Thesis presentation - CMU MSSD

CLIMATE SPECIFIC, ENERGY EFFICIENT, INNOVATIVE MULTIFAMILY HOUSING STRATEGIES FOR 3 INDIAN CITIES

Master Of Science Sustainable Design Synthesis Presentation |10th August ,2018 Roshni Krishnan Advisors: Vivian Loftness ,Dana Cupkova, Erica Cochran

OVERVIEW 1 INTRODUCTION

5 CLIMATE

2 HOMOGENIZATION

6 SOLUTION

3 HYPOTHESIS

7 RECOMMENDATION

4 METHODOLOGY

8 DESIGN

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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01 INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Rapid growth in residential space due to population growth and migration to cities Rapid development of multifamily housing (Mahapatra, 2018)

• 315 million people expected to live in Indian cities by 2040 (IEA, 2015) • The reason is population growth and migration to cities in search of better economic opportunities.

• 18-20 million sq.ft of space will be constructed by 2040 of which 85 % will be residential space.

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

Dense growth (Rediff, 2013)

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INTRODUCTION

02 PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

HOMOGENIZATION • To cater to the growing demand of residential space, similar building prototype are built across all cities.

• 5-10 story buildings are most popular while some cities like Delhi and Mumbai allow 2030 stories to built • The photos highlight projects built in different cities in the last 5 years across India .

Multifamily residences in India

(DBS communities, 2018; GodrejProperties, 2017 ; GodrejProperties, 2017;PalamApartments, 2004)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

02 PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Why homogenization is a problem?

2. COOLING LOADS HIGH

1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION INCREASE

Appliances; 15.00%

Water heating; Fans; 5.00% 5.00%

Air conditioning; 55.00%

Lighting; 20.00%

Trends in residential electricity consumption (1971-2015) (CPR & Prayas, 2015)

Indian residential energy consumption is on exponential rise in the last 30 years

Indian residential energy loads breakdown (Berardi, 2017) (DOE, 2010)

Cooling loads contribute 55% of the energy used in a residence.

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

02 PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

3. LONGER LIFESPAN

Buildings have longer life span of more than 60-80 years.

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

4. INDOOR DISCOMFORT

Severe indoor discomfort due to increasing heat and lack of flexibility to open windows and balcony door.

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

03 HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Hypothesis Climate specific ,energy efficient multi-family housing in India will minimize annual energy and improve thermal comfort.

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

04 METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Methodology process followed to develop a set of recommendations and design for 3 different Indian climates.

Baseline

climate analysis

Research literature

Passive Strategies

Design

• Identified and modelled a typical Indian multi-family housing

• Classified into 3 climates :hot dry ,hot humid, composite • Choose one city per climate • Conducted climate Analysis using Climate consultant • Literature research across 3 climate classified under Sun, Earth, Wind, Water.

• Analyzed under further sub categories for Sun, earth, wind , water.

• Recommended passive design strategies to manage sun, wind ,earth and water for all 3 climates

• Designed buildings for 3 climate based on recommendations • Simulated energy models for design

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

04 METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

55 case studies have been studied to develop the set of recommendations. Other research literature were used to identify the quantitative benefits.

Sun

Earth

Wind

Water

Hot dry

23

4

7

6

Hot humid

19

2

14

2

Composite

15

2

4

2

Newton Suites, Singapore

Solar Guest Hostel ,Jodhpur

Hansar , Bangkok

Sehgal foundation , Gurgaon

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

Raas Hotel , Jodhpur

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

05 CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Climate classification

Ahmedabad Mumbai

Delhi

Climate Hot dry Hot humid Composite

City Ahmedabad Mumbai New Delhi

HDD @ 18°C 120 0 456

CDD @18°C 3,441 3,567 2,928

CDD@25°C 1,738 1,374 1,314

Heating degree days and cooling degree days in Indian cities (Rawal & Shukla, 2014) National Building Code,2005

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

05 CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Adaptive comfort psychometric chart based on ASHRAE-55 comfort model was used for all 3 climates to identify strategies .

Timetable plots for temperature, diurnal swing, relative humidity; shading masks for shading and wind rose for wind analysis were used.

Multicity tool from CABRSE used to identify comfort band range and city temperatures.

Psychometric chart

Temperature comparison Ahmedabad vs Mumbai (Multicity tool , CABRSE)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

05 CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Top priority of passive design strategies are identified for each climate based on the climate analysis. Adaptive comfort ventilation and window shading were top priorities across all 3 climates.

Priority

1

2

3

4

Adaptive ventilation

Window shading

Night flushing thermal mass

Evaporative cooling

Adaptive ventilation

Window shading

Night ventilation

Rain protection

Adaptive ventilation

Dynamic shading

5

6

Hot Dry climate Insulation

Passive solar Heat gain

Hot Humid climate

Composite climate Night flushing thermal mass

Passive solar Heat gain

Evaporative cooling

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Passive strategies are categorized into Sun, Earth ,Wind and Water .Each category is further sub-divided .

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

SUN

Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Orient longer facades in NS orientation to reduce incident solar radiation , possibly biasing slightly to the SSE to avoid more afternoon sun. Avoid orienting longer facades in E-W.

Orient rectangular, courtyard or finger shaped buildings with longer facades in N-S orientation.

(NZEB)

Mutual shading is suggested for hot dry climate. Avoid mutual shading in hot humid and composite climate.

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading

PROBLEM

• • •

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use cool paint with NIR absorptance in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 to reduce wall temperatures by at least 5 °C. Use wall overhang to block solar radiation Use vegetation for shading hot humid ,composite climate while mutual shading for hot dry climate Cool paint

Vegetation

Neighboring buildings 4-6°C reduction indoor temperature

cool paints with low NIR absorptance(0.1 - 0.5) reduce indoor wall temperature by at least 5 ° C.

SUN

Hot Dry climate

Overhang

x Primavera Residences Towers A & B, Phillipines

Kutch, Gujarat, (Gradillas, 2015)

at least 1°C reduction in indoor temperature

Hot Humid climate

x

Newton Suites, Singapore (WOHA, Newton Suites, 2007)

Composite climate

x Cool paints color palette (Synnefa, Santamouris, & Apostolakis, 2007)

Tensile fabric for wall shading (McGee, 2013)

Verticale Bosco by Ar.Stefano Boeri (Giacomello & Vellagussa, 2015)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading

PROBLEM

• • •

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use cool roofs with solar reflective index of minimum 82 to reduce roof temperatures by at least 3 °C. Use green roof for hot humid and composite climate.

Use trellis for shading roofs and PV panel as secondary shading device for all 3 climates.

Cool Roofs

SUN

Hot Dry climate

Use cool roof of Solar Reflective Index 82

Green Roof

Photovoltaic panel

Trellis

x

at least 3°C reduction in indoor temperature 5.1ºC reduction in roof temperature

Hot Humid climate

2.5oK reduction in ceiling temperature

wooden trellis (Modern Trellis Roof Structures, 2017)

Cool Roofs (CRRC)

Composite climate

(AMC, 2018) (BEE, Cool Roofs for cool Delhi)

(Kumar & Kaushik, 2004)

(AnthonyDominguez, JanKleissl, & C.Luvall, 2011)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

Trellis with vegetation (Harris, 2017)

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

• Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing Window shading

•

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use appropriate window shading devices to reduce indoor temperature by at least 2.5 °C for all 3 climates.

Also , use dynamic shading for composite climate to benefit from passive solar heating in winter.

North

South

East

SUN

Hot Dry climate Box shading at JBR residential apartments , Ahmedabad (Nirmaan)

Egg crate, Mil Owners association (Jones, 2014)

Ideal Choice Homes, Ahmd(Timberlake, 2018)

Hot Humid climate Golconde Hostel, Pondicherry

MET residential tower ,Bangkok WOHA Architects (The Met, 2009)

PWD Headquarters, Delhi (PWD headquarters, n.d.)

TERI Hostel ,Gurgaon (Majumdar, 2001)

West

The Point ,Guindy (KSMarchitects, n.d.)

Dwaraka Housing in Chennai (KSMarchitects, Dwaraka Apartments, n.d.)

Composite climate Sehgal Foundation, Gurgaon (Green building, n.d.)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

Sehgal Foundation, Gurgaon (Green building, n.d.)

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

SUN

Orientation and shape Roof and wall shading Window sizing & specs Window shading

METHODOLOGY

• •

WWR = 20 %

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use minimum 20 % Window Wall Ratio (WWR) with double pane glass assembly with 0.25 SHGC ,0.7 VLT and low-e coating glass for all 3 climates.

Reduce windows on E-W side

Climate Zone

North

South

East

West

Hot dry Hot humid Composite

15-20% 35-45% 30-40%

15% 20% 20%

15% 20% 10-15%

15% 20% 10-15%

5‘X 4’

0.33

0.25 25 % of solar heat gets transmitted

Climate Zone

North

Max U

SHGC

VLT (ECBC)

VLT recommende d

Hot dry Hot humid Composite

15-20% 35-40% 30-40%

3.3 3.3 3.3

0.25 0.2 0.25

0.27 0.16 0.24

0.5 0.5 0.7

Specification Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

EARTH

Wall Assembly & thermal mass Insulation Night cooling

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

Use low thermal conductivity walling infill for all 3 climates to reduce heat gain. Also ,use high hygroscopic material for hot humid climate .

Material

Thermal conductivity

Hollow bricks

0.26

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use thermal mass on the inner side of wall assembly for thermal lag in hot dry and composite climate.

W/mK

Heated air and solar radiation heats wall surface to 45 ºC

(Indiamart)

Warm room air: Wall absorbs the heat

0.35

Fly-ash bricks (Hygroscopic)

Cooled room air: (Indiamart)

Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks

Cool night air

Heat buffered in the wall starts to transfer to cooler inside environment

0.15 (Greenspec) (Indiamart)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

Wall Assembly & thermal mass Insulation Night cooling

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

Use insulation on the outer side for all 3 climates to increase time lag.

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use thermal breaks for all 3 climates to reduce heat gain through RCC slabs by 50 %.

EARTH

Material

Linear transmittance W/mK

0.50

R-Value = 1.9 m2KW-1 Time lag = 12.2 hrs Decrement factor =0.009 (Balaji, Mani, & Reddy, 2013; Vijayalakshmi, Natarajan, & Shanmugasundaram, 2006)

Paraffin PCM in hollow bricks

(Hichema, Noureddine, Nadia, & Djamila, 2013)

(Isokorb, 2014)

Uninsulated RCC slab

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

1.0

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

Use high emissive roofing materials like aluminum to reduce 2-4 C from night radiant cooling in all 3 climates.

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Design rooftops for communal spaces especially in hot dry and composite climates.

EARTH

Wall Assembly & thermal mass Insulation Night cooling

HYPOTHESIS

Night radiant cooling (Holladay, 2017)

Rooftops in Varanasi (National geographic)

• Night Sky radiant cooling occurs when clear skies are present .

• Outer sky has temperature of about 4K and there is a spectral range of 8-13 μm .

• Surface at 25°C and exposed to sky cools by radiating long waves in spectrum around 10 μm .

Rooftops used for gathering, celebrating and as sleeping spaces during summer nights.

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

Orientation and shape Window sizing

PROBLEM

• •

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Orient buildings at 30-45 ° degree to wind direction to improve distribution of air.

Staggered arrangement of buildings with varying heights improve wind flow in hot humid climate Building shapes

Hot dry

WIND

Orientation to wind (NZEB, 2017)

Hot humid

Composite

Varying rectangular building height

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

(Lee, Jusuf, & Wong, 2015)

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INTRODUCTION

Orientation and shape Window sizing

PROBLEM

• •

WIND

•

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use 30-35 % WWR to improve ventilation in hot humid climate.

Use casement window over sliding window for all 3 climates.

Use hopper windows, jaali for night ventilation in hot dry climate. Use awing in hot humid climate for protection from rain.

Window types (Tran, 2013) Climate

WWR

Hot dry

20 %

Hot humid

30-35 %

Composite

30-35 %

Air flow (Tran, 2013)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

WATER

Evaporative cooling Rain protection

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Use evaporative cooling through water bodies ,jail, vegetation or passive downdraft wind towers in hot dry and composite climate to increase humidity.

1

Fountains , water bodies

2

Jaali

3

Vegetation

Evapotranspiration (EPA, 2008)

4

Passive downdraft cooling

Torrent Research center (Thomas & Baird, 2006)

Waterbodies

(NZEB, Evaporative Cooling, n.d.)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

06 SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

Lift buildings off the street and use rain screens in hot humid climate to protect from rain.

WATER

Evap. cooling Rain protection

PROBLEM

2

1

Lifting buildings off street

Raise buildings above flood level.

Mechanical systems Above flood level (NYCPlanning, 2013)

Rain screen

Terracotta louvre rain screen cladding panel(Pinterest)

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

Goodwood residence ,Singapore (WOHA, Goodwood Residence, 2014)

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

07 RECOMMENDATION

DESIGN

10 recommendations based on the research literature and climate analysis are as follows:

1. Orient longer facades in NS orientation and avoid orienting longer facades in E-W. Orient buildings at 30-45 ° degree to wind direction to improve distribution of air.

2. Use linear , courtyard or finger shaped buildings with longer N-S orientation. Staggered arrangement for hot humid climates.

3. Avoid mutual shading of buildings in hot humid and composite climate.

4. Window, roof and wall shading is critical. Use dynamic shading for composite climate.

5. Use minimum 20 % Window Wall Ratio (WWR) with double pane glass assembly with 0.25 SHGC ,0.7 VLT and low-e coating glass for all 3 climates. Reduce windows on E-W side 6. Use thermal breaks for exposed slabs and balconies.

7. Use low thermal conductivity walling infill with insulation and on the outside with cool coat of paint.

8. Use thermal mass or phase change materials for hot dry and composite climate to benefit from time lag.

9. Use evaporative cooling through water bodies ,jail, vegetation or passive downdraft wind towers in hot dry and composite climate to improve comfort.

10. Use rain screen and design buildings above street level to prevent flooding in hot humid climates.

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

08 DESIGN

BASELINE DESIGN

PLAN

VIEW

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

08 DESIGN

BASELINE DESIGN PROBLEM

1

Insufficient shading

2

Heat gain through wall assembly

3

Less optimum window sizing and specs

Unshaded roof

4

Insufficient ventilation

5

Lack of thermal breaks

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

6

N

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INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM

DESIGN VALIDATION SHADING

Overhang and fin of 1’6” with louvres

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

CLIMATE

SOLUTION

RECOMMENDATION

Ahmedabad

08 DESIGN

Delhi

& Mumbai

Fins of 1’6’’ depth on both sides

Fins of 1’6” depth on both sides

Overhang 1’6” with louvres No fin like Ahmedabad & Mumbai

Ahmedabad

Mumbai

Delhi

Cooling load saving: 7601 BTU/hr 4.3 % reduction

Cooling load saving: 7000 BTU/hr 5.04 % reduction

Cooling load saving: 2858 BTU/hr 1.6 % reduction

Climate Specific , Energy efficient, Innovative Multifamily Housing Strategies For 3 Indian Cities | MSSD Synthesis 2018

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Thank You!

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References

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