Local Materiality

Local Materiality Stone and Trees Native to Illinois and Missouri

Local Materiality Stone and Trees Native to Illinois and Missouri Rachel Stagner

with guidance from Emily Wray Cover Photo: Elephant Rocks Overlook, Rachel Stagner

Contents 4

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Natural History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ecological Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Geological History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Forestry History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Landscape Stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Building Stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Landscape Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Coarse Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Fine Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Suppliers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Introduction

Silver Mines, Mark Twain National Forest

With the current condition of the environment, it is necessary to understand the impact our work has. Buildings account for a lot of energy and material use. Choosing exotic and rare materials can make for fantastic visual experiences but it can also contribute to uneccessary deforestation and degradation of other environements, as well as the increased impact of carbon emmissions from travelling a further distance to arrive on the job site.

This book’s purpose is to assist in making local material choices. Because of our firm’s location and concentration of work around St. Louis, the native materials listed here are focused in Missouri and Illinois. From St. Louis, most of Missouri and Illinois fall within a 250 mile radius, which is half of what is required for LEED’s 500 mile radius. As architects, we should strive to go above minimum requirements and work to make each design decision more sustainable.

Another goal with this book is to encourage the use of materials that evoke a sense of nature, instead of one of sterility. While white volumes are nice in a gallery, they do not make the most inviting place for people to inhabit.

Biophlia is the innate draw that humans have for the natural environment. Bringing elements of nature into the built environment can make inhabitants happier, calmer, and more productive.

There are 14 elements of biophilia. One of the elements that is readily employed in our office is the introduction of plants and views to nature. As architects, we can’t always control if our clients want to dedicate time and resources to buying plants and maintaining them.

However, we have substantial influence over the finishes and furniture used in buildings.

We can tap into the principle of immitation of natural forms and patterns.

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This book focuses on stone and tree materials.

This includes landscape stone, building stone, aggregates, and the native trees quarried and harvested in Missouri and Illinois. After the catalog of materials, there is an appendix that gives more context on the natural history of the area.

Care should also be taken to ensure that unsustainable harvesting regimes are not encouraged. There is a list of suppliers in the appendix that includes of urban logging mills. Urban logging helps to minimize wasted wood that is taken from urban places, such as storm damaged trees and trees posing a threat to homes. It also provides more affordable wood than traditional hardwood stores. Urban logging companies also provide a good resource for architects and designers because they are knowledgable about the properties of wood and how it would handle certain architectural applications.

The environment is an incredibly valuable resource to us now and to future generations.

We must take action to prevent the quality of our natural areas from being degraded by unsustainable action.

I hope that this book helps to assist in making responsible and sustainable decisions within this practice.

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Natural History

Silver Mines, Mark Twain National Forest

The advent of widespread trade and globalization no longer limits the lives people lead. Obtaining tropical wood is not deemed impossible, although it does have the connotation of originating from heavily deforested rain forests. Someone living in Springfield, MO could have Italian marble shipped to them for a price, but it would be traveling thousands of miles. This has led to endless opportunities for material choice. But it has also led to a larger carbon footprint.

New technologies have allowed for cladding systems made of fiber cement and furniture of molded plastics. Fewer spaces celebrate the pure materiality of natural materials like a building from the early 20th century. Our office at Christner is an example of that: the open office space is filled with clean white desks and plastic chairs; the only place where natural materiality is celebrated is in the lobby, with wood paneling and exposed aggregate floors.

We should be celebrating the environment around us and embracing the natural world.

By understanding our surroundings, we can more effectively bring natural elements and materials into our spaces.

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Ecological Sections 25

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The natural environment has long dictated the actions and choices of mankind. The availability of local resources determined what homes were made out of, what kind of jobs people worked, and what people ate.

In Missouri, Native Americans practiced some control over their environment but still utilized the local resources around them.

Certain trees and their fruit were used for medicines and native animals determined what was eaten. When European settlers moved into those areas, they often drastically altered their environment to create one that was more profitable—like clearcutting forests and converting forests into farmland. Still, the resources used were often only gathered nearby. Stone used in monumental buildings wasn’t imported from China, but instead taken from places like Carthage, MO.

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Ecological Sections Ecoregions are defined by their different natural communities, which include characteristics such as geology, soils, topography, vegetation, watersheds, and plant and animal distribution. As each ecoregion narrows in scope, the environment within becomes more focused and specific. Geology plays a large role in the divisions. The bedrock below each section affects the environment and life it supports above.

The hierarchy is as follows: Domain (global) Division (continental) Province (regional) Section (subregion) Subsection (subregion)

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Illinois Illinois has three major types of land: prairie, broadleaf forest, and riverine forest. These can be split into that are split into four ecological provinces: Midwest Broadleaf Forest, Central Interior Broadleaf Forest, Southeastern Mixed Forest, and Prairie Parkland. Within that, there are seven sections and 19 subsections within Illinois. The Midwest Broadleaf Forest bedrock consists of mostly dolomite and sandstone with some shale and covered with a layer of glacial drift. The Central Interior Broadleaf Forest has Mississippi limestone and sandstone bedrock with Illinoian glacial till more than 100’ deep in the north and thinning out as it moves south.

The Southeastern Mixed Forest has bedrock consisting of sandstone with shale and is covered by wind-deposited loess. The Prairie Parkland has bedrock consisting of limestone, shale, sandstone, and some coal and is covered by a deep layer of glacial till, reaching 400’ thick in some areas.

The Midwest Broadleaf Forest is focused to the north and east edge of the State and consists of primarily oak savanna with some maplebasswood forest and small areas of prairie.

Now, the land is mostly used for agriculture with urban developments along Lake Michigan’s shoreline (Chicago).

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The Prairie Parkland consists of mostly prairies with some forest communities along stream valleys. Very few prairie habitats remain as most land has been converted to agricultural use. The former wetlands and marshes in this province were drained for agriculture. The Central Till Plains and Grand Prairies Section was completely covered by glaciers (both Illinoian and Wisconsinian glaciation).The land is covered by a thick layer of glacial till and drift which makes for very fertile land.

Missouri In Missouri, there are four distinct ecological sections: Central Dissected Till Plains, Osage Plains, Ozark Highlands, and Mississippi Alluvial Plains. There are also 31 subsections that show more site-specific characteristics. These areas are defined by their different natural communities, which include characteristics such as geology, soils, topography, vegetation, watersheds, and plant and animal distribution. Geology plays a large role in the divisions. The bedrock below each section affects the environment and life it supports above.

The Central Interior Broadleaf Forest supports oak-hickory forest. Historically, nearly half of the area was prairie and not forest. In the south, the Shawnee Hills contain the Shawnee National Forest with exposed limestone formations that evaded erosion by Illinoian glaciers. Most land in the north is used for agricultural purpose and 90% of the native vegetative cover has been removed.

The Central Dissected Till Plains and Osage Plains consist mostly of sandstone, limestone, and shale. The Central Dissected Till Plains (CDTP) are also covered in a layer of glacial till from when it was covered by a preIllinoian glacier. The CDTP and Osage Plains historically consisted mostly of prairies, savannas, and woodlands. The CDTP has deep, fertile soil that was formed by glacial till and loess (left behind by pre-Illinoian glaciers).

The Osage Plains are less fertile and with shallower soils.

The Southeastern Mixed Broadleaf Forest supports oak-hickory forest as well as prairie and savanna. In Illinois, this area has more changes in elevation than other states with this section. There is a layer of wind-deposited till that is fertile. Now, the land is predominantly used for agricultural purposes.

The Ozark Highlands are very different geologically from the rest of the state. There is a concentration of igneous rock (granite and rhyolite) that has been exposed by cycles of uplift and erosion in the west. There are also younger sedimentary rock formations that make up the Ozark Plateau, including

sandstone, limestone, and dolomite. The Ozark highlands were historically dominated by oak-pine woodlands; now it is dominantly oakhickory cover. This subsection is where the majority of Missouri’s forests are concentrated.

Bedrock Geology Map

The Mississippi River Alluvial Basin has bedrock consisting of dolomitic limestone.

The majority of the section is covered in mud and clay. It supports a native oak-gum-cypress forest, but most of the natural vegetation has been cleared to make way for agricultural use.

Geological History

2,500 MYA

Sandstone

Ordovician

Dolomite and Limestone

Precambrian

Granite and Rhyolite Silurian

Dolomite and Limestone

Cambrian

Sandstone

Limestone and Sandstone

Ordovician

Dolomite and Limestone Mississippian

Limestone with Silt, Chert, Shale

Dolomite and Limestone Pennsylvanian

Shale and Sandstone

Limestone and Sandstone Cretaceous

Mostly Sand

Precambrian

Silurian Granite and Rhyolite

Cambrian

Sandstone

Ordovician

Mississippian Dolomite and Limestone

Mississippian

Devonian

Devonian

Limestone with Tertiary Silt, Chert, Shale Mostly Sand and Clay

Limestone with Tertiary Silt, Chert, Shale

Mostly Sand and Clay

300 MYA, the force of the continents crashing together Cretaceous continued to grow mountains along Tertiary the present-day east coast. 200 MYA, the Atlantic Ocean formed and helped push Laurentia west; as Laurentia moved away, it became separated from Pangea and became Pennsylvanian

Shale and Sandstone Mostly Sand

541 MYA

Precambrian

252 MYA

Paleozoic

66 MYA

Mesozoic

Quaternary

2.6 MYA

Tertiary

66 MYA

Cretaceous

145 MYA

Jurassic

201 MYA

Triassic

Permian

Mostly Sand and Clay

252 MYA

Pennsylvanian

Granite and Rhyolite

Cambrian

Pennsylvanian Shale and Sandstone Dolomite and Limestone Bedrock Silurian Map compiled from data from the ISGS and Cretaceous Mostly Sand Devonian by Limestone and Sandstone MDC, graphic author.

299 MYA

323 MYA

Mississippian

359 MYA

Devonian

Silurian

419 MYA

444 MYA

Ordovician

485 MYA

Cambrian

541 MYA

The landscape of North America has changed greatly over time. The continent of North America began as a craton called Laurentia. A craton is an old and stable part of continental curst that has survived the changing landscape of continents; they are usually found in the interior of tectonic plates. 750 years ago, Laurentia was connected to the supercontinent Rodinia. Eventually, Laurentia fragmented from Rodinia and drifted away to be surrounded by ocean on all sides. In the Ordovician era (485-443 million years ago), island chains slammed into the east coast of Laurentia, creating the Appalachian Mountains. When the supercontinent Pangea began to form

Precambrian

0

Cenozoic

Geological Timeline

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its own isolated continent again.Missouri and Illinois were along for the ride during all of this continental movement. The changing positions helped shape what kind of rocks lay at the surface of the two states.

Illinois Not much is known about Illinois’ basement rock from the Pre-Cambrian Period. This is because the rock is buried deep under layers of sediment and has only been touched by a few very deep drill samples. What we do know about Illinois’ Pre-Cambrian rock is that it consists of igneous and metamorphic rocks, most of which are granite, that were exposed at the land surface 1 billion to 600 million years ago. During this time, they were weathered and eroded.

During part of the Paleozoic Era, Illinois’ landscape slowly sank, allowing a shallow tropical ocean to cover it. This in turn left lots of sediment and marine creatures behind, creating stone and fossils.

Cambrian Period rock consists chiefly of sandstone, with some dolomite present in the upper layers in Northern Illinois. The sand deposited that makes up the sandstone is derived mostly from the region to the north.

Cambrian rock is located deep underneath the surface and has only been found during deep drilling or extensive quarrying efforts.

Rocks from the Ordovician Period are predominantly dolomite and limestone, with some sandstone and shale. Unlike rocks from the Cambrian Period, Ordovician Rocks are exposed in many places in Illinois. They also underlie most of Illinois, except for the small places where the rocks have eroded away and expose Cambrian rocks. Some rock strata contain many fossils depending on the location. The sediments that make up the rock during the Ordovician Period were mostly deep-water, fine grained carbonates, shallow-water argillaceous (clay containing) carbonates, and coarse calcarenites.

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Burden Falls in Shawnee National Forest via National Archive and Records Administration

The Silurian Period in Illinois still consisted of a shallow ocean covering Illinois. This ocean contained reefs which left behind deposits made of former ocean-life; corals left behind carbonates and in turn the reefs are very pure carbonate. Northern reefs (Racine Formation) are mainly dolomite, while southern reefs (Moccasin Springs Formation) are mostly limestone. The inter-reef rocks, rocks located between reef locations, are less pure and contain a mix of rocks, from silty dolomite to argillaceous limestone depending on location.

Silurian rocks as a whole are dominantly carbonates, with mostly dolomite in north Illinois and a mix of limestone, siltstone, and shale in southern Illinois. The rocks have been eroded away in parts of the north but are exposed near Chicago and Galena. Where the rock has more carbonate, there are more

Glacier Coverage: (a) Pre-Illinois glacial episode, 1 MYA; (b) late Pre-Illinois glacial episode, 0.6 MYA; (c) Illinois glacial episode, 250,000 years ago; (d) Wisconsin glacial episode, 22,000 years ago via ISGS, http://isgs.illinois.edu/outreach/geologyresources/glaciers-smooth-surface

Illinois: a small part in the west, a thin area near the Mississippi, and areas in the south. There are not many fossils in Lower Devonian rocks, but they are abundant in Middle and Upper Devonian limestones.

The Carboniferous Period can be broken into two major epochs: Mississippian and Pennsylvanian.

General Illinois Stratigraphic Column, ISGS via http://isgs.illinois.edu/outreach/geologyresources/building-bedrock

fossils; Silurian rock contains fossils from five faunal zones.

The Devonian Period is split into three series: Lower, Middle, and Upper. The Lower contains mostly siliceous limestone, dolomite, and chert; the Middle contains mostly limestone and dolomite; the Upper contains mostly shale, with some limestone and siltstone. Illinois may have been covered by Devonian rock, but if so, it was eroded from northern Illinois. There are only a few exposed places of Devonian rock in

The Mississippian Epoch rock covers most of Illinois south of Peoria and is mainly exposed in the south and west of the state. Limestone is the dominant rock in the Mississippian Epoch with some shale and sandstone, but there are areas of siltstone delta in central and eastern Illinois. Because of the large amount of limestone, there are a lot of fossils in the rock of the epoch. There are also thin beds of coal that occur in sandstone.

During the Pennsylvanian Epoch, the environment in Illinois was changing. The oceans were no longer stable over North America and instead advanced and retreated many times. During retreats, huge river systems buried the former ocean bed under

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Taum Sauk Dam Break On December 14, 2015, sensors failed to accurately detect the level of water in the Taum Sauk reservoir and water breeched the dam. This overflow compromised the parapet and led to a collapsed section of dam, releasing 80% of the reservoirs capacity (5.67 billion liters) down Proffitt Mountain, toward Johnson Shut Ins State Park. The water took away everything on top of the bedrock, leaving behind a scourge on the side of the mountain.

The dam’s failure was in part due to the uneven settlement caused by its foundation on weathered rock and fine particulate matter.

The settlement made the top of the dam uneven, preventing sensors from knowing where 2 feet below the edge was.

This allowed water levels to get dangerously high before

Geologic map of the Proffitt MountainJohnson Shut-ins area, via J.D. Rogers

triggering a shutdown response; however, it was too late as water had already breeched the parapet edge and the dam was eroded away until complete collapse. This scourge revealed Precambrian igneous rocks and Cambrian dolomites.

deltas; these deltas were full of swamps that eventually compressed into coal. The changes in water coverage led to a unique lithography, with many vertical changes that are usually abrupt; these layers consist of more than 500 distinguishable units of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, coal, and clay. The majority of the system contains clastic rocks. While the top of the land was changing, so was the structure down below. The bedrock was folded by tectonic forces and a large basin was formed in southeastern Illinois, known today as the Illinois Basin.

There are no deposits from the Permian Period in Illinois.

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Layout of Taum Sauk Pumped Storage scheme; dashed yellow line shows flooded area after reservoir breech.

This event allowed for one of the most interesting bedrock sequences to be revealed.

The Mesozoic Era was the age of dinosaurs.

In terms of geological development, the only epoch that left rock behind was the Cretaceous.

The Cretaceous Epoch rock is found only in the southernmost part of Illinois. Illinois was no longer covered by water but was instead exposed to weathering. The rocks are entirely clastic.

The Tertiary System happened between the Mesozoic Era and the Quaternary Period, the most recent and current geological period.

The sediments consist largely of marine clays and sands during the Paleocene Epoch, sands and silty clays that are nonmarine during the Eocene Epoch, and fluvial deposits of the Pilocene Epoch.

The Quaternary Period is the geological time that we are currently in. It is also referred to as an “ice age.” Most of Illinois was covered by glaciers except for small areas in the northwestern corner, extreme south, and west. The glaciers moved across the state and ground down the earth below, making rock into gravel into sand into silt. This mixture, known as till, was deposited by glaciers as they moved and melted.

Missouri Missouri’s basement rock was formed around the same time as Illinois’. Unlike Illinois, Missouri has exposures of Precambrian rock.

In southeast Missouri, there are exposures of igneous rock. This area is called the St. Francois mountains, and it contains some of the oldest igneous rock in the United States.

There are two main types of igneous rock in Missouri: granite and rhyolite. Granite is formed under the earth’s crust and slowly cools, creating large grained crystals. It is more prone to erosion than rhyolite. Missouri’s granite is mostly red, and can be seen by the public at Elephant Rocks State Park. Rhyolite is formed when magma flows out of the earth and cools quickly, creating fine grained crystals. It is commonly sold in the group “trap rock,” which also includes volcanic tuff, a less abundant igneous rock formed when volcanic ash falls to the ground. Rhyolite does not easily erode, which is why it is found on the tops of the St. Francois Mountains.

Men on the bluffs overlooking the Missouri River and the boat circa 1912, via Department of Defense

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After the Precambrian Era, the Paleozoic Era brought a time of Missouri being covered by a shallow ocean, like Illinois, that periodically moved in and out of the land. This in turn brought sedimentary rock formations.

During the Cambrian Period, Missouri developed a layer of mostly sandstone and some dolomite, limestone, chert, and shale.

The deepest layers of sandstone (from the LaMotte formation) occur in the Ozark valleys, where the granite was eroded and embedded in lower layers of the sandstone. The limestone and dolomite were formed by sea life, which contained lime, in the bottom of the ocean. This also means that fossils are present in the rock.

This would typically lead to mostly limestone and not dolomite, but it is hypothesized that water leaked into these formations after the ocean had retreated, and slowly brought magnesium to the limestone, turning it into dolomite. The rocks created in the Cambrian period cover most of Missouri except the peaks of the St. Francois mountains.

The Ordovician Period contains layers of dolomite, sandstone, and limestone. The seas covered most of Missouri throughout this period, but they were shallow and less consistent. Different areas of the state have different dominant rock types. The dolomite of the Lower Ordovician is not suitable for fossils, but the younger rock is. This age of rock contains more caves than any other rock.

The Silurian Period followed a time of erosion of the previous Ordovician Period. The majority of rock deposited was limestone, with some sandstone and shale. Missouri was covered by ocean at the beginning of the Silurian but it had mostly receded by the end of the period.

The Devonian Period occurred after the Silurian, although there isn’t much rock represented in Missouri. The rock that is present is located in northern and eastern Missouri and contains a majority of limestone with fossils and some sandstone and chert.

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Both Silurian and Devonian aged rocks are fairly uncommon within Missouri, but it is still unknown why: erosion or lack of deposition.

The Mississippian Period is named so because of because of its location to the Mississippi River valley. During this time, there was still ocean covering Missouri but it was receding and slowly became muddier. The majority of the rock from this time is limestone, with layers of chert and shale nodules. The rock makes up almost a quarter of all exposed rock in Missouri. The rocks can contain fossils as well as geodes, small pockets of mineral water that were trapped in limestone and crystalized.

The Pennsylvanian Period is when coal formed in Missouri, although it is more plentiful in Illinois. During this time, the sea came in and out multiple times, leaving different formations of rock. The layers of rock are thin and consist mostly of shale and sandstone, with beds of limestone and coal between. This was the last major sedimentary deposition in Missouri.

The Permian Period has no rock deposited in Missouri.

The Mesozoic Era does not have much rock present in Missouri, with nothing from the Triassic and Jurassic. However, there are some fossils from animals from this era, the Age of Dinosaurs.

There is an exposure of Cretaceous Period rocks in southeast Missouri. This is mainly created from eroded sediments, both being cut away from Missouri and forming sedimentary rocks.

After the Mesozoic Era, the Cenozoic Era began. This is the current Era. Within this, there are the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary Periods. The Paleogene and Neogene Periods were formerly known as Tertiary but split up in order to impart more division and specification in analysis. Deposits from the Cenozoic Era consisted mostly of alluvial gravel, sand, and clay; and glacial till and loess.

Forest Management During the logging boom of the 19th Century, forests were clear cut; this allowed logging companies to extract the most resource as fast as possible. However, this does not encourage regrowth or reuse of the site for lumber harvesting; instead, it often is followed by land abandonment.

In modern forestry practices, clearcutting a stand, an even-aged Clearcut opening with hardwood Single-Tree Selection opening: the management system, is a way to islands for wildlife, 5 acres and larger area occupied by a single tree harvest all trees, regardless of size, in size in a stand and then use the land toFigure 10. The spectrum of opening sizes to obtain forest regeneration varies widely. plant a pure stand of trees that do Uneven-aged management requires This slow, careful process avoids not survive in shade. This practice more work and planning to harvest seriously disturbing animal habitats is no longer favored because of a substantial amount of lumber. within forests. the environmental implications, The single-tree selection method specifically habitat destruction.

The choice of even versus uneven involves removing single trees aged management depends on If timber is clear cut in a small across all age classes, resulting in5028-6 what kind of trees will be grown, enough area, then the trees can more small trees than larger trees. the ease of access, and the active naturally regenerate and the habitat This is not a quick method and commitment that landowners can will not be affected as negatively. instead requires several harvests to provide. see results and profits.

Figure 10. The spectrum of opening sizes to obtain forest regeneration varies widely.

The Quaternary Period is when glaciers covered most of North America. Glaciers covered northern Missouri, but the southern parts of the state still felt effects. Glaciers brought in till, which creates fertile soil but also flat land. When it warmed, glaciers would melt and the water would create streams, bringing till across the state. In the Ozarks, this water caused erosion and helped shape the environment as it is seen today; the changes in temperatures led plants and animals to thrive in the Ozarks, where they can be seen in cave environments today.

Forestry History After settlers moved west, the value of forests was quickly realized.

During early settlement, there were trees cut down, but they were mostly used only for building homes locally and not exported out of the area. The timber industry would not take off until the railroads could reach them. In the mid-19th century, 5028-6 railroads were established and allowed for ease of movement of goods across the nation. In Illinois, not only was forested land harvested for timber, but settlers moved north into the state to take advantage of the fertile prairie land to grow crops on.

Illinois Illinois’ native lands were quickly disrupted by settlers. Initially, forests were cut down to make way for farmland, with the lumber being used to build houses, fence posts, and fuel.

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After it was discovered that prairies could make good crop land after the invention of the moldboard plow, more settlers moved into the prairie.

The increased population brought with it an increased need for housing, leading to timber near prairies being cut down and used for building material. The changes in the Illinois landscape were still happening. In the mid19th century, the timber industry in Illinois began to flourish; the rise of the railroad allowed for wood to be cut in one place and then easily transported to where it was needed.

Timber production in Illinois was vast: annual lumber production exceeded 350 million board feet in the 1880s, and it continued to grow until 1900. The dwindling availability of trees led to a decrease in production. By 1923, only 22,000 acres of primary forest remained, less than 0.15% of the original forested land.

Luckily, the forests in Illinois are no longer so scarce. As of 2015, Illinois has 4.9 million acres of forest land. Less cattle have been raised Canopy Cover

0%

100%

NLCD 2016 USFS Tree Canopy Cover Map, via MRLC

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in Illinois since the mid-20th-Century, which lead to conversion of former pastureland into secondary forest. Conservation efforts have also helped boost forest growth and Illinois continuously working to help protect and grow their forests.

Forest land is heavily concentrated in western half and southern third of Illinois, particularly in the Shawnee National Forest. In the northern two-thirds of Illinois, forests are concentrated along rivers and streams. The State’s forests are also very mature, with 49% of forestland being more than 60 years old (Illinois Forests 2015). Having too many mature trees can lead to senescence. Currently, 42% of stands are fully stocked and 6% are overstocked. This means that only the trees there are able to be adequately supported during growth and that it is very difficult to promote new tree growth in these areas. This can lead to a stagnation in growth and eventually, tree mortality. The overstocked and fully stocked stands need to have careful forest management applied to thin out trees in order to promote new growth.

One of the threats to native forests is the increase of shade-tolerant maple species; because of their ability to thrive in the shade as saplings, maples are slowly taking over formerly oak-dominated forests. The densely stocked stands in Illinois do not allow much light to reach the understory and forest floor, which is not ideal for oak growth because they are only partially shade tolerant. In order to avoid pushing out native oaks and hickories, there need to be more disturbances to the forest, including timber management and prescribed fire; this will help suppress maple seedlings and promote oak seedlings.

While prairies do not provide the timber resource that forests do, it is important to preserve and restore prairie ecosystems. Most of Illinois’ prairies have been converted into agricultural use, therefore removing important habitat for native prairie species.

have space to graze. The increase in burning was not as beneficial to the forest as the more spaced out burning periods (5 to 10 years) that Native Americans practiced.

As more European settlers came to Missouri and the Ozarks, the value of timber was realized. Pure stands of shortleaf pine were numerous; the wood that came from it was sturdy, straight, and free from major defects.

The only thing holding back loggers was the lack of a good system to transport the logs; logs were transported by river to mills and then used the river to get wood elsewhere.

That changed when the railroad was built into the Ozarks.

Railroad construction required lots of wood for railroad ties, so the timber industry benefitted from the makig of rail lines. Then, logging companies used the lines to easily transport their products.

Young pine on a railroad grade near Willow Springs, MO via http://oak.snr.missouri.edu/forestry/history/

Missouri Before European settlement, the forests of Missouri had adapted to being cleared by fire, which removed underbrush and firesusceptible trees. The forests were most likely burned every few years by Native Americans living there. This led to a woodland forest with fire-tolerant trees like shortleaf pine and white oak dominating. The ground cover was described as prairie-like, with “grasses and flowers filling in the broad spaces between the trees” by Louis Houck (1908).

When some settlers came to the land, they first came from the forests of Appalachia. They did not care to clear cut trees, but instead only cut what was necessary for shelter and fuel. Many of these early Ozark settlers felt a connection to the land and did not want to lose the forest.

They kept up with fire management practices, but increased the frequency, in order to let livestock freely roam the wooded land and

Logging farms quickly took advantage and built rail lines through their center of operations From there, logging companies were able to clear cut acres of trees and process logs into lumber, then easily transfer the timber to trains to be transported across the United States.

At its peak in 1899, Missouri’s timber industry prooduced 724 million board feet annually.

Logging companies were quickly taking down Missouri’s virgin trees and leaving behind acres of stumps. Most of Missouri’s factory workers during the late 19th centruy participated in this industry. The lumber industry positively contributed to the development of Missouri’s industrialization and helped move the state as a whole forward. The cost was simply the old growth forests of the Ozarks.

By 1920, Missouri’s forests were cut over and the work brought by logging companies was gone. The landscape was drastically changed and former loggers had to leave to find new work or try and farm on desolate soil.

19

In 1929, the Missouri Legislature was successfully lobbied to allow the former forest to be purhcsed by the Federal government for a national forest. This would become the Mark Twain National Forest and Clark National Forest and contain 1.5 million acres of cut-over forest land.

In the 1930’s, Missouri’s natural resources were still abused and uncared for. The Civilian Conservation Corps Program (CCC) helped to take care of the forests and created inviting spaces for the public to use, like campgrounds and picnic areas. They also planted trees on wornout farmland. Missouri voters also approved the creation of a Conservation Commission in 1936, including a foresty division; this helped focus efforts on recovering forests instead of just the environment in general.

This allowed for Missouri to introduce fire prevention programs and focus on management programs. Foresters planted new seedlings, harvested fire-damaged trees, and removed undesirable trees. This allowed Missouri’s forests to thicken up and recover from being completed decimated.

Now, the Ozark’s forests rarely burn, with less than 0.01% burning each year. Restoration efforts have reintroduced species that were pushed out during the era of deforestation and frequent burning. As of 2013, Missouri has an estimated 15.5 million acres of forest land, making up 35% of the total land area of Missouri.

Currently, Missouri forests consist of chiefly oak-hickory species, with less shortleaf pine than the virgin land had. The trees in forests are aging and most of the biomass is from large-diameter stands. It is ideal to avoid having a majority of older trees in a forest because it will lead to an unequal replacement of their space by younger trees.

Missouri’s oaks are suscpetible to oak decline, a state where trees are under stress

20

and become more susceptible to insect and disease. The average annual mortality of red oaks in 2013 increased by almost 20% in comparison to 2008. White oaks are also dying at a higher rate, with annual mortality increasing 49% since 2008. Thedying trees need to be replaced by more oaks, but the lower number of young oak stands does not point to that replacement happening as efficiently as possible.

The emerald ash borer poses another problem to Missouri’s forests. The insect bores into wood and feeds on the trees tissues, disrupting the movement of nutrients and wate rin the tree, and eventually killing the tree. This is a threat to Missouri because ash trees make up 3.5% of all trees.

Missouri also has to watch out for the reversion of reclaimed forestland into farmland. This happens because of the financial gain that agriculture poses over the timber industry.

Missouri’s forests also have to deal with the issue of invasive species like honeysuckle and maples. Invasive species affect the animals that live around then by changing the available food for browsing.

Maples affect the regeneration of oak forests because maples can grow in shadier environments than young oaks can. This leads to oak seedlings dying under the canopy that is not thinned by fire, and instead maples thriving. By instituting more controlled fire regimes, foresters could cut back on fire-susceptible species, like maples, and encourage the growth of shade-intolerant and fire-resistant species like oaks.

Forest conservation practices can isntitute management practices that encourage the growth of native species and limit the spread of nonnative species. Private landowners make an impact on MIssouri forests and own most of it; by educating landowners, Missouri can continue to promote forest growth and create a better environment for flora and fauna.

Pioneer Forest Msssouri’s Pioneer Forest is the largest privately owned forest across the Ozarks. It began with founder Leo Drey buying a tract of land in 1951; the trees on it were mostly butt rotten, but he saw potential.

Most of the Ozark timberland at this time was badly cut over and degraded due to fire and trespass.

When Drey consulted with foresters in the area, he was told that he would need 25,000 acres to make his forest viable. Slowly, he began purchasing land. He cam across his big break when he snagged 90,000 acres from National Distillers.

This land was a big accomplishment but it also marked a beginning of dealing with shady forestry practices.

The contract where Leo Drey purchased the land stipulated that the former owners could still cut down trees of of it.

Drey fought back because they wanted to cut down trees from the largest old-growth white oak tract in the US. Unfortunately, he did not win everything and had to concede by allowing some trees to come down.

Leo took forest management very seriously after this, employing a professional forester and using the tactic of single-tree selection. Over time, more foresters were hired to help with the growing work of caring for a growing forest.

Drey focused on conservation practices and not the most profitable practices.

While Pioneer Forest did cut and sell its own wood, they did so in a very careful process. Foresters would survey areas of the forest carefully and choose trees from varying ages to be cut down.

This allowed for new growth to come up and not be blocked out by the shade of the canopy cover. However, the trees chosen to be cut had to be carefully extracted from the forest, in stark contrast to the habit of clear cutting and hauling away logs without concern for the damage transportation could make to other trees.

Leo Drey, the man behind Pioneer Forest via Leo Drey

The data gathered by the foresters working for Drey helped to prove the feasibility of single-tree selction forest management. The forest showed that with this method, you could encourage more growth of trees and end up with higher boardfoot volume per acre.

However, it was harder to apply the small focused team-style of Pioneer Forest to a govenment run operation, where work is delegated out and sequestered.

Nonetheless, there were workshops held to teach Mark Twain staff the ways of the Pioneer Forest. It was concluded When public forest management that Pioneer Forest closely had to make the decision of how mimicked the historical forest disturbance regimes. to handle their forests in the 1980’s, the Pioneer Forest was Leo Drey was very focused looked to as an example of how on sharing the spirit of single-tree selection worked. conservationsim. He leased his THe leaders of the Mark Twain land for use by the Missouri National Forest did not see that Department of Conservation for method as being a good choice $1 a year, so that the people of for their land.

Missouri could see the beauty in

Later, in the 1990’s, the Pioneer Forest was again looked to by the Mark Twain National Forest and this time with less disdain.

Rewsearchers saw the merit in work done in Pioneer Forest and wanted to try applying it to the public lands.

their state.

Now, the Forest is owned by the LAD Foundation and still has its regular forest inventories and emphasis on forest management and conservation.

21

Diagrams

Elephant Rocks State Park

Ecological Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Bedrock Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Missouri Mineral Production. . . . . . . . . . 26 Illinois Mineral Production . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Stratigraphic Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Illinois Stratigraphic Column . . . . . . . . . 30 Canopy Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Forest Statistics of Illinois and Missouri. 33 Relative Tree Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

223Dh

223Aa

223Am

223Ae

223Af

223Di 231Hg

Aq

3

223Al

22

223Gb 22 3G d

223Aj

223Ab

3Ac

223Aq

223Ak

223Aj

234 Db

223Ak 223Ap

22 3G d

223Ab

23Ak

234Da

223Ag 223Ao 223Ah

Ecological Sections 223Ak

223Ad

223Dh

223Aa

3Ab

223Aq

23Ai

223Ak

223Ad

223Aq

223Ga

223Di

231Hg

q

3A

22

234Da

223Ag

222Kf

1D

a

222Ki

222Kh

222Kg

223Al

234 Db

223Af

25

251Dc

251Db i

251Dd

1C

25

251Cj 251Cb

222Hf

251Cm 251De Cf

251Df

251Ce

d

251 251Ci

251Cc

223G

251Cl

251Ck

251Cd 251Cg

223Ga

251Cb 223Ak

3G

d

223Ab

223Ac

d

223Gb 3G

223Aj

22

223Ak

223Aj

22

223Ai

223Aq

251Ea

223Ak 223Ap

223Ae

223Ao

251Eb 223Ak

223Ad

223Dh 223Aq

223Aa

223Ab

223Di 231Hg

q

223Al

3A

22

234

223Af

Db

223Am

223Ag

234Da

223Ah

Ecological Provinces and Subregions of Missouri and Illinois. Data courtesy of the USDA Forest Service, Henry McNab et. al

24

Bedrock Composition Bedrock Age and Major Composition Precambrian

Granite and Rhyolite

Cambrian

Sandstone

Ordovician

Dolomite and Limestone

Silurian

Dolomite and Limestone

Devonian

Limestone and Sandstone

Mississippian

Limestone with Silt, Chert, Shale

Pennsylvanian

Shale and Sandstone

Cretaceous

Mostly Sand

Tertiary

Mostly Sand and Clay

Bedrock Composition for Missouri and Illinois. Data courtesy of the Illinois State Geological Survey and Missouri Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Lnd Survey

25

MISSOURI

Missouri Mineral Production ATCHISON

HOLT

SG CS NODAWAY

1

WORTH SG GENTRY

SG HARRISON

SCOTLAND PUTNAM SCHUYLER

MERCER CS

CS

GRUNDY SG SG DAVIESS ANDREW SG CS DEKALB CS CS SG LIVINGSTON CS BUCHANAN CS CLINTON CALDWELL CS Clay SG PLATTE CARROLL SG RAY SG CLAY CS CS

SG ADAIR

SULLIVAN

2

LINN

MACON

CS KNOX

CLARK SG Gem LEWIS

CS SHELBY

CHARITON

SG MARION Clay CS FC Cem SG CS RALLS PIKE

MONROE CS

CS RANDOLPH FC HOWARD AUDRAIN SG SALINE CS SG Kansas ! Cem LINCOLN FC LAFAYETTE City BOONE CS CS JACKSON MONTGOMERY SG CS SG CS CS CS CS COOPER ST. CHARLES IS WARREN CS CALLAWAY CS CS SG CS CS Saint JOHNSON SG CASS ! Louis PETTIS Jefferson City MONITEAU ST. LOUIS GASCCS IS CS SG COLE CS ONADE HENRY SG MORGAN OSAGE FRANKLIN CS CS IS CS CS SG CS SG CS Pb SG BENTON BATES SG Cem CS SG MILLER MARIES JEFFERSON Clay SG SG CS Lime STE. GENEVIEVE Per WASHST. CLAIR SG CRAWFORD INGTON Lime Cem CAMDEN HICKORY PULASKI CS CS CS CS Lime VERNON CS CS PHELPS CS SG ST. CS SG Ag CS CEDAR DALLAS CS Cu FRANCOIS PERRY CS CS LACLEDE CS POLK DENT D-Gr Pb SG BARTON CS SG CS Zn CAPE GIRARDEAU SG MADISON DADE IRON CS Clay CS TEXAS GREENE SG Cem WEBS TER REYNOLDS JASPER CS WRIGHT SG CS BOLLINGER SHANNON CS Springfield ! CS CS CS SG CS CS SG CS LAWRENCE SG CS WAYNE CS SCOTT CS SG CHRISTIAN Ful NEWTON DOUGLAS CARTER MIS SISSI PPI SG SG CS SG CS CS STODDARD CS BARRY STONE SG NEW BUTLER MCDONALD HOWELL OREGON MADRID CS CS TANEY RIPLEY OZARK SG SG CS SG CS CS Al

4

^

5

3

7

6

8

0

50

PEMISCOT

100 Kilometers DUNKLIN

Albers equal area projection

MINERAL SYMBOLS (Principal producing areas)

LEGEND

^ !

1

County boundary

Ag

Silver

Capital

Al

Aluminum plant

Gem IS

Gemstones Industrial sand

City

Cem

Cement plant

Lime

Crushed stone/sand and

Clay

Common clay

Pb

Lead

gravel district boundary

CS

Crushed stone

Pb

Lead plant

Cu D-Gr

Copper

Per

Lime plant

Perlite

Dimension granite

SG

Construction sand and gravel

FC

Fire clay

Zn

Zinc

Ful

Fuller’s earth

Source: Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey/U.S. Geological Survey (2012–13).

26

ILLINOIS Illinois Mineral Production SG

CS

WINNEB AGO

STEPHENSON CS

JO DAVIESS

Rockford SG SG

IS

CS CARROLL

CS CS

KNOX

SG

MCDONOUGH

SG

SG

MASON

LOGAN

SCHUYLER ADAMS

MENARD CS

CASS

BROWN

FePig SG CS

^

Springfield Gyp-s

MORGAN PIKE

CS

SCOTT CS

CALHOUN

CS

CS DOUGLAS

MONTGOMERY

Clay BOND

JASPER

Cement plant Common clay

Iron oxide pigments plant

Fl Ful Gyp-s

Fluorspar Fuller's earth Gypsum - synthetic

IS

CLARK SG

CS

Peat Per

SG S-ng CRAWFORD

SG

WABASH WAYNE

WASHINGTON

EDWARDS

Industrial sand Peat Perlite plant Construction sand and gravel

S-ng

Sulfur (natural gas)

Steel

Steel plant Tripoli Vermiculite plant Concentration of mineral operations

Tri Ver

MARION

4

Crushed stone Dimension limestone

FePig

LAWRENCE SG RICHLAND

CLAY

CS MONROE CS

SG

EFFINGHAM

SG SG CLINTON

CS

CUMB ERLAND

FAYETTE

CS SAINT CLAIR

SG

CS SG

CS S-ng MADISON SG Steel

EDGAR

COLES

JERSEY

Cem Clay D-L

SHELBY SG

CS CS

GREENE

gravel district boundary

CS

CS

MOULTRIE

Ver

MACOUPIN

VERMILION SG

PIATT

CHRISTIAN

City

Principal Producing Areas

CHAMPAIGN

MACON SG

SG

SANGAMON

CS

SG

Capital

Mineral Symbols

SG

DE WITT

County boundary

Crushed stone/sand and

1

FORD

3

SG

!

IROQUOIS

SG MCLEAN

CS

^

CS

CS

TAZEWELL

LEGEND

CS

LIVINGSTON

SG

FULTON

GRUNDY

Steel KANKAKEE CS

WOODFORD SG

Steel Peoria

2 HANCOCK

SG

Ver

SG MARSHALL

PEORIA

HENDERSON

CS

CS

SG

WARREN SG

Steel CS Chicago Per SG CS COOK S-ng CS SG Joliet Per S-ng D-L WILL

DUPAGE

SG KENDALL

IS CS Cem SG Clay SG LA SALLE PUTNAM

STARK CS

1

BUREAU

HENRY

MERCER

CS

LEE

SG CS

SG

ROCK ISLAND

CS

SG

SG

CS CS SG KANE SG DEKALB

CS CS

LAKE

BOONE CS SG SG

OGLE

WHITESIDE Peat Steel

Peat

MCHENRY

SG CS

JEFFERSON

HAMILTON

PERRY

RANDOLPH

FRANKLIN SG

CS SG

WILLIAMSON

JACKSON

GALLATIN

Gyp-s

UNION CS SG Tri

SALINE

WHITE SG

CS JOHNSON

HARDIN Fl CS POPE

PULASKI MASSAC Cem

0

50

100 Kilometers

Albers equal area projection

ALEXANDER Ful

Source: Illinois State Geological Survey/U.S. Geological Survey (2012–13).

27

IOLA FM. CHANUTE SH. DEWEY FM. NELLIE BLY FM. CHERRYVALE FM.

DENNIS FM. GALESBURG SH. SWOPE FM. ELM BRANCH SH. HERTHA FM.

SHALE HILL FM.

M

DEVONIAN

MIDDLE DEVONIAN

SAVERTON SH.

SULPHUR SPRINGS GP.

FAMENNIAN

CHATTANOOGA SH.

FT. SCOTT sGP.

SNYDER SH

FORT

ST. LAURE

BEAUV EIFELIAN

GRAND TOW

LOWER DEVONIAN

HALE FM.

CINCINNATIAN

CHELTENHAM FM. GRAYDON CGL.

TAR SPRINGS SS.

GLEN DEAN LS.

“JO

BRYANT KBOB FM. NOIX LS.

KATIAN

THEB

CAPE LA SH

RENAULT FM.

GUTTENBER

UPPER WARSAW FM.

DECORAH GP.

PAINT CREEK FM. YANKEETOWN SS.

KIMMSWICK L

MOHAWKIAN

CYPRESS FM.

SALEM FM.

ORCHARD SH

CAPE

GOLCONDA FM.

ST. LOUIS LS.

S C

CYRENE LS.

GIRARDEAU

HARDINSBURG FM.

AUX VASES SS.

BAINBRIDG

BOWLING G DOL.

MAQUOKETA GP.

McLOUTH FM.

STE. GENEVIEVE LS.

BAILEY F

WENLOCKLUDLOW

KINGS LAKE

SPECHTS FER

MACY LS

PLATTIN GP.

GRAYDON CGL.

CHELTENHAM FM.

BURGNER FM.

GRASSY KNOB

LOCHKOVIAN

MAQUOKETA SH.

WARNER SS. HARTSHORNE FM.

CLEAR CREEK

LITTLE SALIN PRAGIAN

HIRNANTIAN LLANDOVERY

? ? ?

? ? ?

EMSIAN

PRIDOLI

SILURIAN

ROWE FM.

HINDSVILLE BATESVILLE FAYETTEVILLE LS. FM. FM.

CHESTERIAN

?

GIVETIAN

SANDBIAN

LIBERTY MEMORIAL SH.

HOLTS SS.

SWEETLAND CR

HAGER L

BECKETT

BLOOMSDAL

“PECATONICA F

LOWER WARSAW FM.

KEOKUK LS.

JOACHIM DO BURLINGTON LS.

ELSEY FM. REEDS SPRING FM.

PIERSON LS.

SEDALIA FM. “unnamed ls.”

COMPTON LS.

BACHELOR FM.

HORTON CREEK LS.

DARRIWILIAN WHITEROCKIAN

LANE SH.

WYANDOTTE FM.

GLEN

“unna

SYLAMORE SS.

UPPER ORDOVICIAN

VILAS SH.

BUSH

CEDAR VALL

DRYWOOD FM.

ORDOVICIAN

STANTON FM.

HEPLER FM.

UPPER DEVONIAN

APPANOOSE sGP.

MARMATON GP.

ROCK LAKE SH.

PLATTSBURG FM.

PLEASANTON GP.

CABANISS sGP.

CHEROKEE GP.

KREBS sGP. LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN (BASHKIRIAN)

MORROWAN

NEMAHA sGP.

SHAWNEE GP. DOUGLAS GP.

SOUTH BEND FM.

JOE GILLMAN, DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST ROLLA, MISSOURI

CASS FM.

STRANGER FM.

?

FRASNIAN

MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN

MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MISSOURI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WEIR FM.

“McCRANEY FERN GLEN FM. LS.”

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION 21, REVISED, MODIFIED VERSION ACCOMPANIES GEOLOGIC MAP OF MISSOURI 2017

TEBO FM.

GRAND FALLS CHERT

2018

MINERAL FM.

?

SCAMMON FM.

CHOUTEAU GP. “CHOUTEAU GP. UNDIFF.” CHOUTEAU LS. NORTHVIEW FM.

DAVID L. BRIDGES PATRICK S. MULVANY

FLEMING FM. ROBINSON BRANCH FM.

HANNIBAL SH.

LITTLE BEAR FM.

LAWRENCE SH.

MERAMECIAN

COFFEE SAND POST CREEK FM.

CROWEBURG FM.

WELBORN FM.

OREAD FM.

MISSOURIAN (~KASIMOVIAN)

CAMPANIAN

VERDIGRIS FM.

BLUEJACKET SS.

KANWAKA SH.

McNAIRY FM.

EXCELLO SH.

BEVIER FM.

OSAGEAN

OWL CREEK FM.

LITTLE OSAGE FM.

LAGONDA FM.

KINDERHOOKIAN

G

PAWNEE FM. LABETTE SH.

VIENNA LS.

MIDDLE MISSISSIPPIAN (VISEAN)

G

TECUMSEH SH.

CARBONIFEROUS MISSISSIPPIAN

G

BANDERA SH.

LECOMPTON FM.

LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN (TOURNAISIAN)

G

ALTAMONT FM.

RIVERTON SH.

CALHOUN SH.

ZARAH sGP.

G

NOWATA SH.

BLACKJACK CREEK LS.

LOUISI

?

LENAPAH FM.

MULKY FM.

ATOKAN

DEER CREEK FM.

LINN sGP.

G

SCRANTON FM.

SEVERY SH.

BRONSON sGP.

G

AUBURN SH.

TOPEKA FM.

LANSING GP.

MIDWAY GP.

PORTERS CREEK CLAY

EMPORIA FM.

MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN (MOSCOVIAN) DESMOINESIAN

ZEANDALE FM.

HOWARD FM.

KANSAS CITY GP.

PENNSYLVANIAN

MOUNDS GRAVEL

HOLLY SPRINGS FM.

MAASTRICHTIAN

(GULFIAN)

UPPER CRETACEOUS

CARBONIFEROUS PENNSYLVANIAN

VIRGILIAN (~GZHELIAN)

ATLANTA FM.

WILCOX GP.

EOCENE

MOBERLY FM.

COMPOSITE STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN FOR MISSOURI

28

PILLSBURY SH.

BERN FM.

SACFOX sGP.

McCREDIE FM.

CLAYTON FM.

CRETACEOUS

WABAUNSEE GP.

LOVELAND SILT

ACKERMAN FM.

PUB2794

STOTLER FM.

WILLARD SH.

UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN

UPPER PLEISTOCENE

ILLINOIAN WISCONSIN

ROXANA SILT

PRE-ILLINOIAN

BRUNHES NORMAL

MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE LOWER PLEISTOCENE

MATUYAMA REVERSED

ALLUVIUM

PEORIA LOESS

PLIOCENE ?

PALEOCENE

PALEOGENE

NEOGENE

QUATERNARY

HOLOCENE

MEMORIAL SH.

HIGGINSVILLE LS.

INDIAN CAVE SS.

CARBONIFEROUS

Qal

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS ON RIGHT RICHARDSON sGP.

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC HIERARCHY ON LEFT

?

LOST BRANCH FM.

HOLDENVILLE sGP.

Missouri Stratigraphic Column

DUTCHTO

ST. PETER SS

EVERTON FM

FLEMING FM. ROBINSON BRANCH FM.

MINERAL FM.

SAVERTON SH.

SYLAMORE SS.

TURPIN SS.

SWEETLAND CREEK SH.

FRASNIAN

?

SNYDER CREEK SH.

CEDAR VALLEY LS. FORTUNE FM. GIVETIAN ST. LAURENT LS. BEAUVAIS SS. EIFELIAN

GRAND TOWER LS.

LOWER DEVONIAN

SCAMMON FM. TEBO FM. WEIR FM. WELBORN FM. BLUEJACKET SS.

LIMESTONE CONTAINING CAVITIES LINED WITH QUARTZ DRUSE GASCONADE DOL.

GLEN DEAN LS.

G

G

BOWLING GREEN DOL. BRYANT KBOB FM. NOIX LS.

SEXTON CREEK LS.

CYRENE LS.

LEEMON FM.

G

GIRARDEAU LS.

HARDINSBURG FM.

ORCHARD CREEK SH. THEBES SS.

CAPE LA CROIX SH.

KATIAN

CAPE LS.

ORDOVICIAN

RENAULT FM.

UPPER WARSAW FM.

DECORAH GP.

YANKEETOWN SS.

GUTTENBERG LS.

SANDBIAN

CYPRESS FM. PAINT CREEK FM.

KIMMSWICK LS.

KINGS LAKE LS.

SPECHTS FERRY FM.

MACY LS.

PLATTIN GP.

GOLCONDA FM.

SILTSTONE SANDY SHALE

POTOSI DOL.

CALCAREOUS SHALE

?

ELVINS GP.

“JOLIET LS.”

DUG HILL FM. (includes TAUM SAUK LS. facies)

TAR SPRINGS SS.

UPPER ORDOVICIAN

HINDSVILLE BATESVILLE FAYETTEVILLE LS. FM. FM.

VIENNA LS.

SALEM FM.

NODULAR LIMESTONE

EMINENCE DOL.

UPPER CAMBRIAN = MILLARDAN

CINCINNATIAN

GRAYDON CGL.

ST. LOUIS LS.

OOLITIC LIMESTONE ROUBIDOUX FM.

BAINBRIDGE FM.

MIDDLE CAMBRIAN = LINCOLNIAN

HALE FM. CHELTENHAM FM.

STE. GENEVIEVE LS.

DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE

DOLOMITE

CAMBRIAN

McLOUTH FM.

AUX VASES SS.

CROSSBEDDED LIMESTONE JEFFERSON CITY DOL.

SHALE

WENLOCKLUDLOW

MAQUOKETA GP.

BURGNER FM.

BAILEY FM.

MOHAWKIAN

GRAYDON CGL.

CHELTENHAM FM.

RIVERTON SH.

GRASSY KNOB CHERT

LOCHKOVIAN

MAQUOKETA SH.

HARTSHORNE FM.

PRAGIAN

HIRNANTIAN LLANDOVERY

WARNER SS.

SILURIAN

ROWE FM. ? ? ?

LITTLE SALINE LS.

LIMESTONE CONTAINING NODULES AND BEDS OF CHERT

COTTER DOL.

PRIDOLI

DRYWOOD FM.

? ? ?

EMSIAN

CLEAR CREEK CHERT

SANDY LIMESTONE

FLOIAN

MAPLE MILL SH.

IBEXIAN

HOLTS SUMMIT SS.

TREMADOCIAN

CROWEBURG FM.

POWELL DOL.

ORDOVICIAN

BEVIER FM. VERDIGRIS FM.

SHALY LIMESTONE

GLEN PARK LS.

“unnamed sh.”

LOWER ORDOVICIAN

MULKY FM.

MIDDLE DEVONIAN

EXCELLO SH.

LAGONDA FM.

DEVONIAN

LITTLE OSAGE FM.

?

LIMESTONE

SMITHVILLE DOL.

BUSHBERG SS.

GRASSY CREEK SH.

HIGGINSVILLE LS.

FAMENNIAN

PAWNEE FM. LABETTE SH.

?

CHATTANOOGA SH.

sGP.

BANDERA SH.

UPPER DEVONIAN

NOWATA SH. ALTAMONT FM.

BLACKJACK CREEK LS.

LOUISIANA LS.

?

LENAPAH FM.

SULPHUR SPRINGS GP.

sGP.

MEMORIAL SH.

SHALE CONTAINING PHOSPHATIC CONCRETIONS

DERBY-DOERUN DOL. G

G

G

G

G

CLAY

G

TILL

DAVIS FM. G G

G

SANDSTONE CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE BONNETERRE FM.

CROSSBEDDED SANDSTONE BEDDED SANDSTONE G

G

G

G

LAMOTTE-BONNETERRE

SAND AND GRAVEL

AND

LAMOTTE-DUG HILL TRANSITION BEDS

CONGLOMERATE LAMOTTE SS.

EDGEWISE CONGLOMERATE

HAGER LS.

d BECKETT LS.

PROTEROZOIC

i v

LIMESTONE BRECCIA

CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT OVERLAIN NONCONFORMABLY BY CAMBRIAN AND LOWER ORDOVICIAN STRATA FROM LAMOTTE SS. TO ROUBIDOUX FM.

BLOOMSDALE LS.

LIMESTONE CONCRETIONS

“PECATONICA FM.”

LOWER WARSAW FM.

CLAY IRONSTONE CONCRETIONS JOACHIM DOL.

SEPTARIAN CONCRETIONS

CHOUTEAU GP. “CHOUTEAU GP. UNDIFF.” CHOUTEAU LS. NORTHVIEW FM.

PIERSON LS.

SEDALIA FM. “unnamed ls.”

COMPTON LS.

CRYPTOZOANS DARRIWILIAN WHITEROCKIAN

ELSEY FM. REEDS SPRING FM.

MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN

BURLINGTON LS.

“McCRANEY FERN GLEN FM. LS.”

GRAND FALLS CHERT

KEOKUK LS.

HANNIBAL SH.

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DUTCHTOWN FM.

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ST. PETER SS.

FELSITE EXTRUSIVES EVERTON FM.

GRANITE INTRUSIVES

BACHELOR FM.

HORTON CREEK LS.

BASIC INTRUSIVES

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Source: Bedrock Geology of Illinois, Compiled by Dennis R. Kolata, Illinois State Geological Survey, 2005

Graese, A.M., 1991, Facies analysis of the Ordovician Maquoketa Grou

and adjacent strata in Kane County, northeastern Illinois: ���������������������� Herzog, B.L.,Illinois B.J Geological Survey, Circular 547, 36 p. ����������������������Avery, 1994

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Buschbach, T.C., and G.E. Heim, 1972, Preliminary geologic investiga � ������ ��� � ������� ��� � ������������ �� ������� ��� �� ��� ������������� ������� ����������� ������������������� �������������������� �� � ������� ��� � �������� �� � ���� rock tunnel sites for flood and pollution control in the greater Ch � ����������� �� � ��������� ������������������� �������������������� Illinois State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes 5 ����� ������ ����� ����� ���� ���� �������� ���� ��� ��� �� ��� ���� � �������� ��� � �������� Graese, A.M., 19 ��������� ������ Buschbach, setting of the Illinoi ������������������� ��������������� T.C., and D.R. Kolata, 1991, Regionaland adjacen

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Reference

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Explanation of Lithologic Symbols Bristol, H.M., an Explanation of Lithologic Symbols Pennsylvan Used on Stratigraphic Columns Used on Stratigraphic Columns Basin: Illin

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Hansel, A.K., and W.H. Johnson, 1996, Wedron and Mason Groups: Lithostratigraphic reclassification of deposits of the Wisconsin E Lake Michigan Lobe area: Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulle 116 p.

Survey, Illi

Kolata, D.R., and Illinois: Illi

Herzog, B.L., B.J. Stiff, C.A. Chenoweth, K.L. Warner, J.B. Sieverling Avery, 1994, Buried bedrock surface of Illinois: Illinois State Ge Survey, Illinois Map 5, 1:500,000.

Kolata, D.R., and T.C. Buschbach, 1976, Plum River Fault Zone of nor Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 491, 20 p.

Kolata, D.R., T.C Zone of nor 26 p.

Kolata, D.R., T.C. Buschbach, and J.D. Treworgy, 1978, The Sandwich Zone of northern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circu 26 p.

Kolata, D.R., and A.M. Graese, 1983, Lithostratigraphy and deposition environments of the Maquoketa Group (Ordovician) in northern Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 528, 49 p.

Kolata, D.R., and environmen Illinois Stat

Lane, H.R., and P.L. Brenkle, 2005, Type Mississippian subdivisions a biostratigraphic succession, in P.H. Heckel, ed., Stratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of the Mississippian Subsystem (Carboniferous S in Its Type Region, the Mississippi River Valley of Illinois, Misso Iowa: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook 34, 106 p.

Lane, H.R., and P biostratigra Biostratigra McBride, J.H., and D.R. Kolata, 1999, The upper crust beneath the cen Basin, USA: Geological Society of America in Bulletin, 111, no.

Its v.Type 375–394.

Iowa: Illino

Leighton, M.M., G.E. Ekblaw, and L. Horberg, 1948, Physiographic di Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Report of Investigation

McGarry, C.S., 1997, Bedrock geology of Carroll County, Illinois: Illi Geological Survey, Open File Series 1997-13d, 1:62,500.

Leighton, M.M., Illinois: Illi

McBride, J.H., an Basin, USA 375–394.

McGarry, C.S., 1 Geological

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31

Canopy Cover

0% Cover

100% Cover

Sourced from: 2016 USFS Tree Canopy Map, National Land Cover Database, Multi-Resolution Land Chearcteristics Consortium

32

Forest Statistics of Illinois and Missouri State

Forestland

2016 estimates

Illinois Area (thousand acres)

4,981 .40

Number of live trees ≥ 1 inch diameter (million trees)

2,070 .30

Net volume of live trees ≥ 5 inches diameter (million ft )

9,469 .20

3

Missouri Area (thousand acres)

15,332 .20

Number of live trees ≥ 1 inch diameter (million trees)

8,022 .80

Net volume of live trees ≥ 5 inches diameter (million ft3)

21,394 .30

Illinois Rank

Species

Lumber Name

1

White Oak

W . Oak

49 .4

998 .5

2

Silver Maple

Soft Maple

58 .1

861 .4

3

Black Oak

R . Oak

38 .7

642 .6

4

Northern Red Oak

R . Oak

21 .3

442 .3

5

Eastern Cottonwood

Cottonwood

12 .4

418 .0

6

Shagbark Hickory

Hickory

74 .3

352 .6

7

Green Ash

Ash

96 .6

344 .8

8

Black Walnut

Walnut

48 .5

331 .3

9

Sugar Maple

Hard Maple

126 .6

319 .0

10

American Sycamore

Sycamore

11 .2

318 .6

Rank

Species

Lumber Name

1

White Oak

W . Oak

715 .7

4,214 .7

2

Black Oak

R . Oak

425 .5

2,926 .7

3

Post Oak

W . Oak

429 .3

2,130 .9

4

Shortleaf Pine

Yellow Pine

139 .3

1,000 .6

5

Northern Red Oak

R . Oak

110 .5

955 .2

6

Eastern Redcedar

Cedar

796 .4

802 .2

7

Black Walnut

Walnut

110 .6

725 .2

8

Shagbark Hickory

Hickory

194 .8

603 .2

9

Scarlet Oak

R . Oak

71 .0

495 .9

10

American Sycamore

Sycamore

25 .2

442 .2

Number (million trees) Net Volume (million ft3)

Missouri Number (million trees) Net Volume (million ft3)

Sourced from: Forests of Illinois, 2016. Resource Update FS-112.

Forests of Missouri, 2016. Resource Update FS-120.

33

Relative Tree Size 100’

75’

50’

25’

0’ American Elm

American American Hornbeam Linden

Bitternut Hickory

Black Cherry

Black Gum

Black Locust

Black Walnut

100’

75’

50’

25’

0’ Cucmbertree

Eastern Cottonwood

Eastern Redcedar

Flowering Green Dogwood Ash

Hackberry Honey Locust

Hop Hornbeam

Kentucky Coffeetree

Mockernut Hickory

100’

75’

50’

25’

0’ Red Mulberry

34

River Birch

Sassafras

Scarlet Oak

Shagbark Hickory

Shellbark Hickory

Shingle Oak

Shortleaf Pine

Silver Maple

100’

75’

50’

25’

0’ Black Oak

Black Willow

Box Elder

Bur Oak

Butternut

Callery Pear

Catalpa

100’

75’

50’

25’

0’ Northern Red Ohio Buckeye Oak

Osage Orange

Pecan

Persimmon

Pignut Hickory

Pin Oak

Post Oak

Red Maple

100’

75’

50’

25’

0’ Slippery Elm

Sugar Maple

Swamp White Oak

Sweet Gum

Sycamore

Tulip Poplar

White Mulberry

Willow Oak

White Oak

35

Stone

Castor River Shut-Ins Conservation Area

Stone is one of the oldest building materials.

Stone has been used for monuments, foundations, walls, and more. Although load-bearing stone is no longer the ubiquitous choice for building material, stone is still available for architectural uses.

Landscape Stone . . . . . . . . . . 38

Stone can make outdoor spaces feel more natural than concrete pavement. Stone can also be used as veneer for both exterior and interior

Building Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Aux Vases. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Blue River. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Brookhaven . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Chateau Bay. . . . . . . . . . . 56 Cobalt Black . . . . . . . . . . 57 EW Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Gabouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Mountain Ridge. . . . . . . . 62

Aux Vases. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Blue River. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Cobalt Black . . . . . . . . . . 41 EW Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Gabouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Holey Limestone. . . . . . . 45 Mountain Ridge. . . . . . . . 46 Phenix Marble. . . . . . . . . 47 Timber Creek . . . . . . . . . 48 Weathered Limestone. . . 49

Semco Stone Earthworks Stone Phenix Marble

Ste Genevieve Perryville Fredericktown

Ash Grove

Missouri Rose . . . . . . . . . 63 Phenix Marble. . . . . . . . . 64 Rockport Blend. . . . . . . . 65 Rustic Cedar . . . . . . . . . . 66 Silver Mist . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Timber Creek . . . . . . . . . 68 Tuscan Tan. . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Landscape Stone Landscape stone is suited for outdoor use and complement natural enviornments. In Missouri and Illinois, most of the stone available is limestone.

Aux Vases Supplier: Earthworks Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Soft blues and buff Size: Sawn thickness 3”, 6”, 9” Types: Old World Tumbled Drywall

39

Blue River Supplier: Semco Stone Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Blue-gray Size: 2 1/4” x 3’; 2 1/4” x 4’ Types: Step Treads

40

Cobalt Black Supplier: Earthworks Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Granite Color: Dark Gray Types: Edger, garden wall, cobblers, gravel

Edger, snapped and tumbled 3 5/8” thick, random lengths

Cobblers, tumbled 2”-4”, 4”-8”, 8”-12”

Garden Wall, tumbled

3” height, irregular shapes and sizes

41

EW Gold Supplier: Earthworks Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Gray, buff, gold Types: Pavers, Cobblers, Ledgerock/ outcropping, 8” drywall, old world tumbled drywall,random drywall, snapped edger, tumbled edger, natural bed edger, irregular step, snapped step, flagstone, gravel

Irregular Steps Varying sizes

Snapped Step

18” x 6” in 3’ or 4’ lengths; sawn or sand blasted top finish

42

Flagstone

Varying sizes

Pavers

7 5/8” x 7 5/8”, 7 5/8” x 15 5/8”, 15 5/8” x 15 5/8”, 15 5/8” x 23 5/8”

Ledgerock, Outcropping Varying sizes

Gravel 1 1/2”

Random Drywall

Natural bed thickness range 2”-8”

Cobblers, Tumbled 2”-4”, 4”-8”, 8”-12”

Old World Tumbled Wall Sawn thickness 3”, 6”, 9”

Edger, Snapped and Tumbled 3 5/8” thick, random length

Natural Bed Edger

4” x 4” x random length

8” Drywall

3 5/8” thick, random length

43

Gabouri Supplier: Earthworks Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Cream Size: 7 5/8” x 7 5/8”, 7 5/8” x 15 5/8”, 15 5/8” x 15 5/8”, 15 5/8” x 23 5/8” Types: Pavers

44

Holey Limestone Supplier: Semco Stone Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Buff with rust color Size: 12” - 36” Types: Boulder, ledgerock

45

Mountain Ridge Supplier: Semco Stone Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Gray, blue, buff tones Size: 2 1/4” x 3’; 2 1/4” x 4’ Types: Step treads

46

Phenix Marble Supplier: Phenix Marble Quarry Location: Ash Grove, Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Gray Size: 6” x 12; 8” x 8”; 8” x 16”; 12” x 12”; 12” x 24”; 16” x 16”; 16” x 24”; 24” x 24” Types: Pavers. flagstone, steps, benches

47

Timber Creek Supplier: Semco Stone Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Buff with rust color Size: 12” - 36” Types: 8” drywall, edging, sawn steps Limited availability with extended lead time

48

Weathered Holey Limestone Supplier: Semco Stone Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Light buff to cream to dark gray Size: 12” - 24” Types: Boulders, ledgerock

49

Weathered Limestone Supplier: Semco Stone Quarry Location: Missouri Stone: Limestone Color: Light buff to cream to dark gray Size: 12” - 24” Types: Boulders, ledgerock

50

51

Building Stone Building stone is more often represented as veneer wall options as well as slabs for use vertically or horizontally. In Missouri and Illinois, there are both limestone and granite optins. Some limestone, namely Gabouri and Phenix, are referred to as “marble� because of the ability for that specific limestone to take a polish nicely and look closer to marble than limestone.

Aux Vases

Cut Stone

Supplier: Earthworks Stone Quarry Location: St. Genevieve, MO Stone: Limestone Color: Soft blues and buff Compressive Strength: 8,420 psi Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.32

Brushed

Absorption: 5.53%

Veneer

Bushhammered

2 1/4” Snapped

Dimensional Snapped

Honed 3 5/8” Snapped

Dimensional Tumbled

Sandblasted 4”-12” Snapped

Drystack Snapped

4”-12” Tumbled

Rubble Tumbled

Sawn

53

Blue River Supplier: Semco Stone

Compressive Strength: 17,778 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.68

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 0.34%

Color: Gray with some variegation Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

54

Random Height

Dimensional

Tumbled Random Height

Tumbled Dimensional

Brookhaven Supplier: Semco Stone

Compressive Strength: 13,350 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.55

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 2.66%

Color: Light gray with buff variegation Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

Random Height

Tumbled Random Height

55

Chateau Bay Supplier: Semco Stone

Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

Quarry Location: Missouri

Mix of 50% Blue River and 50% Brookhaven

Stone: Limestone Color: Gray, light gray, with variegation

56

Random Height

Dimensional

Tumbled Random Height

Tumbled Dimensional

Cobalt Black Supplier: Earthworks Stone

Compressive Strength: 18,680 psi

Quarry Location: Fredericktown, MO

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.81

Stone: Granite

Absorption: 0.05%

Color: Dark gray, Black Limited Supply Veneer

Cut Stone

Polished

Dry Stack

Honed

Sandblasted

3 5/8� Snapped

Thermal

57

EW Gold Supplier: Earthworks Stone

Compressive Strength: 16,810 psi

Quarry Location: St. Genevieve, MO

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.676

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 1.2%

Color: Gold and Cream Veneer

58

3 5/8” Snapped

Dimensional Snapped

Natural Bed Snapped

4”-12” Snapped

Dimensional Tumbled

Natural Bed Tumbled

4”-12” Tumbled

Drystack Snapped

Rectangle & Square Snapped

Mosaic Non-Tumbled

Rubble Tumbled

Rectangle & Square Tumbled

Cut Stone

L5 Brushed

L5 Polished

L5 Bushhammered

L5 Sandblasted

L5 Honed

L5 Sawn

59

Gabouri Supplier: Earthworks Stone

Compressive Strength: 12,040 psi

Quarry Location: Fredericktown, MO

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.7

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 0.36%

Color: Cream

Veneer

8� Drywall

Drystack

60

Dimensional Snapped

Cut Stone

L5 Brushed

L5 Polished

L5 Bushhammered

L5 Sandblasted

L5 Honed

L5 Sawn

61

Mountain Ridge Supplier: Semco Stone

Compressive Strength: 12,547 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.61

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 4.0%

Color: Gray, blue, buff tones Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

62

Random Height

Dimensional

Tumbled Random Height

Tumbled Dimensional

Missouri Rose Supplier: Earthworks Stone

Compressive Strength: 18,680 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.81

Stone: Granite

Absorption: 0.05%

Color: Pink, red, gray Very limited supply

Honed

Sandblasted

Polished

Thermal

63

Phenix Marble Supplier: Phenix Marble

Compressive Strength: 10,540 psi

Quarry Location: Ash Grove, Missouri

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.62

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 0.61

Color: Gray, blue, buff tones Napoleon Gray, cut perpendicular to layers Fleuri, cut parallel to layers

64

Naploeon, Split Face

Fleuri, Split Face

Thin Cut and Full Depth

Thin Cut and Full Depth

Napoleon Slab

Fleuri Slab

Rockport Blend Supplier: Semco Stone Quarry Location: Missouri

Mix of 90% Mountain Ridge and 10% Blue River

Stone: Limestone Color: Light & dark gray, blue & buff tones Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

Random Height

Dimensional

Tumbled Random Height

Tumbled Dimensional

65

Rustic Cedar Supplier: Semco Stone

Compressive Strength: 17,002 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.48

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 3.54%

Color: Gray, light gray, with variegation Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

Dimensional

66

Tumbled Dimensional

Silver Mist Supplier: Semco Stone

Average Strength: 11,750 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Oven Dry Specific Gravity: 2.23

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 5.2%

Color: Gray, light gray, with variegation Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

Random Height

67

Timber Creek Supplier: Semco Stone

Compressive Strength: 22,600 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Bulk Specific Gravity: 2.67

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 2.668%

Color: Gray, light gray, with variegation Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

Random Height

68

Tuscan Tan Supplier: Semco Stone

Average Strength: 6,670 psi

Quarry Location: Missouri

Oven Dry Specific Gravity: 2.08

Stone: Limestone

Absorption: 8.8%

Color: Gray, light gray, with variegation Available as both Full Veneer and Thin Cut

Random Height

69

Aggregates 70

Castor River Shut-Ins Conservation Area

Aggregates are a very important of architecture and the building industry. Aggregates make up most of the non-fuel mining industry in Missouri and Illinois. Concrete can have a larger carbon footprint and sourcing aggrgegate materials locally is a smart environmental choice.

For architectural purposes, aggregates can be exposed in concrete finishes. Rough aggregates allow for tactile surfaces while polished concrete exposes aggregates within. Concrete provides a clean and durable surface.

Landscape Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Granite and Trap Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Coarse Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Granite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Gravel, River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Trap Rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Fine Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 River Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Manufactured Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Mid-Missouri Limestone Bluff City Minerals Winter Brothers Material Company Butler Hill Granite Iron Mountain Trap Rock

Alton

Columbia

M i s souri River

St. Louis

er

v

Ri

Me

ec m ra

Farmington Ironton

Landscape Aggregates Landscape aggregates are larger than aggregates meant for concrete. This includes rocks from 1� across to 9� across. There are many aggregates available for use, but the most abundant is crushed limestone.

Granite and Trap Rock Supplier: Butler Hill Granite Quarry Location: Farmington, MO Color: Red, Black 2 1/2” Ballast Rip Rap Boulders

2 1/2” Trap Ballast

Granite Rip Rap

2 1/2” Granite Ballast

Boulders

73

Limestone Supplier: Bluff City Minerals, Fred Weber Inc Location: Alton, IL Type: St. Louis Formation, Light Gray Rip Rap 1 1/2�

Rip Rap

74

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Varied Color: Gray, Brown 2” Clean 3” Clean 4” Clean

5” Clean 6” - 8” Clean Rip Rap

2” - 4” Clean Gray

6” - 9” Clean

4” Clean Brown

Rip Rap

75

Coarse Aggregates Coarse aggregates are used for concrete mix and help to create stability in concrete. Visually, they can impart a lot of interest when exposed.

Granite Supplier: Butler Hill Granite Quarry Location: Farmington, MO Color: Red, Black 3/8” Clean Black 3/8” Clean Red 9/16” Clean Red 1” Clean Black 1” Clean Red 1” Clean Granite Blend 1 1/2” Clean Granite Blend 2 1/2” Clean Granite Blend

1” Granite Blend

1” Red

1 1/2” Granite Blend

77

Gravel Supplier: Winter Brothers Material Company Location: St. Louis Type: Meramec Type: Orange, Tan, Buff, White 5/16” Meramec Crushed 3/8” Torpedo 3/8” Torpedo State 1/2” Roofing 5/8” Roofing 1” C Gravel 1 1/2” Special B Gravel Gap Graded, Limited Availability: 1/8” x 1/4” 1/4” x 1/2” 3/8” 1/2” x 3/4” 3/4” x 1”

78

C Gravel

Gravel Supplier: Butler Hill Granite Location: St. Louis Type: Mississippi Color: Gray, White, Buff, Tan 3/8” Pea Gravel 3/4” River Gravel 1 1/2” River Gravel

3/8” Pea Gravel

1 1/2” River Gravel

3/4” River Gravel

79

Limestone Supplier: Bluff City Minerals, Fred Weber Inc Location: Alton, IL Type: St. Louis Formation, Light Gray 3/8” 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1 1/4” 1 1/2”

Limestone Mix

80

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Auxvasse, MO Color: Gray, Brown 1/4” Clean Gray 3/8” Clean Gray 1/2” Clean Gray 3/4” Clean Brown 3/4” Clean Gray

1” Clean Brown 1” Clean Gray 1 1/4” Clean Brown 1 1/4” Clean Gray 1 1/2” Clean Brown 1 1/2” Clean Gray

1/4” Clean Gray

1” Clean Brown

3/8” Clean Gray

1 1/4” Clean Brown

81

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Big Spring Quarry, New Florence, MO Color: Gray 3/16” Clean 1/2” Clean 3/4” Clean 1” Clean 1 1/2” Clean

82

3/16” Clean

3/4” Clean

1/2” Clean

1” Clean

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Houstonia, MO Color: Gray, Gray/Brown Mix 1/4” Clean 3/8” Clean 1/2” Clean 3/4” Clean 1” Clean

1 1/4” Clean 1 1/2” Clean

1/4” Clean

3/4” Clean

1/2” Clean

1” Road Rock

83

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Millersburg Quarry, Fulton, MO Color: Gray, light and buff 1/4” Clean 3/8” Clean 1/2” Clean 3/4” Clean 1” Clean ASTM #57 1 1/4” Clean 1 1/2” Clean

1” Clean ASTM #57

84

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: New Haven, MO Color: Buff, Light Warm Gray, Gold 3/8” Clean 1/2” Clean 3/4” Clean 1” Clean 1 1/4” Clean 1 1/2” Clean

1” Clean

1 1/2” Clean

85

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Reform Quarry, Fulton, MO Color: Gray, Light Brown 1/4” Clean 3/8” Clean 1/2” Clean 5/8” Clean 3/4” Clean

1” Clean 1 1/4” Clean 1 1/2” Clean

1” Clean

86

1 1/4” Clean

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Riggs Quarry, Sturgeon, MO Color: Gray, Gray/Brown Mix 1/4” Clean 1/2” Clean 3/4” Clean 3/8” Clean 1” Clean Brown

1” Clean Gray 1 1/4” Clean Brown 1 1/2” Clean Gray

1” Clean Brown

1 1/4” Clean Brown

1” Clean Gray

1 1/2” Clean Gray

87

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Tipton, MO Color: Gray, Brown 3/8” Clean 1” Clean Gray 1” Gray Super Clean

1” Clean Gray

88

1” Gray Super Clean

Limestone Supplier: Mid-Missouri Limestone Location: Westphali, MO Color: Gray, Buff, Brown 3/8” Clean 1/2” Clean 3/4” Clean 1” Clean 1 1/4” Clean 1 1/2” Clean

3/8” Clean

1 1/4” Clean

1” Clean

89

Trap Rock Supplier: Butler HIll Granite Location: Farmington, MO Color: Dark Gray, Purple 1” Clean 1 1/2” Clean

1/4” 3/8” 9/16” Chip 5/8” 1” Ballast

90

1/4”

9/16” Chip

3/8”

1” Clean

Trap Rock Supplier: Iron Mountain Trap Rock, Fred Weber Location: Ironton, MO Color: Dark Gray, Purple 3/16” x 0 1/4” x 1/8” 3/8” x 1/4” 3/8” x 3/16” 1/2” x 0 1/2” x 1/4” 3/4” Concrete Stone 3/4” x 0 3/4” x 3/8” 1 1/2” x 1”

91

Fine Aggregates Fine Aggregates are used to help bind concrete together. They are less obvious visually because of their small size, but they help give a general tone to concrete. This is how a sidewalk can look orangey because it ahs river sand in it, but there are no color additives.

River Sand Supplier: Winter Brothers Material Company Location: St. Louis, MO Type: Dredged Meramec River Color: Orange, Tan Medium Meramec Sand Medium Meramec State Sand Fine Meramec Sand Manufactured Coarse Meramec Sand

Medium Meramec Sand

93

River Sand Supplier: Kirkwood Material Supply Location: Kirkwood, MO Type: Dredged Mississippi Sand for Masonry Color: Tan, Black, Brown Fine Sugar

Medium Mississippi Sand

94

River Sand Supplier: Buccheit Supply Inc. Location: Cottleville, MO Type: Old Monroe Sand Color: Tan, Gray, Brown Fine

Old Monroe Sand

95

Manufactured Sand Supplier: Butler HIll Granite Location: Farmington, MO Type: Granite, Trap Color: Dark Gray, Red, Black Black Granite Sand Red Granite Sand Trap Sand

Black Granite Sand

Red Granite Sand

96

Trap Sand

Manufactured Sand Supplier: Bluff City Minerals Location: Westphalia, MO Type: Limestone Color: Gray, Brown Manufactured Sand

Manufactured Sand

97

Timber 98

Silver Mines, Mark Twain National Forest

Wood is an important part of our environments. Early European settlers used trees to build homes and make windbreaks.

We still use timber extensively today in projects such as: furniture, casework, flooring, partitions, veneer.

In order to continue using wood, we must be responsible with our harvest. Using uneven-aged stand management promotes native tree growth while maintaining forests.

By focusing on local materials, we reduce our carbon footprint and celebrate the surrounding environments.

Hickory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Flowering Dogwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Maples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Green Ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Oaks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Hackberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

American Elm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Honey Locust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

American Hornbeam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Hophornbeam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

American Linden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Kentucky Coffeetree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Black Cherry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Ohio Buckeye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Black Gum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Osage Orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Black Locust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Persimmon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Black Walnut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Red Mulberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Black Willow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

River Birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Box Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Sassafras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Box Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Shortleaf Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Butternut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Slippery Elm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

Callery Pear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Sweetgum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Catalpa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Sycamore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Cucumbertree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Tulip Poplar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Eastern Cottonwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

White Mulberry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Eastern Redcedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Hickory Hickory is a very strong and durable wood.

Hickory lumber is a combination of the below species.

Bitternut Hickory Black Hickory Mockernut Hickory Pecan Pignut Hickory Shagbark Hickory Shellbark Hickory

Bitternut Hickory

Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickories are found in low woods along streams and river bottoms, and at the bases of moist slopes and cliffs.

Commercial Availability: Commercially available as “hickory”

Height: 100’-130’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Heartwood is light to medium brown with reddish hue; sapwood is a paler yellow brown. Boards with mixed heart and sapwood have a rustic appearance that is often marketed as calico hickory Hardness: 1500 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Very susceptible Shrinkage: Volumetric: 13.6% Years to Maturity: 30

Cost: $-$$ Natural Value: Small rodents and rabbits will feed on bark. The tree provides nesting sites for a variety of cavity-nesting birds in OakHickory forests. Its deep lateral roots make for good watershed protection.

Human Value: Shock resistant wood and used to make handles for striking tools; highly prized fuel for making hickory smoked meats and BBQ charcoal Common Uses: Tool handles, ladders, utility lumber

Architectural Uses: Furniture, paneling, flooring

101 Bruce Marlin, Wikipedia

Mockernut Hickory

Carya tomentosa

Mockernut hickory occurs in dry upland woods on upper slopes and ridges, commonly in acid soils over chert, limestone, or igneous rock; and occasionally in low woods along streams.

Nearly 80% of harvested mockernut hickory is used to manufacture tool handles because of its hardness, toughness, stiffness, and strength;

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Commercial Availability: Commercially available as “hickory”

Color: Heartwood is a light to medium brown with a reddish hue; sapwood is paler yellowishbrown. Contrasting sapwood and heartwood pieces are marketed as calico hickory

Cost: $-$$ Natural Value: Nuts are eaten by wildlife; deer browse foliage, twigs, nuts; trees provide cavity-nesting for birds

Hardness: 1970 lb f/in3

Human Value: Used to smoke meats; Native Americans processed nuts into liquor

Height: 100’-115’

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Very susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 7.7%

Common Uses: Tool handles, agricultural implements, gym equipment, lumber, pulpwood, charcoal, fuel wood

Architectural Uses: Furniture

Tangential: 11.0% Volumetric: 17.8% T/R Ratio: 1.4 Years to Maturity: 25

102 Delaware’s Urban and Community Forestry Program

Pecan

Carya illinoinensis Pecan trees occur in rich, moist bottomland soils.

A type of hickory, though it is inferior in quality and not as important commercially as other types.

Height: 100’-130’ Trunk Size: 2’-4’ Color: Heartwood is a light to medium brown with a reddish hue; Sapwood is a paler yellowish brown Hardness: 1820 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Very susceptible Shrinkage:

Commercial Availability: Commercially available as “hickory” Cost: $-$$ Natural Value: Nuts eaten by number of birds and small mammals; white tailed deer sometimes browse older pecan trees Human Value: Nuts are edible; pecans have been cultivated since 1766. It is thought that Native Americans cultivated this tree farther north and helped spread it.

Radial: 4.9%

Common Uses: Agricultural implements, tool handles, fuel

Tangential: 8.9%

Architectural Uses: Furniture, flooring

Volumetric: 13.6% T/R Ratio: 1.8 Years to Maturity: 20

103 Leigh Martin

Pignut Hickory

Carya glabra Pignut hickory is located in dry upland woods in acid soils derived from chert, sandstone, igneous rock, especially in Ozarks. It is also found in sandy or gravelly soils of dry upland wooded ridges in southeastern Missouri’s Crowley’s Ridge.

Commercial Availability: Commercially available as “hickory”

Height: 65’-100’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Heartwood is a light to medium brown with a reddish hue; sapwood is paler yellowishbrown. Contrasting sapwood and heartwood pieces are marketed as calico hickory Hardness: 2140 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Very susceptible

Cost: $-$$ Natural Value: Deer browse and small mammals may eat leaves; small mammals and birds eat the nuts; provides cover to variety of birds and mammals; used as den trees by several species of squirrels Human Value: Settlers used nuts to feed pigs and made brooms from shredded wood

Radial: 7.2%

Common Uses: Sporting goods, agricultural implements, tool handles, shuttle blocks, mallets, mauls, ladder rungs

Tangential: 11.5%

Shrinkage:

Volumetric: 17.9% T/R Ratio: 1.6 Years to Maturity: 30

104 Wilcox Nursery

Architectural Uses: Flooring

Shagbark Hickory

Carya ovata Shagbark hickory occurs in bottomland forests in valleys along streams and in upland forests on slopes and ridges; it is also the most common hickory north of the Missouri river.

Shagbark hickory can produce seeds for up to 300 years, but average lifespan is 200 years

Trunk Size: 1’-2’

Commercial Availability: Commercially available as “hickory”

Color: Heartwood is a light to medium brown with a reddish hue; sapwood is a paler yellowish-brown. Boards with contrasting heartwood and sapwood are marketed as calico hickory

Cost: $-$$ Natural Value: Nuts are favored by fox squirrel; also eaten by small mammals and birds; provides cover and nesting area for birds and mammals

Hardness: 1880 lb f/in3

Human Value: Historically used nuts to make a hickory milk; nuts are edible and tasty; wood is used for BBQ and makes excellent charcoal

Height: 65’-100’

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Very susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 7.0%

Common Uses: Tool handles, dowels, ladders, sporting goods

Architectural Uses: Furniture, flooring

Tangential: 10.5% Volumetric: 16.7% T/R Ratio: 1.5 Years to Maturity: 40

105 Friends of Scheutbos

Shellbark Hickory

Carya laciniosa Shellbark hickory occurs in fertile bottomland soils of valleys along streams and in river floodplains, usually in partial sun. It is becoming scarce because deep river bottom soils are being cleared to grow crops.

Also known as kingnut hickory.

Height: 100’-130’ Trunk Size: 1’-2’ Color: Heartwood is a light to medium brown with a reddish hue; sapwood is a paler yellowish-brown. Boards with contrasting heartwood and sapwood are marketed as calico hickory Hardness: 1810 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Very susceptible

Commercial Availability: Commercially available as “hickory” Cost: $-$$ Natural Value: Birds and mammals eat the nuts; provide cover, nesting sites, and dens for variety of wildlife Human Value: Important food for Native Americans; Native Americans and European settlers used the inner bark for cane crafts Common Uses: Ladders, tool handles

Architectural Uses: Flooring

Shrinkage: Radial: 7.6% Tangential: 12.6% Volumetric: 19.2% T/R Ratio: 1.7 Years to Maturity: 40

106 Bleed - remusprites.carbonmade.com/

107

Maples Maples can be divided into two groups: soft and hard. Soft Maple refers to a variety of maple species while hard maple refers only to one maple, Sugar Maple. This distinction is used mainly when selling lumber. Obviously, the main difference between soft and hard maples is that Soft Maple is overall not as hard or strong as Hard Maple. Different Soft Maples have varying levels of strength but overall it is still a strong wood. Hard Maple is therefore usually more costly than Soft Maple.

Hard Maple: Silver Maple

Soft Maple: Red Maple Sugar Maple

Sugar Maple

Acer saccharum Sugar maple occurs in moist to dry upland forests, margins of glades, ledges and bases of bluffs, and stream banks. It is highly shade tolerant. Sugar maple attains its biggest size in Mississippi and Missouri River hills where soils are deep and less prone to fire Also known as Hard Maple.

Height: 80’-115’

Commercial Availability: Available

Trunk Size: 32-3’

Cost: $$

Color: Sapwood ranges from near white to light golden or reddish-brown; heartwood is darker reddish-brown; also seen with curly, quilted, or birds eye figures. Sapwood is more commonly used than heartwood (unlike most hardwoods)

Natural Value: Browsed by deer; squirrels feed on seeds, buds, twigs, leaves; songbirds nest in tree; cavity nesters also use existing cavities

Hardness: 1450 lb f/in3

Common Uses: Flooring, musical instruments, cutting boards, gunstocks, tool handles

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Human Value: Primary source of maple sugar and syrup

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, paneling

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.8% Tangential: 9.9% Volumetric: 14.7% T/R Ratio: 2.1 Years to Maturity: 30 109 James St. John

Red Maple

Acer rubrum Red maple naturally occurs in bottomland forests, edges of streams, swamps and sinkhole ponds, moist to dry upland forests, and along bluffs. It is tolerant of many soil conditions.

A type of soft maple.

Commercial Availability: Available as “soft maple”

Height: 65’-100’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Sapwood ranges from near white to light golden or reddish brown; heartwood is darker reddish brown; also seen with curly or quilted grains. Sapwood is more commonly used than heartwood (unlike most hardwoods) Hardness: 950 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.0%

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Browsed by some wildlife; birds and rodents eat seeds; provides cover and nesting; cavities used by cavity nesters Human Value: Often planted for its orange and red fall color and mainstay in nursery trade; helps tourism by beautifying country/ cityscapes Common Uses: Pulpwood, boxes, instruments, plywood, barrels

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, cabinetry, flooring

Tangential: 8.2% Volumetric: 12.6% T/R Ratio: 2.1 Years to Maturity: 4

110 Famartin, Wikipedia

Silver Maple

Acer saccharinum Silver maple occurs in bottomlands and grows in moist places. It can live up to five years; however, the wood is soft and can easily break during strong storms. It is a good choice for preventing erosion.

Also known as Soft Maple.

Commercial Availability: Available as “soft maple”

Height: 80’-115’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Sapwood ranges from near white to light golden or reddish-brown; heartwood is a darker reddish brown; also seen with curly or quilted grains; sapwood is more commonly used than heartwood Hardness: 700 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 3.0%

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Seeds eaten by birds and small mammals; deer and rabbits browse twigs; provide thermal cover and nesting sites Human Value: Autumn leaves are attractive; fast growth is good for people wanting large shade tree quickly Common Uses: Boxes, crates, food containers, musical instruments

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, paneling

Tangential: 7.2% Volumetric: 12.0% T/R Ratio: 2.4 Years to Maturity: 11

111 Darkone, Wikipedia

Oaks Oaks fall into two categories: red and white.

White Oak is more rot-resistant than Red Oak and can be used in outdoor settings. Red Oak is not very rot-resistant so it should be limited to indoor-use only. White Oak is also usually denser than Red Oak. Both oak types are very readily available commercially. However, it is difficult to get an exact species when buying—oak is mostly sold by the woods characteristics, not species.

Red Oaks: Black Oak Northern Red Oak Pin Oak Scarlet Oak Shingle Oak Willow Oak

White Oaks:

Bur Oak Post Oak Swamp White Oak White Oak

112

Black Oak

Quercus velutina Black oak occurs on rocky, sandy, or dry upland ridges and slopes; and sandstone, igneous, chert, or igneous glades and along borders of woods and fields.

Oak seedlings struggle to compete with faster growing species in absence of fire.

A type of red oak.

Commercial Availability: Available as “red oak”

Height: 65’-80’ Trunk Size: 3’-5’ Color: Light to medium reddish-brown color; can have variation in color Hardness: 1210 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Slightly to nondurable

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Acorns provide food for wildlife. Black Oak has a high cavity value for wildlife

Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Human Value: Used in landscaping and as windbreaks. Native Americans used oaks to make variety of medicines

Shrinkage:

Common Uses: Barrels, railroad ties

Radial: 4.4% Tangential: 11.1%

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, paneling, cabinetry

Volumetric: 15.1% T/R Ratio: 2.5 Years to Maturity: 20

113 Willow, Wikimedia Commons

Northern Red Oak

Quercus rubra Northern red oak occurs on well-drained soils of moist ravines and bottomland sites, north- and east-facing slopes, and slopes at bases of bluffs; it thrives on fertile, sandy loam soils.

A type of Red Oak.

Commercial Availability: Available as “red oak”

Height: 80’-115’ Trunk Size: 3’-6’ Color: Heartwood is light to medium brown, commonly with a reddish cast; sapwood is near white to light brown. Quartersawn sections display prominent ray fleck patterns Hardness: 1220 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.0%

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Deer commonly browse leaves and young seedlings; mammals and birds eat acorns; provides good cover for variety of birds and mammals Human Value: Popular street and park tree Common Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, caskets, pulpwood

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, paneling, cabinetry, flooring

Tangential: 8.6% Volumetric: 13.7% T/R Ratio: 2.2 Years to Maturity: 25

114 Kansas Forest Service

Pin Oak

Quercus palustris Pin oak occurs in bottomland forests in floodplains along streams, rivers, sloughs, and edges of swamps; as well as around margins of upland sinkhole ponds and flatwoods, on poorly drained prairie soils, in fencerows, and along draws of prairie regions.

A type of red oak.

Commercial Availability: Available as “red oak”

Height: 50’-75’ Trunk Size: 2’-4’ Color: Light to medium reddish-brown color; can have variation in color Hardness: 1500 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable or perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.3%

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Important food source for wildlife; provide nesting for birds Human Value: Popular in landscaping and windbreaks Common Uses: Construction timbers, mine props, fuel

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, cabinetry

Tangential: 9.5% Volumetric: 14.5% T/R Ratio: 2.2 Years to Maturity: 20

115 Clean Cut Property

Scarlet Oak

Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak occurs in acid soils on narrow ridges, slopes, upland woods bordering headwaters of tributary streams. It forms nearly pure stands on broad, flat ridges in some areas of Ozarks.

A type of red oak.

Commercial Availability: Available as “red oak”

Height: 65’-100’ Trunk Size: 3’-4’ Color: Light to medium reddish-brown color; can have variation in color Hardness: 1400 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable or perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Acorns are important food source for upland wildlife species; deer occasionally browse young sprouts; small mammals and birds use for nesting sites, in canopy and cavity Human Value: Commonly used for windbreaks; popular landscaping tree due to quick growth, nice form, and scarlet autumn foliage

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.4% Tangential: 10.8%

Common Uses: Boat building

Volumetric: 14.7%

T/R Ratio: 2.5 Years to Maturity: 20

116 Famartin, Wikipedia

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, flooring, cabinetry

Shingle Oak

Quercus imbricaria Shingle oak occurs in upland ridges, slopes, ravines; lowland areas in valleys and along streams; and borders of prairies. It is a pioneer species.

A type of red oak.

Height: 50’-60’ Trunk Size: 1.5’-3’ Color: Light to medium brown color, can have variation Hardness: ~1290 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Years to Maturity: 25

Commercial Availability: Unimportant as commercial timber tree, but will be harvested if tree is of saw log size Cost: $$ Natural Value: Acorns eaten by birds and mammals; cavities provide dens for mammals and cavity nesting birds Human Value: Cherokee used bark as medication; name refers to settlers using this wood for shingles due to its ease in splitting Common Uses: shingles/shakes, construction materials

Architectural Uses: Not commonly used

117 Purdue University Fort Wayne

Willow Oak

Quercus phellos Willow oak occurs in poorly drained soils, in wet bottomland forests bordering swamps and slow streams in southeastern MO lowlands. It is uncommon in Missouri due to loss of habitat in southeastern lowlands.

This is a type of red oak.

Commercial Availability: Available as “red oak”

Height: 65’-100’ Trunk Size: 3’-5’ Color: Light to medium brown color, can have variation Hardness: 410 lb f/in

3

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Acorns are important food source for birds and small mammals

Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Human Value: Popular ornamental tree in southern US; bark was used medicinally (as astringent tea) by native Americans

Shrinkage:

Common Uses: Lumber, pulpwood

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable

Radial: 5.0% Tangential: 9.6%

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, flooring, cabinetry

Volumetric: 18.9% T/R Ratio: 1.9 Years to Maturity: 20

118 Berean Hunter, Wikipedia

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak was most important in prairies, population has declined since euro settlement around great lakes; oak dominated habitats rely on fire to limit the establishment of less-fire tolerant/more shade tolerant woodland species; can reach 450 years old; prefers to grow in floodplains of major streams A type of White Oak

Height: 80’-100’

Commercial Availability: Available as “white oak”

Trunk Size: 3’-5’ Color: Light to medium brown color; can have variation in color Hardness: 1380 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Very durable

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Acorns and stems are consumed by wildlife and livestock; birds use trees for nesting and foraging Human Value: Shade and landscaping tree.

Bur oaks are large trees that often play a role in childhood play

Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage:

Common Uses: Boat building, barrels, railroad ties

Radial: 4.4% Tangential: 8.8%

Volumetric: 12.7% T/R Ratio: 2.0

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, flooring, cabinetry

Years to Maturity: 35

119 Tom Eblen

Post Oak

Quercus stellata Post oak occurs in mostly dry to rocky upland woods and glades; flatwoods on broad ridges and lowland terraces; slow-growing, drought resistant tree. It can live up to 300 years.

A type of White Oak.

Commercial Availability: Available as “white oak”

Height: 40’-60’ Trunk Size: 1’-3’ Color: Light to medium brown color; can have variation in color Hardness: 1350 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Moderate to very good resistance Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 5.4% Tangential: 9.8% Volumetric: 16.2% T/R Ratio: 1.8 Years to Maturity: 25

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Provides cover and habitat for birds and mammals; cavities provide nest/den sites and leaves used for nest construction.

Acorns are important food source for wildlife.

The tannin in leaves/buds/acorns is toxic to livestock Human Value: Played important role for American settlers; used it as fence posts, hence the name; tea made from tree bark used to treat ailments Common Uses: Railroad ties, mine timbers, lathing, planks, construction timbers, fence posts

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, cabinetry, flooring,siding

120 Larry D. Moor, Wikipedia

Swamp White Oak

Quercus bicolor

Swamp white oak occurs in moist bottomland forests in valleys and on rich lower slopes, in wet ground bordering swamps and oxbow lakes of floodplains and stream meanders, and along streams.

It is a component of forested wetlands, not swamps.

Commercial Availability: Available as “white oak”

Height: 50’-80’ Trunk Size: 2’-4’ Color: Light to medium brown color, can have variation Hardness: 1600 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Very good resistance

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Acorns are an important food for squirrels, deer, beaver, black bear, and birds; provides cover for birds and mammals

Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Human Value: Bi-colored leaves flash white during updrafts that precede summer storms

Shrinkage:

Common Uses: Boatbuilding, barrels, crates

Radial: 5.5% Tangential: 10.6%

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, flooring, cabinetry

Volumetric: 17.7% T/R Ratio: 1.9 Years to Maturity: 20

121 Maryland DNR Nursery

White Oak

Quercus alba White oak occurs on dry upland slopes and ridges; it is also found on the low ground of valleys and ravine bottoms. It is Missouri and Illinois’ most common tree, and Illinois’ official state tree. White oaks can live over 300 years.

Height: 65’-85’ Trunk Size: 3’-4’ Color: Heartwood is a light to medium brown, commonly with an olive cast; sapwood is a near white to light brown and it is not always clearly demarcated from heartwood Hardness: 1350 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Very durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Commercial Availability: Abundant availability in a good range of widths and thicknesses; slightly more expensive than red oak Cost: $$ Natural Value: Deer and rabbits eat the twigs and young shoots; acorns are considered choice food for many small mammals and birds Human Value: Once used extensively in ship construction; native Americans made a bread using the ground acorns; bark was used medicinally

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.6% Tangential: 10.5%

Common Uses: Boatbuilding, barrels, fenceposts, railroad ties

Volumetric: 16.3% T/R Ratio: 1.

Years to Maturity: 20

122 Wikipedia

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, flooring, cabinetry

Trees The remaining trees do not belong to a larger wood group and are therefore sold by their own name, or by a common name that is lsited on the page.

American Elm

Ulmus americana Dutch Elm disease has greatly reduced the lifespan of this tree. Previously, American Elms would reach maturity at 150 years and live to be 300 years old, but now it is rare to find trees over 100 years old.

Commercial Availability: Low availability due to Dutch elm disease

Height: 95’-100’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Heartwood is a reddish brown; sapwood is well defined and pale Hardness: 830 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.2% Tangential: 9.5% Volumetric: 14.6% T/R Ratio: 2.3

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Provides thermal cover and nesting sites for primary and secondary cavity nesters Human Value: Historic tree that was commonly used in town squares; now it is in danger due to emerald ash borer and Dutch elm disease Common Uses: Baskets, woodenware

Architectural Uses: Furniture, veneer, flooring

Years to Maturity: 40

125 Purdue University, Fort Wayne

American Hornbeam

Carpinus caroliniana

American Hornbeam has very hard wood which makes it difficult to work with but makes it excellent turning wood. The wood is very resistant to wear and abrasion.

Also commonly known as Blue Beech.

Height: 30’-40’

Commercial Availability: Rarely available

Trunk Size: 1.5’-2’

Cost: $$

Color: Softwood is nearly white; heartwood is a yellowish brown

Natural Value: Seeds are eaten by little forest animals

Hardness: 1780 lb f/in3

Human Value: Made into handles and golf clubs

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage:

Common Uses: Fuel wood, handles, small wood parts

Radial: 5.7%

Architectural Uses: Not commonly used

Tangential: 11.4% Volumetric: 19.1% T/R Ratio: 2 Years to Maturity: 15

126

126 Tyler Arboretum

American Linden

Tilia americana American Linden occurs in moist woods on lower slopes, at the base of bluffs, and along streams. It is fast-growing and long-lived, making it popular for landscaping and along streets.

Also known as basswood.

Commercial Availability: Available as lumber and carving blanks

Height: 65’-120’ Trunk Size: 3’-4’ Color: Pale white to light brown, with sapwood and heartwood not clearly defined; color is mostly uniform throughout Hardness: 410 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Not susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 6.6% Tangential: 9.3% Volumetric: 15.8%

Cost: $-$$ Natural Value: Preferred browse for white tailed deer, flowers visited by honeybees for nectar, and cavities used by nesting animals Human Value: Native Americans used fibrous inner bark for making rope, baskets, and mats.

Young leaves and flowers are edible Common Uses: Carving blocks, musical instruments, timber (especially important in Great Lake States)

Architectural Uses: Furniture, veneer

T/R Ratio: 1.4 Years to Maturity: 15

127

127 USDA NRCS ND State Office

Black Cherry

Prunus serotina Black cherry occurs on a variety of soils, but grows best in upland woods and along streams, on deep, rich alluvial soils. It grows best when growing in competition for light with surrounding trees.

Black cherry is used for surface mine spoil reclamation by transplanting 1-year-old seedlings.

Height: 50’-100’ Trunk Size: 3’-5’ Color: Heartwood is a light pink-brown when fresh cut and turns medium red-brown with time and light exposure; sapwood is a pale yellow color Hardness: 950 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Very durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 3.7% Tangential: 7.1% Volumetric: 11.5% T/R Ratio: 1.9 Years to Maturity: 30

Commercial Availability: Commercially available as “cherry” Cost: $$$ Natural Value: Important for many birds and mammals; birds feed on cherries during migration; cherries also important in summer/ fall diets of larger birds as well as mammals; leaves are poisonous to livestock, but deer eat twigs/leaves without harm Human Value: High demand wood; easy to machine and holds shape well; used in landscaping; fruit used for making jelly and wine; historically bark was used in Appalachians as cough remedy, tonic, sedative; pitted fruits are edible Common Uses: Lumber, crafts, handles, toys, scientific instruments

128 Growers Solution

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, paneling, cabinetry

Black Gum

Nyssa sylvatica Black gum is found in acid soils overlying sandstone, chert, or igneous substrate of dry, rocky, wooded slopes, ridges, ravines, borders of sinkhole ponds in the Ozarks, and lowland forests in southeastern Missouri.

Also known as tupelo gum.

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Commercial Availability: Sometimes available

Color: Sapwood is very wide and a pale yellow color, sometimes with a gray cast; heartwood is narrower and a medium-brown to gray.

Quartersawn surfaces exhibit ribbon-stripe patterning due to interlocked grain

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Deer browse young sprouts; fruit is high in nutrients and eaten by variety of birds and animals; bees make good honey from blossoms

Hardness: 800 lb f/in3

Human Value: Native Americans used fibrous inner bark for making rope, baskets, and mats.

It is a popular landscaping tree: pretty scarlet color in fall and doesn’t have spiky balls like sweet gum. Young leaves and flowers are edible as well as fruit

Height: 60’-100’

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 5.1% Tangential: 8.7% Volumetric: 14.4% T/R Ratio: 1.7 Years to Maturity: 30

Common Uses: Utility wood, paper pulp, railroad ties; because of toughness and durability, also used for gunstocks

Architectural Uses: Veneer, flooring, furniture

129 USDA NRCS ND State Office

Black Locust

Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust occurs in dry or rocky upland woods, along streams, in pastures, thickets, and disturbed sites. In southern IL, black locust occurred in 60 year-old bottomland hardwood forest dominated by pin oak and others.

Black locust has a lifespan of 90 years.

Commercial Availability: Limited availability at small scale

Height: 65’-100’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: pale greenish yellow to ddarker brown; darken to russet brown with age; can be confused with Osage orange and honeylocust Hardness: 1700 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Very durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.6% Tangential: 7.2% Volumetric: 10.2% T/R Ratio: 1.6 Years to Maturity: 6

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Provides important cover for wildlife, providing nesting, roosting, thermal cover; dead trees don’t rot quickly and are important resource for cavity dependent wildlife. Deer browse twigs and leaves, while birds and small mammals eat seeds.

Human Value: Native Americans chewed root bark to induce vomiting and reduce toothaches; some people eat fried or cooked flowers. A popular ornamental tree Common Uses: Fence posts, boat building, railroad ties

Architectural Uses: Flooring, furniture, veneer

130 Wouter Hagens, Wikipedia

Black Walnut

Juglans nigra Black walnut grows in a variety of soils, but grows best on deep, well-drained soils and alluvial (river-deposited) soils. It is particularly susceptible to European canker.

The wood is valued for its appearance and smooth surface when finished.

Commercial Availability: Widely available and desired

Height: 100’-120’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Heartwood is pale light-brown to dark chocolate brown with darker brown streaks; color can sometimes have grey, purple, reddish cast. Sapwood is a pale yellow gray to near white; figured grain like curl, crotch, and burl also seen Hardness: 1010 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Very durable

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Nuts are food for rodents and birds; eastern screech owl roosts on limbs Human Value: Black walnuts are used in baking and are pickled; nutmeats are hard to get out of shell. Black walnut is a very fine wood when finished; in the past, it was used in homes, barns, fences

Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Common Uses: Gunstocks, turned items

Shrinkage:

Radial: 5.5%

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior paneling,

Tangential: 7.8% Volumetric: 12.8% T/R Ratio: 1.4 Years to Maturity: 12

131

131 The Morton Arboretum

Black Willow

Salix nigra Black willow is found along streams, swamps, sloughs, marshes, and ponds in wet bottomland soils. It is very tolerant of flooding for long periods and can withstand being buried by sediments. Black willow is commonly used in soil stabilization and helps prevent gullies from forming.

Not durable in use.

Height: 65’-100’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Heartwood is reddish/grayish brown, sometimes with darker streaks; sapwood is white to tan and isn’t always clearly demarcated from heartwood Hardness: 410 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 3.3% Tangential: 8.7% Volumetric: 13.9%

Commercial Availability: Not widely available; somteimes sold as “willow” Cost: $$ Natural Value: Birds, rodents, and deer eat parts of the tree; somewhat tolerant of grazing and browsing. Black willow stands often used as nesting habitat by small, non-game species Human Value: Used for wicker work furniture and basket; does not split when nailed; used to make artificial limbs because of lightness; used for toys before plastics Common Uses: Baskets, utility wood, crates, pulp

T/R Ratio: 2.6 Years to Maturity: 10

132 Wikipedia

Architectural Uses: Furniture, cabinetry

Box Elder

Acer negundo Box elder occurs in bottomlands, margins of swamps and streams, edges of woods, ravine bottoms, bases of bluffs, and disturbed sites. It is a fast growing tree that only lives 80 years. Box elder is not a desired timber species because wood is light, soft, close grained, and low in strength. It also may be poisonous to livestock.

Height: 35’-80’ Trunk Size: 1’-2’ Color: Sapwood is pale white, sometimes yellow-green hue; heartwood is grayish, yellowish brown and frequently has red/pink streaks. Red stain is produced by trees natural denfeses when wounded--this is thought to inhibit the growth of fungus Hardness: 720 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 3.9% Tangential: 7.4%

Commercial Availability: Sometimes available as small figured pieces and turning blanks Cost: $$$ Natural Value: Provides valuable cover for wildlife, especially in Great Plains region where cover is lacking. Cover protects animals from temperature extremes in summer and winter; birds and squirrels feed on seeds, and deer use as browse in fall Human Value: plains Indians used sap to create syrup, still used today; was planted in early suburban developments due to its fast growth rate, despite its susceptibility to storm damage and uneven limb growth

Volumetric: 14.8%

Common Uses: Turned objects, wood pulp, boxes and crates

T/R Ratio: 1.9

Architectural Uses: Cheap furniture

Years to Maturity: 8

133 Conservation Garden Park

Butternut

Juglans cinerea Butternut occurs in moist woods at the bases of slopes and bluffs, and along streams where soil is rich and moist but well drained.

It is in serious decline because of butternut canker (usually fatal fungal disease that girdles branches/stems), and on road to extinction unless cure is found; over harvesting this tree for lumber has also contributed to declining population.

Height: 65’-100’

Years to Maturity: 20

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Commercial Availability: Rarely available

Color: Heartwood light to med tan, sometimes reddish tint; sapwood pale yellowish white; growth rings are darker and form fairly distinct grain patterns

Cost: $$

Hardness: 410 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: moderately to nondurable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 3.4% Tangential: 6.4%

Natural Value: Fruit provides food for squirrels and rodents; deer eat leaves Human Value: Butternut extracts have been used medicinally in past. Bark and hulls was used to dye cloth a yellowish brown. In New England, there is maple-butternut candy Common Uses: Boxes/crates, small household woodenwares, carving

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior finishing and trim

Volumetric: 10.6% T/R Ratio: 1.9

134 Valerie Zinger

Callery Pear

Pyrus calleryana An invasive specie that is native to China. This tree was engineered to be America’s perfect suburban street tree but turned into an invasive species that threatens native trees in the United States.

Commonly known as the bradford pear.

Invasive Species

Height: 30’-50’

Commercial Availability: Rarely Available

Trunk Size: 1’-1.5’

Cost: $$

Color: Heartwood is a pinkish brown color; sapwood is lighter yellowish brown

Natural Value: Birds eat the berried

Hardness: 1660 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable

Human Value: Used as a flowering shade tree; engineered to signal the beginning of spring with blooms and has beautiful autumn leaves

Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Common Uses: Turning wood

Shrinkage:

Architectural Uses: None

Radial: 3.9% Tangential: 11.3% Volumetric: 13.8% T/R Ratio: 2.9 Years to Maturity: Supposed to be sterile

135 Bruce Marlin, Wikipedia

Catalpa

Catalapa speciosa In Missouri, it is only native to the bottomlands in the Southeast. However, it is found planted all over the state. Wood is most likely to be found at an urban lumber yard in small quantities.

Commercial Availability: Rarely available; only found in small quantities

Height: 50’-60’ Trunk Size: 2’-4’ Color: Heartwood is grayish tan to golden brown; almost entire trunk is heartwood Hardness: 550 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 2.5%

Cost: $ Natural Value: Catalpas host catalpa sphinx moths and provide food Human Value: Has been used as windbreaks, fence posts, and shade trees.

Common Uses: Fence posts, carving wood

Architectural Uses: Utility wood, cabinetry

Tangential: 4.9% Volumetric: 7.3% T/R Ratio: 2.0 Years to Maturity: 20

136 Mark Wagner, Wikipedia

Cucumbertree

Magnolia acuminata Cucumbertrees are found in low woods in stream valleys and on lower slopes. It gets its name from its fruit, which, when unripe, resemble small cucumbers.

Height: 50’-80’

Commercial Availability: Rarely available

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Cost: $

Color: Sapwood is very wide and creamy white to gray; heartwood is narrow and med to dark brown, sometimes with green, purple, or black streaks

Natural Value: seeds eaten by birds and small mammals

Hardness: 700 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 5.2%

Human Value: early Americans flavored whiskey with bitter, immature fruit; fruit used medicinally for fevers Common Uses: Boxes and crates, venetian blinds, plywood, utility wood

Architectural Uses: Veneer, upholstered furniture frames, interior trim, doors

Tangential: 8.8% Volumetric: 13.6% T/R Ratio: 1.7 Years to Maturity: 25

137 Cara Budd

Eastern Cottonwood

Populus deltoides

Eastern cottonwood occurs in moist lowlands near streams and rivers. It is the fastest growing native tree in Missouri, reaching 50 feet in 6 years under good conditions; cottonwood does not live long, becoming old at 75 years and very old at 150 years.

Trunk Size: 4’-6’

Commercial Availability: Sometimes available on small scale

Color: heartwood is light brown; sapwood is pale yellow to nearly white; sapwood isn’t demarcated, and instead gradually blends into heartwood

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Seedlings and saplings eaten by mammals; provide bird habitat for breeding, roosting, feeding, and nesting

Hardness: 430 lb f/in3

Human Value: Used to stabilize banks of waterways and windbreaks; native Americans used bark to make medicinal tea

Height: 100’-165’

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 3.9%

Common Uses: Lumber, plywood, excelsior, fiberboard, pulpwood; pallets, crates

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture

Tangential: 9.2% Volumetric: 13.9% T/R Ratio: 2.4 Years to Maturity: 15

138 Famartin, Wikipedia

Eastern Redcedar

Juniperus virginiana Eastern redcedars are found on glades and bluffs; in open, rocky woods, pastures, and old fields; and alongside roadsides and fence rows.

It is a colonizer species and plays an early role in transforming damaged, stripped landscape back into forest, but becomes a land-management problem when it colonizes fire-adapted communities

Height: 100’-115’

Commercial Availability: Available

Trunk Size: 3’-4’

Cost: $

Color: Heartwood is reddish or violet-brown; sapwood is pale yellow color and can appear throughout heartwood as streaks and stripes

Natural Value: Birds and small mammals eat berrylike cones; provides good nesting and roosting cover for birds, and cover for deer and small mammals

Hardness: 900 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Excellent Insect Resistance: Excellent Shrinkage: Radial: 3.1% Tangential: 4.7% Volumetric: 7.8% T/R Ratio: 1.5

Human Value: Humans have been cultivating since 1660s. Oil from resin is used for ointments, soaps, and to flavor gin. Also used for Christmas trees Common Uses: Fence posts, closet and chest linings, carvings, birdhouses, bows

Architectural Uses: Outdoor furniture, paneling

Years to Maturity: 10

139 Famartin, Wikipedia

Flowering Dogwood

Cornus florida

Missouri’s official state tree; found along wooded slopes, ravines, along bluffs, successional fields; grows as volunteers on surface-mined land in MO

Height: 30’-40’

Commercial Availability: Rarely available

Trunk Size: 1’-1.3’

Cost: $

Color: Heartwood is narrow and reddishbrown; sapwood is wide and a cream to pale pink

Natural Value: Berries eaten by many songbirds as well as mammals; important in MO Ozarks for wild turkey during fall and winter. It is browsed by deer and beavers and provides good cover for wildlife

Hardness: 2150 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 7.1% Tangential: 11.3% Volumetric: 19.9%

Human Value: Historically, used to make inks/dyes/medicine, Commonly used for landscaping due to flowering in springtime Common Uses: Golf club heads, textile shuttles, bows, mallets, pulleys, turned objects

T/R Ratio: 1.6 Years to Maturity: 6

140 The Planting Tree

Architectural Uses: Not commonly used

Green Ash

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash is found along stream banks and in moist bottomlands. Its wood is hard, strong, and able to absorb blows without breaking.

Green ash is susceptible to the emerald ash borer, which will probably lead to the death of all ash trees on the continent.

Height: 50’-60’

Commercial Availability: Available as “ash”

Trunk Size: 1’-2’

Cost: $

Color: Heartwood is light to med brown.

Sapwood can be very wide and beige or light brown in color; it is not always clearly demarcated from heartwood

Natural Value: Seeds are eaten by birds and small mammals; provides good cover birds and small mammals

Hardness: 1200 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.6% Tangential: 7.1%

Human Value: Commonly planted as shade trees in cities and at homes, as well as used for erosion control, windbreaks, and land reclamation Common Uses: Boxes and crates, baseball bats

Architectural Uses: Flooring, millwork, furniture

Volumetric: 12.5% T/R Ratio: 1.5 Years to Maturity: 25

141 Morton Arboretum

Hackberry

Celtis occidentalis Hackberry occurs in moist woodlands, bottomlands, and uplands, nearly all across Missouri and Illinois; it will grow on any moist, fertile area. It grows well in deep shade.

Height: 40’-60’

Commercial Availability: Limited availability

Trunk Size: 1’-2’

Cost: $

Color: Heartwood is light brown to gray; wide sapwood is a contrasting light yellow. It is susceptible to blue-gray fungal staining if not processed promptly

Natural Value: Wildlife eat seeds and vegetation; and is a preferred food source with some species. Birds use hackberry for foraging and nesting

Hardness: 880 lb f/in3

Human Value: Used for windbreaks; native Americans used fruit to season meat and corn cakes

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.8%

Common Uses: Boxes and crates, turned objects, bent parts

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture

Tangential: 8.9% Volumetric: 13.8% T/R Ratio: 1.9 Years to Maturity: 15

142 András Derzsi Elekes, Wikipedia

Honey Locust

Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust occurs in bottomlands along streams and their valleys, as well as upland slopes and open or wooded pastures. It commonly invades pastures and idle fields. It is also a pioneer species on strip mine spoil banks and deforested areas in Midwest.

Honey locust is a useful wood but too scarce to be of economic importance.

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Commercial Availability: Limited availability of small quantities

Color: Heartwood is medium to light reddishbrown; sapwood is wide and light yellow. There is a clear distinction between heartwood and sapwood; similar in appearance to coffeetree

Cost: $ Natural Value: Pods are eaten by livestock, birds, and mammals; flowers are a source of pollen and nectar for honey

Hardness: 1580 lb f/in3

Human Value: Used in windbreaks and shelterbelts. Thornless varieties are cultivated in landscaping and along city streets. Honey locust pods are edible and the inner bark is used medicinally

Height: 65’-80’

Rot/Decay Resistance: Moderate to durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.2% Tangential: 6.6% Volumetric: 10.8% T/R Ratio: 1.6

Common Uses: Posts, pallets, crates, general construction, turnery, firewood

Architectural Uses: Furniture, interior finish

Years to Maturity: 10

143 Kevmin, Wikipedia

Hophornbeam

Ostrya virginiana Hophornbeam occurs in dry soil on rocky slopes in upland woods, rarely along streams. It is an important food source for ruffed grouse, a bird in declining population due to aging forests.

Also called “ironwood” because of its strength.

Height: 40’-60’

Commercial Availability: Rarely available

Trunk Size: 1’-2’

Cost: $$$

Color: Sapwood is wide and white to pale yellow; heartwood is light brown, sometimes with reddish hue; can be visually similar to birch

Natural Value: Buds and catkins are important winter food for ruffed grouse, and nuts are preferred food for some birds

Hardness: 410 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable

Human Value: Bark was used medicinally in past

Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Common Uses: Canes, tool handles, posts, mallets, woodenwares

Shrinkage:

Radial: 8.2% Tangential: 9.6% Volumetric: 18.6% T/R Ratio: 1.2 Years to Maturity: 25

144 Dr. Jack Share

Architectural Uses: Furniture

Kentucky Coffeetree

Gymnocladus dioicus

Kentucky coffeetree occurs in bottomland forests along streams and in moist woods at the base of bluffs. Tree populations are declining rapidly due to overharvesting. Seeds do not germinate easily due to hard shell and are spread mainly by water movement.

It is one of the most fluorescent woods under a black light.

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Commercial Availability: Available but not common

Color: Heartwood is an orange to reddish brown; sapwood is narrow and yellowish-white, and is well defined against heartwood

Cost: $ Natural Value: Not many animals eat seeds, though squirrels and deer sometimes do

Hardness: 1390 lb f/in3

Human Value: Historically, native Americans made coffee from the roasted, ground seeds; raw seeds are toxic

Height: 65’-100’

Rot/Decay Resistance: Moderate to very durable Insect Resistance: Not susceptible

Common Uses: Fence posts, utility wood

Shrinkage:

Architectural Uses: Furniture, cabinetry

Radial: 4.1% Tangential: 7.6% Volumetric: 11.9% T/R Ratio: 1.9 Years to Maturity: 20

145 Bruce Marlin, Wikipedia

Ohio Buckeye

Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye occurs in rocky woods of valleys, ravines, gentle or steep slopes, bases of bluffs, edges of low woods, thickets, and occasionally on edges of limestone glades.

All parts of this plant are highly toxic if ingested; many landowners have eradicated it to prevent livestock poisoning.

Commercial Availability: Limited availability, usually sold as stump burl

Height: 50’-75’ Trunk Size: 1.5’-2’ Color: Heartwood is a creamy white or light yellow; sapwood is white and can have grayish streaks. Buckeye burl can feature reddish brown knots, with light to dark gray swirls of discoloring Hardness: 350 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable to perishable

Cost: $$-$$$ Natural Value: Hummingbirds frequent flowers for nectar; squirrels known to eat seeds Human Value: Native Americans used as powder on ponds to stun fish

Insect Resistance: Susceptible

Common Uses: Utility wood, boxes and crates, pulpwood; burl used for electric guitar tops and specialty items

Shrinkage:

Radial: 3.6% Tangential: 8.1% Volumetric: 12.5% T/R Ratio: 2.3 Years to Maturity: 8

146 Amy Stone

Architectural Uses: Furniture

Osage Orange

Maclura pomifera Osage orange occurs in low woods in valleys along streams, edge of woods, pastures, fence rows, thickets, and disturbed forests. It is also used for soil stabilization and strip mine reclamation.

Considered a nuisance by some due to the sticky fruits.

Commercial Availability: Limited availability, smaller peices

Height: 50’-60’ Trunk Size: 1’-2’ Color: Heartwood is a golden to bright yellow and ages to darker medium brown with time, due to UV light Hardness: 2620 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Extremely durable Insect Resistance: Resistant Shrinkage: Radial: 3.8%

Cost: $$$ Natural Value: Provides shelter and cover for wildlife; fruit generally not eaten, but the seeds are eaten by some animals; downy woodpeckers use the tree as a forage site Human Value: Wood extractives used for food processing, pesticide, manufacturing, and dye making; strong smelling fruit repels cockroaches Common Uses: Fence posts, bows, musical instruments, turnings

Tangential: 5.6% Volumetric: 9.2%

T/R Ratio: 1.5

Architectural Uses: Not commonly used

Years to Maturity: 10

147 Bin Birders

Persimmon

Diospyros virginiana Persimmon occurs in rocky, dry, open woods, edges of woods, glades, prairies, old fields, thickets, bottomland woods, and valleys along streams

Height: 60’-80’

Commercial Availability: Limited availability

Trunk Size: 1’-2’

Cost: $$

Color: Very wide sapwood is white to yellowish brown and color tends to darken with age; very thin heartwood is dark brown to black, similar to ebony

Natural Value: Fruit is important for some small mammals and quail, but is little use to livestock and considered a nuisance

Hardness: 410 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Perishable

Human Value: Fruit is edible; astringent if eaten unripe; dried leaves can make tea

Insect Resistance: Very susceptible

Common Uses: Golf club heads, textile shuttles, billiard cues, brush handles

Shrinkage:

Architectural Uses: Veneer

Radial: 7.9% Tangential: 11.2% Volumetric: 19.1% T/R Ratio: 1.4 Years to Maturity: 25

148 Jean-Pol Grandmont, Wikipedia

Red Mulberry

Morus rubra Red mulberry occurs in lowland areas or on moist upland slopes. It is a short-lived tree with a lifespan of 125 years. Red mulberry is the only native mulberry in Missouri.

It is a fast growing tree that is often planted in parks and yards large enough to accommodate the large crown.

Height: 30’-50’

Commercial Availability: Limited availability

Trunk Size: 1’-1.5’

Cost: $$$

Color: Heartwood is a golden brown and darkens to a medium reddish-brown with age; sapwood is a pale yellowish white

Natural Value: Birds and small mammals eat fruit; twigs and foliage browsed by white tailed deer; beavers consume bark. Provides shelter and habitat for many animals and insects

Hardness: 1680 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Good resistance Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 3.3% Tangential: 6.6%

Human Value: fruits are messy but also source for jams, jellies, pies, drinks, and eating Common Uses: Fence posts, turned objects, cooperage, farm implements

Architectural Uses: Furniture, interior finish

Volumetric: 10.3% T/R Ratio: 2.0 Years to Maturity: 10

149 W.R. Mattoon,1937, Wikipedia

River Birch

Betula nigra River birch occurs in moist ground along streams and gravel bars. It does not tolerate river flooding and is not found on broad river bottoms of big rivers that are subject to flooding. River birch is used for strip mine reclamation and erosion control

Height: 65’-100’

Commercial Availability: Readily available

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Cost: $

Color: Heartwood is a light reddish brown; sapwood is nearly white. There is virtually no color distinction between annual growth rings, giving birch uniform appearance

$Natural Value: Birds eat seeds; white tailed deer browse; provides nesting sites, food, and cover for many animals

Hardness: 970 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Perishable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.7% Tangential: 9.2%

Human Value: Native Americans and Europeans made birch beer from sap; leaves used to help treat dysentery Common Uses: Basket material, small woodenware, fuel, plywood, boxes and crates, tuned objects

Architectural Uses: Veneer, local furniture, interior trim

Volumetric: 13.5% T/R Ratio: 2.0 Years to Maturity: 3

150 Albanny Herald

Sassafras

Sassafras albidum Sassafras occurs on the border of dry woods, glades, prairies, and bottomland soils in valleys; also along roadsides, railroads, idle fields, pastures, fence rows, thickets.

The wood is soft and brittle and has limited commercial value, but it has very strong aromatic qualities.

Height: 60’-65’

Commercial Availability: Limited availability

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Cost: $

Color: Heartwood is light to medium brown, sometimes with orange or olive hue; sapwood is a paler yellowish brown and isn’t always clearly demarcated from heartwood

Natural Value: Leaves and twigs consumed by white tailed deer; small mammals eat stems and bark; fruits eaten by birds and small mammals

Hardness: 630 lb f/in3

Human Value: Traditional flavoring for root beer and thickening agent for creole gumbo were made from sassafras; root teas were also made. Now, it is known that sassafras has a carcinogenic oil and its use is banned in commercially mass produced foods and drugs.

It is very common in MO due to settler planting for windbreaks and property boundaries

Rot/Decay Resistance: Durable to very durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.0% Tangential: 6.2% Volumetric: 10.3% T/R Ratio: 1.6 Years to Maturity: 10

Common Uses: utility lumber, fence posts, boat building, furniture, cabinetry

Architectural Uses: Furniture, interior finish, cabinetry

151 Ingham Conservation Department

Shortleaf Pine

Pinus echinata Shortleaf pine occurs in moist to dry upland forests and margins of glades on acidic soils.

It is Missouri’s only native pine. Pine woodlands used to be major natural community in Ozarks but extensive 1890-1920 logging devastated the communities; now, conservation efforts are working to restore pine woodlands.

Included in the Southern Yellow Pine lumber group.

Commercial Availability: Available in mixed Southern Yellow Pine group

Height: 65’-100’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Heartwood is reddish-brown; sapwood is yellowish-white Hardness: 690 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Moderate to low Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.6% Tangential: 7.7%

Cost: $ Natural Value: Seeds are important food source for birds and small mammals; deer browse on seedlings; stands of seedlings provide cover for bobwhite quail and wild turkey; old-growth provides habitat for cavity dwellers; federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker lives in old growth with decayed heartwood Human Value: Provided railroad ties for expanding railroad network in early 20th century; tea was also made from pines to treat ailments

Volumetric: 12.3% T/R Ratio: 1.7 Years to Maturity: 20

Common Uses: Heavy construction: bridges, beams, poles, railroad ties; plywood, wood pulp

152 Megan Robertson

Architectural Uses: Veneer, interior finish

Slippery Elm

Ulmus rubra Slippery elm occurs in dry upland or rocky woods and along streams; it will reach largest size on moist rich soils on lower slopes, stream banks, river terraces, and bottomlands It is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease.

Called red elm when referring to lumber.

Commercial Availability: Low availability due to Dutch elm disease

Height: 50’-80’ Trunk Size: 2’-3’ Color: Heartwood is a light to medium reddish-brown; sapwood is paler and well defined Hardness: 860 lb f/in3

Cost: $$ Natural Value: Seeds are eaten by birds and small mammals; deer and rabbits browse twigs; provide thermal cover and nesting sites Human Value: Tea was made from inner bark

by Native Americans to treat: sore throats, coughs, stomach ulcers, upset stomach; inner bark is still used in some sore throat preparations

Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.9%

Common Uses: Boxes, baskets, hockey sticks, barrels, wood pulp

Tangential: 8.9% Volumetric: 13.8%

T/R Ratio: 1.8

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture

Years to Maturity: 15

153 Bushfraft USA

Sweetgum

Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum occurs in rich, moist bottomland soils in valleys and along streams. It is a popular urban tree; during the fall, leaves turn shades of gold, red, pink, and purple often on same tree.

Height: 65’-100’

Years to Maturity: 20

Trunk Size: 2’-3’

Commercial Availability: Sapgum widely available; redgum is more uncommon

Color: Sapwood is wide and a whitish to light pink or tan, called “sweetgum or sapgum.” Heartwood is gray to reddish brown, called “redgum.” Heartwood with darker black streaks is called “figured redgum;” quartersawn pieces have ribbon stripe Hardness: 850 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Moderate to nondurable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 5.3% Tangential: 10.2% Volumetric: 15.8%

Cost: $$-$$$ Natural Value: Seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, chipmunks; used as breeding sites for variety birds and mammals Human Value: Inner bark produces fragrant resin which is used in cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, and tobacco--as well as a fixative in lacquers and adhesives; historically, hardened sap was chewed like gum for pleasure and medicinal purposes Common Uses: Crates, lumber, plywood

T/R Ratio: 1.9

154 Ikmo-ned, Wikipedia

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, interior trim

Sycamore

Platanus occidentali Sycamore occurs in valleys either on gravel bars or in low or wet rich bottomland. It is an integral part of streamside habitats. It is found occasionally along intermittent streams within upland stands of Oak-Hickory. Sycamore usually occurs singly or small groups.

It is a pioneer species in old fields.

Commercial Availability: Available, commonly sold as quarter sawn

Height: 75’-120’ Trunk Size: 3’-8’ Color: Sapwood is white to light tan; heartwood is dark reddish brown; wood is compromised of mostly sapwood with some heartwood streaks; quartersawn ray flecks called lacewood Hardness: 770 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Non-durable

Cost: $$-$$$ Natural Value: Seeds eaten by some birds; may develop hollow trunks which provide shelter for wildlife Human Value: commonly planted as street tree, although it is susceptible to ozone damage Common Uses: Valuable timber tree; boxes, pulpwood, particle and fiber board, plywood, tool handles

Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 5.0%

Tangential: 8.4%

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, interior trim, flooring

Volumetric: 14.1% T/R Ratio: 1.7 Years to Maturity: 7

155 Wilcox Nursery

Tulip Poplar

Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip poplar occurs at Crowley’s Ridge in moist woods of ravines, in upland woods, and along streams; along Mississippi river in southeast MO, it occurs at the base of wooded bluffs. Tulip poplar can live up to 300 years.

Tulip polar is a magnolia tree type but was mislabeled as poplar due to the lightness of wood by early settlers.

Also known as yellow poplar, and tuliptree.

Height: 130’-160’

Volumetric: 12.7%

Trunk Size: 6’-8’

T/R Ratio: 1.8

Color: Heartwood is a light cream to yellowishbrown, with occasional streaks of gray or green; sapwood is a pale yellow to white, not always clearly demarcated from heartwood.

Wood can be stained from minerals in soil resulting in colors from dark purple to red, green, yellow (rainbow poplar), and colors tend to darken with exposure to light Hardness: 410 lb f/in3 Rot/Decay Resistance: Moderate to nondurable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Shrinkage: Radial: 4.6% Tangential: 8.2%

Years to Maturity: 15 Commercial Availability:Widely available Cost: $ Natural Value: Livestock prefer foliage; deer browse tree in all seasons; small mammals and birds eat fruit; some birds consume flower nectar; provides hiding and thermal cover for mammals and birds; provide habitat for endangered red-cockaded woodpecker Human Value: ornamental tree for lawns, parks, cemeteries; alkaloid extract from the bark once used as heart stimulant Common Uses: Mostly used as utility wood; plywood, pallets, crates, pulpwood

Architectural Uses: Veneer, furniture, cabinetry

156 Jean-Pol GRANDMONT, Wikipedia

White Mulberry

Morus alba White mulberry is native to china and was introduced to the US in the 1600s. Virginia required every male resident to plant 4 mulberry trees to promote a north American silk industry in 1624. Birds helped spread white mulberry so much that it is more common than native red mulberry in places.

It is considered a noxious weed.

Commercial Availability: Widely available as lumber and carving blanks

Height: 40’-50’ Trunk Size: 1’-1.5’ Color: Sapwood is whitish; heartwood is yellow or yellowish brown and darkens over time Hardness: 1500 lb f/in

3

Rot/Decay Resistance: Very durable Insect Resistance: Susceptible Years to Maturity: 10

Cost: $$$ Natural Value: Foliage is eaten by livestock; fruits are eaten by birds and small mammals; provides general cover, foraging, and nesting habitat for many birds Human Value: Juice of berries valued for antimicrobial properties, antioxidant potential, and prevention of diseases; Native Americans used infusions made from white mulberry bark as a laxative; fruits are edible to humans; fruits can be ground to a flour and used as preservative in wheat flour Common Uses: Bent parts

Architectural Uses: Furniture

157 Alborzagros, Wikipedia

Appendix 158

Castor River Shut-Ins Conservation Area

Ecological Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Geological History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Forestry History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

159

Glossary

Argillaceous: rocks or sediment consisting of clay

Deforestation: the act of clearing a wide area of trees

Basement rock: a foundation of ancient metamorphic and igneous rock that makes up the crusts of continents. Sedimentary rocks overlay this base rock after the continent has been formed.

Delta: low-lying plain that occurs at mouth of a river where it flows into a large body of water

Bedrock: rock that lies under the loose top layer of ground

Durability: wood’s durability in direct ground contact; based on heartwood (sapwood should all be considered perishable)

Biomass: total mass of plant and animal material in area or volume Bottomland: low-lying land, typically by a river; subject to overflow during floods Carbonate: minerals that contain carbonate ion CO32-

Dolomite: a mineral containing calcium and magnesium

Fauna: the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period Flora: the plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period Fluvial: of or found in a river

Cave: underground chamber of natural origin; in Missouri, these usually occur in limestone and dolomite rock

Forest Floor: the lowest level of the forest ecosystem; contains detritus and decomposing parts, as well as young plants

Chert: fine grained and opaque rock, usually found in small nodules in other rock

Fossil: the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form, wither as cast or mold in rock

Civilian Conservation Corps: a voluntary public works program instituted during the Great Depression to employ young men; worked to improve and shape the national and state park systems used today Clastic Rock: rock composed of fragments of other minerals and rocks Clear-Cut: to cut down and remove every tree from an area Closed Forest: the canopy of the forest is mostly closed, with little light able to reach the forest floor.

Coal: combustible rock consisting of carbonized plant matter; used as fuel Craton: a large, stable block of the earth’s crust forming the nucleus of a continent

Geode: a small cavity in rock lined with crystals or other mineral matter.

Glacial Till: unsorted glacial sediment; usually small, fine grained material brought by glaciers to current place Glade: open, exposed bedrock areas dominated by drought-adapted herbs and grasses in an otherwise woodland or forest matrix Inter-Reef Rocks: rocks that lie between reef locations in geological areas Invasive Species: a species that is non-native to an ecosystem; a species whose introduction will cause harm to an ecosystem

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Limestone: a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite; easily broken down by water over time Loess: clastic, predominantly silt-sized sediment that is formed by accumulation of wind-blown dust Nonstocked Areas: timberland less than 10 percent stocked with all live trees.

Oak-Hickory: Forests in which upland oaks or hickory, singly or in combination, comprise a plurality of the stocking except where pines comprise 25-50 percent, in which case the stand is classified as oak-pine Oak Decline: disease of oaks usually caused by environmental conditions such as drought, climate and tree age; associated with pests that force the tree to rely on stored energy instead of getting energy from the environment Pioneer Plant Species: the first predictable seeders, adaptable to many conditions and the most vigorous flora to colonize disturbed or damaged ecosystems.

Prairie: native grasslands dominated by warm-season grasses and perennial herbs with very few trees. Canopy cover is less than 10% Sapling: a young tree, with a slender trunk Sandstone: sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains cemented together Savanna: grasslands interspersed with opengrowth scattered trees or groupings of trees.

They are strongly associated with prairies and are dominated by prairie grasses and forbs.

Canopy cover usually less than 30% Sawlog: a log meeting minimum standards in size: a 12 foot sawlog or two 8 foot sawlogs, that are 9 inches diameter for softwoods, and 11 inches diameter for hardwoods

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Sawtimber tree: a live tree of commercial species containing at least a 12-foot sawlog or two noncontiguous saw logs 8 feet or longer, and meeting regional specifications for freedom from defect. Softwoods must be at least 9.0 inches d.b.h. Hardwoods must be at least 11.0 inches diameter outside bark (d.o.b.).

Sediment: naturally occurring material that is broken down in the process of weathering and erosion and is transported by wind, water, and ice Seedling: a young plant, usually very small if a tree Senescence: the condition or process of deterioration with age Shale: soft, finely stratified sedimentary rock that formed from consolidated mud or clay Siliceous: containing or consisting of silica Silt: a fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment Siltstone: fine-grained sedimentary rock consisting of consolidated silt Single Tree- Selection: removal of some individual trees of all size class throughout a stand, leaving behind trees without cutting; used to maintain uneven-aged stands and clear out small numbers of trees Stand: a group of trees on a minimum of one acre of forest land that is stocked by forest trees of any size Supercontinent: large landmasses thought to have divided to form present continents in the geological past

Timberland: forest land that is producing or is capable of producing crops of industrial wood and not withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or administrative regulation. (Note: Areas qualifying as timberland are capable of producing in excess of 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial wood in natural stands.

Currently inaccessible and inoperable areas are included.)

Woodland/Open Forest: a natural community with a canopy of trees ranging from 30-100% canopy closure with a sparse understory and a dense ground layer rich in forbs, grasses, and sedges. Canopy heights range from 20-90 feet depending on site conditions Underbrush: shrubs and small trees forming the undergrowth in a forest Understory: a layer of vegetation beneath the main canopy of a forest Upland: The higher, well-drained ground of a region, in contrast with a valley or other lowlying, adjacent land. Land above the footslope zone of the hillslope continuum

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Suppliers

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Mississippi

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Benac, David, et al. “History of Missouri Forests in the Era of Exploitation and Conservation.”

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