movement phase is used when modeling behavior during evacuation, to describe time passed from when a person or group first becomes aware of the danger, until they make any decisions of what to do. When a fire occurs, people adjacently located usually get awareness of the situation, for example by seeing the smoke, hearing the fire alarm or by other people telling them about the fire. But still a lot of people do not decide to evacuate until it is already too late and in other cases there is a lack of understanding in where the escape routes are (Hopper, et al., 2002).

Affordances are especially interesting when designing buildings and escape routes (Nilsson, 2009).

• Sensory An emergency exit needs to be easily visible. This can be implemented by using a different color than the walls surrounding it.

• Cognitive To open a door or to use an emergency route the person who is supposed to use it

actually needs to understand that it should be used and it should not discourage people by looking hazardous. Studies haveshown thatitis goodto complement signs with flashing lights. Especially green lights are good, because of the positive association that it brings.

• Physical In order to help people, an emergency door or route should primarily be easy to access, the door should not require too much strength.

• Functional A functional door or route is one that can provide a powerful combination of the three affordances named above; sensory, cognitive and physical.

3.1 CROWDS DURING MOVEMENT

How fast a person can perform a safe egress out of a building or area depends on a lot of factors. Some of the things that matter are the person’s physical attributes, age, gender, knowledge of the building, disabilities as well as the structure of escape routes and doors. In attempts of calculate an evacuation this, the movement, is often the easiest part. How fast different people can move is well known and easy to measure and concretize. The problematic part though is to learn how to design buildings in a properway, taking into account all various types ofpeople.Another difficulty is to cover all the different scenarios that can occur during an emergency and thus affect the available evacuation possibilities.

3.1.1 SPEED

Some of the factors that concerns how fast a person can move depends on, for example, how fast a person can react and understand the situation. The physical ability is one major factor, both individually as well as for a group level, which will impact the walking speed. Other factors could be age, gender, clothing or disabilities. When people are evacuating as a group is it usually the weakest and slowest person that affects how fast the movement can be carried out. If something interrupts the movement, like observing or fighting the fire the movement will be slowed down. It also depends on how well the individual knows the buildings structure and routes (Hopper, et al., 2002); (Fahy & Proulx, 2001).

At larger venues, such as a stadium, having evacuation strategies could indeed improve the movement phase. It might be desirable to have evacuation in different phases. For a large stadium there could be more than 50,000 people present and movement to safety might be delayed due to high densities. In case of a fire, those in the closest perimeter endure the greatest risk. If strategies

are established to focus on those people first, the risk could be minimized as they could evacuate in a faster manner (ISO, 2009).

Empirical studies and experiments have given data on different walking speeds for different types of occupants and buildings type (Fahy & Proulx, 2001). Walking speed in crowds is indicated to depend on density and the distance to the person ahead. Increased density and decreased distance will reduce the speed (Nilsson, 2007).

3.1.2 STRUCTURAL IMPACTS

There is a need to understand how the environment can influence people during the evacuation. Studies have been done on investigating how color will influence behavior. Those studies have been used in order to try to figure out how to best design the buildings. Indications have shown that the movement phase is improved if the corridors have transparency, i.e. doors at the end are transparent. This enables people to understand and collect information on where to go next. Transparency is especially important in the closest range of decision points.

Furthermore, studies regarding color psychology have indicated that bright colors like green, blue or white have a positive and calming effect on people which is important during emergency situations, though it enhances the ability to take rational decisions (Abu Safieh, 2010). Structural impact is a relatively new science field. The knowledge about how a building and its structure affects people is now constantly developing.

It has been shown how fast a person can bring him or herself out of a building or area, can be improved by making some architectural features. The wayfinding has been indicated to be improved, if the egress routes are wide and bright. This is most important in corridors (Dijkstra, et al., 2012). In the same way it has been indicated that one must not only think of the buildings structural and geometry when designing evacuation routes and doors, but also to consider how the natural flows looks.

Where do most people stay and likewise what areas will be most crucial in an emergency? With this aspect in mind, it is vital to use architectural competences in attempts to naturally lead persons to safe areas, like evacuation routes and doors (Shields & Boyce, 2000).

3.2 PEDESTRIAN DYNAMICS

In mass evacuations, human behavior continuous to be an important factor, but the individuals cannot affect the crowd dynamics individually. When the density of the crowd becomes critical, the group behavior dominates and the movement pattern will instead look more like a natural flow, which can be compared to a gas or a fluid (Helbing, et al., 2001). Every year crowd disasters of different magnitudes occur, resulting in fatal outcomes (Helbing, et al., 2007). Recently more research has been conducted for pedestrian movement in high density crowds (Ma, et al., 2013). During events when a lot of people gather in concentrated spaces, such as sport arenas, festivals or pilgrimages, a few different patterns often occurs. Those are sometimes the cause of disasters, like crowd crushes or stampede. In order to figure out how those movement patterns work, why and when they occur and how to handle them it is important to analyze this area.

3.2.1 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENTS

Humans are social beings, driven by needs and goals. Social interaction and acceptance are important foundations. It has been found that the movements of humans follow some specific rules and patterns. If there is a choice between routes, most often the simplest and most direct route will be chosen. Which mainly depends on that people does not like to take detours to reach their goals. People attending an event, e.g. a football game, tend to fall into a more collective personality, and the movement patterns at those occasions differ significantly from how people usually move in high densities. The high density and the fact that the people are there for the same reasons make it acceptable for people to move closer to each other than normal. This allows the crowd to move faster than otherwise possible in an equal setting with a different mentality of the crowd. People follow the flow of the crowd instead of taking own decisions on where to go and at what speed (Hoskin & Spearpoint, 2004).

Crowd movement is described by three qualitative characteristics (Proulx, 2002).

1. Density.

2. Speed.

3. Flow.

Density is the measurement of people per unit, often expressed in people/m2. Speed is often expressed as distance per unit time, i.e. m/s. Flow is the number of people passing a specific

reference point expressed in people/s. These three characteristics have a relation in the form of Flow = Speed * Density * Width (Proulx, 2002). There are certain patterns that pedestrians have tendencies to follow. People have a desire to walk with their own, individual speed as long as they are not in a hurry, and the distance between pedestrians varies mainly depending on the density and on how the flow velocity changes. When these factors increase, the acceptable distance between one and another is reduced. Pedestrians can be compared to car drivers, as they often take automated decisions. Which means that they sometimes can take non optimal decisions, e.g. standing in the way for someone else even though this behavior is time consuming (Helbing, et al., 2001).

It has been shown that pedestrians tend to walk along with others more than alone. Since these smaller groups strongly will affect the overall pattern it is important to analyze what typical movement patterns these groups actually have. As many as two thirds of the people often travels in groups, mostly together with two to four other members. The movement pattern in those groups differs, mainly depending on the density. At lower densities, the people in the group often gather around the one, or two people who speak the most. The group is gathered in a pattern that looks like a V formation, mainly because everyone in the group should have the opportunity to hear what the others say. At higher densities though, does it become a struggle between social integration and the physical limitations, mainly because the V shape is not aerodynamic. When the density finally becomes too high the physical limitations wins and the persons are forced to walk in line with each other’s.

3.2.2 COUNTER FLOWS

One of the many phenomena, or patterns, that pedestrian dynamics generates arises when different flows meet each other. Lanes are often formed when humans are walking in the same direction (Helbing, et al., 2002). When two such lanes meet, and need to cross each other’s, there are tendencies that the facing groups takes into account one another and are forming, effective, penetrating stripes. Those strips reduce the friction and make the movement pattern more energy efficient in order to facilitate the passage for all parties involved. This is a pattern, and a human group behavior that occurs naturally, which suggests that it depends and relies on an emergency group behavior. Especially people who have grown up in similar environments tend to, in a quick

and easy way, be able to coordinate themselves in this way, even though they never have met each other before (Helbing & Johansson, 2009); (Ma, et al., 2013).

3.2.3 BOTTLENECKS

When the natural flow of pedestrians cannot continue due to a door, corridor or any other obstacle that does not allow the entire flow to get through at once, a bottleneck situation occurs (Drury & Cocking, 2007). The flow of pedestrians varies with a frequency that depends on the width and length of the bottleneck. The longer and narrower it is, the slower the flow. This phenomenon can 26 BOTTLENECK be compared with the function of a sandglass.

3.2.4 STOP AND GO WAVES

M It has been shown that when a large crowd is moving, there are two different densities that affect, or split up how the movement pattern looks. The velocity in those three density groups that then is obtained is linear. In this case when talking about density, a distance to the person in front is instead talked about. Those three density groups are presented below (Appert Rolland, et al., 2012).

• When the density, or in this case, when the distance to the person in front is more than three meters the flow can continue without any stops.

• Distance about one meter until around three meters makes it harder to walk in your own speed and sometimes the persons need to stop because of the more and more unstable crowd movement.

• When the distance becomes less than one meter the flow gets strongly crowd dependent and stop and go waves are frequently seen at this density

If the density of people is high simultaneously as the speed of the pedestrians is low, and drops beneath a certain level, stop and go waves do arise which turns out as longitudinally waves (Helbing, et al., 2007).

3.2.5 TURBULENCE

The task of temporarily storing excess heat and later releasing it into the interior calls for materials with high admittance and high energy storage capacity. With typical thermal mass strategies this requires a higher specific weight or a large surface area. PCMs provide a high energy storage capacity through their latent heat, absorbed by changing phase, allowing them to be much lighter in mass for the same effect. Some PCM’s may allow passage of daylight and limited transparency.

3.2.6 STAMPEDE

When researching for different crowd disasters stampede seems to be a regular occurrence, especially at football stadiums when football games are played. A stampede is a collective rush of people towards either united direction or destination or in a random manner. The forces building up in crowds can be either vertical or horizontal. Whether people are standing up and thus pushing and leaning against each other creates a domino effect in a horizontal direction, or if people gather vertically as a pile, the fact is that this leads to great forces for people at the end of the of the crowd in the direction of the force (Schadschneider, et al., 2009); (Still, 2014). These forces propagate through the mass and the pressure causes compressive asphyxia. This is the cause of death,

27 STOP AND GO WAVES

contrary to what media oftenreports that trampling is the reason why people die. This phenomenon is referred to as crowd crush and should not be viewed to be the same thing as a bottleneck jam, all though in both situations compressive asphyxia is the cause of death. It is not the crowd who are to be blamed for crowd disasters but instead it is poor management and planning which is the cause for these tragedies. In reality it is the amount of people in a concentrated space, the density, which is the biggest reason for a large number of deaths and injuries, but it could be avoided with proper design and management (Still, 2014). As this paper focuses on disasters mainly occurring at larger stadiums there have been various reasons to why a stampede occurs. The joint reason seems be heightened level of excitement for some initial triggering action. Here a few reasons will be presented that has been observed at real events. Spectators are about to leave the stadium before the game is ended. A late minute goal, especially at high profile games like world cup qualifying games or important cup finals, make people wanting to re enter the stadium. The sudden transition from despair and dissatisfaction to euphoria causes people to rush back into the spectator stands and thus causing crowd crushes.

CHAPTER 4

EVACUATIONMODELLING

The Stadium that is going to be considered here is a 60,000 seater football and cricket stadium located in Navi Mumbai. Factors like obstructions, stairs, width of exits, no. of exits, width of seats, no. of rows, levels, wereconsidered.

4.1 SELECTION OF SOFTWARE

In recent years, Multi Agent softwares have been used as a preffered method of simulating crowd movwmwnt in different scenarios. The enormous complexities of agent modelling, the need of data and rules to feed the system and the computational time needed have created some difficulties to this approach.

1. MAS Model

The Model must be as complete as possible with all variables supplied to the virtual environment

and then made available to the agents.

Human individuals are modelled as autonomous agents who interact with a virtual environment and other agents according to the individual’s characteristics using global rules derived from the world where the system is created. Each agent has a limited vision of the world. Depending on the environment and the behavioral levels of the individual and their relationships with the group, the agent could interact and react in a competitive or collaborative manner. In contrast to agent based systems for design applications, there is no global control. The crowd behaviors are recorded and the data is presented in a form of contour map.

2. BDI agents

MAS can use different levels of complexity and implement social like behavior, using the BDI technique(Beliefs, Desires, Intentions) where agents are driven BY Desires according to a certain Belief and Intentions.BDI systems are very complex and difficult to design so, MAS has been considered.

4.2 Modelling the Multi-Agent Model:

The Software that was used for this research was Pathfinder, an evacuation modelling app. It was preferred because it’s used by many professionals around the world for evacuation modelling.

4.2.1 Stadium used for the study:

The Stadium used here was the D.Y.Patil Stadium. It is a 60,000 seater cricket cum football stadium. It has a total of 18 stands with a capacity of 3000 in each stand. Two Staircases provide the circulation for one stand.

4.2.2

Factors and Parameters considered:

The software takes into consideration obstructions, floors, vertical circulation and ramps. So, everything that is necessary for creating a multi agent model was calculated.

4.2.3

Software used for modelling the stadium:

Before we run the simulation, we need to create a 3D Model of a stadium in a 3D software like 3DSMax or SketchUp. So, before starting the simulation, we use SketchUp to make a model of the measured stadium.

4.3 Running The Simulation

The simulation is generated after the 3D Model has completely been exported into PathFinder And we get characteristics of different factors such as speed, density, level of service and we can check out areas where problems occur and propose design guidelines.

FINAL INFERENCES

ACCUMULATION NEAR STAIRS

1.As preconditions for rapid evacuation from spectator seats, aside from spectator seat exit distributions and widths, it is necessary to either not causes accumulations in concourses, which are destinations for this outflow, or to avoid any accumulations that extend in front of spectator seat exits.

2. Evacuees tend to remain behind vertical passageways, in addition the stands become steeper with increasing height. On the other hand, smoke rises and accumulates in enclosed and roofed facilities. Therefore, reducing the evacuation time from upper spectator seats and the high density accumulation time on unstable vertical passageways are necessary.

3. To ease accumulation and merging in evacuation routes past the concourses in lower level spectator seating areas where the incline of the stands is relatively slight and a low possibility of smoke exposure exists an approach whereby evacuees tend to remain in spectator seats, such as in 3F lower seats in this stadium, is also possible.

5.1 ACCUMULATION NEAR THE STANDS

1. It is ideal to avoid merging around stairways. However, if it is unavoidable, the merged passage stairway width should be secured as sufficient to stream the total flow before merging as it is. Moreover, preventative physical measures, such as installing handrails, should be taken.

2. The merging flow volume around stairways should be reduced by such measures as limiting the number of concourse exits. In other words, accumulations should occur in flat wide places, such as concourses, sothat they are not created in unstable stairways. This also facilitates the easiness of evacuation guidance.

6.1 CHAPTER 6

6.1.1 CONCLUSION OF THE DISSERTATION.

On the basis of the above study, it can be concluded that Crowd disasters, especially those at football stadiums, have motivated improvements to ensure public safety. Planning and preparedness as well as crowd management to control the people is one way to ensure this. The other aspect is to ensure that the building and the environment can provide safety for ingress, duration and egress for occupants within a building or enclosure. One aim was to identify problem areas regarding mass evacuation. The findings of this paper suggest that the major problem is the amount people gathered in a confined space. Most problems regarding mass evacuations seem to be connected to overcrowded spaces. In the future more studies should be directed to situations and locations where overcrowding may occur in order to prevent further disasters.

3. CASE STUDIES

The following case studies were chosen because of their relevance to the project, and all of them incorporate modern techniques in design and constructions. Extra literature study has been done on Modern European stadiums that have multi use facilities and have employed advanced construction techniques so they can be incorporated onto the design.

3.1 CASE STUDY ON D.Y PATIL STADIUM, NAVI MUMBAI

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION

• The DY Patil Sports Stadium is a football and a cricket stadium at D. Y. Patil campus at Nerul in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was designed by Hafeez Contractor.

• The site is located inside the D.Y. Patil College University Campus.

• INTRO: The D.Y PATIL STADIUM is a Football cum Cricket Stadium.

• CAPACITY: 55,000. This makes it the ninth largest football stadium in India.

• CLIENT: D.Y Patil University, Nerul Campus.

• ARCHITECT: Hafeez Contractor

• PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION: 2005 2008

• STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE: Modernism

3.1.2 BACKGROUND

• TheD.YPATILSTADIUM has successfully hosted manysporting events,both in cricket and football.

• 2008 IPL Final

• 2009 ISL matches

• 2010 IPL Final

• 2014 All Mumbai City FC matches were held here.

• 2017 U17 FIFA WC

• 2020 U20

• TYPE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:

o The stadium makes use of cantilever roofs that eliminate the need for columns.

o Eighteen vertical staircases with concrete reinforcements help in providing the extra leverage and support.

o The roof is made of ETFE Membrane imported from Germany. They are in turn connected to the slanting beams situated below each gallery and in turn they are connected to two vertical cores.

• The capacity of 55,000 makes it the ninth largest cricket ground in India. The stadium makes use of bucket seats and cantilever roofs that eliminate the need for columns.

• The stadium also has other facilities including 9 tennis hard courts, 4 indoor badminton courts and an Olympic sized swimming pool. A unique feature of the stadium is the cantilever roof which eliminates the need for any supports thus providing the spectators with an unobstructed view of the match from any place within the stand.

3.1.3 CLIMATE

• The annual mean temperature is: 24.2 degrees

• Average monthly temperatures vary by: 7.6 degrees

• Total annual precipitation averages 2400mm

• The stadium pavilion to commentator’s box is towards the north south direction.

• INFERENCES:

o The stadium is oriented towards North South direction to avoid any problem regarding heat and shadow control.

o The monthly temperatures don’t vary by much.

o The stadium has openings on its facade and makes full use of its location and wind conditions.

3.1.4

ACCESS&SURROUNDINGLAND-USE

• LOCATION: D.Y Patil Campus, Nerul, Sector 7.

• MAJOR NODES NEARBY:

Nerul Node 2KM

Vashi Node 6.3KM

Kharghar Node 8.9KM

• MAJOR TRANSPORT FACILITIES NEARBY:

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport 25.3KM

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus 19.3KM

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus 31.2KM

Navi Mumbai International Airport 10KM (Complete in 2020)

• MINOR TRANSPORT FACILITIES:

Nerul Railway Station 3.6KM

Belapur Railway Station 3.5KM

Vashi Railway Station 6.2KM

Kharghar Station 5KM

• INFERENCES:

o The site is well connectivity to various sources of transportation by road, rail and airway.

o The stadium is located close to the highway because of the ease of access.

• SURROUNDING LAND USE ANALYSIS:

• The surrounding site has a wide variety of land use patterns, but most of it is academic.

• Theparkingis situatedalittle farfromthestadium,henceon roadparkingalong the abetting service road is used the most.

• The abetting land uses of academic and hostels heavily influence the planning of the stadium.

3.1.5 PLANNING, CIRCULATION & FUNCTION

3.1.5.1 STADIUM CIRCULATION

40 CIRCULATOIN

• There are 13 entrances in total. A road abetting the stadium serves general entrances 2 6 and the VIP and players entrance.

• The rest of the entrances have to be travelled to by foot owing to security reasons.

• There are 10 general entrances in the stadium which cater to 16 stands.

• The stands can be accessed via a staircase situated in the centre of every gallery.

• TheMediaentranceis ontheback entranceandhasits ownparkingfacility(cap 50).

• The VIP/players entrance to the stadium has a 1:12 ramp which gives direct access to the VIP seating and players’ rooms. The underground parking facility is also situated below the stadium. Flat slabs have been used here.

• The main feature of the VIP entrance:

•Has an overhead PTFE roof which can be used for rainwater harvesting.

•It’s supported by 3 sets of40 metre tall columns which support the overhead structure by sets of 6 steel cables help in keeping it stable.

3.1.5.2 PAVILION, PLAYERS& V.I.P AREA

• The pavilion area is on the ground floor accessible through a 1:12 ramp and just below the ramp is the parking which has flab slab construction technique.

• The dressing rooms, coaches and staff rooms are just next to it.

• The first floor is only for V.I.P guests and can be visited by the players. The commentary box is opposite to the pavilion area and has 2 commentary rooms, one changing room, a cloak room, a pantry and a media service room.

•

3.1.6 SITTER DETAILS

3.1.6.1 TIER 1:

• Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases.

• There are 8 sitting chairs.

• Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

• Its’ supported by a column every 8M

• No. of occupatns 3500

• Width of accessing corridor: 6M,Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance

3.1.6.2 TIER 2:

• Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases.

• There are 10 sitting chairs.

• Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

• Its’ supported by a column every 8M

• No. of oocupatns 6500

• Width of accessing corridor: 6M

• Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance.

3.1.6.3 TIER 3:

• This tier was made after the renovation.

• There are 5 sitting chairs.

• It can be accessed from the second tier via 2 staircases of width 2500mm.

3.1.7 SERVICE DETAILS

3.1.7.1 WATER SUPPLY:

• There are 8 water tanks sets around the stadium.

• Each one of those sets has 4 tanks.

• Fire fighting tank of 8,000gallons.

3.1.7.2 SEWAGE

• The sewage is expelled via 10 drains on the site.

3.1.7.3 ELECTRICITY

• The electricity is drawn from a 11kV electric supply.

• There are 4 substations, and 4 DG system.

• 4X500KVA for floodlights.

• 20,000 ceiling bulbs of 25W.

3.1.7.4 FLOOD LIGHTS

• There are 520 flood lights installed in 4 corners of the ground.

• Each light has a power consumption of 2kW

• Maximum intensity of 3200lux. 1800 lux for practice, 2600 3200, national and international matches.

3.2 CASESTUDY ONKALINGASTADIUM,BHUBANESHWAR

3.2.1 LOCATION

• INTRO: The Kalinga Stadium is a Football cum athletics Stadium.

• CAPACITY: 15,000. This makes it the second

• CLIENT: D.Y Patil University, Nerul Campus.

• PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION: 2014 2017

• STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE: Modernism

3.2.2 BACKGROUND

• HISTORY: The Kalinga STADIUM has successfully hosted many sporting events, both in cricket and football.

2017 Asian Athletics Championship

2018 19 I League matches

2018 Indian Super cup 2017 18 Indian Super League. 2017- U17 FIFA WC

• MATERIALS USED: Prefab Concrete over steel frame Stands Steel Roof supported by steel tubes.

• TYPE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:

o The stadium makes use of prefab concrete stands supported by 2 beams. (Tier 2&3).

o Sixteen vertical staircases form vormitories that help in accessing the stands from ground level.

o The roof is made of Steel supported by girders and bracings.

o They are in turn connected to the slanting beams situated below each gallery and in turn they are connected to the straight columns in the concourse.

3.2.3 SITE PLAN AND ACCESS

42 SITE CIRCULATION

3.2.3.1 GENERERAL SPECTATOR ENTRY:

• The spectator entry is situated opposite the main road (Bidyut Marg road). Two gates are for spectators. (GATE 4& GATE5).

• Provides a direct access to spectators from the bus stand.

• Access to the stadium is via skywalks on the road inside the complex.

3.2.3.2

V.I.P ENTRY:

• The V.I.P Entry is situated on the north side of the stadium, again accessible from the main road.

• The V.I.P entry has a separate entrance and the guests are taken to the V.I.P reception from there (GATE NO.5)

• The entry is secluded from all other access points.

3.2.3.3 MEDIA ENTRY:

• The media entrance is from two points on the north hand the other on the south.

• They have a parking area abetting the entrance.

• Direct access to the media zone from there.

3.2.3.5 SERVICE ENTRY:

• The service entry is towards the south of the stadium, hidden from the general public and the access goes towards the service yard and the subsequent service areas.

3.2.4 CLIMATE ANALYSIS

• The annual mean temperature is 27.4 degrees Celsius.

• Average monthly temperatures vary by 12.4 degrees.

• Total annual precipitation averages 1505 mm.

• The climate zone is tropical.

• The summers are hot and dry and the winters are cool and dry.

3.2.5 PLANNING, CICULATION& FUNCTION

3.2.5.1

SPECTATOR CIRCULATION

• There are 5 skywalks at level +4.5m which is connected to all the lower tier stands. Access to the other floors is via staircases.

• After moving through the skywalk, thy have a clear space of 5M in all the tiers’ concourses, apart from the south stand as it has a tier under construction.

• After the event is over, the spectators can go from their seats to the ground through the same way. The tiers are divided as:

•TIER 1: +6.5M; 3500; 4

•TIER 2: +12M; 6500; 14

•TIER 3: +20.5M; 2500:2

3.2.5.2 MEDIA CIRCULATION

• The Media has access to the stadium through gate number 4.

• The media area in the stadium is in the second tier. (lvl +12M).

• The areas in the media zone are:

•Press conference room

•cafeteria

•media centre room

•TV broadcasting room

•storage rooms

• toilets: 2 toilets have been provided in the media area for the users.

3.2.5.3 VIP CIRCULATION

• The VIPs enter from gate 9.

• They can access the stadium seating via skywalk 3.

• there is a VIP reception and a waiting lobby, and the lounges can be reached after the reception.

• there are 10 lounges for VIP.

• Area of lounge 500sqm

3.1.4.4 SECURITY CIRCULATION

• There are police booths every 50M.

• For spectators up to 5000, 250police are required.

• For full capacity, 700

• There are 8 police control rooms situated in strategic locations across the stadium.

3.2.6 SITTER DETAILS

• TIER 1:

•Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases.

•there are 8 sitting chairs.

•Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

•Its’ supported by a column every 8M

•No. of occupants-3500

•Width of accessing corridor: 6M

•Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance.

• TIER 2:

•Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases.

•There are 10 sitting chairs.

•Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

•Its’ supported by a column every 8M

•No. of oocupants 6500

•Width of accessing corridor: 6M

•Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance.

• TIER 3:

•This tier was made after the renovation.

•There are 5 sitting chairs.

•It can be accessed from the second tier via 2 staircases of width 2500mm.

3.3 LITERATURE STUDY ON ALLIANZRIVIERA, NICE.

3.3.1 INTRODUCTION

• Period of construction: 2010 2012

• Architects: Wilmott and Associaes

• Style of Architecture: Modernism

• Seating: 35,0000(Match day)

o The ESPRIT Arena is a football stadium that has a compact, ‘cauldron shaped’ form that would reinforce the urban plan. The main materials used in construction are: o ETFE o Wood o Reinforced Concrete o Steel frames

• The architectural parti was transparency: eliminating the distinction between inside and outside, providing views, and making the stadium glow at night.

3.3.2 SURROUNDING LAND-USE

• The site is located in a mixed use location beside the French Riviera.

• The location beside the affluent residential areas allows the stadium to assert it’s identity.

• There is a fair amount of green areas on the site.

• It’s located by the 45M wide National Highway.

3.3.3 SITE PLAN& ACCESS

• The site includes three projects to be built in a seismic zone, each with a different completion date:

• A stadium with 3,000 seats, multi purpose facilities (sports and concerts), UEFA approved, well integrated with its urban environment, and in line with sustainable development principles

• • the Musée National du Sport (National Sports Museum)

• V• a real estate development plan (PIA) including 29,000m² of retail space designed to animate the area

3.3.4 PLANNING AND CIRCULATION

• the Allianz Riviera Stadium occupies a strategic position within the Eco Valley project. Responding to the programme’s first requirement integration within the Eco Valley landscape Wilmotte & Associés designed a stadium with an undulating form, evoking the flight of a bird.

• With the goal of constructing a slice of the city, Wilmotte & Associates designed a compact, ‘cauldron shaped’ stadium that would reinforce the urban plan. A network of public spaces and bike paths aligns with the existing urban fabric and roadways.

• The car parks are located beneath the building complex, leaving space for gardens and landscaping that connect the complex with the rest of the city.

3.3.5 SECTIONS AND SITTER DETAILS

• Wilmotte & Associés paid special attention to the stadium’s ‘skin’ which animates both the interior and exterior of the building. The architectural parti was transparency: eliminating the distinction between inside and outside, providing views, and making the stadium glow at night.

• This concept is achieved with the space frame structure, clad with a transparent membrane (ETFE). By day this envelope brings in diffuse natural light, and by night it makes the stadium glow.

• The structure is visible from the exterior: there is a play of light and shadow between the ETFE and the wooden lattice.

46 STRUCTURE

• The lightweight, airy, and luminous silhouette of the building owes much to this membrane that is set off the structure by metal braces. Acting like a protective veil, the membrane sometimes shelters and sometimes opens the stadium up to its surroundings

• From the motorway, the stadium’s closed facade accentuates the iconic presence of the impressive facility. The veil lifts slightly on two sides, opening onto the concourse to welcome the spectators.

• This openness, reinforced on the building envelope by the numerous views framing the landscape, contributes to the spectator’s comfort and wellbeing: the relationship between inside and outside can be felt from every point of the stadium.

3.3.6 GREEN FEATURES

• The Allianz Riviera is a true model of eco design and eco construction, with the implementation of innovative technologies, constituting one of the first eco stadiums in the world.

•AIR

The Allianz Riviera is the first stadium to be equipped with a natural ventilation system that channels the winds of the plain of Var.

SUN

•The central photovoltaic is made up of more than 4,000 panels solar panels (around 7 000 m²) of European manufacture.

•WOOD

This construction, which combines wood and metal, and offers a savings of 3,000 tonnes of carbon when manufacturing compared to a conventional structure.

3.4 LITERATURESTUDY ESPRITARENA,NICE.

3.4.1 INTRODUCTION

• The Düsseldorf Arena was constructed over a two year period between 2002 and 2004 in order to replace Fortuna’s previous home ground, Rheinstadion.

• Dating as far back as 1925, Rheinstadion was steeped in history having hosted matches of the 1974 World Cup and 1988 Euros, however it featured a problematic athletics track and was slowly becoming dilapidated.

• Costing a reported €240 million, the arena features a fully retractable roof similar to that of Millennium Stadium and Amsterdam Arena and was originally capable of accommodating 51,500.

• After some sections of seating were converted to terraces in the Summer of 2010, the capacity increased to 54,600, and for concerts Esprit Arena can welcome up to 66,500 revellers.

3.4.2 SURROUNDING LAND-USE

48 LAND ANALYSIS 49 LAND ANALYSIS

•It can be used on non game days.

•It has good access to public transport.

•extra Parking spaces are not in close proximity.

3.4.3 SITE PLAN& ACCESS

• The Site consists of a 45,000 seater stadium,4 Football Practice Pitches, 3 Clay and 3 Grass practice Tennis Courts, An athletic cum football practice pitch and A Hotel behind the South stand.

3.4.6 TYPOLOGY OF SPACES

4. SITE SELECTION &ANALYSIS

4.1 SITELOCATION

•The site has been chosen by the DDA for the development of a football stadium of capacity 40,000.It is surrounded by recreational, residential and commercial uses nearby as the master plan suggests.

54 SITE LOCATION

55 SITE LOCATION

4.2 SITEDETAILS

Site area: 60.3 acres

Site owner: state govt. Of Delhi

Location: Sector 19, Dwarka, New Delhi

Coordinates: 28°34'16.5"n 77°03'00.2"e

Average elevation: 213m

Nearest railway station: 1.5kms (metro station)

Nearest airport: IGI airport 6kms

Surrounding site

North: St. Mary’s school

East: commercial building

West: AIFF building, empty plots

South: najafgarh drain

4.3 SURROUNDINGLAND USEANALYSIS

•The site comes under zone K2 which has been envisioned to remove the burden in the heart of the city. The AIFF building is next to it. A Diplomatic Enclave has been proposed next to it.

4.4 SITEDIMENSIONS

4.5 DEVELOPMENTCONTROL

The development of Dwarka in 10 years has been explosive and a stadium would only enhance the amenities available to the tenants of the surrounding area.

4.6 SITEPOTENTIAL

The site is located in such an area that it can be utilized by the large no. of people due to connectivity. Reahing the site wouldn’t be a problem due to the many modes of transportation available.

Since the main road of width 45M runs towards the east side, the main road can be situated along. The service road runs along the main road.

4.7 EXISTINGVEGETATION

There isn’t much vegetation on the site except few shrubs and trees which is marked below.

The site has no existing buildings or structures. Surrounding areas only have green spaces in the areas shown in the masterplan.

4.8 SITESERVICES

ELECTRIC SUPPLY:

•There is an electric line running along the boundary of the site which can be used for powering the stadium by providing the adequate substation/transformer.

WATER & DRAINAGE SYSTEM:

•There is no provision of water by the municipal authorities. The pipeline runs along the main road. So water supply can be taken for the site from there.

• The drainage can be discharged along the Najafgarh drain situated along the

south of the site.

4.9 CLIMATICANALYSIS

•The climate of Delhi is a monsoon influenced subtropical with heavy variations during summer and winter.

•Climatic Zone: Sub Tropical

• Hot&Dry: upto 450

•Cool&Dry: upto 250

•Warm&humid upto 350

5. AREA ANALYSIS& DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

6. DESIGN PROPOSAL

Different types of stadiums along history were studied and how their function changed from a simple structure for footraces into ever larger venues for mass entertainment. Stadiums continue to push the limits of technology and aesthetics and serve as powerful tools for political and artistic statements and profit.

Accessbility is a key factor in deciding whether a stadium reaches the green goal for transport. There are green areas throughout the site in small and large parcels. Since the site is located in Delhi, green areas would be necessary.

The structure adopted here is a truss system for the basic core structure and a fabric cladding with vibrant colours to make the stadium entering experience even more colourfoul and joyous.

Green Features are present throughout the stadium.

7. DRAWINGS AND DESIGN SHEETS

8. CONCLUSION

By this Thesis we can conclude that stadiums can be critical mass capable of sustaining city life: a critical mass containing the residential, commercial, retail, leisure and transport components which encourage cities to thrive. The main challenge while designing a stadium is to improve the urban vicinity of the area, to make them living parts of entire cities. Today, major sporting facilities are a mainstay of urban regeneration and their potential has been recognized. However, a stadium alone will not transform a blighted area; it must be a part of an overall plan to attract commercial and recreational activities.

And most importantly, people.

9. REFERENCES

1. Football Stadiums Technical recommendations andrequirements(FIFA) 5th edition

2. ARUPJournal 1/2009 3. FIFA(www.usyouthsoccer.org)

4. Vtechworks(https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/35260/stadium.pdf?seq uence=2).

5. http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/216/2/02 introductionj.pdf

6. http://pifa.co.in/academy/learning/indian football history/ 7. Construction and Designmanual stadium Buildingsby Martin Wimmer 8. Master Plan Delhi 2021 9. DelhiDevelopment Authority

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://www.football stadiums.co.uk/

2. https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects/categories/football stadium

3. https://www.stadiumguide.com/present/england/

4. https://footballstadiumdigest.com/