CLIMATE SPECIFIC, ENERGY EFFICIENT, INNOVATIVE MULTIFAMILY HOUSING STRATEGIES FOR 3 INDIAN CITIES
Master Of Science Sustainable Design Synthesis Presentation |10th August ,2018 Roshni Krishnan Advisors: Vivian Loftness ,Dana Cupkova, Erica Cochran
OVERVIEW 1 INTRODUCTION
5 CLIMATE
2 HOMOGENIZATION
6 SOLUTION
3 HYPOTHESIS
7 RECOMMENDATION
4 METHODOLOGY
8 DESIGN
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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01 INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Rapid growth in residential space due to population growth and migration to cities Rapid development of multifamily housing (Mahapatra, 2018)
• 315 million people expected to live in Indian cities by 2040 (IEA, 2015) • The reason is population growth and migration to cities in search of better economic opportunities. • 18-20 million sq.ft of space will be constructed by 2040 of which 85 % will be residential space. Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
Dense growth (Rediff, 2013)
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INTRODUCTION
02 PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
HOMOGENIZATION • To cater to the growing demand of residential space, similar building prototype are built across all cities. • 5-10 story buildings are most popular while some cities like Delhi and Mumbai allow 2030 stories to built • The photos highlight projects built in different cities in the last 5 years across India . Multifamily residences in India
(DBS communities, 2018; GodrejProperties, 2017 ; GodrejProperties, 2017;PalamApartments, 2004)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
02 PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Why homogenization is a problem?
2. COOLING LOADS HIGH
1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION INCREASE
Appliances; 15.00%
Water heating; Fans; 5.00% 5.00%
Air conditioning; 55.00%
Lighting; 20.00%
Trends in residential electricity consumption (1971-2015) (CPR & Prayas, 2015)
Indian residential energy consumption is on exponential rise in the last 30 years
Indian residential energy loads breakdown (Berardi, 2017) (DOE, 2010)
Cooling loads contribute 55% of the energy used in a residence.
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
02 PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
3. LONGER LIFESPAN
Buildings have longer life span of more than 60-80 years.
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
4. INDOOR DISCOMFORT
Severe indoor discomfort due to increasing heat and lack of flexibility to open windows and balcony door.
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
03 HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Hypothesis Climate specific ,energy efficient multi-family housing in India will minimize annual energy and improve thermal comfort.
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
04 METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Methodology process followed to develop a set of recommendations and design for 3 different Indian climates.
Baseline
climate analysis
Research literature
Passive Strategies
Design
• Identified and modelled a typical Indian multi-family housing
• Classified into 3 climates :hot dry ,hot humid, composite • Choose one city per climate • Conducted climate Analysis using Climate consultant • Literature research across 3 climate classified under Sun, Earth, Wind, Water. • Analyzed under further sub categories for Sun, earth, wind , water.
• Recommended passive design strategies to manage sun, wind ,earth and water for all 3 climates
• Designed buildings for 3 climate based on recommendations • Simulated energy models for design
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
04 METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
55 case studies have been studied to develop the set of recommendations. Other research literature were used to identify the quantitative benefits. Sun
Earth
Wind
Water
Hot dry
23
4
7
6
Hot humid
19
2
14
2
Composite
15
2
4
2
Newton Suites, Singapore
Solar Guest Hostel ,Jodhpur
Hansar , Bangkok
Sehgal foundation , Gurgaon
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
Raas Hotel , Jodhpur
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
05 CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Climate classification
Ahmedabad Mumbai
Delhi
Climate Hot dry Hot humid Composite
City Ahmedabad Mumbai New Delhi
HDD @ 18°C 120 0 456
CDD @18°C 3,441 3,567 2,928
CDD@25°C 1,738 1,374 1,314
Heating degree days and cooling degree days in Indian cities (Rawal & Shukla, 2014) National Building Code,2005
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
05 CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Adaptive comfort psychometric chart based on ASHRAE-55 comfort model was used for all 3 climates to identify strategies . Timetable plots for temperature, diurnal swing, relative humidity; shading masks for shading and wind rose for wind analysis were used. Multicity tool from CABRSE used to identify comfort band range and city temperatures.
Psychometric chart
Temperature comparison Ahmedabad vs Mumbai (Multicity tool , CABRSE)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
05 CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Top priority of passive design strategies are identified for each climate based on the climate analysis. Adaptive comfort ventilation and window shading were top priorities across all 3 climates. Priority
1
2
3
4
Adaptive ventilation
Window shading
Night flushing thermal mass
Evaporative cooling
Adaptive ventilation
Window shading
Night ventilation
Rain protection
Adaptive ventilation
Dynamic shading
5
6
Hot Dry climate Insulation
Passive solar Heat gain
Hot Humid climate
Composite climate Night flushing thermal mass
Passive solar Heat gain
Evaporative cooling
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Passive strategies are categorized into Sun, Earth ,Wind and Water .Each category is further sub-divided .
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
SUN
Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Orient longer facades in NS orientation to reduce incident solar radiation , possibly biasing slightly to the SSE to avoid more afternoon sun. Avoid orienting longer facades in E-W.
Orient rectangular, courtyard or finger shaped buildings with longer facades in N-S orientation.
(NZEB)
Mutual shading is suggested for hot dry climate. Avoid mutual shading in hot humid and composite climate.
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading
PROBLEM
• • •
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use cool paint with NIR absorptance in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 to reduce wall temperatures by at least 5 °C. Use wall overhang to block solar radiation Use vegetation for shading hot humid ,composite climate while mutual shading for hot dry climate Cool paint
Vegetation
Neighboring buildings 4-6°C reduction indoor temperature
cool paints with low NIR absorptance(0.1 - 0.5) reduce indoor wall temperature by at least 5 ° C.
SUN
Hot Dry climate
Overhang
x Primavera Residences Towers A & B, Phillipines
Kutch, Gujarat, (Gradillas, 2015)
at least 1°C reduction in indoor temperature
Hot Humid climate
x
Newton Suites, Singapore (WOHA, Newton Suites, 2007)
Composite climate
x Cool paints color palette (Synnefa, Santamouris, & Apostolakis, 2007)
Tensile fabric for wall shading (McGee, 2013)
Verticale Bosco by Ar.Stefano Boeri (Giacomello & Vellagussa, 2015)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading
PROBLEM
• • •
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use cool roofs with solar reflective index of minimum 82 to reduce roof temperatures by at least 3 °C. Use green roof for hot humid and composite climate. Use trellis for shading roofs and PV panel as secondary shading device for all 3 climates. Cool Roofs
SUN
Hot Dry climate
Use cool roof of Solar Reflective Index 82
Green Roof
Photovoltaic panel
Trellis
x
at least 3°C reduction in indoor temperature 5.1ºC reduction in roof temperature
Hot Humid climate
2.5oK reduction in ceiling temperature
wooden trellis (Modern Trellis Roof Structures, 2017)
Cool Roofs (CRRC)
Composite climate
(AMC, 2018) (BEE, Cool Roofs for cool Delhi)
(Kumar & Kaushik, 2004)
(AnthonyDominguez, JanKleissl, & C.Luvall, 2011)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
Trellis with vegetation (Harris, 2017)
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
• Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading
•
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use appropriate window shading devices to reduce indoor temperature by at least 2.5 °C for all 3 climates. Also , use dynamic shading for composite climate to benefit from passive solar heating in winter. North
South
East
SUN
Hot Dry climate Box shading at JBR residential apartments , Ahmedabad (Nirmaan)
Egg crate, Mil Owners association (Jones, 2014)
Ideal Choice Homes, Ahmd(Timberlake, 2018)
Hot Humid climate Golconde Hostel, Pondicherry
MET residential tower ,Bangkok WOHA Architects (The Met, 2009)
PWD Headquarters, Delhi (PWD headquarters, n.d.)
TERI Hostel ,Gurgaon (Majumdar, 2001)
West
The Point ,Guindy (KSMarchitects, n.d.)
Dwaraka Housing in Chennai (KSMarchitects, Dwaraka Apartments, n.d.)
Composite climate Sehgal Foundation, Gurgaon (Green building, n.d.)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
Sehgal Foundation, Gurgaon (Green building, n.d.)
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
SUN
Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing & specs Window shading
METHODOLOGY
• •
WWR = 20 %
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use minimum 20 % Window Wall Ratio (WWR) with double pane glass assembly with 0.25 SHGC ,0.7 VLT and low-e coating glass for all 3 climates. Reduce windows on E-W side
Climate Zone
North
South
East
West
Hot dry Hot humid Composite
15-20% 35-45% 30-40%
15% 20% 20%
15% 20% 10-15%
15% 20% 10-15%
5‘X 4’
0.33
0.25 25 % of solar heat gets transmitted
Climate Zone
North
Max U
SHGC
VLT (ECBC)
VLT recommende d
Hot dry Hot humid Composite
15-20% 35-40% 30-40%
3.3 3.3 3.3
0.25 0.2 0.25
0.27 0.16 0.24
0.5 0.5 0.7
Specification Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
EARTH
Wall Assembly & thermal mass Insulation Night cooling
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
Use low thermal conductivity walling infill for all 3 climates to reduce heat gain. Also ,use high hygroscopic material for hot humid climate . Material
Thermal conductivity
Hollow bricks
0.26
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use thermal mass on the inner side of wall assembly for thermal lag in hot dry and composite climate.
W/mK
Heated air and solar radiation heats wall surface to 45 ºC
(Indiamart)
Warm room air: Wall absorbs the heat
0.35
Fly-ash bricks (Hygroscopic)
Cooled room air: (Indiamart)
Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks
Cool night air
Heat buffered in the wall starts to transfer to cooler inside environment
0.15 (Greenspec) (Indiamart)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
Wall Assembly & thermal mass Insulation Night cooling
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
Use insulation on the outer side for all 3 climates to increase time lag.
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use thermal breaks for all 3 climates to reduce heat gain through RCC slabs by 50 %.
EARTH
Material
Linear transmittance W/mK
0.50
R-Value = 1.9 m2KW-1 Time lag = 12.2 hrs Decrement factor =0.009 (Balaji, Mani, & Reddy, 2013; Vijayalakshmi, Natarajan, & Shanmugasundaram, 2006)
Paraffin PCM in hollow bricks
(Hichema, Noureddine, Nadia, & Djamila, 2013)
(Isokorb, 2014)
Uninsulated RCC slab
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
1.0
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
Use high emissive roofing materials like aluminum to reduce 2-4 C from night radiant cooling in all 3 climates.
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Design rooftops for communal spaces especially in hot dry and composite climates.
EARTH
Wall Assembly & thermal mass Insulation Night cooling
HYPOTHESIS
Night radiant cooling (Holladay, 2017)
Rooftops in Varanasi (National geographic)
• Night Sky radiant cooling occurs when clear skies are present . • Outer sky has temperature of about 4K and there is a spectral range of 8-13 μm . • Surface at 25°C and exposed to sky cools by radiating long waves in spectrum around 10 μm .
Rooftops used for gathering, celebrating and as sleeping spaces during summer nights.
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
Orientation and shape Window sizing
PROBLEM
• •
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Orient buildings at 30-45 ° degree to wind direction to improve distribution of air. Staggered arrangement of buildings with varying heights improve wind flow in hot humid climate Building shapes
Hot dry
WIND
Orientation to wind (NZEB, 2017)
Hot humid
Composite
Varying rectangular building height
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
(Lee, Jusuf, & Wong, 2015)
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INTRODUCTION
Orientation and shape Window sizing
PROBLEM
• •
WIND
•
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use 30-35 % WWR to improve ventilation in hot humid climate. Use casement window over sliding window for all 3 climates. Use hopper windows, jaali for night ventilation in hot dry climate. Use awing in hot humid climate for protection from rain.
Window types (Tran, 2013) Climate
WWR
Hot dry
20 %
Hot humid
30-35 %
Composite
30-35 %
Air flow (Tran, 2013)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
WATER
Evaporative cooling Rain protection
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Use evaporative cooling through water bodies ,jail, vegetation or passive downdraft wind towers in hot dry and composite climate to increase humidity.
1
Fountains , water bodies
2
Jaali
3
Vegetation
Evapotranspiration (EPA, 2008)
4
Passive downdraft cooling
Torrent Research center (Thomas & Baird, 2006)
Waterbodies
(NZEB, Evaporative Cooling, n.d.)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
06 SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
Lift buildings off the street and use rain screens in hot humid climate to protect from rain.
WATER
Evap. cooling Rain protection
PROBLEM
2
1
Lifting buildings off street
Raise buildings above flood level.
Mechanical systems Above flood level (NYCPlanning, 2013)
Rain screen
Terracotta louvre rain screen cladding panel(Pinterest)
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
Goodwood residence ,Singapore (WOHA, Goodwood Residence, 2014)
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
07 RECOMMENDATION
DESIGN
10 recommendations based on the research literature and climate analysis are as follows:
1. Orient longer facades in NS orientation and avoid orienting longer facades in E-W. Orient buildings at 30-45 ° degree to wind direction to improve distribution of air. 2. Use linear , courtyard or finger shaped buildings with longer N-S orientation. Staggered arrangement for hot humid climates. 3. Avoid mutual shading of buildings in hot humid and composite climate. 4. Window, roof and wall shading is critical. Use dynamic shading for composite climate. 5. Use minimum 20 % Window Wall Ratio (WWR) with double pane glass assembly with 0.25 SHGC ,0.7 VLT and low-e coating glass for all 3 climates. Reduce windows on E-W side 6. Use thermal breaks for exposed slabs and balconies. 7. Use low thermal conductivity walling infill with insulation and on the outside with cool coat of paint. 8. Use thermal mass or phase change materials for hot dry and composite climate to benefit from time lag. 9. Use evaporative cooling through water bodies ,jail, vegetation or passive downdraft wind towers in hot dry and composite climate to improve comfort. 10. Use rain screen and design buildings above street level to prevent flooding in hot humid climates.
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
08 DESIGN
BASELINE DESIGN
PLAN
VIEW
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
08 DESIGN
BASELINE DESIGN PROBLEM
1
Insufficient shading
2
Heat gain through wall assembly
3
Less optimum window sizing and specs
Unshaded roof
4
Insufficient ventilation
5
Lack of thermal breaks
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
6
N
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INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
DESIGN VALIDATION SHADING
Overhang and fin of 1’6” with louvres
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE
SOLUTION
RECOMMENDATION
Ahmedabad
08 DESIGN
Delhi
& Mumbai
Fins of 1’6’’ depth on both sides
Fins of 1’6” depth on both sides
Overhang 1’6” with louvres No fin like Ahmedabad & Mumbai
Ahmedabad
Mumbai
Delhi
Cooling load saving: 7601 BTU/hr 4.3 % reduction
Cooling load saving: 7000 BTU/hr 5.04 % reduction
Cooling load saving: 2858 BTU/hr 1.6 % reduction
Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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Thank You!
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References
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Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018
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