E- magazine. Course: Grammar lll By Heidy Ruby Hernández Ureña. Universidad Latinoamericana de Ciencia y Tecnología, Costa Rica. August 22°, 2017
Simple Past
• We use simple past to talk or express things that had happened at a specific time in the past.
Grammar notes • Use simple past to talk about an action that was interruped by another action. Use the simple past for the interruption action
• Connect the two actions with: • When + simple past • He was skating when fe fell
• You have regular and irregular verbs
• You will have a link where yo can see and learn the verbs. • http://www.saberingles. com.ar/lists/irregularverbs.html
• Some words that can express simple past:
• Yesterday /Last: month, week, day /Ago: along time ago /Recently.
Be in simple past: Am. Is. Are.
I She He It
Was (+) Wasn´t or was not. (-)
Was / were.
They We You
Were (+) Weren´t or were not. (-)
Grammar structures / Be in past Affirmative statement: Subject +was/were + complement • I was in high school. • She was in San Jose this morning. Negative statement: Subject+ wasn´t/weren’t + complement • She wasn’t late to classes. • They weren’t good friends.
Yes / no questions and Wh- questions Yes / no questions: Was/were + subject + complement?
• Were the books expensive? • Was she in your house? Wh - questions: Wh- word + was/were + subject + complement?
• Which place were Lucy? • What was the homework?
Statements with simple past. Affirmative statement: Subject + verb in past form + complement • I cooked a cake yesterday. • He saw Isabella in classes. Negative statement: Subject + Didn’t /did not + verb in base form + complement • She didn’t take her medicine. • You didn’t see me yesterday.
Grammar structures Yes / no questions: Did + subject + verb in base form+ complement? • Did she drive her car or her father’s car? • Did you make the homework?
Wh - questions: Wh- word + Did + subject + verb in base form + complement?
• Where did you buy these the books? • What did she buy for dinner?
Examples: • • • • • • • • • • •
John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. My father died last year. He lived in Fiji in 1976. We crossed the Channel yesterday. I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car. He didn't wash his car.
Time to practice! Infinitive
Write the past form of the verb next to the infinitive form.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Meet Drive Speak Put Write Sing Do
Simple past
• Complete the table in simple past.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
He wrote a novel He didn’t do the homework
Was he in the party?
Present Perfect tense!
Present Perfect
• We use present perfect to talk about things that started in the past but were not completed. These things continue up to the present and may continue into the future.
Grammar notes • Use present perfect without time expressions to talk about things that happened at some indefinite time in the past.
• We often use present perfect with for and since.
• We use for + a length of time to show how long a present condition has been true. • He’s lived in Sydney for two years.
• We use since + point of time to show when a condition started.
• He’s lived in Sydney since 2004
• She has read a book about love. (We don’t know when she read the book, or the time is not important.)
Grammar notes • Use the present perfect for things that might happen again.
• He’s jumped three times this month. (The month isn’t over. He might jump again).
• Present perfect without for or since shows that an activity finished.
• She’s read a book. • She’s read a book of love three times.
• Use present perfect with unfinished time periods such as today, this week, this month, and this year.
• He’s read a book this week.
Extra information Contractions
I have = I’ve She has = You’ve He has = He’s She has = She’s It has = It’s We have = We’ve They have = They’ve We use contractions in every day speech and informal writing.
Grammar structure Affirmative statement: • Subject + Has + past participle + complement. Have Examples
Negative statement:
Examples
• I have built a website. • She has done her routine of excercises. • Subject + Hasn’t + past participle + complement. Haven’t
• She hasn’t written many letters. • I haven’t been here before.
Grammar structure Yes / no questions:
Examples
Wh - questions:
Examples
• Have + Subject + past participle + complement? Has • Has he moved? / Yes, he has • Have they lived in Paris? / No, they haven’t. • Wh-Word + Have + Subject + past participle + complement? Has • Where has he worked? / He has worked in a caffeteria • Which country have they lived? / They have lived in Paris
Extra examples • I have seen that movie twenty times. • I think I have met him once before. • People have traveled to the Moon. • People have not traveled to Mars. • Have you read the book yet? • Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. • There have been many earthquakes in California. • A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
Online activities: Time to practice! Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple). • I (not / work) have not worked today. • We (buy) _____________ a new lamp. • We (not / plan) ____________ our holiday yet. • Where (be / you) ____________? • He (write)___________ five letters. • She (not / see) ___________ him for a long time. • (be / you) _____________ at school? • School (not / start) ______________ yet. • (speak / he) _______________ to his boss? • No, he (have / not) ____________ the time yet. https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple/exercises
Unreal conditionals!
What’s a conditional?
Conditional sentences are sentences that contain a hypothetical condition and the consequence, or result, of that condition.
What’s an unreal conditional?
An unreal conditional sentence has an 'if' clause that is a condition that is not real, is imaginary, or is unlikely to occur.
What’s a present and future unreal conditional? We use present and Future unreal conditionals sentences to talk about unreal conditions and their results. This condition and its result may be untrue, imagined, or imposible.
Grammar notes • Use wish+ simple past to talk about things you want to be true now, but that are not true.
I wish I lived in a castle (I don’t live in a castle now, but I want to live in one.)
• Use If I you,… to advice.
were give
If I were you, I would’n ask the fish for anything else. He could get angry.
• You can also use could in the result clause to express ability
Yoy don’t know Japanese. If you knew Japanese, you could translate this article for them.
*Note: You can also use might or could + base form in the result clause. Only if the result is not certain.
Structure: If Clause: simple past
• If + Subject + Simple past
+
*Note: With the verb be, use were for all subjects.
Would* (not) + base form of the verb. Result Clause: Would+ base form
If Clause.
• If Mia were* rich, she would live in a palace. Result Clause.
A) The present
• A) If I lived in a palace now, I would give parties all the time (But I don’t live in a palace know, so I don’t give parties all the time)
Or • B) If I moved next month, I would buy new furniture
• B) The future
(But I’m not going to move next month, so I won’t buy new furniture
Yes/ No Questions – Wh Questions Result Clause.
• Would + Subject + base form (verb) + If + Subject+ Simple past ? If Clause. Result Clause.
• Wh-Word + Would + Subject + base form (verb) + If + Subject + Simple past? If Clause.
Examples: • If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery) • If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello. • She would travel all over the world if she were rich. • She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen) • Would she lived here If she had money? • What would she do if she had money?
What’s a past unreal conditionals?
• We use past unreal conditional sentences to talk about unreal conditions and their results. A condition and its result may be untrue, imagines, or impossible.
Grammar notes • Past unreal conditionals are often used to express regret about what really happened in the past.
If I had known Mary lived alone, I would have invited her to my holiday dinner. *I regret that I didn’t invite her.
• Use wish+ past perfect to express regret or sadness about things in the past that you wanted to happened but didn’t.
George wishes he had studied architecture. *He didn’t study architecture, and now he thinks that was a mistake
*Note: You can use might or could too instead of would. Only if the result is not certain.
Structure: If Clause: Past perfect. (Had + past participle)
• If + Subject + Past perfect
If Clause.
• If she
+
Would* (not) + have + past participle Result Clause: Would (not)+ have+ Past participle.
had studied , she would have passed the exam Result Clause.
*But, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass.
Yes/ No Questions –
Wh Questions
Result Clause.
• Would + Subject + have + past participle + If + Subject+ past perfect ? If Clause. Result Clause.
• Wh- Word + Would + Subject + have + past participle+ If + Subject+ past perfect? If Clause.
Examples: • If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass) • If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick). • If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane • She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university • He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine • Would he have left if he had had money? • What would he had done if he had had money?
Extra information
Contractions I would = I’d She would = You’d He would = He’d She would = She’d We would = We’d They would = They’d
Contractions
Would have = Would’ve Would not have = Wouldn’t have
Time to practice! • Write a paragraph of 7 sentences minimum. Using the unreal conditionals. You can choose one of these topics or choose one of your preference. • Topics: • What would you do if you won the lottery? • A fairy tell story. • Something that you wish in your life.
Phrasal verbs separable and inseparable
Phrasal verbs
• A phrasal verb (also called a twoword verb) has two parts: a main verb and a participle. • Verb + participle = Phrasal verb • A phrasal verb can give you different meanings.
Grammar notes • Participles and and prepositions look the same, but they act differently. • Prepositions do not change tje meaning of the main verb • Participles often change the meaning of the main verb
He looked in the room (He was outside the room and looked in.) He looked into the problema (He researched the problema.)
Phrasal verbs are usually common words, but their separete meaning are often really different.
Come back Figure out Look into Pick up Put up
Return Understand Research Improve Erect
Be careful! Like other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning.
We´re putting up signs for our businness. (We’re erecting signs for our bussiness.) Please turn down the radio. The music is too laoud. (Please lower the volumen)
Grammar notes • Many phrasal verbs are transitive. They take objects.
Let’s call of the meeting. Phrasal verb + object
Pick out the chair you like best
• Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. They no not take an object. They are always inseparable.
• Some transitive phrasal verbs are used in combinations with certain prepositions. • A phrasal + preposition combination is usually inseparable.
Tina is getting ahead in her career. The consultant showed up early.
• She came up with a plan to stop junk mail.
• I dropped out of school and got a job.
Grammar notes • Most of the transitive phrasal verbs are separable. • This means that a noun objects can go:this means that the object can go 1. After the particle 2. Between the verb and the particle
1. After the particle: • They tore down the entrance. 2. Between the verb and the particle They tore the entrance down.
Grammar structure • Transitive phrasal verbs Not separated
• Intransitive phrasal verbs Not separated
Subject + verb + participle + Direct object
Subject + verb + participle.
She called in a consultant. He figured out the problem.
They came back quickly It caught on every where.
Separated Subject + verb + participle + Direct object + participle. She called in a consultant him in. He figured out the problem it out.
Time to practice! 1. Ask out. ( ) 2. Blow up. ( ) 3. Break down.( ) 4. Call on. ( ) 5. Dress up. ( ) 6. Get back. ( ) 7. Pass away. ( ) 8. Run into. ( ) 9. Turn down. ( ) 10. Work out. ( )
A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
Explode Return Die Get upset Exercise Meet unexpectedly. Decrease the volume or strength H. invite on a date I. Wear nice clothing J. Ask for an answer or opinion.
Direct and indirect speech
Direct and indirect speech
• Direct speech states the exact words that a speaker used.
• Indirect speech reports what a speaker said without using the exact words.
Direct speech: grammar notes. • In writing, put quotation marks before and after the speech you are quoting. Quotation can go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. • “The check is in the mail,” he said. • Or • He said, “The traffic is bad.”
• Reporting verbs (such as say or tell) are usually in the simple past for direct speech. • “It’s a great haircut,” he said. • “I love English classes,” she said. • Lisa told me that she loves flowers.
Indirect speech: grammar notes • When the reporting verb is in the simple past (said, told) in indirect speech, we often change the verb tense the speaker used. • The simple present becomes the simple past. • Direct speech: “I only buy shoes on sale,” he said. • Indirect speech: She said she only bought shoes on sale. • The simple past becomes the past perfect. • Direct speech: “I found a great store,” he said. • Indirect speech: He said he had found a great store.
• When the reporting verbs in the simple present, do not change the verb tense in indirect speech. • Ann: I go to school every day. • Indirect speech: Ann says that she goes to school every day.
• Indirect speech, make changes in pronouns and possessives to keep the speaker’s original meaning. • Ann told Fred, “I like your shoes.” • Ann told me that she liked her shoes.
You don’t have to change the tense when: a.
Something that was just said.
I’m tired from all this work. What did you say? I said I’m tired.
b. Something that is still true.
c. A general scientific law.
Rick said the store wants their money back. Or Rick said the store wanted their money back.
My teacher told me that water freezes at 0° Celsius.
truth
Or
My teacher told me that water froze at 0° Celsius.
or
Here it’s a list when you can learn which tense you need according with direct speech
Time to Practice! Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question. 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
He said, "I like this song." → He said ________________ "Where is your sister?" she asked me. → She asked me __________________ . "I don't speak Italian," she said. → She said _________________ . "Say hello to Jim," they said. → They asked me ______________ . "The film began at seven o'clock," he said. → He said _______________ . "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. → She told the boys _________________ . "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him. → She asked him ______________ .
Course reflection The last fourteen weeks, has been really important in my process to become an English teacher for several reasons. These classes of grammar lll has increased my knowledge in my personal learning. Moreover, in the course we review the different tenses and the correct structure of each. I think this is totally important
for us as a future English teachers because we need to have complete control if we want that our students learn something. Furthermore, we studied new topics that I didn’t know such as, phrasal verbs, modals verbs, nouns and prepositions, and future perfect tenses. This course help me to improve my speaking skill because I had to talk with my classmates and professor in English, so I think that this improve my vocabulary and being more fluent when we speak. Also, the oral presentation that we did helped me to have an idea of how give classes and teach a new topic to the learner. Finally, I think that every person who wants to become an English teacher needs to take grammar classes because it’s going to be paramount in our performance as a teachers. For these
reasons I think that this course was so important and helpful for me. •
Answers: Practice simple past:
Practice simple past:
• 1. met
• 1. met
• 2.Drove
• 2.Drove
• 3.Spoke
• 3.Spoke
• 4.Put
• 4.Put
• 5.Wrote
• 5.Wrote
• 6.Sung
• 6.Sung
• 7.Did
• 7.Did
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
He wrote a novel
He did not write a novel
Did he write a novel?
He did the homework
He didn’t do the homework
Did he do the homework?
He was in the party
He did not be in the party.
Was he in the party?
Answers of present perfect. • I (not / work) have not worked today. • We (buy) have bought a new lamp. • We (not / plan) haven’t planned our holiday yet. • Where (be / you) have you been? • He (write) has written five letters. • She (not / see) hasn´t seen him for a long time. • (be / you) Have you been at school? • School (not / start) hasn’t started yet. • (speak / he) Has he spoken to his boss? • No, he (have / not) hasn´t had the time yet.
Answer of phrasal verbs. 1. Ask out. ( H ) 2. Blow up. ( A ) 3. Break down.( D ) 4. Call on. ( J ) 5. Dress up. ( I ) 6. Get back. ( B ) 7. Pass away. ( C ) 8. Run into. ( F ) 9. Turn down. ( G ) 10. Work out. ( E )
Answers of reported speech. 1.
2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
He said, "I like this song." → He said that he liked that song. "Where is your sister?" she asked me. → She asked me where my sister was . "I don't speak Italian," she said. → She said that she didn´t speak Italian. "Say hello to Jim," they said. → They asked me to say hello to Jim . "The film began at seven o'clock," he said. → He said that the film had begun at seven o´clock . "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. → She told the boys not to play on the grass . "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him. → She asked him where he had spent his money .
Bibliography: Bonner, M. F. (Third edition). Focus on Grammar an integrated skills approach.
Seonaid. (n.d.). Perfect English Grammar. Retrieved from Perfect English Grammar: http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional.html Seonaid. (n.d.). Perfect English Grammar. Retrieved from Perfect English Grammar: https://www.google.com/search?q=examples+of+third+conditional&oq=Examples+& aqs=chrome.0.35i39j69i65l2j69i57j69i59l2.3240j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8