Breaking in A Landscape Architect’s response to A rural Brownfield site 1
Major Design 1:
Broughton Moor RNAD
Rosie Cockcroft Landscape Architecture Post Graduate Diploma / masters
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Sitting quietly between the fells of the Lake District and the Solway Coast, “Broughton Dump�, as it is known by locals, hides many fascinating stories and tales. From the mysterious military history that has created such an eerie and alien landscape, to an isolation hospital for highly infectious diseases, from possible evidence of Roman agricultural field patterns to the risky and dangerous coal mining industry. After being fenced off from the public for over half a century, the largest brownfield site in the North of England is about to be rediscovered and transformed into a unique and exciting place where childhood dreams are reawakened and both local communities and visitors from across the world can come and enjoy a unique experience with every visit. Welcome to Broughton Moor.
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Contents
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The bigger Picture 10 12 14 18 19 20 21
Geographical Context Coast to Coast Cycle Route Economic Context: The Lake District vs West Cumbria Social Context An Aging Population Visions from Local Government Surrounding Local Communities
Site Specific Desk Study 27 29 34 38 40 41 42 43
Precedents
85 85 96 105 108 112 115 118 121 122
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Overview of Precedents and Themes Whinfell Forest Center Parcs Jupiter Artland, Edinburgh Northumberlandia Westergasfabrik, Amsterdam Plug “n� Play, Copenhagen Ijburg, Amsterdam Findhorn Foundation Ecotown, Inverness Container City II Cove Park Artists Retreats
A Sense of Scale Historical Context Wildlife Topography Climate and Hydrology Planning Context Constraints to Development Developers Vision
Site Analysis
46 48 81
Design Vision
125 127 130 131 132 134 135 142
Inspiration: Jan Gehl & Christopher Alexander Genius Loci Design Ideas Design Process: First Phase Synthesis Vision Statement Design Strategy: Two Tiered Approach Design Brief
Connectivity and Accessibility Landscape Character Areas SWOT Analysis
References
151 152 152 152 153 154 154 154 154
Images Books Newspaper Articles Websites Documents Conversations Video Radio Acknowledgements
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Introduction The purpose of this study is to illustrate the process of understanding and producing landscape-led design proposals for the unique 425 hectare rural brownfield site; Broughton Moor Royal Naval Armaments Depot (RNAD). This study forms the first stages of the design process, involving researching economic, geographic and social context of the site, site specific analysis, drawing inspiration from influential precedent studies and theory and finally developing design solutions in response to these findings.
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The bigger Picture
To appreciate the importance and relevance of developing the brownfield site at Broughton Moor RNAD, it is crucial to acquire an understanding of Cumbria as a whole and to be aware of the issues that affect this area, by highlighting the economic, social and environmental context. These issues can consequently inform the design process and result in a design response that realistically addresses the needs of the local area and its residents.
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Geographical Context When developing an area, it is crucial to consider surrounding infrastructure, industries, features and landscapes that could be enhanced or used to benefit the proposed development and the surrounding communities.
Located in West Cumbria, Broughton Moor RNAD is less than 1.5 miles from the Solway Coast and 5 miles from the Lake District National Park. Within Cumbria, transport links are limited. However, the M6 motorway runs to the east of the Lake District through Penrith, connected to the West by the A66, which runs from Workington on the Solway Coast to Middlesborough. Carlisle Airport has had plans to be developed and include passenger flights for a number of years and these were approved in August 2012. This is estimated to bring approximately 800 jobs and boost tourism for the county. Rail links are generally poor throughout Cumbria, with only the West Coast line, which runs north to south, the South Lakes only coming as far north as Windermere, the Carlisle to Lancashire line and Carlisle to Settle further east. The Penrith to Workington line
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was dismantled in 1966 and part in 1972, meaning that much of Cumbria is very cut off from the rest of the country. There are plans to reinstate the Penrith to Keswick rail line in the future, however, not the western half of the line connecting it to Workington because of the A66 trunk road being built along much of the old route. The Solway Coast is being promoted and developed as “Britain’s Energy Coast”, due to the abundance of energy industries along the coast. Whilst traditionally a coal mining area, West Cumbria has now been identified as an area for many renewable energy industries, from Robin Rigg offshore wind farm to Sellafield nuclear site, where a new nuclear power station is programmed for development.
Image taken from Cumbria Tourism’s “Making the Dream a Reality” Strategy for Cumbria Document. Not To Scale.
“B
RIT AIN
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EN ER GY CO AS T
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Robin Rigg offshore wind farm in the Solway, Cumbria.
A66 from Workington to Middlesborough
Ashness Bridge, the Lake District National Park, with Skiddaw and Derwentwater behind.
ST” OA YC RG
NE
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“BR
N Old railway sleepers in Cockermouth from the dismantled Penrith to Workington Line.
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Derwent Forest
Coast to Coast cycle route Cycling is becoming an increasingly popular hobby and with the success of the London 2012 Olympics, its popularity continues to rise. The Coast to Coast Cycle Route is approximately 140 miles long, and is a popular challenge for cycling enthusiasts. In 1997 an estimated 10,000 people completed the challenge, spending approximately ÂŁ100 each. This was
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estimated to have contributed ÂŁ1.1million to the local economy that year. The route has two optional starting points - one at Whitehaven and one at Workington. The Workington branch runs along the road directly adjacent to the Broughton Moor RNAD site, to the south.
Mountain Bike Cycle Trails through Whinlatter Forest.
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Coast to Coast cycle route: Workington Branch Highlighted in the image above, the Workington branch of the cycle route runs along the minor road on the southern edge of the Broughton Moor RNAD site and through the villages of Camerton and Great Broughton. There is, therefore, the potential to redirect this cycle route through the Broughton Moor RNAD site, by diverting the route along the dismantled northern extension of the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway, to create an exciting experience on the first day of the journey. This would also raise awareness of
the new attraction on the site, drawing in people with similar interests who may be likely to revisit. It is, therefore, important within the development of the site to identify the interests of these user groups and develop them further as both facilities for local people and also for people all over the country. In Whinlatter Forest, near Keswick, an extensive network of challenging mountain bike trails have been created through the forest, with a successful equipment, retail, bike hire and
coaching business. This is now a thriving facility for people with a keen interest in cycling or curious novices and offers a hierarchy of routes for different abilities. Whilst Broughton Moor RNAD does not have this dramatic topography, there is definite potential for different types of exciting cycle routes through the woodland and varying landscapes of Broughton Moor RNAD, attracting those who have visited the Lake District for a cycling weekend to travel further West.
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Economic Context: West Cumbria vs The Lake District National Park
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Scotland Northumberland
Cumbria Derwent Forest
The Lake District National Park is the largest national park in the United Kingdom covering a huge 2292 square kilometres. It also has significantly more visitors than any other national park in the UK at 15.8 million people per year spending a huge ÂŁ952 million.
The Lake District National Park
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Lancashire
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Whinlatter Forest Park and Visitor Centre
TOURIST ATTRACTION VISITOR NUMBERS 2007
Lake District Visitor Centre – Brockhole 108,530 Visitors
Comparing visitor numbers between the major tourist attractions in the Lake District National Park and West Cumbria highlights the need for further tourist attractions within the area.
187,269 Visitors Theatre by the Lake 108,598 Visitors
South Lakes Wild Animal Park 252,631 Visitors
Windermere Lake Cruises
Maryport Aquarium
1,274,976 Visitors
46,972 Visitors
Grizedale Forest Park and Visitor Centre 231,500 Visitors
LAKE DISTRICT ATTRACTIONS 16
WEST CUMBRIA
Distribution of Visitor Spending within Cumbria “We need more visitors in places outside the main tourism centres – especially along the coastal areas of south and west Cumbria and in the north of the county.”
Broughton Moor RNAD
- CUMBRIA TOURISM “Making the Dream a Reality” The Tourism Strategy for Cumbria
In comparison to the success of tourism in the Lake District National Park, other areas of Cumbria, particularly West Cumbria where Broughton Moor RNAD is situated, receive very few visitors and do not see much benefit from the tourism industry. There is huge potential to raise the profile of West Cumbria through a new and exciting attraction that draws a significant proportion of the millions of visitors that currently visit the Lake District every year to places outside of the National Park. This effect, over time, could potentially make a huge difference to the economy of West Cumbria.
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Social Context Looking at the social context of Cumbria and communities adjacent to the Broughton Moor RNAD site is highly important in considering the impact that different types of development in Broughton Moor RNAD could have on local people.
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In the borough of Allerdale, the population size has changed very little in the last ten years. However, the age profile is becoming older, with the number of residents aged over 65 years increased by 13%, and the number of residents aged 0-15 years fell by 7.5% since 2001 .
An ageing population Future development within Cumbria will need to respond to this aging demographic carefully, by providing facilities for the existing residents but also trying to encourage a younger demographic. This could be with attractive, affordable housing schemes, exciting new activities and attractions in West Cumbria and new job opportunities as well as chances for young people to develop their skills.
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Cumbria County Council’s Allerdale Area Plan Priorities: Improving the local economy: encouraging business growth and creating jobs; enhancing the local economic infrastructure and improving skills of the workforce. Tackling health inequalities: targeting areas where life chances are lower; ensuring that the forthcoming changes in public health arrangements are made in a way that maintains and improves the health of local people. Improving transport connections: through the identification of major projects to ease access into and within the district; by maintaining and improving the condition of our transport networks. Raising educational achievement: examining local schools’ provision; supporting projects that build on the abilities of young people, especially in those areas where significant gaps in attainment are evident.
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It is important to be aware of these aims highlighted by local government as they are outlined to address issues that are specific to the area around Broughton Moor RNAD. When producing design solutions, it is important to consider means of addressing these aims, for example, providing infrastructure that encourages people to be active and experience nature will address various physical and mental health issues, as well as improving transport connections.
Surrounding Communities Three small villages lie on the north-eastern, south-eastern and south-western edges of the Broughton Moor RNAD site; Camerton, Great Broughton and Broughton Moor. They are similar in character, all being former mining villages, but each have unique qualities. It is relevant to the development of Derwent Forest to understand the local character of these surrounding settlements when following the design process, to ensure that any new development will compliment these communities and strengthen them, rather than cause conflict or deterioration. For example, if new housing communities are to be developed, then these need to support the existing local infrastructure within the villages, such as shops, schools and pubs, and the new communities need to be carefully designed to attract people who will gel with
the local residents. These factors are all part of creating sustainable places that will stand the test of time and enhance the existing local area. It is also important that the development of the site should respect the opinions of the local communities. For example, there would be economic benefit from open cast coal mining of Broughton Moor RNAD but local communities opposed this development because of noise and air pollution and traffic generation. It is therefore important that any new development should have as little detrimental impact on the villages as possible.
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Broughton Population: 1727 people Amenities: Pub, primary school, village hall, corner shop and post office The parish of Broughton consists of adjacent villages Great Broughton and Little Broughton. The majority of housing in the villages is semidetached or terraced housing (69.3%).
(Figures taken from the 2001 Census)
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Broughton Moor Population: 726 people Amenities: Pub, primary school, village hall, corner shop, church with graveyard Broughton Moor is a linear settlement centred on cross roads, with a high proportion (77%) terraced and semi detached housing, compared with a figure of 63% for the whole of Cumbria. 75% of housing is owner occupied, with over 22% being social renting compared with the Cumbrian average of 16%. (Figures taken from the 2001 Census)
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Camerton Population: 172 people No public amenities. Camerton is a dispersed, linear settlement on a long steep road, with almost 50/50 of detached and semi-detached/ terrace housing, where over 90% is owner occupied.
(Figures taken from the 2001 Census)
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Site Specific Desk Study
This section includes research that is related directly to the site at Broughton Moor RNAD, looking at the physical and social aspects of the site itself. It is crucial as part of a landscape-led design response that the designer acquires a full understanding of both the environment and the character of the site, in order to retain and enhance the genius loci; or sense of place.
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Site Specific: Broughton Moor RNAD
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BROUGHTON MOOR RNAD CUMBRIA
WHINFELL FOREST CENTER PARCS (VILLAGE HIGHLIGHTED)
425 ha
185 ha
439 ha
227 ha 40 ha 253 ha
HYDE PARK, LONDON (INCLUDING KENSINGTON GARDENS)
OLYMPIC PARK, STRATFORD, LONDON
THE EDEN PROJECT, CORNWALL 27
Looking in: Broughton Moor RNAD site from southern edge looking north-west.
A Sense of Scale To understand the potential of Broughton Moor RNAD, it is important to understand its unusual scale for a brownfield site. At 425ha, it is one of the largest brownfield sites in the North of England. It is considerably larger than nearby towns, such as Cockermouth and Seaton and as illustrated on the previous page, over ten times as large an area than the Eden Project site. It is more comparable with the area of forest at Whinfell Forest Center Parcs, however, the holiday village itself covers less than half of this space. This enormous scale lends itself to have a number of different uses and highlights the fact that although this site was under the same ownership, it includes many different character areas within.
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5 MINUTE WALK
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10 MINUTE WALK
Historical context The history of Broughton Moor RNAD is so diverse and rich that it is crucial to understand and appreciate it if the site is to be developed. The unusual nature of the site has been created through the combination of land uses over time and is what gives the site its unique character and sense of place.
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Broughton Moor RNAd: Timeline
Medieval or Roman Ancient Field patterns
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1873 - Buckhill Colliery opens - railway developed and coal extracted
1920’s - Scots pine woodland planted creating Ribton Wood
1977-1981 - US forces use site to store munitions
1932 - Buckhill Colliery closes 1925- Smallpox Hospital opened to the northwest of the site
1963-1977 - Federal Republic of Germany takes up tenancy
Š Crown copyright/database right 2012. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.
Scale 1:10000 0
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1938/9 - Royal Naval Armaments depot built on 800 acre site
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1000 m
1944 - Explosion kills 11 people and injures 70
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24th December 2011 site handed over to Derwent forest development consortium, aka utropia 1981 - Depot formally adopted as a Nato site
1992 - Depot closes on 31 December 2011 - Two companies short listed for developing the site
2008 - Site bought by Allerdale Borough Council and Cumbria County Council for ÂŁ1
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“In every region and every town, indeed in every neighbourhood, there are special places which have come to symbolise the area, and the people’s roots there. These places may be natural beauties or historic landmarks left by ages past. But in some form they are essential.� - Sacred Sites, A Pattern Language - Christopher Alexander
The rich and varied history of the site at Broughton Moor RNAD is undoubtedly fascinating and has shaped the landscape so much over the years. Forty years ago, although not from theorist Christopher Alexander, a common response to the site may have been to remove the 396 derelict buildings and over 300 concrete blast walls and create a completely new landscape. However, this approach is not only highly unsustainable but it has, quite rightly, gone out of fashion. It is now a much more respected approach to preserve and enhance both natural and man made features that give spaces their genius loci: a sense of place. For local people it is also important that there are places of memorial and reflection for those who lost their lives whilst working on the site, either in the dangerous mining industry or in the military accident on the RNAD site.
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Wildlife It is essential to appreciate the diverse and unusual biodiversity of the site in order to preserve important or rare habitats for future generations to enjoy. Wildlife can be a significant draw to potential visitors to the area interested in photography or learning about the natural environment.
In March 2002 a study was carried out by the University of Cumbria that stated that there are 68 species of birds, 22 species of mammals and 7 different species of amphibians have been recorded on the Derwent Forest Site. A number of these recorded species are protected, for example, the grey partridge, barn owls, red squirrels and pipistrelle bats. This raises concerns for the protection of habitats, whether these are within the built form on the site or elsewhere - these habitats of these species and others must be retained and enhanced.
Wildlife feeder and habitat boxes in mature oak on site.
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Due to the undisturbed nature of Broughton Moor RNAD over the last 50 years, the ecology of the site is rather unique. Species have colonised the site over the years and created a range of unusual habitats and mix of species that seem to coexist together. A full ecological survey of the site is yet to be carried out, but a series of ecologists, including David Belamy, have been on site and been excited by what they have found. There are approximately 55 roe deer (above
There are over 300 concrete blast walls on site
left) on this 425 acre site. This is a concern if the site is to be planted with new woodland, as the deer risk ruining the new planting. Another concern is that the herd will become inbred and have subsequent health issues due to the perimeter fence around the site. As a result, the deer will have to be culled and numbers controlled. Broughton Moor RNAD has over 300 concrete blast walls (below left and right) built by the MOD around some of the ammunition storage
buildings. Some of these concrete walls have become habitats for red mason bees (below centre) - a solitary bee that does not produce honey or bees wax and has no sting. It is, however, a fantastic pollinator, particularly for apple trees. Orchard owners often order prepopulated nesting tubes of red mason bees to help pollinate their crop. It is incredibly important that the habitats for these bees are protected and enhanced, particularly at a time where pollinating insects are facing a huge decline in numbers.
Some blast walls have become habitats for red mason bees
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There are over 2.5 million Grey Squirrels in Britain, compared with only 140,000 Red Squirrels!
There have been concerns from locals of sightings of grey squirrels in and around the Broughton Moor RNAD site. This is a major concern, as North Cumbria is known for being a particularly rich environment for red squirrels and many sightings have been recorded in the local area, some as close as Great Broughton. The American grey squirrel is an invasive species and is out competing the native red squirrel across the country. Action must be taken as soon as possible on site to ensure that the grey squirrel population is eradicated and opportunity for the breeding of red squirrels is enhanced.
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Coniferous woodland: Douglas Fir
Ribton Wood: Scots Pine Plantation
Red Squirrel Sightings within Cumbria
Red Squirrel Sightings within West Cumbria Broughton Moor RNAD has great potential to become a fantastic habitat for red squirrels, with a combination of both broadleaf and coniferous woodland and particularly the predominantly Scots Pine Ribton Wood, all of which provide perfect nutrition and shelter for these endangered animals. Reforestation would further enhance this potential, with numerous other methods, such as minimising traffic on site.
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Topography By highlighting the topography of the landscape, it is clear where the views can be utilized and also where water catchment areas lie. It is clear from this plan that the majority of the site lies within the catchment of the River Derwent and that three of its tributaries lie within the site. It also shows that due to the direction of the topography, the views toward the northern fells can be utilised and that there are limited locations with views towards the coast.
KEY 130m 120m 110m 100m 90m 80m 70m 60m 50m 40m 30m 20m 10m
N 0m
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500m
1000m
The colliery spoil heap is not marked on the OS map - peak height of 107m, approx 27m higher than surrounding area.
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Climate and Hydrology With significant evidence of extreme weather events in the local area in recent years indicating the dramatic impact climate change is beginning to have on our built and rural environments it is imperatives to acknowledge the importance of water management at Broughton Moor RNAD.
In November 2009, West Cumbria faced the worst flooding in over 100 years. The River Derwent, which runs through both Cockermouth and Workington, destroyed bridges, properties and agricultural land. Tragically, the extreme weather conditions even took the life of PC Bill Barker, as he was trying to stop people from crossing the Northside Bridge in Workington as it collapsed. The majority of Broughton Moor RNAD is within the catchment of the River Derwent and includes some of its tributaries, including Israel Gill, Holden’s Gill and Flamigg’s Gill. Broughton Moor RNAD is also situated less than 16 miles away from the wettest place in England, Seathwaite, which receives 124 inches (3.15m) of rain each year.
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As a result, the development of Broughton Moor RNAD must be very carefully managed to ensure that surface run off is not increased, and wherever possible, reduced through the use of soft and hard materials and drainage systems. This could include a system of swales and ponds to collect and store water, and/ or increased tree cover to intercept rainfall. One thing that must be avoided, however, is large expanses of impermeable surfaces that would only exacerbate the flooding issues of the River Derwent.
Planning context Legislation from local government will dictate much of the design process and it is important to respect and respond to this in a positive and opportunistic manner.
“contribute to the regeneration of the local economy and bring substantial benefits to local people in economic social and environmental terms. Proposals for the piecemeal development of the depot site will be resisted”
ALLERDALE LOCAL PLAN 1999 In 1999, a local plan was written for the borough of Allerdale which referred specifically to development of the RNAD site at Broughton Moor. Although many of the points are rather vague and some may be outdated, it is still incredibly useful to see the council’s vision for the land. Themes that can be highlighted throughout the plan include sustainability, a “predominantly open nature”, to be publicly accessible, sports and leisure activities, educational purposes, economic regeneration, wildlife habitat enhancement and minimal building. Despite there being the possibility of an estimated £200,000,000 worth of coal under the site of Broughton Moor RNAD, local government has opposed suggestions of open cast mining due to opposition from local communities. Both Cumbria County Council and Allerdale Borough Council are in favour of a more sustainable approach which enhances the existing landscape and provides economic investment and job opportunities to the area of West Cumbria.
“sports development of a predominantly “open” nature, eg golf course, ski slope, cycle track, nature trails, equestrian activities”
“Sustainable mixed use development incorporating mainly “open” commercial/ leisure/tourism and “teleworking” employment uses, whilst protecting the environmental assets of the site.”
“ tourist related development of a predominantly “open” nature””
“To include education”
“elements of public access, wildlife habitat enhancement, an increase in overall tree cover particularly of indigenous species and the continuation of the Northside to Broughton Moor Cycleway.”
“minimal building”
“aggregate amount of building, including new building, in terms of floorspace, should not substantially exceed the total floorspace of the existing buildings (including the former magazines), except where the overall scheme, or part thereof, would result in a more beneficial impact upon the landscape than the existing situation or includes some other overriding environmental, economic or social benefit.”
“hotel/restaurant and conference centre”
“large scale leisure development of a predominantly “open” nature”
“No development or land use approved by the Local Planning Authority shall be implemented until the Authority is satisfied that the relevant site area is entirely free from contamination and/ or dereliction of any kind.”
“sustainable principles concerning natural resources, pollution, wildlife and the need to travel”
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Constraints to Development To be aware of the various constraints within the site and to address them within the design response is imperative to the design and construction process.
The local newspaper clipping above-right illustrates one of the many constraints on the former RNAD site to future development. It describes the issue of ownership of the site and that the mineral rights to the site are still owned by both the Lowther and Leconfield Estates. This means that before any construction works can take place that will disturb the minerals below the subsoil, permission is needed from the estate owners. Other issues on site that exist are conservation of endangered species, such as, barn owls, bats, red mason bees and red squirrels and consequently the protection and enhancement of their habitats. To solve this, a full ecological survey would need to take place, highlighting the structures or habitats that need to be
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protected and remain undisturbed for the success of the species. Another concern is the safety of the mine shafts and stability of the ground and existing structures on site. To solve this a full ground survey would need to be carried out before development. Asbestos is the main form of contamination on site and must be disposed of safely before development takes place. However, where possible, built form must be retained and protected for both habitat conservation and post industrial conversions for use as venues for studio space, performance spaces, cafes or restaurants, to retain the unique character and story of Broughton Moor RNAD.
Developer’s Vision Whilst this study is designed to develop a unique design response to the site at Broughton Moor RNAD, it is still necessary to be aware of the context of the live project to date.
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UTROPIA VISION; TO CREATE A MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE LIVING, WORKING AND BEING: IN BALANCE WITH NATURE.
"
In December 2011, Broughton Moor RNAD was handed over to the Derwent Forest Development Consortium, with the understanding that this group intended to develop the site in a sustainable way that would protect and enhance the existing landscape. The concept and vision for the site is to create a unique visitor attraction with both entertainment and educational facilities, attracting 1.5million visitors a year. The vision for the site is still in the early stages, but components of the project include accommodation, in terms of an “eco hotel” and self catering lodges and camping facilities; outdoor pursuits, such as, equestrian, cycling and walking; an arts and festival theme; a demonstration farm; energy generation and waste management. The company intend to use a phased approach, where development will only happen as funding becomes available through the sale of plots for housing.
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The first tree planted as part of Diamond Jubilee wood by local school children. Unfortunately, the tree was stolen and the plaque vandalised. The tree will be replaced shortly.
First, 25 plots are to be sold for housing, that will help to fund the infrastructure for the site. Next, 120 plots will be developed to fund other areas of the project. Before any of this development is to take place, however, Nigel Catterson, director of Derwent Forest Development Consortium has planned 42,000 native broadleaf trees to be planted on the land. The local newspaper clipping opposite was printed in October 2012. It describes the plans for 42,000 native broadleaf trees to be planted over 60 acres of the site, as part of the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee woodland planting projects. Since the outbreak of the Chalara fraxinea fungal disease in ash trees, developer Nigel Catterson has said that the species of tree planted will obviously not be ash, as stated opposite.
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Site Analysis
This section is designed to analyse, apply judgement and highlight key characteristics of the site that will be identified and responded to later in the design process.
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Connectivity and Accessibility
Access option 1
Access option 2 N 0
1000m
2000m
The map above highlights two options for improved access into Broughton Moor RNAD in response to an increase in the influx of visitors to the destination. Option 1 shows the continuation of the road that comes off the A594 Maryport to Cockermouth road before it reaches the village of Little Broughton. This route would utilize a new road constructed to
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serve a previous open cast coal site and then crossing agricultural land, which was formally part of the open cast site. Option 2 shows the connection of the A66 Workington to Middlesborough road to a new entrance on the south of the site. This would cross both the River Derwent and agricultural
land before entering the site. Due to the busy nature of the A66, this would possibly demand a new roundabout to be created, as well as a bridge.
Borneo-Sporenburg foot bridge, Amsterdam
Access option 1
Access option 2
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cheaper option. More environmentally friendly option with less hard surfaces created. Existing road is wide and good standard.
Not as many people travelling on A595- would need stronger marketing.
A66 is an easily accessible transport link with the rest of the country. A new exciting bridge eg. West 8’s Borneo-Sporenburg bridge in Amsterdam (pictured above) can be an attraction in itself, drawing in further visitors. Entering over the River Derwent would give attractive views across the river and give an impressive first impression.
More expensive option, estimated at approximately ÂŁ8 million. Intersects a larger area of greenfield land used for grazing.
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Broughton Moor RNAD Landscape Character Areas
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The following section is designed to improve understanding of the site and the unique features and qualities within the different spaces. Only then can sensitive and successful development of these spaces be carried out that enhance the character and sense of place within each area.
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1. Ribton Wood 50
RIBTON WOOD Mature Scots Pine plantation, trees evenly spaced, atmospheric, light and clear views through due to high canopy and little understory growth. Small number of military buildings, mostly asbestos, hidden within woodland adding great character and sense of mystery. Some mature oak trees can be found along southern and eastern edge.
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2. Dismantled Railway 53
DISMANTLED RAILWAY The railway has significant historical value as it was built to support coal mining industry in 19th century. Embankments, bridges for road crossings and hardcore still remain along the route. The site also contains various signs of a narrow gauge railway that was once functional.
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3. Buckhill Colliery Spoil Heap 55
BUCKHILL COLLIERY SPOIL HEAP This is a man-made landform created during the coal mining industry. The landform stands approximately 27m higher than surrounding land, with extensive and impressive views of the surrounding countryside, including the northern fells of the Lake District.
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The spoil heap is thought to be relatively unstable - with the eastern side being removed by the MOD for the creation of the road systems and possibly the earth bunds. Overgrown with gorse and heath planting.
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4. Ancient Woodland 58
ANCIENT WOODLAND A predominantly deciduous mature woodland with small gills - tributaries of the River Derwent - along valley bottom. Dense, attractive woodland with succession of younger deciduous trees. Impressive carpet of bluebells in spring in some areas. Steep valley sides down to gills with concrete steps down which are overgrown with brambles and understory plants.
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5. Camerton Grange Felled Woodland 60
CAMERTON GRANGE FELLED WOODLAND Whilst unfenced, this land belongs to the developer and is part of the Broughton Moor RNAD. It is located on the north-western edge of the site with two minor roads along two edges. The landscape has an eerie and bleak character with striking lone birch trees standing proud amongst the grassland.
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6. South Terrace 62
SOUTH TERRACE, BROUGHTON These properties were built as part of the MOD site as workers’ homes. The stretch of land between these properties and the road is still part of the Broughton Moor RNAD site, but is currently used as parking by the residents and for play by local children.
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Further down the one way road away from the properties, by the entrance to the site, the land has become overgrown and littered.
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7. Collection of Buildings 66
COLLECTION OF BUILDINGS A combination of brick, concrete and asbestos buildings, with impressive chimney, overhead pipes and boiler room. Mysterious, atmospheric and dramatic, with hidden clues of narrow gauge railways and military use.
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8. Open Grassland 70
OPEN GRASSLAND Open land used by local dairy farmer for grazing of cattle and sheep. Bleak, low quality grassland with succession of tree and shrub in some areas. Many different types of built form, from large, sturdy brick buildings to asbestos buildings, some with huge earth and concrete blast walls and others without. Other features include water storage units, more recent agricultural sheds, road networks, a helipad and evidence of narrow gauge railway.
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N
0m
500m
1000m
9. Ancient Field Patterns 73
ANCIENT FIELD PATTERNS Ancient hedgerows are an indicator of the Medieval and possibly Roman archeological evidence that is present in this area. The land is south facing and has fantastic views of the fells on a clear day.
74
N
0m
500m
1000m
10. Man Made Water Collection Points 75
MAN MADE WATER COLLECTION POINTS This area has developed a unique character with aquatic planting and is surrounded by interesting tree species , such as, hazel and sloe trees, producing fruits and nuts for harvest.
76
N
0m
500m
1000m
11. Coniferous Plantation 77
CONIFEROUS PLANTATION Very dense, dark, plantation woodland; predominately Douglas Fir. No built form is evident in these areas.
78
N
0m
500m
1000m
12. Meadow of Significant Ecological Value 79
MEADOW OF SIGNIFICANT ECOLOGICAL VALUE This meadow has been identified as being a significant area of relatively undisturbed meadow habitat supporting a wide variety of interesting flora and fauna.
80
SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is a common yet incredibly valuable method of summarising the issues within a site. It is useful to present this is a visual format to convey the issues within each section. By summarising issues in this way, it links the analysis phase into the next phase of the design process.
81
Strengths Incredible views of the Lakeland Fells. Only 5 miles from Lake District National Park. Quiet peaceful location. Open areas of site undisturbed for 80 years. Established areas of coniferous and deciduous woodland. Wide variety of wildlife habitats. Supportive local communities. High number of structurally sound, attractive brick buildings from RNAD use. Interesting and varied topography. Ancient woodland. Fascinating history and heritage.
Weaknesses Asbestos contamination in many buildings Large site to keep secure. Evidence of vandalism. Away from major tourist routes. No direct road access to site without driving through villages. Creation of alternative access would be expensive. Dangerous mine shafts and unstable buildings pose risk to health of workers and public. Ground contamination (although minimal, main contamination concern on site is from asbestos).
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Access option 1
Access option 2
Opportunities Proximity to the Lake District. Proximity to the Coast to Coast Cycle route and potential to redirect route through site. Large site which could accommodate a variety of complementary uses. Coal reserves could produce substantial economic rewards. Disused railway track through site and on to Workington on west coast. Major tourist attraction could relieve visitor pressure on National Park. Proximity to the A66 from Workington to Middlesborough.
Derwent Forest
Threats Increased surface run off leading to flooding. Exploitation of coal reserves could have devastating effect on ecology of site and local communities. Environmental degradation and habitats destroyed through careless development. Instability of spoil heap could be risk to safety. Insufficient funds to develop site sensitively. Character, drama and historical heritage of the site could be lost.
83
Precedents
84
So much inspiration can be taken from looking at a range of existing projects and ideas from all over the world. It is important for designers to develop a wide knowledge and awareness of precedent studies on a variety of scales and to acquire an ability to analyse what has been successful. Due to the scale and range of character within Broughton Moor RNAD there is an abundance of precedent studies that can be examined connecting a variety of themes.
Post Industrial Regeneration
Renewable Energy
Sustainable Community/ Self Build
Forestry
Nature, Conservation and Education
Memorial/ Remembrance
Adrenaline Sports
Adventure/ Junkyard Playground
Festival and Performance
Arts and Sculpture
Precedents and Case Studies Whinfell Forest Center Parcs Jupiter Artland Northumberlandia Garden of 10,000 Bridges
Westergasfabrik, Amsterdam
Westergasfabrik Plug n Play Landshaftparken, Germany Whinlatter Forest Element “Second Nature” Video Growing Up in Whistler Video Findhorn EcoVillage
Mountain bike trails at Whinlatter Forest
Junkyard Playground, Sorenson Lilac Sustainable Community Keswick Climbing Wall Ijburg Self Build, Amsterdam Container City II Cove Park, Scotland C.S. Sorrenson’s Junkyard Playground, Copenhagen
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Case study: Whinfell Forest Center Parcs
Heather understory in Whinfell Forest woodland, August
86
Despite the huge success and volume of people that visit the Center Parcs villages, it is always surprising the sense of escape and tranquillity that can be found within. It ticks all the boxes; it encourages a healthy lifestyle, it provides a relaxing, healing environment, it uses the natural setting to benefit the local economy and it provides care and improvement of habitats and species. The company also holds the Wildlife Trust’s Biodiversity Benchmark award for its impressive effort to protect all wildlife within the parks, specifically to the Whinfell forest- the endangered red squirrel.
Quiet footpath through typical Scots Pine woodland
87
Hard and soft materials used in a creative and sympathetic way in all the different character areas within the forest; from the informal paths that explore the woodland filled with Scots pine, bilberry and heather to the more formal areas surrounding the main boating lake with numerous waterfalls and marginals, such as yellow flag. Simple techniques are used to guide the guests around the village and a simple palette of hard materials is used to define edges, for example, logs used to mark out where cars can pull in and large rocks to prevent parking along road sides.
Watersports centre on recreational lake with small beach with beautiful woodland backdrop
88
View across lake to main village centre
89
View across lake with lakeside lodges and Scots Pine woodland behind
90
Overall, the Center Parcs villages are outstanding developments. They address many issues that designers have a responsibility to respond to; health and wellbeing, protecting and enhancing existing habitats and species and promoting the local economy. Not only do they address these key issues, but aesthetically the woodland environment is stunning, filled with beautiful natural gems.
Secondary footpath with simple edging to protect forest
91
Different character areas use different material palettes
“High ropes� challenge is very popular with a range of ages
92
Educational board about wildlife - endangered red squirrel
The holiday lodges blend well amongst the woodland
Center Parcs villages offer a range of both A large indoor sports centre is a major attraction for visitors
outdoor and indoor activities for a range of fitness levels and abilities, from a gentle stroll around the lake, to ten pin bowling, to squash and the challenging high ropes courses. One of Center Parcs’ best attributes is how accessible it is by bicycle- a quality that could be easily replicated within Broughton Moor RNAD. Many of the habitats and environments within Whinfell Forest share similarities with Broughton Moor RNAD, from it’s predominately Scots Pine woodland to the wildlife seen here, such as red squirrels.
Fantastic infrastructure encourages people to be more active by using bikes, which also help to retain the quiet relaxing nature of the woodland
The Center Parcs Village at Whinfell is 185 ha, in comparison to the 425ha site at Derwent Forest. The area of Whinfell Forest itself is approximately 440ha, a very similar scale to Broughton Moor RNAD. The village, therefore, spreads less than half the area of the woodland at Whinfell. This creates the experience of never ending woodland and enhances the feeling of escape. This is a concept that could be easily achieved within Broughton Moor RNAD through reforestation of much of the site.
93
Could a recreational lake work within Broughton Moor RNAD?
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What Inspiration can be taken from Whinfell Forest? The strong design principles of the Center Parcs organisation is an inspiring model for creating a successful leisure attraction. From the aesthetics of the simple yet beautiful palette of very natural hard and soft materials used, to a cycling infrastructure that encourages visitors to be more physically active in a quiet, relaxing way. The environmental agenda of the development is incredibly inspiring and the educational aspect of this through the use of information boards and the designation of certain areas adds further benefits to the experience of the forest. Overall, the feeling of escape from busy urban life, through methods, such as excluding the car from the development for the majority of the stay, or providing a hierarchy of path systems that allow contact with nature is something that provides fantastic psychological benefits for visitors. Even through the choice of locating the development in evergreen, coniferous woodland has a dramatic effect on the experience of the visitor, with rich fragrances and lush green vegetation year round. This is an important design consideration for Broughton Moor RNAD as to the type of experience that should be created through the choice of both planting and hard material choices.
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Case study: Jupiter Artland, Edinburgh Charles Jencks’ “Cells of Life”
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97
Peter Liversidge’s “Proposal 90, A Signpost To Jupiter”
Jupiter Artland is a sculpture park in the countryside on the outskirts of Edinburgh. Visitors enter the Jupiter through an area of mature woodland along a quiet track before suddenly entering an awe-inspiring unique landscape of sculpted manicured lawns and terrain. The sculpture park features a sequence of pathways through woodland and open countryside to allow visitors to wander and discover a variety of site specific landscape interventions from a range of famous artists. Works can be found from Charles Jencks, Antony Gormley, Andy Goldsworthy, Anish Kapoor and many other well respected artists.
98
Jim Lambie’s “Forest”
99
Shane Waltener’s “Over Here”
100
Cornelia Parker’s “Landscape with Gun and Tree”
Visitors are guided through the woodland along informal turf pathways.
101
The amazing landforms encourage people to interact with the landscape and provoke playful responses
102
The beautiful shop and cafe area has been designed with incredible attention to detail and a high quality palette of materials.
103
Antony Gormley’s Firmament
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Case study: Northumberlandia
M ade of 1.5 million tonnes of earth , the lady is 34 metres (112 feet ) high and 400 metres (1,300 feet ) long !
105
Approximate Scale of Northumberlandia in relation to Broughton Moor RNAD Northumberlandia in
near
Northumberland,
just
Cramlington north
of
Newcastle, was designed by Charles Jencks as a centrepiece for a public park. The £3 million was created as part of the restoration of the adjacent Shotton surface coal mine using the spoil created from recovering high demand coal. The sculpture was inspired by the forms of the Cheviot Hills and it is designed to draw people in from a distance with it’s unusual landform sticking out in the otherwise very flat landscape. This living earth sculpture is a fantastic creation from the spoil heaps from the coal mining industry, a theme that can also be found within the Broughton Moor RNAD site. There is a great deal of scope for a piece of artwork of such scale to be placed within the landscape at Broughton Moor RNAD to act as an interactive piece of landscape to attract people from around the world.
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How relevant are these case studies to Broughton Moor RNAD? The scale and unique, mysterious character of Broughton Moor RNAD lends itself to some large exciting sculpture or earthworks, perhaps in the style of Charles Jencks work. Interventions could be placed throughout the site and perhaps trails and walks could be set up for people to follow. The spoil heap in the centre of the site needs to be strengthened and retained, so therefore there is scope to transform it into a much more interactive piece of landform, utilizing the fantastic views of the northern fells to the south - east and the coast to the west.
107
Case study: Westergasfabrik, Amsterdam 108
Cultuurpark Westergasfabrik was designed by Kathryn Gustaffson as a response to a contaminated, post industrial gasworks site with fantastic industrial history, creating an arts and culture hub in the centre of Amsterdam. The park is 14 acres and offers a range of spaces with different characters. A highlight of the park is the way that the impressive, industrial structures have been retained and form the backbone of this stylish, urban park. Both soft and hard materials have been used very creatively to soften the harsh, industrial form, for example the reed beds, pictured left. Here, a simple, wide boardwalk allows people to walk through an unusually soft and natural environment for an urban area and enjoy the whistling of the wind through these tall reed beds. The plants also serve another function by cleaning the water on this industrial site, offering a simple, sustainable approach to post industrial brownfield land.
109
Creative spaces outside cafes with herb planting and fire pits create great atmosphere
Creative signage used to enhance the industrial buildings
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Old industrial buildings converted for trendy cafes and bars
Artwork in local school’s allotment space
How could this approach be applied to Broughton Moor RNAD? Although in an urban setting, both Westergasfabrik and Broughton Moor RNAD are post-industrial brownfield sites. The transformation of this particular site into an arts and culture hub is incredibly successful and offers a great deal of inspiration for the vision of Broughton Moor RNAD. The magnificent built form within the unusual landscape in Broughton Moor RNAD lends itself to be transformed and preserved for future use for the creative industries, for arts, sculpture and performance, as well as unique cafes, restaurants and related specialist independent shops to support the visitors to the site.
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Parkour training terrain
Parkour training terrain
Case study: Plug n Play, Copenhagen Allotment space within Plug N Play
112
Plug n Play is a 2.5ha space in Ă˜restad South on the outskirts of Copenhagen. Connected by the metro, Plug n Play offers an easily accessible and exciting combination of
sports
and
activities,
from
basketball courts and beach volley Parkour training terrain
ball to parkour terrain and dirt bike tracks. It even provides allotment
- Vegetable plots - Dirt jump - Parkour terrain - Artificial grass field for football, hockey, tennis etc. - Roller rink for speed skating - Basketball - Beach volleyball and beach tennis - A combined football field, concert venue and marketplace
space and conveniences, such as access to water, power, lavatories and storage facilities allowing people to just come to and from the facilities and use them as they please. This temporary facility was designed to last until 2014 to create an exciting atmosphere in this developing area of the city.
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BBC Radio Cumbria 30th October 2012 “Is Cumbria Boring?”"
Workington skate park
A feature on BBC Radio Cumbria
However, Broughton Moor RNAD
was recently highlighting the
is located in West Cumbria and
number of teenagers and young
with transport links being limited,
people using social networking
many teenagers and young people
sites such as Facebook and Twitter
do not have frequent access to
to complain about being bored
such facilities.
because there is nothing to do in the county and they can’t wait to
There are small skate parks
move away.
at
nearby
Workington
and
Whitehaven, but there is scope There
were
mixed
responses
for Broughton Moor RNAD to
to the feature, but ultimately
become an alternative sports
it highlighted the problem that
hub
there is a lack of entertainment
with easily accessible facilities for
for young people in Cumbria.
young people including skate and
Despite this, Cumbria has a vast
BMX parks, bike trails, climbing,
range of outdoor pursuits that
etc, with associated small shops
can be enjoyed, from walking the
and businesses located on site.
fells to gyll scrambling and rock climbing to sailing and kayaking; the Lake District has a multitude of exciting activities.
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of
national
significance,
Case study: BBC Radio Cumbria
Case study: Ijburg, Amsterdam
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116
117
Case study: Findhorn eco village
118
The Findhorn Foundation has been a pioneering eco village since 1985 and focuses on linking spiritual, social, ecological and economic issues. The village prides itself in having an ecological footprint that is half the UK national average. Examples of their methods in achieving this include a 250kW biomass boiler installed in 2010, reducing carbon emissions by 80 tons a year, 4 wind turbines on site, 55 ecologically-benign buildings, a biological sewage treatment system, numerous solar water heating systems and a comprehensive recycling scheme. The foundation offers holistic educational aspects with approximately 9000 visitors annually from over 50 different countries.
119
Are either of these communities the right approach for Broughton Moor RNAD? The Ijburg self build development has a unique, quirky style that makes it an exciting, trendy place to be. Each property is individual and the playful style of the whole area is very attractive and inspiring. However, it does lack the sense of community that can be found at the Findhorn Foundation and perhaps needs more social and community orientated spaces and buildings to enhance the feeling of livelyness shown in the architecture. New housing at Broughton Moor RNAD must provide affordable yet creative and playful architecture and public spaces that encourage a strong community feel, that also supports the existing villages in the locality.
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Case study: Container City II
“Recycling old shipping containers is both a green and affordable solution to Britain’s Housing crisis”
— THE GUARDIAN
Shipping containers, also referred
docklands.
In a time where
to as “Inter modal containers”,
sustainability is a key issue within
were designed during the 1950’s
the UK and, of course, the rest
by the US military for the transport
of the world, it seems incredibly
of weapons and vehicles. This
wasteful to build new housing
almost poetic link with the history
from entirely new materials, when
of Broughton Moor RNAD and it’s
reclaiming materials, such as
past ownership of the US Military
these containers, provides such a
for this very use, indicates that
simple and economically viable
these flexible building units would
solution.
be an ideal, cheap, sustainable and both creative and attractive
As demonstrated in Container
method of providing affordable
City II in London, the containers
housing on site for local people.
can be insulated, plugged in and connected in a variety of ways, are
In the UK our imports are higher
incredibly strong and their ability
than
to be transported and stacked
our
exports,
meaning
that 1000’s of empty shipping
relatively
easily
containers lie along the UK’s
incredibly flexible.
makes
them
“Funky, sustainable and cheap" — GRAND DESIGNS
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In contrast to the urban character of “Container City II”, these containers have
Case study: Cove Park Artists Retreats
been adapted into artist’s retreats in a peaceful, rural location. The striking setting of the landscape and particularly the water is something that could be created as part of a housing development for Broughton Moor RNAD, with a series of water attenuation ponds that could connect the community. A simple and wildlife friendly method of helping these industrial structures blend beautifully with the surrounding rural landscape is to plant a green roof on the buildings and build them into the contours of the land, as shown here at Cove Park.
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123
Design Vision
124
This section draws on all the conclusions and inspirations from the research and analysis phases to begin to outline a vision for Derwent Forest. It includes considering a number of potential options for development for the site and begins to outline the design principles and concepts.
Jan Gehl This quote from Dutch designer Jan Gehl
to focus on the potential experiential qualities
is particularly important within the design
of the site. It is incredibly important to
process for Broughton Moor RNAD due to the
consider “the people scale� throughout the
enormous scale of the site. It would be easy
design process to ensure that Broughton Moor
to become absorbed with masterplanning the
RNAD becomes an enjoyable and memorable
site in plan view, however, it is most important
place to be.
125
“
Christopher Alexander In every region and every town, indeed in every neighbourhood, there are special places which have come to symbolise the area, and the people’s roots there. These places may be natural beauties or historic landmarks left by ages past. But in some form they are essential.
- Sacred Sites, A Pattern Language. Christopher Alexander
126
”
Sneaking In
Secretive
Dens
Unknown Eerie
Discovery Unique
Mystery
Abandoned
Surprise
Risk and Danger
Adventure
Wilderness
Character
History
Excitement
127
Genius Loci: A Sense of Place Broughton Moor RNAD has so many unusual and unique qualities that give the site its identity. From a feeling of eerie anticipation to a place that is incredibly peaceful and in touch with nature. These qualities are what makes the site so special and a great deal of care must be taken to retain this character and enhance these feelings through sensitive, landscape led development.
128
129
Design Process; First Phase
130
“
Synthesis (n.): The process of bringing analysis and concepts together to create design solutions for the problems that are posed by the brief.
�
- The Fundamentals of Landscape Architecture, Tim Waterman
131
Synthesis As a result of thorough desk study, analysis and drawing inspiration from a variety of precedents, a number of design solutions can be made for the site at Broughton Moor RNAD. Option 1: Sympathetic, phased approach to open cast coal extraction, followed by the creation of a tourist attraction using a proportion of the revenue from the coal industry. This approach would be opposed by both local government and local communities, due to the unpopularity of the coal industry in the area over the last few decades. Whilst producing huge profits for the private firms involved with the extraction process, there would be little economic benefit for the local community. Few jobs would be created due to the mechanical nature of open cast coal extraction and those that were created would be usually given to external experts rather than local contractors. Option 2: To plant sustainably managed woodland on the majority of the site to be used in the timber and paper industry and for the production of wood chip as an alternative energy source, alongside recreational activities. This could include habitat enhancement and conservation for endangered species on site, such as the red squirrel. This approach would increase water capture within the catchment of the River Derwent, therefore, contributing to the prevention of flooding. Production of wood chip could be used by the many industries located on the West Coast
132
to produce renewable energy. This would support the objectives of “Britain’s Energy Coast”. The forest could also welcome numerous recreational activities, from cycling and walking to more unusual, adrenaline fuelled sports. Careful consideration would have to be taken to preserve the heritage and character of the site if this approach was adopted. Option 3: The site could be developed intensively for new housing projects to address the shortage of housing in the UK. This approach would need to be renegotiated with Allerdale Council who might be prepared to concede the planning policy requirement of “constructing aggregate floor space of the built form which did not excessively exceed the floor space of the existing built form on site”, in exchange for a high proportion of low cost housing to meet the council’s housing targets and to relieve the need to release green field sites in the locality. This would avoid the need for a high proportion of the existing buildings from the RNAD to be dismantled, which would affect the genius loci and character of the site and would have to be carefully managed to prevent damage to
any existing habitats to species such as bats, red masonry bees and barn owls that inhabit these structures. However, this option would still significantly reduce the amount of potential public open space that could be developed in a much more sympathetic response to the existing environment whilst creating revenue through recreation and tourism. Option 4: Private development, such as Center Parcs, could be created on site. Although Center Parcs has fantastic principles, many of which can be adopted for the approach at Derwent Forest, it would be a shame if the site was not accessible by all members of the public. It is important that both local people and tourists can come and enjoy the environment and facilities at Broughton Moor RNAD without feeling they have to spend hundreds of pounds. It is, however, crucially important that the development and attractions at Derwent Forest are economically viable. Option 5: The site could be used to produce renewable energy on an extensive scale, from solar, wind or anaerobic sources. This approach would support the objectives of “Britains Energy Coast� by providing renewable, alternative energy, however, the aesthetics of this would have to be carefully considered. It also seems a waste of such a natural and historic gem for the heritage of this site to not be enjoyed by the public for recreational and educational purposes.
Option 6: A new tourist destination for West Cumbria, increasing tourism within the area, attracting some of the 15.8 million visitors that visit the nearby Lake District National Park annually. To comply with the local plan, this would be predominantly outdoor facilities, although making use of the existing structures. Themes could include arts, sculpture, performance, recreation and wildlife and nature. Option 7: A mixed use development addressing both local needs and the needs of the county as a whole, through a national visitor attraction and projects that will support local communities. Combining a number of uses to address a range of issues within the area. Opening the site to the public to create a major visitor attraction with national and international appeal will help to attract tourism to West Cumbria. Sustainable reforestation will address issues regarding Britain becoming more self sufficient in providing timber and also contribute to reducing flood risk in the area, together with water attenuation systems. Local needs will be met through providing a self build, affordable housing scheme to attract young local people. In addition, young people in the community will be encouraged to engage throughout the planning, designing and building of new facilities, such as play provision for a range of ages. Habitats will be preserved and enhanced through a sensitive design approach and sustainability issues addressed through waste management and small scale energy production, to ensure new development is as self sufficient as possible.
133
Vision Statement: Broughton Moor RNAD will be opened to the public for the first time in over half a century as it is transformed into a new destination within the North West of England, where new discoveries can be made on every visit. A place of hidden mystery, excitement and both natural and man made beauty, visitors will be drawn to this historic area of West Cumbria for a unique and memorable experience. From adrenaline fuelled sports and adventure to peaceful walks admiring nature; from enjoying inspirational art and sculpture to listening to an atmospheric performance amongst the trees. Broughton Moor RNAD also aims to provide a model for inspirational, affordable housing to serve ambitious, young, local people who are looking to build their own houses and be involved with creating a new, cooperative community that will support local villages.
134
Design Strategy: A Two Tiered approach Having evaluated the merits and disadvantages of the various options, the most appropriate for the site is considered to be Option 7 - “A mixed use development addressing both local needs and the needs of the county as a whole, through a national visitor attraction and projects that will support local communities.”.
1. LOCAL LEVEL Broughton Moor RNAD aims to provide a model for a creative, attractive and sustainable housing community with a self build project for young people within the area to build their own affordable homes. These homes would be designed to support the infrastructure and facilities in local villages (pubs, corner shops, schools etc). This small community will be encouraged to save money by growing their own food and reducing their bills by becoming as self sufficient as possible.
This design project aims to develop a landscape led approach to attracting tourism to West Cumbria, offering a unique experience within the north-west which both compliments the Lake District and yet attracts new visitors and relieves the pressure on the “honey pots” within the National Park.
The development will enhance the existing environment of Broughton Moor RNAD and protect the existing habitats and ecosystems. Reforestation will also help to reduce the risk of flooding of the River Derwent and as little impermeable surfaces as possible will be used.
Broughton Moor RNAD will be opened to the public for the first time in over half a century to unveil a new tourist destination within the north west of England, to be discovered and explored by both the local community and visitors from across the world.
Throughout the design and construction process, local young people could also be encouraged to engage with the planning, designing and building of a range of leisure facilities, from a continually evolving junkyard playground to the adrenaline sports facilities, such as bike trails and skate parks, to ensure that the spaces are adapted to suit the needs of the users.
Broughton Moor RNAD could host a state of the art adrenaline sports leisure facility with both national and international appeal, whilst also providing activities and opportunities for young local people through community involvement with planning, designing and building of the proposed facilities which would consequently be focused around the users.
2. NATIONAL LEVEL
135
"If growing up means it would be beneath my dignity to climb a tree, I won't grow up, never grow up, never grow up, not me."
- Peter Pan and the Lost Boys
The concept behind Broughton Moor RNAD could be inspired by the idea of never ending youth, where all activities and features focus on elements of fun and playfulness, allowing people of all ages to come and escape to a place where they are actively encouraged to have fun through sport, adventure, creativity, discovery and contact with nature.
136
Discover Nature
Escape to another world
Experience unique days out
Challenge Yourself
Explore Woodland
Create the Ultimate Playground
137
Strategic Plan As a result of developing an understanding of the site at Derwent Forest through research, site analysis and drawing inspiration from a range of precedents, a strategic vision can begin to form. This can lead into the next phase of the design process: design development and site planning.
138
Sculpture Park Interact with the landscape Maximising incredible views
retain mysterious and unique qualities
Respect and enhance existing features
139
Sustainable Housing Community Affordable Living Support local villages Model of sustainable living
Strong Communities
Healthy, happy Living 140
Provide opportunites for young people
draw in people with similar interestscoast to coast
Adrenaline Village Identify the most exciting venues Involve young local people with design and build processes
141
Broughton Moor RNAD Design Brief
142
1. Housing
2. Memorial
An area of approximately 100 affordable, self build projects will be located to the north east of the site, in close proximity to Broughton Moor. This ensures support of the village amenities, such as the pub and primary school and will encourage the integration of the new residents with the existing community.
A memorial to remember the lives lost on the site of Broughton Moor RNAD is to be located within the new development. The site should be close to the site of the Buckhill Colliery to commemorate the lives lost during mining accidents on site, in addition to those who were tragically killed in accidents when the site belonged to the MOD.
The new housing will be marketed towards young, local people and will be an affordable yet creative and attractive and stylish community. Not only will the build of the projects mean that the properties themselves will be low cost, through using reclaimed materials, such as shipping containers, but residents will be encouraged to become as self sufficient as possible. This will save hundreds of pounds each year through reduced energy bills, food and fuel costs.
The atmosphere of the memorial should be a quiet, peaceful location, away from the busy visitor attractions, that is surrounded by natural elements, perhaps in the forest with an area of water. Materials should be carefully chosen to focus on the senses, with calming sounds and comforting fragrances. A simplistic yet meaningful design could be used with frequent seating opportunities and reference to names of those who died.
The community will also include a thorough recycling system to minimise waste on site, in addition to a series of water attenuation ponds which not only add to the unique character of the site, but also aid with controlling the amount of run off from the site into the River Derwent.
143
3. Play Provision
4. Ancient Field Patterns/ Designed Allotment Space
In the UK, experts are concerned that the technological age and the age of the “cotton wool kids” is making children lose touch with nature. The term “nature deficit disorder” has been coined to reflect the impact of children being out of touch with nature and being protected from risk and the effect that this is having on their wellbeing. Broughton Moor RNAD aims to provide an environment where play in nature is hugely encouraged, from climbing trees to building dens- the whole landscape will provide a fantastic canvas for play, retaining and enhancing the unique qualities of the site.
This area will provide a beautifully designed allotment space serving the local community that benefits from the fantastic views of the Lakeland fells.
However, it is also useful to have designated places where play is the key focus, in the form of a designed adventure playground visitor attraction, with exciting equipment that blends well with the natural setting. A substantial area will be designated for children and young people to determine how they would like their play space, with treehouse building workshops, tree swings and a constantly evolving landscape.
144
Allotment space is in high demand in the UK and this idyllic location could restore this historic grazing land into a public resource. It is possible that grazing rights for some of land at Broughton Moor RNAD could be retained for farmers in the locality, as this would provide a small economic benefit as well as ensuring good management of the site. However, in the area that has been designated as having significant archaeological evidence dating back to Medieval or perhaps even Roman times, it would be of great benefit if this could be used for local people to access and use to produce their own food. The design would be creative to ensure that the allotment was unique, whilst respecting and protecting the archeological field boundaries and existing evidence. Before any site works take place, a full archeological survey should be carried out to ensure that the design would not damage any important evidence.
5. Car Parking
6. Reforestation
It is inevitable that many users will still travel by car, despite trying to provide an improved public transport system to serve the site and connecting public cycleways.
With the UK being one of the least wooded countries in Europe with only 12 per cent of woodland, (compared to an average of 44 per cent in other parts of Europe) it is urgent that more sustainably managed woodland is planted.
It is incredibly important that the car parking on site that serves the visitor attraction is designed in a way that it is sensitive to the existing environment and wildlife within Broughton Moor RNAD. Surfacing and vegetation will have to be carefully chosen and the layout of the car parking should be designed to have a minimum impact on the landscape, aesthetically, in terms of noise and drainage. Car access through the site will be kept to a minimum. Cars arriving at the site car park will drive directly there and visitors will leave their cars behind for the duration of their visit, enhancing the feeling of escape within Broughton Moor RNAD. Roads will be designed to slow traffic using narrow width and a sinuous layout to protect wildlife and for the benefit of pedestrians and cyclists.
Enhancing the habitat of the endangered red squirrel and other wildlife should be a key focus of the development. A hierarchy of routes will be developed, with some areas being inaccessible to allow wildlife to develop undisturbed. Woodland can also provide a fantastic setting for a visitor attraction with recreational activities and has enormous psychological health benefits. Careful consideration must be taken to define the approach for different areas of woodland, such as species and spacing and the effect this will have on light quality, understory species and the feel and character. For example, in evergreen woodland, the woodland will offer fantastic fragrances and a lush, green escape right through the winter months, whereas deciduous woodland offers spectacular seasonal change. Broughton Moor RNAD could offer a combination of these woodland types, to provide a range of experiences.
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7. Biodiversity Areas
8. Arts and Sculpture Park
After a full ecological survey of the site, key sites with high ecological value can be identified and these can then be enhanced and protected. As much as possible of the built form on site will be preserved, especially those with evidence of bats, barn owls or bees inhabiting them. Careful selection of planting palettes will be selected for these areas to enhance the biodiversity of these areas and the success of key species.
By integrating with the atmospheric existing structures, such as the blast walls, earth bunds, remaining built form and the colliery spoil heap, creative interventions can be introduced that respond to the unique landscape in a sensitive yet playful manor.
Educational aspects of the unique and interesting biodiversity of the site will be a key focus, engaging both enthusiasts and the general public to appreciate and enjoy fantastic British wildlife. Opening the site to the public for the first time in over half a century poses risks to the wildlife and unusual habitats that have developed on the site, largely undisturbed. It is, therefore, important that some areas are less accessible than others; achieved by using a hierarchy of pathways and allowing some areas to be left undisturbed.
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A series of sculpture trails intersecting different character areas will allow visitors to discover the unexpected, offering an experience that enhances the mystery, surprise, drama and excitement that the site offers today. Associated art and craft workshops, cafes, bars, restaurants and specialist shops are to be created restoring existing buildings in an innovative manner, developing a creative hub for West Cumbria. Performance spaces can be created throughout the site, in open settings, such as woodland as well as using some of the built form as small music venues. Potential to use part of the site as a festival venue is a possibility, in addition to theatrical performances, perhaps linking with the famous Theatre by the Lake in Keswick.
9. Adrenaline Village
10. Recreational Lake
Located mostly within Ribton Wood with a focus around the collection of buildings close to the spoil heap with the landmark chimney, this area will provide facilities for skateboarding, BMXing, bike trails, climbing, high ropes activities, zip wires, water sports, parkour and many more recreational activities. Some of these facilities could be of national significance, hosting tournaments and events for years to come.
Located in a naturally low lying area of the site, a lake would have a dual function - to collect and store water on site as a means of sustainable water management; and to be used for recreational activities.
A unique treehouse community will also be included within Ribton Wood with inspiring examples of hidden hideaways within the trees. These will act as holiday stays, but could also include inspirational open days and workshops for children as well as offering business space for specialists, such as Blue Forest allowing people to consult about having their own amazing treehouses. More affordable holiday opportunities will be created in the form of camping and camping pod experiences, with exciting sites where building a campfire is encouraged and people can come and enjoy the tranquillity of this rural setting.
Christopher Alexander wrote “People have a fundamental yearning for great bodies of water�. People are drawn to water for relaxation and reflection, to enjoy the aesthetic qualities, to admire wildlife and for recreational purposes. Inspired by the success of Center Parcs having a lake at the heart of the woodland, Broughton Moor RNAD will benefit from a lake that not only enhances the diversity of habitat types but will also act as a visitor attraction in its own right. The lake will host a range of watersports from kayaking to sailing to wakeboarding and windsurfing. Sensitive development of the lake area will ensure that ecology is at the heart of the process and material choices will reflect this. Some areas of the lake edge will be protected from footfall to allow habitats to develop, whilst providing more public areas where people can collect and enjoy the water.
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11. Cycle Infrastructure
12. Sustainability at Broughton Moor RNAD
Through diverting the Coast to Coast cycle route along the dismantled railway line and through the Broughton Moor RNAD site, this would create interest and draw in visitors with similar interests for return visits.
It is vitally important that sustainability lies at the heart of the development at Broughton Moor RNAD, to create a landscape that continues to grow, enhancing the landscape and communities around it.
Inspired by the idea of never growing up, Broughton Moor RNAD aims to be a place that is completely accessible by bike, just as in Center Parcs, to bring back a feeling of youth where using your bike to get around and explore was a part of every day life.
Minimising waste through recycling and sewage treatment systems, particularly in the new housing community will be a priority within Broughton Moor RNAD.
Infrastructure will include parking facilities for cycles, good surfacing, a hierarchy of routes from relaxing to challenging, and ultimately promoting cycling as a more common mode of transport in the locality, particularly for the new community, encouraging healthy, active lifestyles. Related shops and businesses will support this cycling hub to benefit from the influx of people with a similar interest.
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Broughton Moor RNAD will aim to be as self sufficient as possible through food growing and energy production and will use water management as a method of controlling run off into the River Derwent. Sustainable forestry methods will ensure appropriate management of the existing and proposed woodland areas and the protection and enhancement of wildlife habitats.
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References
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References Images Whinlatter Forest Mountain Bike Trails (2010) [Online Image]. Available from: < http://www.my-hospitality.com/2010/11/new-lake-district-adventure-trail-will-boost-economy/> [Accessed November 2012] Great Broughton, Camerton and Broughton Moor Street View (n.d.) [Online Image]. Available from: Google Earth [Accessed October 2012] Badger (n.d.) [Online Image]. Available from: <http://www.cumbria.police.uk/advice-and-information/wildlife-rural-crime/wildlife-crime/badgers> [Accessed October 2012] Workington Skatepark (n.d.) [Online Image]. Available from: <http://hothottamales.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/dylan-sewell-at-workington-skatepark.html> [Accessed November 2012] Red Mason Bee (n.d.) [Online Image]. Available from: <http://sabka.org/common-types-of-bees-and-wasps/red-mason-bee-3> [Accessed October 2012] Fox (2010) [Online Image] Available from: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/southscotland/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_9092000/9092901.stm> [Accessed October 2012] Roe Deer (2009) [Online Image] Available from: <http://arnsidesilverdale.blogspot.co.uk/2009_11_01_archive.html> [Accessed October 2012] Buzzard (2012) [Online Image] Available from: <http://anotherbirdblog.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/mainly-buzzards-with-few-questions.html> [Accessed October 2012] Red Squirrel (n.d.) [Online Image]. Available from: <http://ophrysphotography.co.uk> [Accessed October 2012] Coast to Coast Cycle Route (2010) [Online Image.] Available from: <http://www.c2c-guide.co.uk/> [Accessed November 2012] Potential Major Visitor Economy Development Projects in Cumbria 2008-2018 Map (n.d.) Cumbria Tourism p.20 illus. Jupiter Artland Map (n.d.) [Online Image]. Available from: <http://www.jupiterartland.org/visit> [Accessed October 2012] Aerial Site Photos (n.d.) [Online Images]. Available from: <http://www.facebook.com/pages/Derwent-Forest-utropia/226597120686284?fref=ts> [Accessed August 2012] Findhorn Foundation Eco-village (n.d.) [Online Images]. Availble from: <http://www.findhorn.org> [Accessed November 2012] Barn Owl (2010) [Online Image]. Available from http://true-wildlife.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/barn-owl.html
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Books Alexander, C (1977) A Pattern Language. Oxford University Press. Pollock-Morris, A (2010) Close: Landscape Design and Land Art in Scotland. Northfield Editions. Waterman, T (2009) The Fundamentals of Landscape Architecture. Ava Publishing.
Newspaper Articles News and Star (2011) Call For Memorial To Victims Of Broughton Moor Explosion. News and Star [Online] 27th Janurary. Available from: <http://www.newsandstar.co.uk> [Accessed October 2012] Interest in Derwent Forest Site but Clean Up Must Come First (2007) Times and Star, 19th October. Work on Jubilee Wood Due Soon (2012) Times and Star, 21st September. Mark Green (2011) Nigelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Green Vision, From Body Shop to Utropia. Times and Star, 18th February. Mineral Rights Issue For Utropia Project (n.d.) Times and Star.
Websites Woodland Trust (2012) UK Woodland Facts [Online]. Available from <http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/> [Accessed December 2012] Cove Park (2012) Cove Park [Online]. Available from: <http://covepark.org/> [Accessed December 2012] Channel 4 (2012) George Clarkes Amazing Spaces Scrapbook [Online] Available from: <http://scrapbook.channel4.com/programmes/george-clarkes-amazing-spaces> [Accessed November 2012] Digimap (2012) Digimap [Online]. Available from: <http://digimap.edina.ac.uk> [Accessed October 2012]. Nigel Catterson (2012) Utropia [Online]. Available from: <http://www.utropia.org/> [Accessed July 2012]. Robert & Nicky Wilson (2012) Jupiter Artland [Online]. Available from: <http://www.jupiterartland.org/> [Accessed September 2012] Sustrans (1999) Sustrans [Online]. Available from: <http://www.sustrans.org.uk/assets/files/Info%20sheets/ff28.pdf > [Accessed November 2012] RSNE, Red Squirrels Northern England [Online]. Available from: <http://www.rsne.org.uk/> [Accessed October 2012]
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BBC (2012) BBC Nature [Online]. Available from: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Mason_bee> Nigel Catterson, (2012) Derwent Forest (Utropia) Facebook Page [Online]. Available from: <http://www.facebook.com> Danish Architecture Centre (2012) Plug N Play [Online]. Available from: <http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/copenhagen-x-gallery/realized-projects/plug-n-play/> Allerdale Borough Council (2012) Derwent Forest [Online]. Available from: <http://www.allerdale.gov.uk/business/regeneration/regeneration-projects/derwent-forest.aspx> [Accessed September 2012] Natural History Museum (2011) Swarm-like behaviour of red mason solitary bees [Online]. Available from: <http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2011/may/swarm-like-behaviour-ofred-mason-solitary-bees97553.html> [Accessed October 2012] Gustafson Porter (2012) Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek [Online]. Available from: <http://www.gustafson-porter.com/site.html> [Accessed October 2012] Forestry Commision (2012) Altura and Quercus MTB Trails [Online]. Available from: <http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fcenwealturatrailleaflet.pdf/$FILE/fcenwealturatrailleaflet.pdf> [Accessed November 2012] Parkers (2011) Westergasfabrik [Online]. Available from: <http://www.westergasfabriek.nl/en/westergasfabriek-en/park> [Accessed October 2012] The Land Trust (2012) Northumberlandia [Online]. Available from: <http://www.northumberlandia.com/page_details.html?PID=28&sec=ab> [Accessed October 2012] BBC News (2011) History: Broughton Moor arms depot [Online]. Availble from: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/cumbria/hi/front_page/newsid_9361000/9361343.stm> [Accessed on October 2012] The Lake District National Park (2012) Facts and Figures [Online]. Available from: <http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/factsandfigures> [Accessed on November 2012] Durham Mining Museum (2012) Buckhill Colliery [Online]. Available from: <http://www.dmm.org.uk/colliery/b044.htm> [Accessed on October 2012] Findhorn Foundation (2012) Findhorn Foundation [Online]. Available from: <http://www.findhorn.org> [Accessed on November 2012] Cockermouth Tourist Information Centre (2012) The Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith Railway, Cumbria [Online]. Availble from: <http://www.cockermouth.org.uk/history/ckpr.htm> [Accessed on November 2012] National Parks (2012) Facts and Figures [Online]. Available from: <http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/press/factsandfigures.htm> [Accessed on November 2012]
Documents Cumbria County Council (n.d) Allerdale Area Plan 2012-14 [Online] Availble from: <http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/elibrary/Content/Internet/536/6493/41165113234.pdf > [Accessed November 2012] Cumbria Tourism (n.d.) MAKING THE DREAM A REALITY THE TOURISM STRATEGY FOR CUMBRIA 2008 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2018 [Online]. Available from: <http://mediafiles.thedms.co.uk/Publication/CUCTB/cms/pdf/tourism-strategy-2008-2018.pdf> [Accessed November 2012]
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Conversations Nigel Catterson, 14th September 2012 and 28th October 2012.
video FizzWizzBizz (2012) Thousand Wheels Saison 2012 [Online Video] November 2012. Available from: <http://vimeo.com/52469824> [Accessed 10th November 2012] GoldsteinProductions (2012) Growing Up in Whistler [Online Video] 4th July 2012. Available from <http://www.pinkbike.com/video/266089/> [Accessed 5th July 2012] Element Skateboards (2012) Second Nature [Online Video] July 2012. Available from <http://vimeo.com/46685196> [Accessed 22nd August 2012] SFUDutchDesign (2011) Jan Gehl / Danish Design [Online Video] 30th September 2011. Available from: < http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKnqwpYsC0w> [Accessed October 2012]
Radio Is Cumbria Boring? (2012) Carlisle: BBC Radio Cumbria. 30th October 2012, 11.00am.
Acknowledgements The author would like to offer her sincere thanks and appreciation for all the help and time that has helped her with this project, particularly to Nigel Catterson, for giving up his time to allow two highly useful site visits and for sending interesting information. Many thanks also to the tutors from Leeds Metropolitan University who have helped enormously with this study. Edwin Knighton Chris Royffe Alan Simson Emma Oldroyd
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