Breaking In by Rosie Cockcroft

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

BREAKING IN ROSIE COCKCROFT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE PGDIP LEEDS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY 1

THE TRANSFORMATION OF A RURAL BROWNFIELD SITE

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Design and Access Statement

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Design and Access Statement

Design and Access Statements are required by planning authorities to support planning applications and are particularly important for complex proposals, such as the development of Broughton Mo or Royal Naval Armaments Depot (RNAD). This report aims to illustrate how a thorough design process has informed the masterplan that has been produced for an unusually large rural brownfield site in North West Cumbria and the design resolution for an area in focus. The masterplan will set out the use of the proposed spaces, the degree of development, the layout of built form and

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

green space, the scale and appearance of development and will highlight the different landscape elements and character areas of the design. The Design and Access Statement will consider the options for connecting transport links and points of public access to the site. In addition it is equally as important to illustrate elements of inclusive access within the development to highlight how the design offers a non-discriminatory approach so that the general public can enjoy many of the different aspects of the site.

Contents Chapter Number 1.0 2 .0 2 .1 2.2 2.3 3 .0 4.0 5 .0 5 .1 5.2 5.3 6 .0 7.0 8 .0 8 .1 8.2 8.3 8 .4 9 .0 9 .1 9.2 9.3 9 .4 9 .5 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 10.2 10.3 1 0 .4 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 1 0 .7 10.8 1 0 .9 1 1.0

Page Number Project Aims Site Context: Historical Background and Location Site Context: Scale Views Out Vehicular Access for Visitors Vision Statement Concept Development Precedent Studies // National Tourist Routes, Norway Precedent Studies // Chill Factor , Manchester Precedent Studies // Center Parcs, Whinfell Forest Precedent Studies // Cells of Life, Charles Jencks Design Development Masterplan Landscape Elements Planting and Wo odland Types Hard Materials: Unity and Site Identity Human Use and Zones of Activity Sustainable Principles Access and Circulation Zero Carbon Access Vehicular Site Access Levels of Public Accessibility Site Circulation Inclusive Access Landscape Character Areas Vehicular Parking Buckhill Spoil Heap and Snowdome Buckhill Adventure Playground Ribton Wo od Camerton Grange Coast to Coast Cycle Route Buckhill Skate Park Open Unimproved Grassland Buckhill Water Assessing Visual Impact

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 84

Chapter Number 1 1 .1 1 2 .0

1 3 .0 1 3 .1 1 4.0 1 4.1 1 5 .0 1 5 .1 1 6 .0 1 6 .1 1 7.0 1 7. 1 1 7. 2 1 7. 3 1 7.4 1 7.5 1 8 .0 1 9 .0 2 0 .0 2 1.0 2 1.1 2 1. 2 2 2 .0 2 2 .1 22.2 2 3 .0 2 3 .1 23.2 23.3 2 3 .4 2 3 .5 2 4.0 2 5 .0

Page Number Residential Visual Receptors Conclusions

86 90

D ESIGN RESO LUTIO N: BUCK HILL MEMO R IAL WALK

Design Resolution: Buckhill Memorial Walk Buckhill Memorial Walk: Design Aims Hard and Soft Materials: Inspiration from the Site External Inspiration: Precedent Studies Technical Detail: Cut and Fill Technical Detail: Calculating a Gradient Technical Detail: Exploring Landform Topography: Levels Strategic Planting Design Strategic Planting Design: Zone 1 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 2 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 3 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 4 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 5 Hard Materials and Furniture Buckhill Memorial Walk Buckhill Visitor Centre Technical Detail: Precast Concrete Retaining Walls Technical Detail: Bespoke Design Detail Technical Detail: Gabion Retaining Wall An Area in Focus Sculptural Intervention: Andy Goldworthy Sculptural Intervention: Antony Gormley Detailed Design: An Area in Focus Detailed Design: Drainage Detailed Design: Water System Detailed Design: Lighting Detailed Design: Furniture Detailed Design: Planting Plan Buckhill Memorial Walk: Maintenance Plan References

94 96 98 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 156 162

1 .0 Project aims

ENHANCE BIODIVERSITY

RETAIN THE SITE GENIUS LOCI

A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Protecting and enhancing the rich yet delicate range of flora and fauna is one of the most crucial aims of developing the site at Broughton Mo or. All design decisions will need to consider the provision of habitats and the consequences on the environment. By opening the site up to the public for the first time in over 50 years, it is crucial that the most vulnerable habitats are protected. However, it is also important to utilise the opportunity to allow local people and visitors to connect with nature and enjoy learning about and admiring the interesting range of wildlife that this unusual site provides for.

An unusual range of emotions and experiences are evoked when exploring this unique site; from excitement and curiosity to risk and danger; from mystery and surprise to tranquillity and escape. These qualities must be retained for the site to be as unique and special as it is today. The incredible character of the built form and the landscape structure is juxtaposed with the beauty of the wildlife and landscape that has regenerated. These qualities are all worth protecting and enhancing through a sensitive yet forward thinking approach.

Environmental, social and economic sustainable development will be pursued. The development will reduce surface run off by attenuating water through a feature lake and by forestation. It will also encourage visitors to access by fo ot or cycle rather than by car. The development must also aim to be economically sustainable, stimulating tourism in West Cumbria and drawing on the vast numbers of tourists from the Lake District National Park. This will support the surrounding communities as much as possible, just as the Eden Project has had such a positive impact on Cornwall.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar: One type of the many weapons stored on site.

2.0 Site Context: Historical background and Location

The unusual landscape that can be seen from an aerial view of Broughton Mo or RNAD is a result of the industries and human uses that have made their mark on the land.; most notably, coal mining and military use.

Later in the 20th Century, the site was used by various military organisations for the storage of armaments that were transported to the coast by the railway line, which is now dismantled.

Buckhill Colliery was situated in the centre of the site during the late 19th and early 20th Century, creating the unusual spoil heap that still exists today.

Over 300 buildings still exist on the site, many with huge concrete and earth blast walls around them.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Broughton Mo or RNAD is geographically situated in West Cumbria, less than one and a half miles from the Solway Coast and five miles from the Lake District National Park. The LDNP is the largest national park in the England covering a huge 2292km2 and has significantly more visitors than any other national park in the UK, with 15.8 million people per year spending an impressive £952 million. Whilst traditionally a coal mining area, the Solway Coast is now being promoted as “Britain’s Energy Coast” with many renewable energy supplies and industries. 13

2 . 1 Site Context: Scale DERWENT FOREST, CUMBRIA

WHINFELL FOREST CENTER PARCS (VILLAGE HIGHLIGHTED)

425 ha

185 ha

439 ha

227 ha 40 ha 253 ha

HYDE PARK, LONDON (INCLUDING KENSINGTON GARDENS) 14

OLYMPIC PARK, STRATFORD, LONDON

THE EDEN PROJECT, CORNWALL

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

5 MINUTE WALK

10 MINUTE WALK 15

KEY 1. .

500m

1. . The Solway 2. Northern Lake District

1 km

2.2 Views Out

Survey and analysis techniques allow a landscape architect to be aware of key views both into and out of the site. They can then use this information to determine how these views will be managed, for example, the development of this site has utilised the magnificent views of the northern Lake District fells and the Solway coast by allowing access to the re sculptured spoil heap, giving visitors a unique vantage point. The impact of the development on the site for those lo oking in, such as the residents of Greysouthen, however, is minimal, with the state of the art snow dome adding a stylish yet relatively low impact enhancement to the landscape.

View of Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm in the Solway, with Scotland behind.

View from south of site lo oking south-east to northern Lake District - The site has been designed to utilize these views by retaining open grassland and adding height. Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot 17

OPTION A

OPTION A: EITHER USE COCKERMOUTH BYPASS OR DIRECT TRAFFIC THROUGH TOWN OPTION B PROPOSED BRIDGE TO BE CREATED OVER RIVER DERWENT

N 0m 18

500m

1 km

2.3 Vehicular Access for visitors After assessing the different options for creating a new vehicular access to the site is was decided that the most sustainable and sensitive option was to avoid bringing heavy traffic through any of the surrounding villages. Option A was chosen as the most suitable option for access, due to it being more cost efficient and the least intensive and therefore most sustainable option. There would be potential to divert traffic from the A66 which runs from Middlesborough, in the North East, to Workington, through the small market town of Cockermouth, to help to bo ost tourism. The main access would then be joined by traffic from Scotland and the North via the A595, to follow the existing A594 road to Maryport before turning off onto the relatively new and wide road to Broughton. Before reaching the village, a length of new road would need to be constructed to access the site to the north east, which would provide both impressive views of the Lake District Fells and the proposed sculptural spoil heap on approach.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

ACCESS OPTION A

ACCESS OPTION A - VIEWS

SITE ENTRANCE POINT (EXISTING VIEW)

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

3. 0 Vision Statement: Broughton Mo or RNAD will be opened to the public for the first time in over half a century as it is transformed into a new destination within the North West of England, where new discoveries can be found on every visit. A place of hidden mystery, excitement and both natural and man made beauty, visitors will be drawn to this historic area of West Cumbria for a unique and memorable experience. From adrenaline fuelled sports and adventure to peaceful walks admiring nature; from enjoying inspirational art and sculpture to listening to an atmospheric performance amongst the trees. The design proposal also aims to showcase a model for providing exciting community facilities serving ambitious, young, local people. Throughout both the design and construction process, local young people will be encouraged to engage with the planning, designing and building of a range of leisure facilities, from a continually evolving junkyard playground to the adrenaline sports facilities, such as bike trails and skate parks, to ensure that the spaces are adapted to suit the needs of the users.

4.0 Concept Development MYSTERY AND DISCOVERY The experiential qualities of the site have been highlighted as being imperative to retain and enhance through the design proposals. This has influenced the concept development of the site in a number of ways. Through exploring ideas with mysterious connotations I began exploring images of spidersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; webs and finding that their beautiful, regular structures had many similarities to the site structure at Broughton Mo or RNAD. I then started to examine the way that dew lands on a spidersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; webs, it created these sporadic patterns of different shaped gems within this regular structure. This inspiration helped to form both my masterplan and the experiential qualities of my site, in that these sporadic placing of a variety of water droplets could represent a surprise or a discovery amongst the regular structure of the existing site, so that both new interventions and traces of its historical past can complement each other beautifully.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Aurlandsfjellet Tourist Route, Norway

Geiranger-Trollstigen Tourist Route, Norway 24

HavĂ¸ysund Tourist Route, Norway

Romsdalen- Geiranger Fjord, Norway

5.0 Precedent Studies // National Tourist routes, Norway

WHY IS THIS STUDY USEFUL?

KEY FACTS AND FIGURES

HOW THIS COULD BE SENSITIVELY APPLIED AT BROUGHTON MOOR RNAD

This study highlights how creative interventions can enhance existing spectacular views and spacial experiential qualities. These architectural elements, shown opposite, enhance feelings of drama, surprise and suspense, that already exist within the landscape.

The 18 different National Tourist Routes around Norway have been designed to provide interesting and diverse experiences for visitors across the country.

The key aims of these creative interventions are to heighten the existing genius loci of the landscape and to enhance the sense of drama that can be found in each of these places with an unexpected architectural feature.

These ideas of enhancing the experiential qualities of the site are a key concept for developing a design strategy for Broughton Mo or RNAD.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Each intervention is site specific, enhancing yet not distracting from existing views, features and qualities.

This approach would respond very well to the site at Broughton Mo or RNAD, working with the existing site features and introducing sculptural, landscape or architectural interventions that enhance experiences of surprise, mystery and drama as the site is explored further.

Chill Factor, Manchester

Sketch by Falkner Browns Architects 26

5.1 Precedent Studies // Chill Factor, Manchester WHY IS THIS STUDY USEFUL?

KEY FACTS AND FIGURES

HOW THIS COULD BE SENSITIVELY APPLIED AT BROUGHTON MOOR RNAD

An impressive architectural intervention combined with a facility that can provide both recreational and economic opportunities for the local community, particularly regarding a younger demographic, would help to address a number of the project aims.

Designed by Faulkner Browns Architects, Chill Factor is the UK’s longest real snow indo or slope at 180m. The highest point of the building is 45m high. The main slope is 40m wide at the top and 100m wide at the bottom. The maximum capacity of the slope is 180 people.

A well designed snow dome could really maximise the experience of Broughton Mo or RNAD by allowing people to see the unusual layout and landscape from a height, to enjoy the amazing views of the northern Lake District fells to the south-east and the Solway coast to the west.

As well as the slope, the building also hosts the “Warm Alpine Streetscape”, which is a themed area with bars restaurants and related shops. A central viewing platform allows visitors to watch the action on the slopes and tempts them to have a go themselves.

A restaurant or cafe at the top could mean that people of any age could benefit from this unique vantage point and those who wanted more of an adrenaline rush could fly down the indo or slope, perhaps with a transparent ro of to give the impression of disappearing into the tree line of Ribton Wo od.

An indo or snow dome would not only provide a unique experience for Cumbria but would also have huge economic benefits to the West Cumbria sub-region. To fully understand the scale of an indo or snow dome it is imperative to study a number of existing snow domes, for example, Chill Factor in Manchester.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

More than 500 jobs have been created at Chill Factor,with approximately 260 of these being within the ski section alone. There are approximately 300 car parking spaces to serve the Chill Factor, plus 16 disabled and 6 coach parking spaces.

The design could be sympathetically built into the spoil heap and existing wo odland, whilst offering a spectacular architectural intervention that complements and enhances the surrounding landscape. It may be that such a development would be part of a second phase of the works, once the visitor attraction is established.

5.2 Precedent Studies // Center parcs, Whinfell Forest WHY IS THIS STUDY USEFUL?

KEY FACTS AND FIGURES

HOW THIS COULD BE SENSITIVELY APPLIED AT BROUGHTON MOOR RNAD

To achieve the project aims of enhancing the biodiversity of the site and also to provide an exciting visitor experience, the creation of an artificial lake, as seen at all of the Center Parcs villages, could be incredibly successful.

The recreational lake at Whinfell Forest Center Parcs is approximately 300m x 80m and caters for a range of watersports including kayaking, pedalos and windsurfing and provides a relaxing focal point to the leisure attraction. In addition to this, the lake creates a large area of marginal aquatic habitat for a range of birds and other wildlife. A large proportion of the lake edge is accessible by all visitors to the leisure attraction through a wide and gentle informal pedestrian route, whilst a portion of the lake edge is reserved for lake side properties.

To create a lake for the site at Broughton Mo or RNAD, a large quantity of â&#x20AC;&#x153;cutâ&#x20AC;? would be created from the excavation. This could be lost on the already existing spoil heap to create a dramatic landscape feature and help to stabilise this remnant of the coal mining industry.

This would also help to create a sustainable drainage system for the site as a whole; storing much of the surface run off and, therefore reducing the amount of run off into the River Derwent. By studying the size, character and design of the central lake at Whinfell Forest Center Parcs, this could influence the design of the lake at Broughton.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

The car parking at Whinfell Forest, as with all the Center Parcs developments, is on the edge of the village away from all attractions and activities. This enhances the experience of relaxation and escape from every day life. Public vehicles are only allowed to enter the site on changeover days and then the roads are reserved for a small number of maintenance vehicles. The car park is approximately 300m x 125m and caters for 4,668 people in 861 self catering apartments and chalets.

To ensure that a diverse range of wildlife can develop, the lake could potentially have designated habitat development zones that are free of watersports and disruption. This could be shallower to allow a larger area of marginal planting and the edges must be carefully designed to allow gentle access to the water for birds and other species. It would be appropriate, that the lake at Broughton Mo or RNAD could be much larger than the lake at Whinfell Forest to ensure enough space is provided for watersports as well as designating a large proportion of the new lake for wildlife development.

5.3 Precedent Studies // Cells of Life, Charles Jencks

WHY IS THIS STUDY USEFUL?

KEY FACTS AND FIGURES

HOW THIS COULD BE SENSITIVELY APPLIED AT BROUGHTON MOOR RNAD

This impressive sculptural landform is a beautiful creation in an amazing setting. The way in which it invites people to interact with it and explore it is really inspiring and could work really well within the Broughton Mo or RNAD setting, where the spoil heap from Buckhill Colliery could be re-sculpted to create a new, impressive form. A sculptural intervention of this scale would draw in visitors for a unique experience within West Cumbria and utilize the fantastic surrounding views from the northern fells of the Lake District to the Solway Coast.

Charles Jencks designed this conceptual, striking land art based on a celebration of the cell as a basis for all life.

The mystery and drama that this unusual form demonstrates would help to enhance the genius loci and key site qualities that exist at present.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Its impressive form is dramatically realised as visitors to Jupiter Artland sculpture park emerge through the mature broadleaf wo odland in their cars and suddenly open out into this beautiful, yet alien landscape. The lush green lawns that cover the landform are immaculately manicured and require intensive maintenance.

However, the choice of manicured lawn being the only soft material would not only lo ok incongruent on this particular brownfield site, but it would also be highly unsustainable as it would require a very intensive maintenance programme, as well as supporting a very low range of wildlife. If a type of interactive sculptural landform was created at Broughton Mo or RNAD, it could potentially support a large range of wildlife in addition to offering dramatic aesthetic qualities.

6.0 Design Development

A thorough design process has focused on creating a unique site experience with feelings of anticipation and surprise. This process has involved aspects of research, analysis and design exploration. Adrenaline themed activities and a sense of adventure were a key focus to provide opportunities for the local community, particularly the younger generation. A site based response identified the regularity of the brownfield site with the military influences featuring heavily. This was considered key to the site characteristics and was imperative to be retained. Access was to be opened to the public after over half a century of being restricted. A sense of drama through connecting a variety of landscape characters was key to the design approach as well as providing a range of rich habitats for wildlife.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

7.0 Masterplan

DESIGN RATIONALE The concept of MYSTERY AND DISCOVERY has strongly influenced the proposal, resulting in a sympathetic design that retains many of the mysterious unique features that have existed for years and proposing a network of routes that focus on changing views, surroundings and experience to provide a constant sense of discovery and surprise as visitors explore the site. By connecting this abandoned brownfield site to the surrounding community through road, cycle ways and fo otpaths, it allows the local community to explore this mysterious landscape and enjoy a huge variety of activities. Wildlife has been protected and encouraged to thrive through providing a wide range of habitats and allowing some areas to remain undisturbed, to allow both plant and animal species to flourish.

Key - Proposed Features

Key - existing Features

1 2 3 4 5

28 2.9 30 31 32 33 34

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Broadleaf wo odland Mixed wo odland Plantation wo odland for biomass Coniferous wo odland Extension and sculptural redesign of existing spoil heap Statement indo or Snow dome design Visitor information point, cafes, shops and restaurant View points for spectacular views of the northern Lake District and the Solway Coast Redirection of Coast to Coast cycle route Challenging cycle routes Leisurely cycle routes Treetop walkway Skate and BMX Park Pedestrian routes Vehicular access - extension of new Broughton road from A594 to avoid congestion of surrounding villages Adventure playground - Public Junkyard playground project - Enrolment only Treehouse village Car parking facilities Cycle hire - free cycle hire Cycle hub - hire of more technical cycles and related shops refreshment stop for cyclists New artificial lake created with: habitat creation focused zone Recreation focused zone Beach area Watersports centre Sculptural â&#x20AC;&#x153;parting the watersâ&#x20AC;? bridge Sculpture trail

Semi natural ancient wo odland Scots Pine plantation wo odland Wildflower meadow Felled wo odland at Camerton Grange Open unimproved grassland Roads (to be resurfaced) Royal Naval depot buildings with earth and concrete blast walls (Buildings to be retained as much as possible for both wildlife habitat and human use - where built form has to be removed due to asbestos, replacements can be made where necessary.)

250m

500m

750m

1 km

N 15.

4. 19.

20. 10.

17.

16.

29.

18.

5. 7. 6. 31.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

10. 9.

14.

12. 2.

25. 13. 21. 24.

14.

23.

26. 9.

30.

22.

11.

32.

28. 14. 27. 28.

33.

34.

8.0 Landscape Elements

Due to the vast scale and complexity of the site, it can be more effective to communicate the various landscape types, uses and features through a series of simplified diagrams. The following diagrams and descriptions will illustrate the influences behind the masterplan and also how the project aims are being addressed.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

250m

500m

750m

1 km

N PROPOSED CONIFEROUS WOODLAND PROPOSED MIXED WOODLAND FOR BIOMASS

EXISTING CONIFEROUS WOODLAND

PROPOSED PERIMETER HEDGEROW

PROPOSED MIXED WOODLAND

PROPOSED SPOIL HEAP VEGETATION

PROPOSED FEATURE TREE PLANTING ALONG C2C

PROPOSED AQUATIC PLANTING

EXISTING WILDFLOWER MEADOW PROPOSED BROADLEAF EXISTING ANCIENT WOODLAND

EXISTING ANCIENT WOODLAND

ENHANCED EXISTING HEDGEROWS (INCLUDING ANCIENT)

8.1 Planting and Woodland types

The planting strategy was carefully designed and heavily influenced by the project aims of maximising the biodiversity within the site. Existing areas of Ancient Broadleaf Wo odland were connected with large areas of young broadleaf wo odland to enhance this habitat. The ecological value of this was maximised with the decision to create a man made lake with a large biodiversity focus that integrates into the wo odland. The aquatic margins are maximised to create a large canvas for wildlife and restricted access to certain areas allow habitats to develop. Existing hedgerows around the site have been enhanced and more have been added to strengthen the green infrastructure through the site, which is especially important for birds of prey and associated species.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

By increasing the area of Scots Pine wo odland and incorporating European Larch into the mixture, this strengthens chances of inhabitation by the endangered red squirrel, amongst other wo odland species. The proposed broadleaf wo odland also helps to connect the surrounding area with the site and increases their chances of survival within the site, if sufficiently managed. To provide a wide variety of habitat types, large areas of open unimproved grassland have been designed to remain as existing to allow existing species, such as adder, barn owl and brown hare to flourish. The decision to locate these habitats to the south east of the site was based upon retaining uninterrupted spectacular views of the northern Lake District Fells. The existing spoil heap is to be restructured, and planting choices around this area are to

be designed to provide year round interest and high wildlife value, with an emphasis on pollinating insects. Towards the centre of the development, around the busiest areas, the planting choices are less focused on being strictly native and more focused on being reflective of the site character in a modern design approach. Towards the edges of the site, planting choices are generally more traditionally ecologically focused and try to incorporate species that are native to the area. Overall, the planting strategy aims to provide a rich canvas for wildlife whilst reflecting and enhancing the genius loci of the site through creating mystery and surprise with a range of landscape characters.

8.2 hard materials: Unity and Site identity

Due to the sheer scale of the project, there is the risk of the proposals appearing disjointed and confusing. It is therefore important, that a sense of continuity is developed through the use of a strong palette of materials and bespoke signage and means of way finding.

A very natural feel is to be created through the materials chosen for the proposed design, with an emphasis on the use of corten steel, recycled brick and other materials found on site, to provide reminders of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rich history.

This will help to create a site identity that is instantly recognisable and helps to reinforce the sense of place.

Sculpture, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Street Artâ&#x20AC;? and other artistic interventions will provide a dynamic response to a unique, mysterious landscape.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

8.3 Human Use and Zones of Activity The development on Broughton Mo or RNAD is largely a tourist leisure attraction, providing a range of sports and activities that appeal to a range of ages, with a particular focus on providing opportunities for young people. Many of the sports and activities are adrenaline and alternative sports with national level attractions, such as a state of the art snow dome, an industrial skate and BMX park and challenging cycle routes across a mix of terrain. Encouraging exercise through all of the activities is a key aim of the design, whether that involves a peaceful walk enjoying the wildlife or a hair raising bike ride through the wo odland. Experiential qualities of a sense of discovery are enhanced by the choice of activities and the way finding around the site, dissecting the many different character areas and creating a combination of open and hidden views.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

250m

500m

750m

1 km

N VEHICULAR PARKING

ADVENTURE PLAY SPACES CHALLENGING CYCLE ROUTES

TREEHOUSE STAYS

CYCLE HUB

CYCLE HIRE

SNOW SPORTS LEISURE AND RETAIL SKATE / BMX PARK WATERSPORTS

C2C CYCLE ROUTE

LEISURELY CYCLE ROUTES

LEISURELY PEDESTRIAN ROUTES SCULPTURE TRAILS

8.3 Human Use and Zones of Activity

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

8.4 Sustainable principles To address the project aims and to produce a responsible design proposal it is crucial to highlight the sustainability principles that have influenced the design. Within this vast brownfield site, there are many areas of hard surfacing that can be utilised for the building of, for example, vehicular parking, the extension of the spoil heap and the skate park. This minimises the effect of using up effectively greenfield or soft areas that would increase surface run off. The recycling of materials is encouraged as much as possible. Built form is to remain wherever possible, either for habitat provision for barn owls and bats, or for human use. Where built form must be removed due to contamination of asbestos, the fo otprint can either be used to provide new simple sheds that can be devoted to habitat provision, used for sculpture or artistic intervention or planted up with pollinating trees to encourage wildlife. Much of the built form to the north is made from brick and can be developed and used for artistic studios or retreats due to their strength and impressive form.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Using cut and fill techniques was a key design principle within the proposals to minimise costs and detrimental effect on the environment. As the main lake is created, a huge amount of spoil will be produced. The most sustainable approach was to use this spoil on site to re-sculpture and strengthen the existing Buckhill spoil heap and use this in a creative way. By utilizing this previously disturbed land this provides a highly sustainable approach by reducing the need for the removal of excess material off the site. Through addressing the project aims, wildlife is promoted as much as possible throughout the design proposals. Providing a range of habitats that are focused on more endangered species, such as bats, barn owls and red squirrels is key to the design. Reforestation is a major aspect of the design with a mix of wo odland types being implemented. This will not only provide a fantastic setting for recreational activities and a relaxing environment for visitors, but it also has enormous environmental benefits. Wo odland can significantly reduce surface run off, as well as providing a rich canvas for a range of wildlife.

Another method of water management is the creation of an attenuation system in the form of a lake. This acts as a collection for surface run off and reduces the speed of run off to the River Derwent, which often suffers from heavy flo oding. The lake/ wo odland edge also provides valuable habitat for a range of species, with half of the lake being dedicated to wildlife development. Porous surfacing throughout the scheme also reduces surface run off, as well as ensuring that the soil receives sufficient water supply to cater for the trees across the site. The design proposal aims to promote zero carbon transport wherever possible, particularly through the re-routed Coast to Coast cycle trail that now dissects the site right through the centre, connecting the surrounding communities and drawing in a wide number of users. Car sharing schemes will be encouraged through car parking fees and those travelling by fo ot or cycle will have free site entry, providing a fantastic local resource.

9.0 Access And Circulation

The Design and Access Statement requires a demonstration of the accessibility of the site, from connecting transport links and points of public access, to inclusive access within the development to highlight how the design offers a non-discriminatory approach so that the general public can enjoy many of the different aspects of this new public attraction.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

EXISTING PUBLIC FOOTPATHS TO BE CONNECTED TO SITE PROPOSALS

PROPOSED REDIRECTED C2C ROUTE

EXISTING C2C ROUTE WORKINGTON BRANCH

N 0m 50

500m

1 km

9.1 Zero Carbon Access

To address the issue of limited transport links to the site and increasing awareness, a simple alteration to the existing Workington Branch of the Coast to Coast cycle route will dissect the proposed development and encourage people to make a return visit. It will also encourage locals to use the route to access the site, therefore reducing the number of vehicles. This simple intervention would involve a continuation of the cycle route along the disused railway line right through the centre of the site, creating a cycle hub with cafes, retail and associated activity opportunities. In the east, the route would then connect with the main perimeter road and continue through Great Broughton village. Existing pedestrian routes to the site have also been linked into the site circulation to encourage visitors to access the site by fo ot.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

250m

500m

750m

1 km

N EMERGENCY ACCESS

TEMPORARY VISITOR ACCESS TO TREEHOUSES

DISABLED ACCESS

EMERGENCY ACCESS

EMERGENCY ACCESS 52

9.2 Vehicular site Access

To retain the peaceful and tranquil nature of this abandoned, mysterious site, it would be most effective to limit the vehicular access to the informal car park to the north-east wherever possible. To ensure a sustainable approach, existing roads built by the military during use as a Royal Naval Armaments Depot will be utilised and resurfaced to ensure suitability for emergency and maintenance vehicles. This will both help to retain the military character and pattern in the landscape and also provide alternative routes for cycling and walking.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

The small holiday Tree House community will be accessible by car to unload belongings and must be returned to the car park for the duration of their stay. A disabled access and car park will be located within 50metres of the visitor centre entrance to ensure inclusively within the proposals.

250m

500m

750m

1 km

N ACCESS RESTRICTED TO MAINTENANCE STAFF

ACCESS RESTRICTED TO MAINTENANCE STAFF

NEW PUBLIC ACCESS

ACCESS RESTRICTED TO MAINTENANCE STAFF

PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL AREA

9.3 Levels of Public accessibility

After being closed to the public for over half a century, the general public, as well as tourists, are encouraged to access a large proportion of the 425ha site. As addressed within the project aims and the concept development, it is crucial that through design, the same sense of mystery and discovery can be felt by all visitors to the site, encouraging them to return. To achieve the project aims of promoting the biodiversity and wildlife that exists on site, several areas of the site have been designated temporary restricted access to allow individual habitats within these areas to develop and remain protected and undisturbed by human intervention. This can be done simply by using low impact fencing to deter the public away from these areas and direct them to the main activity zones.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

0m EXISTING PEDESTRIAN WAYS CONNECTED TO ALLOW SITE ACCESS

PROPOSED CYCLE ROUTES

PROPOSED REDIRECTED C2C ROUTE

PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

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500m

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9.4 Site Circulation

The proposed development at Broughton Mo or RNAD responds to the strict limited access of the site over the last half a century and opens up this vast local resource for the general public to enjoy in a variety of ways. The experiential qualities of the site are very much determined by the circulation and the way that these selected routes will dissect a number of different character areas, with a sporadic sequence of both enclosed, intimate spaces and vast open views.

Competitive cyclists will also be drawn in from the Coast to Coast (C2C) cycle route which has been redirected to dissect right through the centre of the site, offering incredible views and tempting participants to return. This route also encourages locals to access the site using zero-carbon transport from towns such as Cockermouth and Workington which are connected by the C2C.

Visitors can access the site by fo ot, cycle or motor vehicle. The hierarchy of cycle routes means that people with a range of abilities can enjoy this unique landscape on two wheels, whether that involves flying through the wo odland over jumps and features or gently and quietly enjoying the views of the fells.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

9.5 Inclusive access To ensure the development can be enjoyed by as many of its visitors as possible, it is crucial to ensure that the correct surfaces, gradients, crossing points and circulation is considered to be accessible for all abilities. Whilst some areas offer advanced risk and challenge, such as some of the proposed cycle routes, it is important that those who are less able can enjoy the peaceful environment of the area and experience a range of the character areas. The surfaces used for the majority of the pedestrian ways will be considerate of wheelchair users and will offer a gentle journey exploring the site. The gradient of the path that accesses the summit of the new sculptural landform will be at a suitably gentle gradient, for example, 5% or even 2 .5 % to allow all members of the public to enjoy the spectacular surrounding views.

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OPEN UNIMPROVED GRASSLAND CAMERTON GRANGE

PROPOSED MIXED WOODLAND

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PROPOSED VEHICULAR ACCESS

PROPOSED CONIFEROUS WOODLAND

BIOMASS PLANTATION

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VISITOR CAR PARK

ADVENTURE PLAYGROUND RIBTON WOOD

SNOWDOME AND SPOIL HEAP REDIRECTED COAST TO COAST ROUTE SKATEPARK BUCKHILL WATER

MEADOW

PROPOSED BROADLEAF WOODLAND

ANCIENT WOODLAND 60

OPEN UNIMPROVED GRASSLAND

1 0.0 Landscape Character Areas

To understand the variety of experiences that can be found around this vast 425ha site, the area can be divided up into a number of landscape character areas, each with a unique character. The following section will explore these zones, with particular focus on certain areas. to highlight key features, experiential qualities and activities.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

1 0 . 1 Vehicular parking Inspired by the low- impact car parking facilities at Whinfell Forest Center Parcs, Whinlatter Forest near Keswick and other car parking elsewhere in the Lake District, it is intended that the car parking for the site should have minimal impact and be as discrete as possible, using an informal planting style and fast growing new wo odland to screen the car park and break up the mass of cars. The car parking surface will utlise an existing tarmaced area that will be broken up and recycled to create a permeable surface, to ease drainage and reduce surface run off. The new access road has been introduced to utilize the relatively new road into Broughton and then to branch off this to minimise disruption to the village and provide an impressive view of the new sculptural spoil heap and architectural design of the snow dome disappearing into the wo odland.

Larix decidua

Pinus sylvestris

Betula pendula

Sorbus aucuparia

Pseudotsuga menziesii

Great Tit

Chaffinch

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BEFORE

1 0 . 2 Buckhill Spoil Heap and Snowdome This dramatic feature will be designed to provide a spectacular architectural design that seamlessly blends with its surroundings. By using the material that will be excavated to create the central lake, the existing Buckhill Spoil Heap can be supported and extended into a sculptural, interactive landform which, unlike Charles Jencksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; incredible manicured, earthworks, will be planted with low maintenance planting with high wildlife value. An indo or snow dome will attract huge visitor numbers to West Cumbria and will be an incredible experience, maximising the spectacular views of both the Solway coast and the Lake District, before flying down the snowy slope and disappearing into the tree-line of Ribton Wo od.

Inspiration: Skipark 360

Indo or Snow Slope

Bespoke Signage

Bespoke Detailing

Grasses and Perennials

Wildlife Friendly Planting Palette

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Inspiration THE HIGH LINE, NEW YORK Oudolf’s intention “to create a new landscape and at the same time to preserve that spirit of wilderness that had captivated so many early visitors to the abandoned High Line” is very reflective of the desired aesthetic and design aims of the development at Broughton Mo or RNAD. In this more intensively designed and more active, busy zone, the planting is designed to impress visitors all year round. This may include a mix of native and non-native species, designed to reflect the character and genius loci of the site whilst highlighting design flair. Oudolf says “The whole cycle of a plant’s life should delight us, from the bright colours of the blo oming season to the dry, spiky, seed-encrusted stalks of winter.... All of my work is related to trying to recreate the spontaneous feeling of plants in nature. The idea is not to copy nature, but to give an emotion of nature.” This design ethos is very appropriate for this sculptural intervention to create an ever changing experience as visitors make their way to the summit of the landform.

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NORTHALA FIELDS, LONDON ADAPTED TO MAXIMIZE WILDLIFE VALUE 67

1 0 . 3 Buckhill Adventure Playground Hidden within the wo odland, an exciting, challenging and diverse play space allows children and adults of all ages to climb, slide, swing, roll, jump, hang, balance and run around in this fantastic space, both using the existing landscape and the high quality, challenging timber play equipment that allows visitors to enjoy the wo odland in a range of ways. In addition to this visitor play space, an adjacent Junkyard Playground provides opportunities for local children and young people to come and learn how to design and build their own play space, with tyre swings, treehouses and rope bridges. This teaches local children a range of both practical and social skills that are essential for growing up, as well as allowing them to feel a sense of pride in this ever changing play-scape.

Car Tyre Swing

Natural Play Features

Jumping Discs

Wobble Dish

Timber Climbing Structure

Junkyard Playground

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1 0 . 4 Ribton Wood The beautiful mature Scots Pine plantation wo odland is relatively light and easily accessible, making it a perfect venue for a range of activities, from exploring on the ground level, to secluded treehouse getaways, from adrenaline pumping cycle trails to the dramatic experience of seeing the forest at canopy level, taking in the spectacular views of the northern Lake District fells and having a unique vantage point over this unusual ex-military site. This Scots Pine wo odland will been buffered with more coniferous and mixed wo odland to try and encourage red squirrels, as well as other wo odland species, such as the lesser spotted wo odpecker and badgers, to thrive in this area.

Pinus sylvestris

Calluna vulgaris

Pteridium aquilinum

Red Squirrel

Treetop Walkway

Challenging Cycling Routes

EcoPerch Treehouses

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1 0 . 5 Camerton Grange This dramatic landscape has been doubled in size with the felling of the remaining area of dense coniferous wo odland around the fo otprint of the old smallpox hospital. The lonely birch trees in the grassland landscape create an eerie and mysterious character that acts as a fantastic canvas for challenging bike trails with a series of jumps and features for the more experienced or adventurous cyclists. A new dense perimeter hedge will add biodiversity value and the open unimproved grassland will provide fantastic habitat for barn owls and other birds of prey due to the abundance of prey that will inhabit the area, such as short tailed field voles, as stated in the Cumbria Biodiversity Action Plan for Barn Owls.

Betula pendula

Crataegus monogyna

Rosa canina

Rubus fruticosus

Short tailed field vole

Barn Owl

Buzzard

BEFORE

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1 0 . 6 Coast to Coast Cycle Route

The Workington branch of the popular Coast to Coast cycle route will be diverted further along the route of the dismantled railway, dissecting the Broughton Mo or RNAD site and providing a spectacular experience and range of views. This will allow cycle enthusiasts to explore the site and will encourage curiosity and repeat visits when they can see the range of activities and experiences on offer. Along this route, there will be a cycle hub which utilises an existing

Betula pendula

Sorbus aucuparia

Wildflower planting

Impressive existing building transformed into cycle hub

Pollinating Insects

large brick building. This may include hiring facilities, related shops and cafes. The route will be designed as a valuable piece of infrastructure for both humans and wildlife, with an attractive yet informal planting style providing year round colour, texture and interest. Pioneering species, such as Betula pendula help to recapture the character of the old railway line.

Swallow

Yellowhammer

BEFORE

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1 0 . 7 Buckhill Skate Park Inspired by the incredible design of Steelpark, Lulea in Sweden by professional skateboarder and Landscape Architect Janne Saario, Broughton Mo or RNAD is to become a venue for skateboarding, BMX, sco oter and inline skating of national importance. The skatepark design is to respond to the site character and will reuse many industrial materials and features found across the site. The park will be designed to be inviting to people of all ages to gather and spectate, with surrounding viewing space and a bridge to act as a viewing platform, allowing all visitors to enjoy the atmosphere and even spending the day with cafes, bars, restaurants and BBQ facilities for those rare summer days! This skatepark will not be a mass of concrete but an exciting, diverse canvas for play with natural features dissecting the park helping it to blend seamlessly with its surroundings.

Herbacous perennials and grasses

Pteridium aquilinum

Old Whitehaven brick to be recycled

Recycled brick used to create community BBQs

Industrial site features can be used to create skate features

Pollinating Insects

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1 0 . 8 Open Unimproved Grassland A large proportion of the open, unimproved grassland habitat that covers the majority of the site is to be retained using grazing livestock from the adjacent dairy farm to prevent further ecological succession. Not only does this help to retain the unusual character and genius loci of the site, with the military pattern of earth and concrete blast walls and flat, open landscape, but it also protects the wildlife that thrives in this environment. Wildlife value can be enhanced by providing more hedgerows, encouraging the prey of barn owls and other birds of prey to inhabit. The proposed central lake also enhances opportunities for a diversity of wildlife, with margins providing habitats for an abundance of plants and animal species. The open nature of this landscape to the south east of the site also provides extensive views of the Lake District fells and Derwent valley.

Ulex europaeus

Prunus avium

Reuben (Bramble)

Adder

Short-tailed field vole

Barn Owl

Some asbestos sheds replaced with grids of Prunus

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1 0 . 9 Buckhill Water A dramatic design decision to flo od an area of the site not only helps to attenuate water and slow run off into the River Derwent, but it also enhances the variety of habitat provision and biodiversity value of the site. In addition to the wildlife value of the lake, it provides a tranquil attraction for visitors and the local community and a venue for water sports and activities. A stunning sunken bridge divides the lake to enable people to have further contact with the water from a unique vantage point. It also enables a large section of the lake to be free from human activity and to provide a range of wildlife habitats.

Sagittaria sagittifolia

Typha latifolia

Iris pseudacorus

Common Toad

Otter

Common Lizard

Nuphar lutea

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N KEY 1.. View of re-sculptured Spoil Heap and Snowdome from residential receptor Greysouthen lo oking north-west.

2. View of re-sculptured Spoil Heap and Snowdome from Northern edge of site lo oking south-east.

1. .

1 1 .0 Assessing Visual Impact

To determine the feasibility of the masterplan, it is important to assess the impact that it would have on the landscape. Visually, the masterplan proposals are fairly unobtrusive, with the exception of the proposed snow dome. This large architectural intervention may be opposed by a large number of local people due to the fact that it could be seen from a number of surrounding villages.

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1.. View of re-sculptured Spoil Heap and Snowdome from residential receptor Greysouthen lo oking north-west.

1 1 .1 Residential Visual Receptors A594

A594 A596

A66(T)

Greysouthen is a small village of 643 residents and is situated across the Derwent Valley, to the south of Broughton Mo or RNAD. The image to the left highlights the visual impact that the masterplan might have on the current landscape. Other residential visual receptors that may be affected include Brigham, Bridgefo ot, Great Clifton and Great Broughton.

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A66(T)

A5086

A66(T)

ÂŠ Crown copyright/database right 2012. Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

Apr 28, 2013 10:55

Scale 1:50000 0

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Rose Cockcroft Leeds Metropolitan

BEFORE 87

2. View of re sculptured Spoil Heap and Snowdome from northern edge of site lo oking south-east.

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1 2.0 Conclusions

After assessing the visual impact of retaining the snow dome within the masterplan it is clear that this would have a strong visual impact on the local landscape. This has resulted in the need to reconsider the presence of the snow dome within the design.

It can also be considered that perhaps an architectural intervention is not the most appropriate for a site of this nature, and that a sculptural landform would provide an equally impressive aesthetic element without having a negative impact on the surrounding communities.

Other factors were considered in assessing the feasibility of the snow dome. When calculating the cut needed to build the spoil heap up to a height of 45m to accommodate the snow dome, rather than the existing height of 27m, it became apparent that the lake would need to be far to o deep to support the range of habitats that are proposed for this area. This means that the lake would be of much lower wildlife value than intended and is therefore not addressing the project aims.

Perhaps most importantly, however, is that the masterplan aims to be as inclusive as possible for those of all abilities. If the spoil heap was constructed to the height it needed to be to support the snow dome, then allowing the path to be created at an easily accessible gradient, without steps, would prove extremely difficult.

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enjoy the main focal point of the site and the views that it offers, especially due to the fact that the walk is intended as a memorial for the lives lost during the coal mining and military history of the site. To conclude, it has been decided that the snow dome should be omitted from the design at present, with the option of it being open to reconsideration at a later stage. To address the complexity of the Buckhill spoil heap, the following sections will resolve its design further, with focus on level changes, access and soft and hard detailing.

This is an incredibly important factor to ensure that all visitors feel that they can

DESIGN RESOLUTION: BUCKHILL MEMORIAL WALK Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

1 3.0 Design Resolution: Buckhill Memorial Walk

As part of this Design and Access Statement, it is a requirement to further resolve an element of the masterplan design to ensure that it is compliant with the project aims and allows inclusive access where ever possible. In this section, the design of Buckhill Memorial Walk and the re-sculptured spoil heap will be further explored to illustrate the level of detail that is required within the development of this sensitive site.

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BUCKHILL MEMORIAL WALK LOCATION WITHIN MASTERPLAN.

1 3.1 Buckhill Memorial Walk: Design Aims

1. TO UTILISE THE EXISTING SPECTACULAR SURROUNDING VIEWS, from the extensive views to the Lake District Fells over the Derwent Valley, to the Solway Coast and Scottish Fells in the distance. In addition to this, an opportunity to maximise the potential to view the unusual pattern and landscape character of Broughton Mo or RNAD from an aerial perspective should be utilised wherever possible. 2. The design must REFLECT THE GENIUS LOCI of the site, with elements pattern and repetition to make reference to the regularity of the military structure created in the built form and road layout, as well as the regularity of the Scots Pine plantation wo odland planted for pit props for the mining industry.

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3. To address the project aim of PROTECTING AND ENHANCING THE BIODIVERSITY of the site, the proposed landform must provide a range of habitat types. This provides justification for dismissing turf as a soft material choice and creating a richer planting palette that is designed to attract wildlife. 4. INCLUSIVE ACCESS must be achieved through the design of Buckhill Memorial Walk, particularly because many relatives and loved ones of the victims of the accidents on site will be elderly so it is crucial that they will be able to enjoy this feature wherever possible. The gradient of the path should be as gentle as possible to allow accessibility by visitors of all abilities and levels of fitness and wide enough to allow visitors in wheelchairs to pass each other easily.

5. TO COMMEMORATE the lives lost by those employed both when the site was being used by the mining industry and the Royal Naval Arms Depot. The journey up this sculptural landform can offer an opportunity to reflect and escape, in addition to creating personal recognition through bespoke detailing within elements of the design. 6. To provide a UNIQUE VISITOR ATTRACTION to draw in a proportion of the millions of people that visit the Lake District National Park each year, stimulating economic growth within West Cumbria. This destination should be a place that encourages repeat visits by both the local community and both national and international visitors.

1 4.0 Hard and soft Materials: Inspiration from the site Inspiration can be found by examining the characteristics of both hard and soft materials that can be found on site. To achieve the project aims of retaining the Genius Loci of Broughton Mo or RNAD. planting styles should reflect the regularity, structure and pattern that can be seen throughout the site with the military character that has developed. It must also reflect, however, the sense of wilderness that has been created through natural succession over the years that it has been abandoned. By examining colour, form, pattern and texture, informed decisions can be made to develop a planting palette that reflects the character of Broughton Mo or RNAD, offering a unique visitor experience through creative design. A combination of native and non-native species will be selected, to provide strong aesthetic qualities as well as providing for a high level of biodiversity. Plants that produce attractive seed heads as well as flowers will replicate many of the hedgerow species that exist on site and provide an excellent resource for wildlife. Grasses and perennials will pick up on the movement and textures of the grass species that dominate much of the land, with shrubs, such as juniper and gorse, being carefully maintained and controlled within certain areas to provide structure and texture. Colour palettes mostly exist of bright oranges, yellows, browns and lush greens, which can be picked up throughout the design. Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

1 4.0 Hard and soft Materials: Inspiration from the site For such a unique site it is crucial that any design proposals for future development must retain a post industrial character that leaves traces of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history. By picking up on colours, textures and forms found within the existing site, as well as a combination of using recycled materials found within Broughon Mo or RNAD and proposing new materials that complement this, a fresh and stylish design approach can be created that will attract visitors for year to come. Again, reds, browns and oranges are a key colour palette, with rusting metal and brick used throughout. A large amount of brick still exists on the site, some of which from fallen buildings could be utilised within the design. Corten steel is a beautiful and versatile material that would complement the character of the site brilliantly, picking up on this colour scheme that can also be seen within the bright orange bark of the Scots Pine within Ribton Wo od and many of the other existing plant species. Concrete is another common material used for blast walls and other built form, providing the site with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s military character. This material could also be used to reflect this particular site character. Natural materials, such as timber and stone will reflect the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s many beautiful natural assets, such as the ancient wo odland, Scots Pine plantation and succession wo odland habitats. Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

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MEMORY WALL, QUEBEC

THE HIGH LINE, NEW YORK

1 4.1 External Inspiration: Precedent Studies 1. Cap-Rouge Memory Wall by Plania Landscape Architecture, Quebec, Canada

2. The High Line, New York City, James Corner Field Associates

This design evolved in response to the partial collapse of the Cap-Rouge cliff in 2003, to protect the boulevard along Jacques Cartier beach. In 2005, the archaeological remains of North America’s first French colony ( 1541 - 1543) were discovered on the site, prompting an archaeological dig on top of the cliff. This process of excavation and clearing the site of vegetation had a strong effect on the natural drainage patterns and soil compaction, further accelerating the erosion that had already been occurring.

One of the most influential landscape architect led design projects in recent history, this exciting transformation of an unusual brownfield uses many influences from the previously abandoned elevated rail line, both within the hard and soft design. Hard materials reflect the industrial feel of the railway and have retained it’s original character, through the use of aggregates, corten steel, retaining parts of the old rail lines and bold, concrete paving.

Consequently, this prompted a longer-term project to protect the archaeological remains and keep residents and visitors safe. The design involves contemporary art commemorating the site’s history and a path along the Saint Lawrence River at the cliff’s base. A concrete wall is covered with strong forms of corten steel that both represent the site’s history and the waves and shards of ice that have always had such a dramatic effect on the coastline. Excerpts from Cartier and Roberval’s travel journals are inscribed on the walls, recalling their hope to build the first French colony here.

The planting design, led by Piet Oudolf, is inspired by the way that the natural succession of plants had taken over this abandoned structure. This is reflected through the style of planting and choice of plants chosen, that reflect many qualities of these species, focusing on providing year round interest. A great deal of inspiration can be gained from studying this transformation of such an interesting industrial site. The effect of retaining the unique site character through the design of both hard and soft landscape reflects the aims of the design of Buckhill Memorial Walk.

The sculptural form of the wall and the creative lighting allow this design to be enjoyed right through the year.

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1 5.0 Technical Detail: Cut and Fill PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

To ensure the development of Broughton Mo or RNAD was as sustainable as possible, it was important that the design aimed to create a balance between the “cut” that was to be excavated from the site with the “fill” that was to be added to certain areas. Usually, this complex process would be undertaken by a civil engineer,however,for the purpose of this project an approximate series of calculations was undertaken to ensure that this balance would be achieved. The creation of Buckhill Lake had several purposes. The lake would act as a water attenuation mechanism to reduce surface run off on site, it also acts as a venue for a number of watersports and other recreational activities. Perhaps most importantly, however, was to provide a range of habitats to further improve the biodiversity of the site.

Minimal topsoil - approximately average of 150mm capping layer Existing subsoil will contain some rubble and will be relatively well drained. To reduce risk of subsidence or erosion, intermittent layering of drainage layer to ensure sufficient drainage of the landform.

Diagram only - Both Mound Profile and Layers Not To Scale

To achieve these aims, the lake had to be relatively shallow, particularly within the ecological focused zone. These considerations were matched with trying to ensure that a sculptural landform could be created using an existing spoil heap in addition to the cut from the lake. The calculations opposite illustrate this process.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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John William Cowan 3000mm

2000mm 450mm 40mm 100mm

199mm 3000mm 11000mm

1 : 50 CROSS SECTION ILLUSTRATING 1 : 40 GRADIENT AND 3 METRE LENGTH LEVEL SEATING SPACE.

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

1 5.1 Technical Detail: Calculating a Gradient

To ensure total inclusive accessibility of Buckhill Memorial Walk, it was important that the selected gradient of the path up to the site was very gentle and that the path was wide enough to allow two wheelchairs to pass. A selected width of 1 . 8m was chosen, with a very gentle gradient of 1 : 40 (2 . 5 %). This may usually be considered an overly gentle gradient, however, for this particular site, it was important to design a journey that could utilize 360 degree views as much as possible. Therefore, to reach a maximum climb of 27 metres, a spiral path could be designed to follow a circular route around the proposed spoil heap, allowing visitors to admire views within the site and beyond from a range of vantage points before reaching the summit.

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1 6.0 Topography: Exploring Landform

Using Sketch Up as an exploratory to ol aided the design process in understanding and designing levels. Once the path was drawn at a 1 : 40 gradient, a series of retaining walls were designed to help create a more sculptural landform. Using Sketch Up as a 3 dimensional exploratory to ol allowed a flexible method of designing the landform and was useful in resolving the design. The overall ethos of Buckhill Memorial Walk was to create a design that highlighted structure and pattern but also offered a varied experience. This is achieved through various changes in height and steepness of slope, as well as the planting design that will transform the landform.

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50m

100m

1 6.1 Topography: Levels

A gentle gradient of 1 : 40 along the 1 . 1 km journey to the summit of Buckhill Spoil Heap will enable visitors to enjoy the panoramic views of both the immediate site from an elevated view point, and of the wider landscape to the Lake District fells and the Solway Coast. To create a sculptural landform with a structured, yet deliberately varied form, retaining walls have been proposed of varying height to emphasise level changes and to create a more sculptural staggered effect in the landform. Functionally, this also addresses the steepness of the slopes for planting, and reduces the need for earth to be stabilised. The plan opposite illustrates the fall of the slopes with contours at 5m intervals.

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ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4 ZONE 5

50m

100m

1 7.0 Strategic Planting Design

The journey up to the summit of the spoil heap along Buckhill Memorial Walk will take approximately 15 minutes.

SALIN E , COAS TAL WIN D

S H ADY AS PE C T

Along this journey, in addition to enjoying the fresh air and incredible surrounding views, the visitor experience can be enhanced by a change in character as they travel. These character areas can be created by imaginative planting design that reflects the genius loci of the site and offers drama, surprise and mystery in the same way that the existing site is full of surprises. It is also crucial that the surface treatment of the spoil heap provides a rich environment for wildlife to develop, as opposed to a monoculture of turf that is used on so many sculptural landforms.

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

PRE VAILIN G WIN D DAILY S U N PATTE RN

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1 7.1 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 1 The initial stage of the journey along Buckhill Memorial Walk acts as a transition, from the surrounding Scots Pine plantation of Ribton Wo od to the north west of Buckhill Spoil Heap, into a new, contemporary and dramatic landscape that reflects the genius loci of the site. A selection of grasses, shrubs, and understory vegetation will be planted in bold, structured drifts, with sufficient spacing to highlight a selection of recycled materials that echo Broughton Mo or RNAD’s rich history.

Species : Phormimum tenax “Purpurea” Adiantum pedatum Carex bromoides Amsonia hubrichtii Pinus sylvestrus Cortaderia selloana Eremurus stenophyllus Heuchera varieties Panicum virgatum Cornus sanguinea Cotinus “Grace”

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1 7.2 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 2 Vibrant reds, yellows and oranges will connect with the existing site materials, both hard and soft, and create a dynamic atmosphere. The white barked Silver Birch will provide structure and stark contrast against the bright red and orange hues. Dramatic dogwo od provide architectural quality as well as electric colour in winter months, with grasses, such as Calamagrostis and Pony Tails provide movement and soft texture in the wind. Rudbeckhia and Helenium will be planted in bold drifts to provide movement and hierarchy, as well as a rich habitat for pollinating insects.

Species : Achillea filipendulina Calamagrostis bracytricha Helenium x Rubinzwerg Sedum Red Cauli Heuchera Varieties Rudbeckia subtomentosa Cornus sanguinea Betula pendula Knautia macedonica Mars Midget Heuchera delta dawn Nassella tenuissima â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Pony Tailsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Lindera glauca var salicifolia

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1 7.3 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 3 This shadier aspect of the spoil heap will also receive exposure from saline coastal winds. A change in hues and plant character will help to develop a varied experience as visitors explore the spoil heap. Native shrubs, such as Juniper and Wild Rose will provide structure and repetition throughout this area, as well as providing shelter for other more vulnerable species. Saline tolerant species, such as Eryngium yuccifolium and Eryngium planum offer excellent textural qualities and will lo ok dramatic, planted in mass against drifts of Astilbe, Aster and Echinecha.

Species : Echinacea purpurea Betula Pendula Carex bromoides Atilbe arendsii “Snow Drift” Dahlia purpurea Juniperus communis Brunnera macrophylla J“ ack Frost” Rosa canina Eryngium planum Parthenium integrifolium Aster oblongifolius “Raydon’s Favorite” Eryngium yuccifolium Aster x frikartii

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1 7.4 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 4 Higher up on Buckhill Memorial Walk, pioneering species Birch and Rowan can provide structure and repetition, in addition to bold sections of native Gorse as a shrub layer offering shelter. Grasses, such as Nassella tenuissima ‘Pony Tails’, Miscanthus sinesnis, Panicum virgatum Shenandoah and Carex bromoides will be animated in the strong, coastal winds and provide a relaxing experience both aesthetically and to listen to.

Species : Betula pendula Achillea filipendulina Nassella tenuissima ‘Pony Tails’ Sorbus aucuparia Miscanthus sinesnis Ulex europaeus Panicum virgatum Shenandoah Carex bromoides Rudbeckia subtomentosa Rosa canina Papaver rhoeas

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1 7.5 Strategic Planting Design: Zone 5 This planting community lies 100 metres above sea level, 1 mile from the Solway coast. Species here must be both hardy and tolerant of wind and saline conditions. The planting palette here echoes the textures and hues found across the site, and focuses on movement and wildlife value. Drama is created using mass planting of these species, with specimen Yuccas creating a sense of surprise and strong architectural qualities that echo so many of the site’s existing qualities.

Species : Anthriscus sylvestris Annual Wildflower Mix including: Leucanthemum vulgare, Ranunculus Acris, Centaurea Scabiosa, Chrysanthemum Segetum Cosmos bipinnatus Nassella tenuissima ‘Pony Tails’ Rudbeckia subtomentosa Eryngium yuccifolium Yucca filamentosa Colour Guard Betula pendula Carex bromoides Parthenium integrifolium Achillea filipendulina Mentha spicata

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1 8.0 Hard Materials and Furniture

The palette of hard materials creates a dramatic, contemporary design that reflects the industrial heritage of this vast brownfield site. New materials, such as corten steel and concrete give a contemporary feel, whilst more natural materials, such as solid timber seating and natural stone edging reflect the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural beauty, whilst still providing strong, bold design features. To strengthen references to the genius loci of the existing site and its abandoned nature, a range of materials found on site is to be recycled and used to create dramatic features amongst the planting, from large slabs of broken concrete to broken brick used as aggregate, and even rolls of barbed wire. These will replicate the sense of drama that can be found within the site today.

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50m

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1 9.0 Buckhill Memorial Walk

The illustrated plan opposite represents the general pattern of vegetation created by the planting design approach. Trees and feature shrubs will provide regularity and structure to the design which will echo many aspects of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s genius loci. These will be interplanted with bold drifts of understory planting, with drifts becoming lo oser and more organic towards the summit. Planting varies in density, with sweeps of broken aggregate and recycled material from the existing site being used to create a dramatic reference to the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s history. These areas will offer strong aesthetic qualities and also provide different habitats for wildlife.

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20.0 Buckhill visitor centre The inspiration for the visitor centre came from the Centro Multiusos de Lamego in Portugal by Barbosa Guimaraes. The incredibly strong form of this building would be very fitting to the character of Broughton Mo or RNAD and provide a dramatic first impression of the visitor attraction. The corten steel facing picks up on the hues of the Scots Pine within the existing established Ribton Wo od and the brick of the numerous buildings around the site. A tunnel through Buckhill Spoil Heap will provide a direct route to the main activities, rather than people having to make a longer journey to get around the new landform.

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Subsoil Drainage Layer Precast Concrete Retaining Wall faced in Corten Steel 3710mm

1800mm

Rolled Self Binding Gravel 1 : 40 Crossfall Porphyry Stone Sett Edging

135mm

Hardcore Subsoil

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Geotextile Membrane

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21.0 Technical Detail: Precast concrete Retaining walls

Alongside the path at Buckhill Memorial Walk, a retaining wall of varying height helps to reduce the incline of the planted slopes and creates a more sculptural landform. These retaining walls will consist of precast concrete units faced in corten steel. A rolled, golden self binding gravel path will spiral around the landform creating an informal yet easily accessible surface that complements the colour palette of both hard and soft materials used.

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2000mm 450mm 40mm 100mm

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21.1 Technical Detail: Bespoke design details

Bespoke concrete detailing at Marine Hall Gardens, Fleetwo od, designed by BCA Landscape, inspired the memorial wall detailing along Buckhill Memorial Walk. Precast concrete retaining walls will be made bespoke to fit the spiral walk and retain the earth that gives the landform its unusual form. These will be faced in corten steel for much of the journey, with the exception of the gateway feature and the 23 different seating areas which commemorate the lives of the 23 different victims of the various disasters that have occurred within the site during both coal mining and military use. Laser cut lettering will create a simplistic yet dramatic reminder of the lives lost, with the raw concrete reflecting the site character. The contrast of corten steel and the bare concrete will create a dramatic feature that will be complemented by a solid timber seat, with planters of fragrant herbs, such as lavender, either side, to enhance the relaxing experience.

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1 : 50 detail of gabion retaining wall adjacent to climbing wall activity zone.

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21.2 Technical Detail: Gabion retaining wall

At its highest point, the retaining wall reaches 13m above existing ground level. This allows the space adjacent to Buckhill Skate Park to be utilised as a climbing wall. Gabions filled with stone, divided with corten steel will create an effective retaining wall that will also provide habitat opportunities for a range of wildlife.

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22.0 An Area in Focus

DESIGN INSPIRATION / RATIONALLE: Inspired by the sense of mystery created by the hidden built form within Broughton Mo or RNAD, the summit of Buckhill Memorial Walk will be transformed into a destination that hosts a unique sculptural intervention. These interventions will be temporary, with new pieces being installed on a quarterly or even monthly basis, creating a dynamic experience for all visitors.

COUNTER BALANCE, ANDY GOLDSWORTHY

This sense of mystery created as glimpses of the top of the sculpture will be seen during the last hundred metres of the journey is inspired by the existing site character and the feelings of drama, suspense, anticipation and surprise that are evoked by exploring the site in its current, abandoned state. The continuous mystery and excitement that will develop around the particular interventions will encourage repeat visits, helping to increase visitor numbers to this area of Cumbria.

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CLOUD GATE, ANISH KAPOOR

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ANDY GOLDSWORTHY

22.1 Sculptural intervention: Andy Goldworthy Andy Goldsworthy is a British sculptor, photographer and environmentalist whose work focuses on using natural materials to create site specific land art. During his youth he worked as a farm labourer near Leeds and believes that the repetitive nature and rhythms of this work influenced his creative processes later in life. Goldsworthy often creates his sculpture using wo od, flowers, leaves, twigs, stone, ice, sand and mud. The works of well renowned sculptors like Andy Goldsworthy would suit the nature of this specific site very well, with the stage at the summit of Buckhill Memorial Walk becoming a well respected setting for site specific land art and sculpture. The scale of the pieces must be dramatic and push the boundaries of the space, allowing glimpses to be caught as visitors climb, adding to their curiosity and feelings of suspense.

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COUNTER BALANCE, ANDY GOLDSWORTHY 139

22.2 Sculptural intervention: Antony Gormley

Antony Gormley was born in London in 1950 and still lives and works there today. His work often focuses on the human form, and its connections with emotions. He uses many industrial materials, such as various forms of metal and concrete. The scale and industrial character of much of Gormleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work would suit the sculpture space on Buckhill Spoil Heap and would pick up on themes of regularity, pattern and structure. The bold, strong forms often used within his work would suit the character of Broughton Mo or RNAD and enhance the dramatic experiences found within the development. There is also potential for some of the works to incorporate materials found within the existing site to create something similar to Gormleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Waste Man, built in 2006.

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Geotextile lies over thin ( 100mm) layer of topsoil.

Low corten steel wall sits 150mm from surface to allow surface run off to drain into planting.

2 . 5m

Betula pendula whip more likely to withstand strong winds. Planted in bespoke corten steel tree grill.

Corten steel faced retaining walls.

Concrete paved sculpture venue.

Corten steel planter filled with horsetails sits inside stainless steel lined mirror po ol.

Self binding golden gravel path edged with Porphyry stone sett drainage channel allows surface run off to run into mirror po ol.

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23.0 De tailed design: An area in focus The cross section opposite illustrates the change in level over the summit of Buckhill Memorial Walk.

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The design aims to create a destination point to the 15 minute spiral walk around the proposed landform. As visitors reach the end of their climb to the summit of Buckhill Spoil Heap, they will begin to catch a glimpse of the sculpture that lies within. This will spark intregue and anticipation, echoing the feelings that are felt to the few visitors of Broughton Mo or RNAD as it exists. As visitors reach the top, a sense of surprise and discovery will develop as the intervention reveals itself. A series of temporary sculptural interventions will encourage repeat visits by local communities and tourists.

A wide path around the edge of this area allows people to collect and admire the staggering views of the Lake District fells, the Solway Coast and the unique vantage point of lo oking over this unusual site. A spiral path allows visitors to seek shelter from strong coastal winds and also explore and interact with the artistic intervention.

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23.1 Detailed design: Drainage PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Hard surfaces across the spoil heap are almost entirely permeable, with the paths consisting of self binding gravel with the exception of the central sculpture area which consists of permeable concrete paving.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

As illustrated opposite, a crossfall of 1 : 40 allows any excess surface run off to drain into the soft areas of planting adjacent to them. Within the summit detail where a path spirals down to a mirror po ol of water at the bottom, a porphyry sett drainage channel collects water that runs along both the gradient of the path, 1 : 40, and a crossfall of 1 : 70.

Rolled self binding gravel

Subsoil Corten Steel Facing

This will prevent to o much water running into the corten steel that faces the retaining walls, which may produce excess water marks on the material.

Porphyry Drainage Channel

These drainage channels will follow the 1 : 40 gradient of the path and run into the po ol of water at the bottom.

Precast Concrete Retaining Wall

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10mm diam Perforated Drain Mortar Joints

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Top up flow Overflow pipe

F Galvanised Steel Lining

Filter

Water Tank

Pump attached to electricity supply 1 : 20 Cross Section @ A4

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23.2 Detailed design: Water system A simple water management system allows the mirror po ol surrounding the sculptural interventions to remain at a constant level.

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Surface run off will drain along the Porphyry stone sett drainage channel, into the mirror po ol. An overflow pipe will allow water to flow into an underground, sealed storage tank during periods of heavy rain. This water will be filtered, as it may contain small particles of stone and silt from the self binding gravel surface. During periods of drought, this water can then be pumped back into the mirror po ol to the desired level.

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Self binding golden gravel surface: supplied by Morgan Supplies

Porphyry stone sett drainage channel: supplied by Hardscape

Galvanised steel lines the mirror po ol: HGA3G supplied by Exceledge

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23.3 Detailed design: Lighting

Due to the sensitive location of Buckhill Spoil Heap and its visibility from several residential receptors, it is important that lighting chosen is subtle and will only be used during afterno ons and early evenings during winter months. LEC ALBI is a flush-to-ground-level fitted directional light fixture from Wo odhouse. These directional uplights can be used to create subtle yet dramatic lighting against both concrete and corten steel lighting. Some lighting has been installed into the edges of the mirror po ol of water to create an atmospheric aesthetic around the sculptural interventions.

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Solid Oak Seating

Corten Steel Litter Bins

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Bespoke Corten Steel Tree Grills

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23.4 Detailed design: Furniture

Bold yet simplistic street furniture will reflect the strong, industrial forms found within the existing site whilst allowing more focus to be created around dramatic planting, bespoke design features and spectacular surrounding views. The Morella 2000 Litter bin from Escofet is a contemporary, simplistic design that will echo the simplistic palette of materials used throughout the scheme. Single 450mm x 500mm x 2000mm bespoke solid oak seats with a natural finish create a strong impact that respond to the many natural assets within Broughton Mo or RNAD and offer a place to rest and enjoy the 360 degree views around Buckhill Spoil Heap.

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23.5 Detailed design: Planting Plan

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23.5 Detailed design: Planting Plan

Dramatic planting design features a range of textures and strong forms with strikingly bold drifts of predominantly burnt browns, orange and yellow planting. Strong waves of recycled brick, barbed wire and concrete will be colonised by more sparse planting including singular Yucca filomentosa Colour Guard providing a surprising and striking impact, influenced by so many of the existing features within the site. Wildlife will thrive within this nectar rich environment, with a succession of wildflowers, perennials and bulbs, as well as the seed heads both these and the various grasses provide.

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24.0 Buckhill Memorial Walk: Maintenance Plan 1 . INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 Landscape Contractor

( i ) The specification is for the maintenance of landscape work for development at the former Royal Naval Arms Depot site at Broughton Mo or, Cumbria. This will focus on the area of the proposed Buckhill Spoil Heap.

The Landscape Contractor, employed by the Site Owner, shall carry out the works described in this specification. The Landscape Contractor shall be a full member of the British Association of Landscape Industries.

emergency legislation restrict the use of water from the mains during drought conditions, the Contractor shall arrange the collection and application of suitable second class water for irrigation purposes, by bowser or other means, from approved source to deliver to site and apply as specified. 1 . 4 Arisings

The works will consist of the maintenance of planting, including semi-mature trees, whips, shrubs, herbaceous perennial and grasses, bare-ro ot transplants and seed planting.

1 . 2 Landscape Architect The Landscape Architect is: Rosie Cockcroft 1 . 3 Watering

It will also include the maintenance of all hard surfaces, features and furniture. (i i) The works shall be maintained by the responsible Landscape Contractor from Practical Completion for the Defects Period as follows; • Trees - 24 months from practical completion • Perennial Shrubs – 18 months from practical completion After which the responsibility will transfer to the Site Owner.

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After Practical Completion of the main contract, a series of watering points will be available at regular intervals around the spoil heap, suitable for 50 metre hoses.

The Contractor shall remove from the site and dispose of weeds, prunings, leaves, litter,rubbish, dirt and other arisings unless specifically described as to be left and spread over beds etc. This waste should be recycled accordingly, organic matter for composting and rubbish to the recycling points where possible. 2 . Hard Landscape

The Contractor shall supply all necessary hose attachments and fittings to keep all planting watered as necessary to ensure that they remain healthy, establish and grow to their full potential wherever possible. Should watering points not be available or

2 . 1 Maintenance of Hard Landscape Surfaces 2 . 2 Preamble In addition to, and at the same time as, the general litter and refuse clearance is being carried out, the

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Contractor shall clean all paths, hard surfaces and gullies. 2 . 3 Sweeping of Hard Landscape Surfaces (i) The Contractor shall be required to maintain the self binding gravel and concrete paved areas clear of litter, twigs, leaves, glass, debris and similar at all times.

The Contractor shall maintain the planting areas in a tidy and attractive appearance, ensuring maximum flowering. This will involve maintaining the desired aesthetic of the planted areas, which will require keeping the drifts of certain species or plant communities pure to retain a sense of drama.

of 225mm. The Contractor shall provide all equipment necessary to undertake watering and shall be responsible for arranging supplies of water. Care shall be taken that no soil erosion or plant damage occurs as a result of irrigation.

The Contractor shall remove all arisings from site at the end of each work period and take them to the designated location for disposal.

For example, within the areas of broken brick, concrete and barbed wire that are designed to be sparsely planted, several feature species have been planted in small groups or singularly as specimens. If other species begin to colonise these areas then the overall aesthetic will be reduced.

(ii) The Contractor shall inform the Landscape Architect immediately they are aware of any occurrence of acts of vandalism to these areas.

During winter months, seed heads on grasses and perennials must be retained to provide winter interest and a source of fo od for a range of wildlife.

The Contractor shall supply and apply the pesticide at the rate of application, strictly in accordance with the manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations.

3 . HERBACEOUS, GRASS, ANNUALS, BULB AND SHRUB MAINTENANCE

All dead shrubs or plants shall be removed and the Landscape Architect advised.

4 . TREE MAINTENANCE

3 . 1 General Maintenance Visits

3 . 2 Watering Planted Areas

3 . 3 Supply and Apply Pesticide The Landscape Architect may instruct the Contractor to treat an insect or fungal attack with pesticide approved by the Landscape Architect.

4 . 1 Tree Stakes and Ties The Contractor shall carry out a minimum of weekly visits for general maintenance at equally spaced intervals.

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During periods of prolonged dry weather, the Contractor may be required to water herbaceous borders to achieve saturation of the soil to a depth

(i) The Contractor should check on a two monthly basis the condition of Tree Stakes and Guys. In addition further inspections should be carried out immediately after strong winds.

(ii) Stakes – replace lo ose or broken stakes to original specification. If longer than half of clear tree stem height, cut to this height in spring. Retie to tree firmly but not tightly with a single tie. (iii) Ties – Adjust, refix or replace lo ose or defective ties, allowing for growth and prevent chaffing. Where chaffing has occurred, reposition or replace ties to prevent further chaffing. (iv) Removal of Stakes and Ties – remove stakes and ties two years after planting. Fill stake holes with lightly compacted soil.

(iii) Removal of guys – two years after planting.

5 . WATER BODY

(iv) Disease or fungus – give notice if detected. Do not apply fungicide or sealant unless instructed.

5 . 1 Litter

(v) Bark Damage – wounds – do not attempt to stop sap bleeding. Give notice if there is any liquid or flux o ozing from apparently healthy bark. (vi) Cavities in Trees – Cavities should be investigated. If bats are found present in the cavities, no further investigative work is to be carried out until a suitable trained ecologist has visited the site to investigate further and to agree a course of action with Natural England.

4 . 2 Tree Guys (i) The Contractor should check on a two monthly basis the condition of Tree Guy Wires. In addition further inspections should be carried out immediately after strong winds. (ii) Operations – replace or resecure lo ose or missing guy wires. Adjust to suit stem growth and to provide correct and uniform tension.

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(vii) Rubbish and rotten wo od should be removed, subject to the above. The cavity should be probed to find the extent of any decay, and give notice. The cavities should not be covered.

Water body shall be kept free of litter to retain the pure effect of the reflecting water. 5 . 2 General Maintenance Visits The Contractor shall use their weekly visits to ensure that dead plant material and leaf litter is removed from the water body. 5 . 3 Cutting and Removal of Aquatic plants The Contractor shall ensure that all dead aquatic and marginal plant material is cut and removed.

(viii) Stack all wo od arising from the works in neat piles in areas to be agreed with the ecologist to provide invertebrate habitat opportunities.

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2 5 . 0 References IMAGES Cover image Corten Steel (2007) [Online image] Available from: http:// www.flickriver.com/photos/citywalker/545475969/ [Accessed on 14th January 2013] page 4 Aerial Site Photo (2012) [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/pages/Derwent-Forest-ut ropia/226597120686284?fref=ts> [Accessed on 20th October 2012]

<alpinebirds.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

<grahamhushphotography.blogspot.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Carrion Crow (2009) [Online image] Available from: <pencilandleaf.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Badger (2012) [Online image] Available from: <davisla. wordpress.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Buzzard (2012) [Online image] Available from: <anotherbirdblog.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Great Tit [Online image] Available from: <mccall.myphotos. cc> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

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Red Mason Bee [Online image] Available from: <sabka. org> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Existing Building with Blast Wall [Online image] Available from: <visitcumbria.com/wc/broughtonmo or> [Accessed on 20th October 2012]

Common Toad [Online image] Available from: <wildscotland.org.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

page 10 Reed Bunting (2010) [Online image] Available from: <peterbeesley.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Starling (2010) [Online image] Available from: <rspb.org.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Yellowhammer (2010) [Online image] Available from:

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Adder (2012) [Online image] Available from: <m.wilsonherps. wordpress.com/local-obs/> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Grey Partridge (2010) [Online image] Available from: <www. loundbirdclub.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Skylark (2008) [Online image] Available from: <www. wildaboutbritain.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Meadow Pipit (2011) [Online image] Available from:

Otter (2011) [Online image] Available from: <theisleofmistmantle.webs.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Slow Worm (2010) [Online image] Available from: <greenheartden.blogspot.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Barn Owl (2010) [Online image] Available from: <true-wildlife. blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Wreb (2011) [Online image] Available from: <eastlondonlines. co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Chaffinch (2011) [Online image] Available from: <feedyourbirds.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Chiffchaff (2010) [Online image] Available from: <samandlisaswildlifephotos.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Common Lizard (2009) [Online image] Available from: <oldparkwo od.org.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Swallow (2008) [Online image] Available from: <www. birdlife.org> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Brown Hare (2013) [Online image] Available from: <www. welshwildlife.org> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Eden Project (2009) [Online image] Available from: <blog. emap.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Lesser Spotted Wo odpecker (2012) [Online image] Available from: <diaryofabirdingmedic.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

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Linnet (2011) [Online image] Available from: <northernirelandbirdphotography.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Mallard (2005) [Online image] Available from: <wildlifeimaging.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Hedgehog Anti - SubmarineWeapon [Online image] Available from: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_ (weapon)> [Accessed on: 12th February 2013]

Existing Building with Blast Wall [Online image] Available from: <visitcumbria.com/wc/broughtonmo or> [Accessed on 20th October 2012] page 22

Song Thrush (2013) [Online image] Available from: <shopping.rspb.org.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Pobel Street Art [Online image] Available from: <www.pobel. no> [Accessed on 22nd January 2013]

Lapwing (2013) [Online image] Available from: <www.rspb. org.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Salt Art Installation, Yamamoto Motoi (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www.thisiscolossal.com> [Accessed on 22nd January 2013]

Red Squirrel (2010) [Online image] Available from: <babylothiansquirrel.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

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East Beach Cafe, Thomas Heatherwick (2009) [Online image] Available from: <www.bestcuppaintown.com> [Accessed on 2nd March 2013] A Path in the Forest, Tetsuo Kondo Architects (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www.landezine.com> [Accessed on 14th November 2012]

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Red Fox (2006) [Online image] Available from: <www. wildaboutbritain.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Lesser Redpoll (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www. talkphotography.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] page 11

image] Available from: <twistedsifter.com> [Accessed on 30th January 2013]

Storage Limits Only Sign (2012) [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/pages/Derwent-Forest-utropi a/226597120686284?fref=ts> [Accessed on 28th January 2013]

Garden of the Giants, Mutablilis Landscape Architects (2011) [Online image] Available from: <www.landezine.com> [Accessed on 22nd January 2013] Pobel Street Art [Online image] Available from: <www.pobel. no> [Accessed on 22nd January 2013] Building Behind Earth Bund (2012) [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/pages/Derwent-Forestutropia/226597120686284?fref=ts> [Accessed on 28th January 2013] Concrete Archway (2012) [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/pages/Derwent-Forest-utropi a/226597120686284?fref=ts> [Accessed on 28th January 2013] Ecoperch Treehouse (2013) [Online image] Available from: <www.blueforest.com> [Accessed on 16th July 2012]

Rock Ballancing Land Art, Michael Grab (2013) [Online

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Willow Sculpture (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www.blueforest.com> [Accessed on 11th January 2013] “Wake” Log Sculpture, Michael McGillis (2012) [Online image] Available from: <inhabitat.com> [Accessed on 1st December 2012]

February 2013]

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Romsdalen- Geiranger Fjord, Norway (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www.dezeen.com> [Accessed on 22nd February 2013]

Garden of the Giants, Mutablilis Landscape Architects (2011) [Online image] Available from: <www.landezine.com> [Accessed on 22nd January 2013]

Pobel Street Art [Online image] Available from: <www.pobel. no> [Accessed on 22nd January 2013]

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Pobel Street Art [Online image] Available from: <www.pobel. no> [Accessed on 22nd January 2013]

Moses Bridge, RO & AD Architects (2011) [Online image] Available from: <www.landezine.com> [Accessed on 13th January 2013]

Chill Factor (2010) [Online image] Available from: <www. skinews.co.uk> [Accessed on 15th February 2013] Chill Factor, Go ogle Earth [Online image] Available from: Go ogle Earth [Accessed on 15th February 2013]

page 23 Dew on Spiders Web [Online image] Available from: <commons.wikimedia.org> [Accessed on 2nd February 2013]

Chill Factor [Online image] Available from: <www. faulknerbrowns.co.uk> [Accessed on 15th February 2013] Chill Factor (2007) [Online image] Available from: <www.flickr. com> [Accessed on 15th February 2013]

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Insect Hotel by ARUP Architects (2010) [Online image] Available from: <www.dexigner.com> [Accessed on 3rd December 2012] Brick BBQ, DIY Concrete Workshop (2012) [Online image] Available from: <jannesaario.com/DIY-ConcreteWorkshop> [Accessed on 2nd January 2013] “Wake” Log Sculpture, Michael McGillis (2012) [Online image] Available from: <inhabitat.com> [Accessed on 1st December 2012]

page 28 Aurlandsfjellet Tourist Route, Norway (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www.dezeen.com> [Accessed on 22nd February 2013] Geiranger-Trollstigen Tourist Route, Norway (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www.dezeen.com> [Accessed on 22nd February 2013] Havøysund Tourist Route, Norway (2012) [Online image] Available from: <www.dezeen.com> [Accessed on 22nd

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Whinfell Forest Go ogle Earth [Online image] Available from: Go ogle Earth [Accessed on 15th February 2013]

Steelpark (2011) [Online image] Available from: <jannesaario. com> [Accessed on 3rd November 2012]

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Whinlatter Altura Trail (2009) [Online image] Available from: <www.bikeradar.com> [Accessed on 3rd November 2012]

Broughton Mo or Go ogle Street View [Online image] Available from: <www.go ogle.com> [Accessed on 10th November 2012]

Brick BBQ, DIY Concrete Workshop (2012) [Online image] Available from: <jannesaario.com/DIY-ConcreteWorkshop> [Accessed on 2nd January 2013]

Giant pencils by Jonna Pohjalainen (2010) [Online image] Available from: <jhttp://www.thisiscolossal.com> [Accessed on 2nd February 2013] Kayak (2010) [Online image] Available from: <jwww.blog. kendalmountaineeringservices.co.uk> [Accessed on 30th March 2013] Castleford Xscape Tom Eldred Snowboarding (2012) [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/ LeedsSnowriders> [Accessed on 10th March 2013] page 60 Great Tit [Online image] Available from: <mccall.myphotos. cc> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Chaffinch (2011) [Online image] Available from: <feedyourbirds.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] page 62 Skipark 360 (2012) [Online image] Available from: <cfmoller. com> [Accessed on: 1st February 2013]

page 64 The High Line [Online image] Available from: <www. thehighline.org> [Accessed on: 1st March 2013]

Barn Owl (2012) [Online image] Available from: <http://www. flybirdsofprey.co.uk> [Accessed on 2nd April 2013]

page 70 Red Squirrel (2010) [Online image] Available from: <babylothiansquirrel.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Buzzard (2012) [Online image] Available from: <anotherbirdblog.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] page 74

Treetop Walkway Inspiration/ Roman Quarry, Austria (2009) [Online image] Available from: <www.landezine.com> [Accessed on: 20th January 2013]

Swallow (2008) [Online image] Available from: <www. birdlife.org> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Challenging Cycle Route (2010) [Online image] Available from: <www.my-hospitality.com> [Accessed on: 3rd November 2012]

Yellowhammer (2010) [Online image] Available from: <alpinebirds.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

Ecoperch Treehouse (2013) [Online image] Available from: <www.blueforest.com> [Accessed on 16th July 2012]

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page 72

Skipark 360 Close Up (2012) [Online image] Available from: <cfmoller.com> [Accessed on: 1st February 2013]

Crataegus monogyna [Online image] Available from: <www.chewvalleytrees.co.uk> [Accessed on 2nd March 2013]

High Line Grasses and Perennials [Online image] Available from: <www.thehighline.org> [Accessed on: 1st March 2013]

Rubus Fructicos (2009) [Online image] Available from: <www.geograph.org> [Accessed on 4th March 2013]

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Short Tailed Field Vole (2006) [Online image] Available from: <www.treknature.com> [Accessed on 2nd March 2013]

Herbacious Perennials and Grasses, Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard (2013) [Online image] Available from: <www. landezine.com> [Accessed on: 2nd January 2013] Brick BBQ, DIY Concrete Workshop (2012) [Online image] Available from: <jannesaario.com/DIY-ConcreteWorkshop> [Accessed on 2nd January 2013] page 78

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Ulex europaeus (2004) [Online image] Available from: <pond.org.uk> [Accessed on 4th March 2013]

Nuphar lutea (2008) [Online image] Available from: <www. flickr.com> [Accessed on: 4th March 2013]

Prunus avium (2005) [Online image] Available from: <commons.wikimedia.org> [Accessed on 2nd March 2013]

page 87

Rubus Fructicos (2009) [Online image] Available from: <www.geograph.org> [Accessed on 4th March 2013]

Map of Surrounding Villages (2013) [Online image] Available from: <www.flickr.com> [Accessed on: 14th April 2013] page 92

Adder (2012) [Online image] Available from: <m.wilsonherps. wordpress.com/local-obs/> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Short Tailed Field Vole (2006) [Online image] Available from: <www.treknature.com> [Accessed on 2nd March 2013] Barn Owl (2012) [Online image] Available from: <http://www. flybirdsofprey.co.uk> [Accessed on 2nd April 2013] page 80 Common Toad [Online image] Available from: <wildscotland.org.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Otter (2011) [Online image] Available from: <theisleofmistmantle.webs.com> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013] Common Lizard (2009) [Online image] Available from: <oldparkwo od.org.uk> [Accessed on: 20th February 2013]

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Corten Steel (2007) [Online image] Available from: http:// www.flickriver.com/photos/citywalker/545475969/ [Accessed on 14th January 2013]

page 102 Memory Wall Quebec [Online image] Available from: <www.landezine.com> [Accessed 2nd March 2013] page 114 Phormium Rainbow Warrior [Online image] Available from: <www.finegardening.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Adiantum pedatum 2010 [Online image] Available from: <bioweb.uwlax> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

page 96

Carex bromoides 2011 [Online image] Available from: <mgdisplaygardens.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Aerial Site Photo (2012) [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/pages/Derwent-Forest-ut ropia/226597120686284?fref=ts> [Accessed on 20th October 2012]

Amsonia hubrichii [Online image] Available from: <www. crocus.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

page 101 Corten Steel Planter [Online image] Available from: <http:// pinterest.com/snsgd/> [Accessed 13th April 2013] Corten Water Feature [Online image] Available from: <http:// pinterest.com/snsgd/> [Accessed 13th April 2013] Gabion Wall [Online image] Available from: <http://pinterest. com/snsgd/> [Accessed 13th April 2013]

Barbed Wire Roll [Online image] Available from: <commons. wikimedia.org> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Broken Brick [Online image] Available from: <thedomesticsoundscape.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Rusty Barbed Wire [Online image] Available from: <www.123rf.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Cortaderia Sellona (2012) [Online image] Available from:

<gallipatolcublano.blogspot.co.uk> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Heuchera varieties [Online image] Available from: <www. plantsforshade.co.uk> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Panicum vigatum [Online image] Available from: <www. finegardening.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Cornus sanguinea [Online image] Available from: <www. thomas-morgan.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Knautica macedonica Mars Midget [Online image] Available from: <jardinsmichelcorbeil.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Heuchera Delta Dawn [Online image] Available from: <www.vanmeuwen.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Lindera glauca var Salicifolia [Online image] Available from: <www.pleasantrunnursery.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] page 118

Cotonus “Grace” (2013) [Online image] Available from: <judithegardener.co.uk> [Accessed 25th April 2013] page 116

Echinecea purpurea [Online image] Available from: <www. hardyplant.org.uk> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Achillea filpendulina (2011) [Online image] Available from: <davisla.files.wordpress.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Astilbe arendsii “Snow Drift” [Online image] Available from: <alltomtradgard.se> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Calamogrostis bracytricha [Online image] Available from: <www.imagejuicy.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Dalea purpurea [Online image] Available from: <cdn. plantlust.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Helenium x Rubinzwerg [Online image] Available from: <www..flickr.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Juniperus communis [Online image] Available from: <fr. academic.ru> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Sedum Red Cauli [Online image] Available from: <www. valbourne.co.uk> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Brunnera macrophylla J“ ack Frost” [Online image] Available from: <www.crocus.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Rudbeckia subtomentosa (2007) [Online image] Available from: <www.bellewo od-gardens.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Parthenium integrifolium (2005) [Online image] Available from: <prariemo on.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013]

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

Available from: <www.northcreeknurseries.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Erynigium yuccifollium [Online image] Available from: <www. crocus.co.uk> [Accessed 25th April 2013] Aster c frikatti [Online image] Available from: <www.bbc. co.uk/gardening> [Accessed 25th April 2013] page 120 Miscanthus sinensis [Online image] Available from: <nenausk.org> [Accessed 25th April 2013] page 122 Yucca filamentosa “Colour Guard” [Online image] Available from: <willowwaynurseries.com> [Accessed 25th April 2013] page 124 Marine Hall Gardens, Fleetwo od, Concrete Detail [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/ BCALandscape?fref=ts> [Accessed 3rd March 2013] Corten Steel Planter [Online image] Available from: <http:// pinterest.com/snsgd/> [Accessed 13th April 2013] Gabion Wall [Online image] Available from: <http://pinterest. com/snsgd/> [Accessed 13th April 2013]

Aster oblongifolius “Raydon’s Favourite” [Online image] Self Binding Gravel Path [Online image] Available from:

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<www.morgansupllies.co.uk> [Accessed 4th February 2013] Gabions [Online image] Available from: <http://pinterest.com/ snsgd/> [Accessed 13th April 2013]

page 154 Cloud Gate [Online image] Available from: <belageoimages.wordpress.com> [Accessed 20th April 2013] page 138

Marine Hall Gardens, Fleetwo od, Concrete Detail [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/ BCALandscape?fref=ts> [Accessed 3rd March 2013]

Andy Goldworthy Log Sculpture [Online image] Available from: <http://pinterest.com/snsgd/> [Accessed 1st May 2013]

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page 139

Centro Multiusos de Lanego [Online image] Available from: <www.denzeen.com> [Accessed 4th March 2013]

Counterbalance, Angy Goldsworthy Gabion Wall [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/pages/ Andy-Goldsworthy/113675065312682> [Accessed 1st May 2013]

Precast Concrete Retaining Wall [Online image] Available from: <www.milbury.comk> [Accessed 12th May 2013]

page 140 Corten Memory Wall [Online image] Available from: <www. landezine.com> [Accessed 2nd March 2013]

Antony Gormley images x 9 [Online images] Available from: <www.antonygormley.com> [Accessed 1st May 2013]

page 133 page 147 Marine Hall Gardens, Fleetwo od, Concrete Detail [Online image] Available from: <https://www.facebo ok.com/ BCALandscape?fref=ts> [Accessed 3rd March 2013] Gabion Wall [Online image] Available from: <http://pinterest. com/snsgd/> [Accessed 13th April 2013] page 137

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Galvanised Steel Sample [Online image] Available from: <www.exceledge.co.uk> [Accessed 20th May 2013] page 149 LEC ALBI Spot Light (x 2) [Online images] Available from: <www.wo odhouse.co.uk> [Accessed 15th May 2013]

Crocus testacea [Online image] Available from: <http:// pinterest.com/snsgd/> [Accessed 11th May 2013] Carex testacea [Online images] Available from: <www. crocus.com> [Accessed 11th May 2013]

BOOKS La Farge, A (2012) On The High Line. Exploring New Yorkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Most Original Urban Park. Thames and Hudson Pollok - Morris, A, (2010) Close: Landscape Design and Land Art in Scotland, Northfield Editions, Second Edition.

www.sustrans.org.uk/assets/files/Info%20sheets/ff28.pdf > [Accessed November 2012] RSNE, Red Squirrels Northern England [Online]. Available from: <http://www.rsne.org.uk/> [Accessed October 2012] Nigel Catterson, (2012) Derwent Forest (Utropia) Facebo ok Page [Online]. Available from: <http://www.facebo ok.com>

DOCUMENTS Fabrik (2009) Landscape Management and Maintenance Plan, Laverstoke Mill, Laverstoke, Hampshire. [Online] Available from: <http://www2.basingstoke.gov.uk/ test/1/00/84/16/00841640.PDF> Accessed on: 1st April, 2013 CONVERSATIONS

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES News and Star (2011) Call For Memorial To Victims Of Broughton Mo or Explosion. News and Star [Online] 27th Janurary. Available from: <http://www.newsandstar.co.uk> [Accessed October 2012]

Allerdale Borough Council (2012) Derwent Forest [Online]. Available from: <http://www.allerdale.gov.uk/business/ regeneration/regeneration-projects/derwent-forest.aspx> [Accessed September 2012]

WEBSITES

BBC News (2011) History: Broughton Mo or arms depot [Online]. Availble from: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/cumbria/ hi/front_page/newsid_9361000/9361343.stm> [Accessed on October 2012]

Wo odland Trust (2012) UK Wo odland Facts [Online]. Available from <http://www.wo odlandtrust.org.uk/> [Accessed December 2012]

Durham Mining Museum (2012) Buckhill Colliery [Online]. Available from: <http://www.dmm.org.uk/colliery/b044.htm> [Accessed on October 2012]

Digimap (2012) Digimap [Online]. Available from: <http:// digimap.edina.ac.uk> [Accessed October 2012].

Cockermouth Tourist Information Centre (2012) The Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith Railway, Cumbria [Online]. Availble from: <http://www.cockermouth.org.uk/ history/ckpr.htm> [Accessed on November 2012]

Nigel Catterson (2012) Utropia [Online]. Available from: <http:// www.utropia.org/> [Accessed July 2012]. Robert & Nicky Wilson (2012) Jupiter Artland [Online]. Available from: <http://www.jupiterartland.org/> [Accessed September 2012] Sustrans 1(999) Sustrans [Online]. Available from: <http://

Broughton Moor Royal Naval Arms Depot

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