DD
ERS
U
H
U
FIEL D
A NA N A B LY S R IS
RUZHA SIRMANOVA MARK MAYHEW SILVIU IONESCU OSCAR MANTERFIELD
HUDDERSFIELD URBAN ANALISYS MArch TMA 1195-1617: 1617 - Integrated Urban Design and Architecture School of Art, Design and Architecture
This book has been compiled by Mark Mayhew, Oscar Manterfield, Ruzha Sirmanova and Silviu Ionescu.
Editor in chief - Ruzha Sirmanova
December 2016
04
CHAPTER 1 CONTEXT -
Regional Context
-
Huddersfield Regional Comparison
-
Huddersfield Context & the Kirklees Council
-
Historical Timeline
-
Heritage Study
-
Population Health And Wellbeing
-
Crime and Security
-
Social, Political Economic Trends
-
Recently Completed Projects Projects
-
Un-Built Projects
-
Property Market
-
Daily Commutes
-
Environmental And Climate
-
Culture, Arts And Creativity
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 VISUAL/PERCEPTUAL TYPOLOGICAL & ANALYSIS MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -
Sequential Sketches
-
Urban Grain
- Boundaries
-
City By Layers
- Nodes
-
Buildings And Open Spaces
- Landmarks
– Permanencies
-
Districts & Legibility
-
Paths And Circulation
-
Axis And Symmetry
-
Skyline
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4 URBAN APPRAISAL
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY (TBC)
- Permeability -
Building Typology
-
Figure Ground
-
Green Space
-
Public Spaces
-
Vegetation And Wildlife 05
- Materiality
CHAPTER 1
CO N T E XT
522 452
BRADFORD
POPULATION 49% MEDIAN AGE IS 34 51%
39% EMPLOYED STUDENTS 1.6%
21% 207 268 AVERAGE COMMUTING DISTANCE IS JUST OVER
218 937 TRAVEL TO WORK
BEADFORD
LEEDS
09%
WORK FROM THEIR HOME
wakefield
HALIFAX
LEEDS
203 826
WAKEFIELD
POPULATION 51% MEDIAN AGE IS 40 49%
HUDDERSFIELD
325 837
POPULATION 51% MEDIAN AGE IS 41 49%
45% EMPLOYED
49% EMPLOYED STUDENTS 1.6%
9,6% 9 2 ALL WEST YORKSHIRE DWELLINGS
173
DWELLINGS 12km
AVERAGE COMMUTING DISTANCE ISJUST OVER
96 645
TRAVEL TO WORK
STUDENTS 1.3%
15% 146 362 ALL WEST YORKSHIRE DWELLINGS
DWELLINGS 13.5km
AVERAGE COMMUTING DISTANCE IS JUST OVER
10%
WORK FROM THEIR HOME
151 828 TRAVEL TO WORK
7.5%
WORK FROM THEIR HOME
WAKEFIELD
DWELLINGS 12.5km
CALDERDALE
ALL WEST YORKSHIRE DWELLINGS
EEDS
REGIONAL CONTEXT
51% EMPLOYED STUDENTS 2.7%
35% 331 819 ALL WEST YORKSHIRE DWELLINGS
DWELLINGS 13km
AVERAGE COMMUTING DISTANCE ISJUST OVER
355 225 TRAVEL TO WORK
08%
WORK FROM THEIR HOME
A comparison between the five largest
422 458
huddersfield
POPULATION 51% MEDIAN AGE IS 38 49%
38% EMPLOYED STUDENTS 1.7%
19% 181 107 ALL WEST YORKSHIRE DWELLINGS
DWELLINGS 13km
AVERAGE COMMUTING DISTANCE ISJUST OVER
192 397
TRAVEL TO WORK
settlements in West Yorkshire shows that the cities of Leeds and Bradford have the biggest and youngest populations out of the five, and
KIRKLEES
POPULATION 49% MEDIAN AGE IS 35 51%
LEEDS
751 485
also offer the most of the accommodation throughout the county. They are closely followed by Kirklees in numbers of population, students and median age. However, the study shows that there are is considerably less accommodation available. However, Kirklees has the lowest employment rate in the county. The map marks
09%
WORK FROM THEIR HOME
the density of the built environment . It is visible that how Huddersfield has grown and spread out towards the bigger cities in the area.
KIRKLEES MC & HUDDERSFIELD KIRKLEES LOCAL PLAN: STRATEGY & POLICIES AROUND 30,000 PEOPLE WORK IN KIRKLEES BUT LIVE ELSEWHERE. ‘WHILST THE SERVICE SECTOR PROVIDES ABOUT 70% OF ALL JOBS IN THE DISTRICT, THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR REMAINS VERY SIGNIFICANT.’ ‘MANY BUSINESSES IN KIRKLEES EMPLOY LOW SKILLED EMPLOYEES WHO CANNOT AFFORD PRIVATE TRANSPORT AND RELY ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT WHICH IS NOT AVAILABLE AT THE TIMES OR IN THE PLACES THEY NEED TO GET TO WORK. CREATING MORE AND BETTER PAID JOBS IN KIRKLEES, COMBINED WITH IMPROVING PUBLIC TRANSPORT LINKS TO ENCOURAGE OUT COMMUTERS TO REDUCE CAR USE, SHOULD HELP TO INCREASE INCOME LEVELS, MAINTAIN A RANGE OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES AND ACHIEVE CARBON REDUCTIONS’.
‘THERE IS A GOOD RANGE OF SHOPPING AND LEISURE OPPORTUNITIES BOTH IN THE TOWN CENTRE AND RETAIL PARKS. INDUSTRIAL AREAS ARE CONCENTRATED ALONG THE COLNE AND HOLME RIVER CORRIDORS AND THE TOWN CENTRE, PROVIDING A VARIETY OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, BUT UNEMPLOYMENT IS ABOVE THE KIRKLEES AVERAGE. HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND AVERAGE HOUSE PRICES ARE BELOW THE KIRKLEES AVERAGE. ALL AREAS OF THE TOWN ARE WELL SERVED BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT, BUT SEVERAL MAIN ROADS ARE PRONE TO PEAK HOUR DELAYS.’ (KIRKLEES MC, 2016)
(KIRKLEES MC, 2016)
10
THESE JOBS ARE FILLED WITH MAINLY FEMALES ON LOWER INCOMES, BUT ALSO A PREDOMINANTLY LOW WAGED AND LOWER SKILLED WORKFORCE.
Chapter 1 - Context
‘KIRKLEES RESIDENTS HAVE DIFFERING SKILLS AND INCOMES, THE LOCAL LABOUR MARKET IS CHARACTERISED BY PART TIME JOBS.
LOW INCOME LEVELS ARE DIRECTLY RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, WHICH ALSO AFFECT THE ABILITY OF RESIDENTS TO EXERCISE CHOICE IN THE HOUSING MARKET, THEREFORE HAVING AN IMPACT ON THE NEED FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING.’ (KIRKLEES MC, 2016)
ACCORDING TO THE KIRKLEES 2015 LOCAL PLAN AND STRATEGY STATES THAT BOUT 50,000 KIRKLEES RESIDENTS WORK OUTSIDE KIRKLEES, MOSTLY IN LEEDS. COMMUTING ALLOWS KIRKLEES RESIDENTS TO ACCESS HIGHER PAID JOBS, PARTICULARLY IN LEEDS, HOWEVER, THE MAJORITY OF THESE JOURNEYS IS MADE BY CAR, ADDING TO TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS, HIGHLIGHTS THE LOCAL PA. (KIRKLEES MC, 2016)
11
LOCAL
NATIONAL
HISTORICAL TIMELINE 555BC
The Castle Hill hillfort is constructed during the early Iron Age
1086
Huddersfield is recorded as ‘Oderesfelt’ in the Domesday Book
Huddersfield market is established
1776
1792
The Cloth Hall is built by Sir John Ramsden
1780
1666
1801
1710
Wren’s St Pauls cathedral is completed
1701
Act of settlement places the House of Hanover in line
1700
1739
1771
Britains first cotton mill is constructed beging the ‘Factory Age’
1860
1813
Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is first published
1801
Act of Union creates the United Kingdom
1845
1838
Slavery is abolished in the British Empire
1837
Victoria ascends to the throne after the death of William IV
Population of huddersfiled is 95,420
1863
Irish potato famine begins, (1845 - 1852)
1859
1854
Beginning of the Crimean War and the charge of the Light Brigade
1800
1880
Worlds first underground rail nework opens in London
Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species is first published
Victoria Tower, on Castle Hill is completed
1891
1868
1834
1899
Huddersfield becomes an independent county borough
Huddersfield is incorporated as a municipal borough within the West Riding of Yorkshire
The Houses of Parliament are largely destroyed during a fire
1895
The Northern Rugby Football Union is founded
1889
Ravensknowle Hall is constructed
1836
1791
1787
Huddersfield town hall is constructed
Huddersfield Choral Society is founded
Parliament rejects bill to abolish the slave trade
First fleet of convicts sail for Australia
1878
Huddersfield railway station opens
The Huddersfield Science and Mechanic Institute opens
Population of huddersfiled is 16,358
Britain declares war on Spain and the ‘War of Jenkin’s Ear’
1847
The Parish Church of St Peter is rebuilt by J.P.Pritchett.
1825
Completion of the Sir John Ramsden canal
1672
The Great Fire of London destroys two-thirds of the capital
1834 - 6
Honley’s oldest mill is constructed by Lord Dartmouth
1899
Education becomes compulsary
1876
Alexander Graham Bell develops prototype telephone
1871
The penny farthing bicycle is invented by James Starley
1902
Huddersfield Clock Tower is built
Guglielmo Marconi successfully transmits a radio signal across the English channel
1894
Tower Bridge opens
1888
Sir Charles Barry completes the rebuild of the Houses of Parliament
1901
Queen Victoria died and is succeeded by Edward VII
1900
Playwrite Oscar Wilde Dies of cerebral meningitis in Paris
1911
1930
Population of huddersfiled is 107,821
The Cloth Hall is demolished to make land available in the town centre
1920
The Ramsden Estate is sold to the Huddersfield Corporation
1940
Sir Patrick Stewart is born in Mirfield
1916
1909
(1914 - 1918)
1912
The Titanic sinks after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic
1908
Olympic games are held in London
1918
1928
All women over the age of 21 are allowed to vote
1927
British Broadcasting Company is created
1900
1945
Britain celebrates the end of World War II
1939
Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland
1929
Wall street crash sparks the Great Depression
1992
1994
1953
The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
1948
The National Health Service is established
2015
1979
1973
1967
Abortion and homosexuality are legalised
2001
Population of huddersfiled is 146,234
Alfred McAlpine Stadium is constructed
1992
Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain’s first female prime minister
The UK joins the European Economic Community
Huddersfield Leisure Centre opens
1993 - 4
1970
1965
Creative Arts Building opens
The Lawrence Batley Theatre opens following restoration works to the original Methodist chapel
Queensgate market opens
Death penalty is abolished in Britain
2008
Huddersfield Polytechnic becomes the University of Huddersfield
1965
Sir David Brown purchases Aston Martin for £20,500 after seeing an advert in, ‘The Times’
The End of World War I
1974
Huddersfield Bus Station opens
Huddersfield Royal Infirmary is founded.
1947
Harold Wilson, future prime minister, is born in Huddersfield
First crossing of the English Channel in an areoplane
1958
Technical College becomes College of Technology.
2008
Channel tunnel opens
Global financial crisis
1989
2001
Tim BernersLee invents the World Wide Web
1982
Beginning of the Falklands War
9/11 terrorist attacks
1997
2016
The UK votes to leave the European Union
2012
London holds the 2012 Olympic games
2011
Princess Diana dies in a car crash in Paris
End of the Iraq War (2003 - 2011)
2000
HERITAGE STUDY Kirklees ranks first in Yorkshire in terms of the number of listed designated 3 conservation areas in the region to help protect and enhance buildings found in the region. According to The National Heritage List the local character. These conservation areas are as follows: for England, Kirklees is home to 3,019 listed buildings, 221 of which are located in Huddersfield town centre, BBC News (2012). This is followed •
Huddersfield Town Centre; which encompasses roughly 75% of
by the East Riding of Yorkshire which holds 2,385 and Leeds with 2,340,
the space inside the ring road
Huddersfield Examiner (2011). Whilst the majority of the listed buildings •
Greenhead Park
in Huddersfield are designated as Grade II, there are 13 Grade II* listed • Springwood buildings and 1 Grade I listed building; the Huddersfield railway station.
Huddersfield’s listed buildings are generally located within close
Kirklees Council (2016)
Together, these areas form sections of the town which require special
proximity to each other thus contributing significantly to the heritage considerations towards property alterations, development scale, materiality,
Huddersifled train station. 1846 Grade I
and overall character of the town centre. As these buildings are typology, demolition and tree protection. predominantly of a Victorian architectural style, the town boast a consistent use of ornate stone mouldings and reliefs, large timber sash windows and eclectic motifs mainly in classical style such as Greek columns and pediments. The comprehensive collection of wellBritainian Building. 1856 Grade II*
preserved historic buildings creates a significant sense of grandeur,
Chapter 1 - Context
14
particularly in the northern sections of the town and areas moving outwards towards Greenhead park.
It is important to recognise the quality of the regions heritage so that it may be preserved in order to emphasis a sense of place and to inspire a feeling of pride and ownership with the local population. Whilst these buildings are protected by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, developments outside of their curtilage could potential impact negatively on the overall quality of the town centre, The National Archives (1990). As such Kirklees council has Hudd
Parish Church of St Peter. 1834 Grade II*
The Lawrence Batley Theatre. 1819 Grade
Lion Buildings. 1853 Grade II*
Key Huddersfield Town Centre Conservation Area Greenhead Park Conservation Area Huddersfield Town Centre Conservation Area Study Area Grade II Listed Building Grade II* Listed Building Grade I Listed Building
Vegitation and Wildlife Key Public Grassland Habitat Private Grassland Habitat Water and wet lands Habitat Woodland Habitat Trees Habitat Urban Habitat
Chapter 1 - Context
15
Wildlife
SECURITY & CRIME Huddersfield is ranked sixth for the safest town for students in Yorkshire; this rank has been made by TheCompleteUniversityGuide.co.uk and it is frequently revised and updated.
When it comes to city centre the crimes committed can be found in areas where almost no residents can be found. Also based on the map of crime locations and the diagram it can be seen that even though there are areas heavily populated during the day or night, this doesn’t stop crime because these areas are not heavily populated all day long.
Chapter 1 - Context
16
Examples of low populated streets after business hours
Milford Street
Ramsden Street
New Street
Comparison of crime types in city cetre between October 2015 and September 2016
CRIMES REPORTED IN 2016 19
13
1 4 4
12
9
21
2 130 31
5 28
1 3
1
0 - 20 crimes
17
3 13
100 - 150 crimes
6
8
20 - 50 crimes 50 - 100 crimes
7
Chapter 1 - Context
64
POPULATION, HEALTH AND WELLBEING KIRKLESS HEALTH TO UK STANDARD
Facts : 38,400 people live in, 2015, neighbourhoods among the top 10% most deprived in England.
11.8% of households, in 2013, are living in fuel poverty.
Analysis of map data: Kirklees population is grouped according to deprivation. The Health Deprivation and Disability Domain measures the risk of premature death and the impairment of quality of life through poor physical or mental health. The domain measures morbidity, disability and premature mortality but not aspects of behaviour or environment that may be predictive of future health deprivation. It is one of seven domains that combine to produce the overall Index of Multiple Deprivation.
Implications on Kirklees: This inequality in social gradient needs to be addressed. As poor social and economic circumstances affect health throughout life, life expectancy is shorter and most diseases are common further down the social ladder these disparities need to continue to be diminished. The inequalities in life expectancy are a key population health outcome indicator. In Kirklees, in 2015, the
Chapter 1 - Context
18
difference equated to 9 years for males and 6.3 years for females when comparing the most deprived area of Dewsbury West to the rest of the population in Kirklees.
How does Kirklees compare with the national average on key indicators of health and wellbeing?
16.7% aged 0-15 live in, 2014, a household where a parent or guardian is claiming out-of-work benefit.
1
NEWSOME (RING ROAD) 2.7%
2
CROSSLAND MOOR & NETHERTON
3
GOLCAR 9.2%
4
LINDLEY
5
GREENHEAD 11%
6
ASHBROW 9%
7
DALTON 14.5%
8
ALMONDBURY 7.4%
9
MIRFIELD 8.3%
10
LIVERSEDGE & GOMERSAL
11
CLECKHEATON 10%
12
BIRKSTALL & BIRKENSHAW
13
HECKMONDWIKE
14
BATLEY WEST 1.2%
15
BATLEY EAST 6.3%
16
DEWSBURY WEST 27%
17
DEWSBURY EAST 9.6%
18
DEWSBURY SOUTH 9.1%
19
KIRKBURTON
20
DENBY DALE
21
HOLME VALLY SOUTH
22
HOLME VALLY NORTH
23
COLNE VALLEY
N
BRADFORD
LEEDS
12
11
CALDERDALE WAKEFIELD
14 15 13 10
16
17
KIRKLEES 6
9 18
4
5
7
3 8 1
2
19 23
22
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION IN TOP 10% MOST HEALTH DEPRIVED NEIGHBOURHOODS OF ENGLAND 21
Chapter 1 - Context
19
20
POPULATION, HEALTH AND WELLBEING AGEING POULATION AND EFFECTS ON NHS
Percentage of adults in Kirklees, 2015, with more than 3 long-term conditions Analysis of data: Numbers of people aged over 85 and under 18 are predicted to continue to increase.
Facts : As the older population increases, the numbers of people with mental and physical health related problems is projected to increase. Although people aged over 65 represent only 15% of the total Kirklees population more than 30% of NHS expenditure is allocated to this age group.
Implications on Kirklees: Greater need to meet the care needs of the Elderly. Almost 50% of people aged over 70 report having
20
one or more long term health conditions so this, along with the expected substantial increase by
Chapter 1 - Context
2030 of almost 54% in the number of older people in Kirklees, creates a major challenge for the local authority.
Predicted growth in population 2002-2030 - Kirklees
1
NEWSOME (RING ROAD) 12.4%
2
CROSSLAND MOOR & NETHERTON 15.2%
3
GOLCAR 15.6%
4
LINDLEY 20.1%
5
GREENHEAD 12.8%
6
ASHBROW 15.5%
7
DALTON 17%
8
ALMONDBURY 21.1%
9
MIRFIELD 23.8%
10
LIVERSEDGE & GOMERSAL 18.6%
11
CLECKHEATON 19.4%
12
BIRKSTALL & BIRKENSHAW 18.7%
13
HECKMONKWIKE 15.6%
14
BATLEY WEST 14.4%
15
BATLEY EAST 12.6%
16
DEWSBURY WEST 9%
17
DEWSBURY EAST 15.6%
18
DEWSBURY SOUTH 13.2%
19
KIRKBURTON 18.7%
20
DENBY DALE 22.7%
21
HOLME VALLY SOUTH 20%
22
HOLME VALLY NORTH 21.8%
23
COLNE VALLEY 17.4%
N
BRADFORD
LEEDS
12
11
CALDERDALE WAKEFIELD
14 15 13 10
16
17
KIRKLEES 6
9 18
4
5
7
3 8 1
2
19 23
22
21
20
21
Chapter 1 - Context
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION IN WARD - OVER AGE 65
POPULATION, HEALTH AND WELLBEING ACTIVENESS
Modes of transport and links with well-being Analysis of data: The dominant mode of transport is by car.
Facts : As people become physically less active the danger of obesity increases. Air pollution Is a major issue in human well-being .
Implications on Kirklees: 2025 Kirklees Transport Vision identifies the need for a top class public transport system for everyone providing a first choice for travel for many more new customers and a
Chapter 1 - Context
22
real alternative to using the car.
1
NEWSOME (RING ROAD) 6.6%
2
CROSSLAND MOOR & NETHERTON 7.2%
3
GOLCAR 5.4%
4
LINDLEY 5.2%
5
GREENHEAD 6.6%
6
ASHBROW 6.9%
7
DALTON 6.5%
8
ALMONDBURY 5.3%
9
MIRFIELD 5.8%
10
LIVERSEDGE & GOMERSAL 5.5%
11
CLECKHEATON 5.3%
12
BIRKSTALL & BIRKENSHAW 5%
13
HECKMONKWIKE 5.8%
14
BATLEY WEST 6.3%
15
BATLEY EAST 6.8%
16
DEWSBURY WEST 6.4%
17
DEWSBURY EAST 6.4%
18
DEWSBURY SOUTH 6.5%
19
KIRKBURTON 3.5%
20
DENBY DALE 4.8%
21
HOLME VALLY SOUTH 4%
22
HOLME VALLY NORTH 4.5%
23
COLNE VALLEY 5%
N
BRADFORD
LEEDS
12
11
CALDERDALE WAKEFIELD
14 15 13 10
16
17
KIRKLEES 6
9 18
4
5
7
3 8 1
2
19 23
22
23
20
21
Chapter 1 - Context
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION IN WARD - NOT IN GOOD HEALTH
POPULATION, HEALTH AND WELLBEING MODES OF COMMUTE
“Over-reliance on the car impacts on air quality and noise, and can promote weight gain. Children living in deprived communities are much more likely to be casualties of a road accident. Lack of affordable and appropriate transport is a barrier to employment, healthcare and
Chapter 1 - Context
24
social, cultural and sporting activities.�
Percentage of population, by ward, that travel to work by different modes of transport 2011
1
NEWSOME (RING ROAD) 29.5%
2
CROSSLAND MOOR & NETHERTON 36.9%
3
GOLCAR 50%
4
LINDLEY 47.8%
5
GREENHEAD 34.6%
6
ASHBROW 40.6%
7
DALTON 42.1%
8
ALMONDBURY 46.8%
9
MIRFIELD 49.4%
10
LIVERSEDGE & GOMERSAL 51.2%
11
CLECKHEATON 54.1%
12
BIRKSTALL & BIRKENSHAW 52.8%
N
BRADFORD
LEEDS
12
11
CALDERDALE WAKEFIELD
14 15
13
HECKMONDWIKE 48.6%
14
BATLEY WEST 43.4%
15
BATLEY EAST 37.6%
16
DEWSBURY WEST 35.8%
17
DEWSBURY EAST 44.9%
18
DEWSBURY SOUTH 38.2%
19
KIRKBURTON 52%
20
DENBY DALE 53.8%
21
HOLME VALLY SOUTH 52.9%
22
HOLME VALLY NORTH 50%
23
COLNE VALLEY 50.4%
13 10
KIRKLEES (W.YORKSHIRE) 16
6
17
9 18
4
5
7
M62 3
TO M1
8 1
2
19 23
22
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION IN WARD - TRAVEL BY CAR (DRIVER & PASSANGER) 21
1 Mile
M62 Main A Roads A Roads Kirkless Wards
10 Mile Radius
Chapter 1 - Context
25
20
RECENTLY COMPLETED PROJECTS According to the Kirklees MC 2015 Draft Local Plan of Strategy & Policies, the Huddersfield town center is to be rejuvenated through encouragement for existing buildings to be adapted or turned into brownfield site which are to be accommodated to the town’s current needs. Another point highlighted in the document is for new development which aren’t within the ringroad to be situated on its brims. This is encouraged in order to spread the town center beyond the bypass, as well as to rehabilitate or create any pedestrian connections through the ring road and gradually make it less of an obstacle for pedestrians. This can already be seen in recent developments implemented recently. The new Kirklees Leisure Center has attracted multiple visitors from various demographies, increasing the footfall beyond the town center. Furthermore, the existing underground
3. KIRKLEES COLLEGE
passage below the ring road.
At the same time, the former Leuisre Center has been demolished along with two high-rise flats creating a brownfield site. This can be seen in a few more sites outside the ringroad, where mills have been tore down and the site has been flattened.
26
The Local Plan states Huddersfield as a center of education, with the Kirklees College and the University of Huddersfield attracting multiple investments and bringing young professionals in the area. Several new
Chapter 1 - Context
buildings connected with the university have emerged in the past 5 years along with the brand new Kirklees College campus.
Lastly, various sympathetic renovations and refurbishments have been conducted within the ring-road, contributing to the shopping culture and accommodation, mainly catering to the students. 13. BROOKES YARD STUDENT ACCOMMODATION Key Recently Built Major New Developments
Recently Demolished New Brownfield Sites
Recently Refurbishes Existing Buildins
6 7 1. KIRKLEES LEISURE CENTER
5 11 10 14
13
12
4
15
12. PACKHO0RSE KITCHEN
9 2
2. STUDENT ACCOMMODATION
3
8
Chapter 1 - Context
27
1
15. UNDERGROUND
01. KIRKLEES LEISURE CENTER 02. STUDENT ACCOMMODATION 03. KIRKLEES COLLEGE 04. HUDDERSFIELD UNIVERSITY 05. POLYSEAM FACTORY 06. FORMER LEISURE CENTER 07-08-09. CARPARK 10. OLDGATE ACCOMMODATION 11. PALACE STUDIO ACCOMMODATION 12. THE PACKHORSE KITCHEN 13. BROOKES YARD ACCOMMODATION 14. STANDARD HOUSE ACCOMMODATION 15. UNDERGROUND
UNBUILT PROJECTS Notes
Rev
Description
Date
By
OLDGATE HOUSE
K I N G S G A T E
P R O P O S E D
SECTION
A - A, T H R U
NEW
LEISURE
P R O P O S E D
SECTION
B-B, THRU
NEW
RETAIL
P R O P O S E D
SECTION
G-G, THRU
EXISTING
MALL
KING STREET
EXTENSION
&
C I N E M A
OLDGATE HOUSE
(HD One, 2016)
The possibility of several master plans has been discussed in the past several years. They all seem to have the same objective to boost the footfall beyond the ringroad and spread the town center through regenerating the
MALL This drawing is copyright. All dimensions and details are to be verified on site. Any discrepancies are to be notified to the Architect prior to work commencing. Do not scale from drawings.
surrounding areas.
1:200 0
(Covell Matthews Architects, 2016) Content
5
10m
20m
30m
Client
Project
PROPOSED SECTIONS WD KINGSGATE LTD KINGSGATE LEISURE
Date
MAY 2016
Drawing Scale 1:200@ A1, 1:400@A3
Paper size
A1
Drawn by
HB
Checked
Project Code
756F
Drawing No.
PL-15
Revision
6 Manor Place, Edinburgh, EH3 7DD edinburgh@covellmatthews.co.uk www.covellmatthews.co.uk t:0131 226 3366
-
PLANNING
Chapter 1 - Context
28
These vary in their size and location but none has been given the green light from the Kirklees MC as of yet. An extension of the existing Kingsgate Shopping center has been suggested in 2014 and is still being discussed. Another masterplan to be located around the John Smiths Staduim is named HD1 and is estimated at £100m, According to the Huddersfield Examiner, the £40 milllion investment is meant to boost the early evening economy states the Huddersfield Examiner. The development is to create a brand new leisure ‘village‘ with multiple in town which is currently lacking and prevent anti-social behaviour. (Zeintek, 2016) However, according to the Council new-built flats, restaurants, shops, cinemas, and a ski slope. The proposal has been discussed since 2008 for British Archaeology, the proposal seems to be colliding with archaelogical artefacts below Cross Church Street. and is still awaiting planning permission, claims journalist Joanne Douglas. (Douglas, 2015) However, such an Furthermore, according to the Huddersfield Victorian Society it would be detrimental for the town appearance, as intervension could artificially move the town center and retract footfall and custom from within the ring-road
it suggests the demolishon of several Grade II listed mid 19th century buildings and shopfronts, among which are
which could be detrimental.
multiple small business among which is the well established Parish Pub.
(URBED, 2016)
(URBED, 2016)
(URBED, 2016)
In 2009, the Kirklees Council have comissioned URBED to generate a OPTION 2 HORSESHOE
OPTION 3 GRID
proposal for the redevelopment of the Huddersfield town center.
The second option is to turn the ringroad into a horse-shoe shaped bypass
URBED’s third options for the Huddersfield town center is to bring back
which would connect the town center and the University campuss, and
the Victorian grid. (URBED, 2015)
They suggest three options to tackle the underused areas surrounding the report. (URBED, 2015)
of options. According to the document, this implementation would
ringroad. According to the URBED website, the bypass could either be turned
see the exising tring road traffic spread throughout and allow more
into a boulevard by the addition of multiple points of controlled pedestrian The designers suggest partial implementation of Option 1 as well in order
movement. The proposal brings in the Renaissance plan of Huddersfield
movement, cycling lanes and vegetation. This would improve the dialog
to make the bypass more attractive and easily crossable by pedestrians.
and reimagines it to accommodate the newly arisen opportunities.
between the town core and beyond by boosting circulation and the town’s
(URBED, 2015)
(URBED, 2015)
overall appearance the architectural team suggests. (URBED, 2015)
29
encourage bussinesses based aroung the canal, based on the URBED online URBED’S preferred options is BOULEVARD & GRID - which is a combination
Chapter 1 - Context
OPTION 1 TOURNIQUET
PROPERTY MARKET A study of the property market in Huddersfield shows that there is a lack of residential properties within the ringroad. The heat map makes it evident that the it is not the value of properties that is responsible for the lack of residents within the town center. The diagrams below show that there are predominantly flats developed in the central area, the majority of which are student accommodation. Currently on the market, there are 7 houses available within the ringroad, only one of which has a harden. The map of Huddersfield shows that the postcodes on the outskirts of Huddersfield are actually the most desirable areas, with Shelley and Holmfirth leading in terms of both price and popularity. On the other hand, Brighouse and the Leeds Rd area are most popular within the lower prices properties. The town center has demonstrated very little sales in just three months of 2016, unlike all other post codes which have had a steady year in sales.
70%
Chapter 1 - Context
30
ALL PROPERTIES ARE STUDENT RENTALS
Available properties to let or buy within the ring road on 04/11/16 (HD1 1 and HD1 2 postcodes)
1
AVAILABLE TO RENT EMPTY CURRENTLY PLOT A CARPARK
1
RESIDENTIAL LISTING FEATURES A GARDEN
HD6 & HD2 Brighouse and Leeds Rd are the most popular areas with property prices in the average. They are the postcodes with best access to Leeds & Bradford.
HD6 HD2
HD7 & HD8
HD3
Golcar and Shelley also seem to be popular. Offering slightly more expensive residential properties. Sales have been happening steadily over the whole year.
HD9 So far in 2016, Holmfirth has been the most expensive post code to buy and has had good performance in sales up to Sept, when numbers drop dramatically.
£ 123,516
£ 156,829
CURRENT AVERAGE PRICE PAID IN BRADFORD
CURRENT AVERAGE PRICE PAID IN HUDDERSFIELD
08% OF THE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES SALES POPULAR POSTCODE TO BUY RESIDENTIAL
09% OF THE HD7 RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES SALES
HD1
HD5
HD4 HD8
HD9
27% OF THE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES SALES
12% OF THE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES SALES MOST SALES AVERAGE IN A POSTCODE
-0.29% +0.81% VALUECHANGE INTHEPAST3 MONTHS BRADFORD
VALUECHANGE INTHEPAST3 MONTHS HUDDERSFIELD
Huddersfield Area All Postcodes
Huddersfield Area Densely Urbanised Area
31
are the ringroad postocodes. They are the only postcodes that have recorded sales in just three months (March, April &June)so far this year.
11% OF THE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES SALES MOST POPULAR POSTCODE TO BUY RESIDENTIAL
Chapter 1 - Context
HD1 1 & HD1 2
DAILY COMMUTES & CONNECTIONS TO PROPERTY DATA The diagrams on the right-hand side are a visual representation of the quantative data gathered through the UK 2011 Census. They represent the amount of people willing to commute daily by a personal vehicle as a driver, as well as the distances they travel.
Commute to Fartown
Commute to Huddersfield University Commute to Hudd Town Center
A comparison between the diagrams, shows that the majority of people travel North, mostly to cities like Leeds and Bradford, as well as Halifax and the city of Manchester. The end-desitnations within the Huddersfield postcodes are the Huddersfield University, town center and mostly the neighbourhoods around A641, which is a major connection to Leeds/Bradford. These are Fartown, Hillhouse and partially Birkby.
The commute to this area is highlighted in every single diagram, representing more people travelling there than to either Leeds or Bradford. A closer look into Fartown, shows a saturation of small local businesses (restaurants, barbers, supermarkets etc.), which mostly minority-related. Furthermore, sports facilities, kids indoor playgrounds, factories (I Love Sofas, Beaver Sports), car garages (Seat Huddersfield dealership), large supermarkets (Asda) and civic buildings attract emploees from as far as cities like Leeds and Sheffield, or
Commute from Holmfirth
Commute from Shelley
Commute from Brighouse
Commute from Leeds Road
Commute from Lockwood
Commute from Golcar
32
smaller settlements like Bingley and Hasslingden (which require a commute journey further than the average).
A similar phenomenon is seen with the commutes starting from Brighouse, where a large activity is marked towards Boothtown, a suburb North from Halifax. The major employers in this area are again large factories,
Chapter 1 - Context
the Calderdale Engineering service, James Heal (a laboratory equipment supplier) along with some large supermarkets, and retail parks.
The similarities between the two examined areas show that suburban areas near major routes connecting with Leeds and Bradford are prefered by large employers and attract business and qualified workforce, as they offer bigger spaces and easy access.
The heat map above shows a different approach towards the 2011 Census commuting data, according to the percentage of residents who commute to their work-place. The colouring shows a very clear differentiation between the residential and commercial areas, discussed under Properties Market. People in the suburbs are bound to commute to work in areas designated to commercial and industrial purposes. The map once again proves he connection between the preferebility to suburbian living and easy access to motorways/A and B routes, avoiding any in-town traffic.
Chapter 1 - Context
16.4% 23.4% 30.3% 37.3% 44.2% 51.2% 58.2% 100 %
33
0%
St Peter’s Gardens Decibel Readings, dB
NOISE
72 dB MAX 54 dB
As part of our analysis, a study into the ambient noise levels across the town was undertaken. Readings at set locations where assessed across various times of the day
Railway Station Decibel Readings, dB
and compiled to form average readings. These readings and observations depict the
79 dB
AVG 48 dB MIN
MAX
intensity of noise in decibels and the distribution of sound at critical locations across the
62 dB
town. Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale, meaning the difference between two
AVG
values increases with an increase in value. For example 80dB is 2 times louder than 70 dB,
53 dB
compared to 90 dB which is 4 times louder and 100 dB which is 8 times louder, Claridge
Greenhead Park Decibel Readings, dB
MIN
72 dB
(2006). Comfortable decibel levels to enable general conversation are considered to be
MAX
in the range of 60-65 dB, Galen Carol Audio (2007). Environments with sustained ambient
58 dB
noise above 70 dB are considered uncomfortable for prolonged occupation. Exposure to
Shorehead Roundabout Decibel Readings, dB
noise above 80 dB is considered dangerous for prolonged times, IAC ACOUSTICS (2016).
80 dB
AVG 48 dB MIN
MAX
Average decibel readings along the ring road are 70+ dB and sustained for prolonged
71 dB
periods of time resulting in unpleasant environments in terms of noise. Occasionally,
AVG
larger HGV will result in very uncomfortable noise levels; 80+ dB. The ring road is generally
61 dB
enclosed however certain locations in the south of the town are fairly open meaning the
Market Place Decibel Readings, dB
MIN
78 dB
noise is carried far away from the source, resulting in a wider impact. Interventions to
MAX
absorb sound and prevent noise transmission such as trees and planters can be seen in
64 dB
Chapter 1 - Context
34
locations such as the Shorehead roundabout.
Kingsgate Entrance Decibel Readings, dB
Areas which are highlighted as comfortable zones also have fairly high maximum decibel
72 dB
54 dB MIN
MAX
readings. However, the key difference between these spaces and the ring road is persistence.
62 dB
The occasional, sudden explosive sound emanating from children playing or a stall seller
AVG
shouting does not contribute to a constant annoying atmosphere meaning generally the
56 dB
town centre is acoustically comfortable. The town centre is quite density built up which helps to quickly dissipate sound emanating from the ring road.
AVG
Chapel Hill Junction Decibel Readings, dB
MIN Examples of acoustic barrier utilising trees to improve biodiversity
78 dB MAX 70 dB AVG 60 dB MIN
Key
Key
Key Huddersfield Town Centre Conservation Area
Major Circulation Route
Concentrated Noise
Greenhead Park Conservation Area
Major - Medium Circulation Route
Huddersfield Town Centre Conservation Area
Medium Circulation Route
Study Area
Medium - Minor Circulation Route
Dispersed Noise Low Intensity Medium Intensity
Grade II Listed Building
Minor Circulation Route
Grade II* Listed Building
High Intensity Vehicular Noise
Grade I Listed Building
Pedestrian Noise
Vegitation and Wildlife
Districts
Key
Key Public Grassland Habitat
Greenhead Residential District
Private Grassland Habitat
Industrial District
Water and wet lands Habitat
Public Transportation District
Woodland Habitat
University District
Trees Habitat
Northern Quarter District
Urban Habitat
Retail District
Comfortable Noise Uncomfortable Noise
Civic District Postcode Boundary Line
Chapter 1 - Context
35
Wildlife
ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE DATA SHADOW STUDY
The images show the level of shadows cast throughout the day - morning to afternoon.
Image 1 - shows shadow cast in the summer Image 2 - Shows shadow
Chapter 1 - Context
36
cast in the winter
MORNING
MIDDAY
AFTERNOON
Image 1
N
MIDDAY
AFTERNOON
1:5000 100m
Image 2
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
Chapter 1 - Context
37
MORNING
ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE DATA TEMPRATURE, RAIN AND FLOODING
TEMRATURE c
40
“Flooding hit many parts of Huddersfield today” is a common headline in the news.
20
Torrential rain often brings problems to many roads, forcing the closure of road and rail routes and
0
inundating homes. Businesses near to the canal and homes near the River Colne are particularly vulnerable. -20
The council, as LLFA, considers a significant flood to be :
JAN
Where one or more residential or business properties suffer internal flooding
MAY
JUL
SEP
NOV
DryBulb Temp - Min DryBulb Temp - Max DryBulb Temp - Average
Where there is a risk to life as a result of the depth and/or velocity of floodwater Where critical infrastructure (e.g. emergency services buildings, utility company infrastructure, schools, day
Monthly Temperature
centres, hospitals and main transport routes) suffer flooding or obstruction, or were in imminent danger of flooding
MAR
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
Where 5 properties or more were in imminent danger of flooding
80mm
Where local democratic pressures from elected members, committees, or other elected bodies, might be considered as a factor in determining whether a formal investigation should be carried out 60mm
38
If a local flood occurs which is classed as significant, a formal investigation has be carried out in accordance with Section 19 of the FWMA. The council uses its best endeavours to complete the investigation and reports
20 c
40mm
Chapter 1 - Context
the results within 6 weeks of the date of the flood. The report is be published on the council’s website, copies delivered to those authorities deemed responsible for further action in relation to the flooding and copies delivered to those residents and businesses who suffered flooding.
10 c
20mm
TEMP JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
FLOOD AREA
N Canal/River Broad Canal AFTERNOON
Low Risk of Flood River Colne High Risk of Flood
Buildings
39
MIDDAY
1:5000 100m
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
Chapter 1 - Context
MORNING
ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE DATA POLLUTION & ELEVATION
The 2007 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution report “The Urban Environment” clearly identifies air pollution as a major issue in human well-being.
The government has clearly recognised in the 2007 report “Air Quality and Climate Change” that other pollutants as well as CO2 can contribute to climate change. It also recognises that some actions will tackle both local air quality problems and climate change. Regulations on all pollutants, other than ozone, have to be met by Local Authorities. In Kirklees this is governed by the Kirklees Air Quality
40
Strategy.
Chapter 1 - Context
Levels of Pollution
N 117 - 143m
MORNING
MIDDAY
AFTERNOON
100 - 117m
74 - 100m
57 - 74m
1:5000 100m
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
Chapter 1 - Context
41
ELEVATION MAP METERS ABOVE SEA LEVEL
CULTURE, ARTS & CREATIVITY
Various events take place in Huddersfield during the year. The majority of them, with only a few exceptions, take place within the town center. There are annual/seasonal events organised with the help of the local authorities, such as Food Festivals, Christmas villages and cultural celebrations which encourage diversity and invest in the micro economy promoting local businesses and generating quick turnover. Another institution that is involved in the majority
Chapter 1 - Context
42
of larger scale events is the university which policy is based on being a multi-cultural center - various events take place to celebrate this but are often closed to the wider public.
The main stem of creative activities, however, are on the smaller scale, ran by communities with common interests or local business owners. These can happen as often as once a week and attracts regular customers. Gigs, sketch crawls, ale trails, craft fairs and amateur exhibitions attract more revenue in the long term due to their repetition. These are a possible opportunity to encourage tourism based on the events’ uniqueness.
43 Chapter 1 - Context Authority Subsidised Event Festivals, Food or Craft Market
Small Scale Event Gigs, Buskers, Pop up Shops
Music Event Gigs, Karaoke, Acousitc Night
Performance Theatre, Dance, Comedy
Creative Arts Exhibitons, Pop up Shops, Sketch Crawl
Food Food and Drinks Festival, German Market
CHAPTER 2
VISUAL & PERCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
SKYLINE Victoria Tower
Lawrence Batley Theatre
46
Huddersfield Library and Art Gallery
St. Paul’s Hall
Milton Building
Huddersfield Railway Station St. Peter’s Church
Emley Moor Tower
University Student Union and Library
Creative Arts Building
Kirklees College
47
John Smith’s Stadium
BOUNDARIES AND EDGES The ringroad is the obvious boundary separating the town center from its immediate surroundings, allowing a controlled vehicular and pedestrian penetration into the heart of Huddersfield. However, there are further Very few cafes and shops are looking towards the ringroad. These are particlularly saturated near the main fixtures and pathces of landscape which regulate this movement as shown on the provided diagrams.
pedestrian juction connecting the town centre with the university campus - an outspil of businesses that are targeting predominantly students as their main custom. It is interesting that those premises are often underused,
The clear definition has turned the center into a fortress-like core. The orientation of the buildings positioned for sale, and tend to change tenants frequently due to lack of business. on the rims is most clear evidence of this. The diagrams mark the few fronts facing outward.
The North-West part of the ringroad is particularly interesting as for the most part, it doesn’t allow pedestrian access along or accross the ring road. This is the town’s connection to the A62 road. The hard boundary is a stone wall and vegetation boundary suggest that this part of town is the rim of the settlement rather than that of the center. Hard but permiable boundaries such as: metal railing separate the rest of the ringroad from the pedestrian movement along-side of it. Landscaping and vegetation wrap between the hard barriers and the road creating a green wall to stop noise, air and visual polutions. This contributes to the separation between the town center and
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
48
its surroundings.
Multi-storey carparks, rear facades and unoccupied and derelict properties face the ring-road, creating secluded areas on the rims of the town center which depending on the time of the day may feel unsafe and anti-social. Key Hard Edge Type A Stone Wall and No Pedestrian Access
Hard Edge Type B Metal Railing and Controlled Pedestrian Access
An overlay of the boundaries and the shopfronts shows the relationship between the two, along with the relationship with campus.
Hard and soft boundaries regulate the access between the town core and surroundings.
Vegetation and lanscaping crate soft boundaries between the two elements, preventing or even re-directing access through or around the ring road.
The univeristy life ‘spills out‘ into the town center encouraging businesses to look out to the ringroad and into the campus.
(Google Maps, 2016)
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
49
(Google Maps, 2016)
(Google Maps, 2016)
Soft Edges Landscaping and Vegetation
Shopfronts Looking Out to the RIngroad Shopfronts
(Google Maps, 2016)
University of Huddersfield Campus
NODES The nodes of Huddersfield can be defined in several ways: Temporary, permanent, vehicular & pedestrian. Perhaps unsurprisingly, distribution of nodes and their typology is dependent on the nature of the area they reside. Market Place- Permanent pedestrian node.
Chapel Hill Ring Road Junction - Permanent Vehicular node.
St Georges Gardens - Permanent pedestrian node.
Kingsgate Shopping Centre Entrance - Permanent pedestrian node. The inside of the shopping centre is a temporary node.
St Peters Gardens - Permanent pedestrian node.
Byram Arcade - Temporary pedestrian node.
Temporary pedestrian nodes are typically internal spaces or external spaces that are closed to the public at night such as Greenhead Park, Byram Arcade and the packhorse shopping centre. The majority of pedestrian nodes in the town centre are temporary, meaning there is a lack of pedestrian only permanent nodes. This has an impact on safety as there is ease of access of vehicles in pedestrian areas. Another impact is the occupancy levels or footfall around the town which sees a sharp decline towards the end of business hours. In-turn this encourages unsafe locations and decreases security.
The need for more permanent pedestrian only nodes is further apparent in the way people occupy temporary nodes. Popular attractions like Kingsgate shopping centre will, almost by default, create meeting spaces at the entrance where people congregate and congested the circulation in that area. This is particularly consequential
50
at Kingsgate where a main access route for vehicles traverses the main entrance.
An interesting observation is the morphological implications removing nodes has had on the town. The most
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
apparent instance of this is the demolition of the old cloth hall in 1929/30 this once thriving area of town served as a main node to the top of Cloth Hall Street and Kings Street. Since the demolition of the cloth hall and the erection of the Sainsbury’s supermarket, this once thriving hill top node has been replaced by an emotionless crossroads. This space is heavily underutilised and has the potential to provide much needed, quality pedestrian only space in the town.
Key
Key
Key
Key
Huddersfield Town Centre Conservation Area
Major Circulation Route
Concentrated Noise
Temporary Node
Greenhead Park Conservation Area
Major - Medium Circulation Route
Permanent Node
Huddersfield Town Centre Conservation Area
Medium Circulation Route
Study Area
Medium - Minor Circulation Route
Dispersed Noise Low Intensity Medium Intensity
Grade II Listed Building
Minor Circulation Route
Grade II* Listed Building
High Intensity
Transport Hub Node Vehicular Node Pedestrian Node
Vehicular Noise
Grade I Listed Building
Pedestrian Noise
Vegitation and Wildlife
Districts
Key
Key Public Grassland Habitat
Greenhead Residential District
Private Grassland Habitat
Industrial District
Water and wet lands Habitat
Public Transportation District
Woodland Habitat
University District
Trees Habitat
Northern Quarter District
Urban Habitat
Retail District
Comfortable Noise Uncomfortable Noise
Wildlife
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
Postcode Boundary Line
51
Civic District
LANDMARKS The vast conservation area in the Huddersfield town center, as well as the large number of listed buildings makes the amount of classical landmarks within the ring-road self explanatory. Public spaces and various buildings such as the Town Library, the Town Hall, Market Place and the couple of bigger churches fall into the category marked on the right-hand side map as classical landmarks: of importance to all communities due to their historical and cultural meaningfulness. They attact visitors and stand out with their ‘obvious importance‘.
However, it is interesting to look at the ‘local‘ landmarks which carry meaning to the local community as place to meet, socialise and gather. These can vary from the local McDonalds restaurant where teenagers mingle to a popular coffee shop in a strategic location such as the train station - where young professionals meet before their morning
52
commute.
These could exist completely separately, however, on several occasions
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
a correlation is obvious in the comparison map. The photographs on the right show classic landmark examples and their local counter-parts.
A classical landmark creates an opportunity for positive development reinstating the environment which is already heavily used by people giving modern landmarks a chance to thrive.
53 Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis Local Landmark Popular locations that carry meaning to the local community (pubs, cafes, shops etc. )
Classical Landmark Popular locations that carry historical value and are meaningful to communities outside the locality (churches, monuments etc.)
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
54
DISTRICTS AND LEGIBILITY We have identified 7 distinct districts defined by typologies, character Northern Quarter and urban grain. The northern portion of the town centre is situated in the heart of the town centre conservation area and contains a high percentage of the towns listed buildings. A clear Victorian architectural style and regular materiality Greenhead Residential Greenhead park and the surrounding residential area feature a separates this portion of the town from more modern regions to the south. predominant Victorian residential architectural narrative with lots This sector represents roughly 40% of the town centres built form. of trees and green spaces. This area shares a common street pattern derived from the requirements of residential architecture, most notably Retail back to back gardens. This district dwarfs the town centre, further This is the largest town centre district which typically has the highest expressing its distinct identity. pedestrian occupancy during the day, remaining fairly high in the evening due to a large number of restaurants and bars. Whilst the majority of the district resides in the town centre conservation area, slithers of land in Industrial There are two industrial districts around the town centre, one to the the centre of the area are unprotected resulting in a more diverse range south and one to the northern east. Both of these districts feature large of materials and styles compared to the north of the town. The two main urban blocks with plenty of open space for access and circulation. The routes through the district, Kings Street and New Street have evolved from two districts adopt a similar character blending old Victorian mills with distinct nodes which have changed over time. Whilst market place remains, contemporary factory buildings. Both areas are lacking in public spaces the old cloth hall atop King Street has since been demolished leaving King and experiences extreme fluctuations in occupancy over the course of Street devoid of a satisfactory termination. 24 hours. Civic District The smallest district of the town centre is defined by a singular typology and Public transportation The town centre features spaces almost entirely reserved for public utilises physical boundary’s to remove itself from the town centre. These transportation. This district features the railway station and bus station boundaries mainly consist of trees and large roads. The district is open in which are situated close to each other allowing for ease of access across plan with routes permeating through to other areas of the town. For this both networks. The street layout is district from the town centre as it is reason the district remains quite passive. derived from the need to circulate busses coming from the ring road. Two open nodes are situated close to each transport hub which give Legibility a clear legibility to the town centre for visitors and allow for effective The town centre shares a common element to its legibility that is permeability into the town. demonstrated in the adjecent photographs. Ground floor units are often utilised for distinct uses compared to the upper floors. The result is a band of human scale shop fronts which line the streets in the all directions. Together University The university campus has developed through the reuse of existing with a coarse gridded urban layout and consistent building scales derived buildings and a series of tailored developments. Whilst the eclectic from being situated in a conservation area, the town centre has a clear and range of buildings typologies would otherwise create a rift in the well defined horizontal legibility. collective nature of the district, the identity of the area is reinforced by the contrast of character to the town centre and the constant student occupation.
Key
Key Public Grassland Habitat
Greenhead Residential District
Private Grassland Habitat
Industrial District
Woodland Habitat Trees Habitat Urban Habitat
1
HD T Public Transportation C
IST P OSTAL D RI
Water and wet lands Habitat
District
University District Northern Quarter District Retail District Civic District Postcode Boundary Line
TAL POS
D5 DIST ICT H R
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
55
Wildlife
PATHS
CIRCULATION
GROWTH IN TRAFFIC CHART
Traffic is getting busier on the roads of Kirklees.
The 2025 Kirklees Transport Vision states: “Transport and the need to travel are essential for our everyday lives, allowing people to work, play and access services. But the unrelenting growth in car use is not sustainable with worsening congestion, poor air quality, environmental damage and finite oil reserves. Additionally, public transport services are poor, suffer a negative image and are a last choice mode of travel for many people. “
In 2016 the data continues to highlight the dominance of the private
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
56
car on the roads and the under utilisation of public transport.
865,310
N Major Circulation
Major/Medium Circulation
Medium Circulation
Medium/Minor Circulation
1:5000 100m
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
57
Medium Circulation
PATHS
TRAFFIC SENSOR DATA In Kirklees there are 96 count points that measure traffic in annual thousand vehicle miles. Over 80% of vehicles on the road are Cars and Taxis.
From 2000-2015 there was an overall increase of all motor vehicles by 8.5%, which now clock up over 1 billion vehicle miles. The change in mode represented a 13% decrease - buses / coaches 11% decrease - motor cycles 6% decrease - HGVS 0% change - pedal cycles 5% increase – cars / taxis 43% increase – LGVS
These changes compare favourably with neighbouring authorities. In Wakefield the overall vehicle increase
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
58
was by a fifth at 20%. Here HGVs thousand vehicle miles increased by 8% and cars / taxis by 16%
CHANGE IN TRAFFIC TYPES CHART
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
59
PEDAL CYCLE INCREASE
PATHS
CHANGE IN VOLUME OF TRAFFIC TYPES CHART
COMPARITIVE DATA In Kensington and Chelsea pedal cycles and public transport have impacted on the volume of traffic in the area, reducing cars by 22% and all motor vehicles by 17%. In comparison Huddersfield has benefited from the M6 by seeing a fall in the HGV traffic. However, the greatest increase of 43% was from LGV compared to a lower increase of 5% with cars & taxis. These figures compare favourably with neighbouring Wakefield where there are higher percentage increases in this traffic. These charts compare the % volume change of traffic, from 2000 to 2015, in the 3 areas of Kirklees/Huddersfield Wakefield
Kensington and Chelsea
Local Authorities have the power to influence traffic count. Overall there are 6 times as much traffic on the roads in Huddersfield as there is in Kensington and Chelsea.
VEHICLE PARKING RING ROAD Kirklees Council offers over 7000 parking spaces in 95 off street locations as well as over 1200 on street pay
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
60
and display spaces. Many of these locations also offer cycle parking facilities. This map shows both public and private car parking areas.
37.9% of people commute less than 5km to work 73.6% of households own a car or van 59.6% of people perceive that there are problems with traffic issues e.g. speeding and parking (Mar-2016)
Major Daily Parking (Open Single Level)
Multi Story Parking (Covered Retail)
Road
1:5000 100m
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
61
Buildings
PATHS
GPS TRAFFIC FLOW Image shows the flow of traffic recorded by crowd-sourcing GPS data from mobile devices via individual journeys. Image 1 - shows data collected at rounderbout south west of the ring road Image 2 - shows data collected outside the trainstation image 3 - shows data for the ringroad
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
62
Image 1
Image 2
Image 3 N TRAVELING SOUTH
TRAVELING NORTH
TRAVELING WEST
1:5000 100m
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
63
TRAVELING WEST
PATHS
PEDESTRIAN ZONES Pedestrianisation, in Huddersfield town centre, has provided better accessibility and mobility for its shoppers.
These areas centre on the area east of New Street, and include King Street, Albert Yard, Victoria Lane and The Piazza.
The volume and pattern of movement of visitors and shoppers in Huddersfield town centre have been monitored annually from 1996 - 2007.
The 2007 assessment revealed: A continued strengthening of the market day afternoon numbers which recorded a 20% rise in2006 and a further 15.6% 2007. Saturday numbers consistently out-perform the weekday levels and in 2007 recovered from the drop of 10.4% from the previous year.
64
Huddersfield has seen an increase of nearly 5% in pedestrian numbers during the last 12 months. The total recorded level of footfall at the standard 8 key locations over 3 days is higher in2007 than in any
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
other previous assessment back to 1996. This equates to an overall growth of around 20% across the town.
Much of this growth has occurred since the opening of the Kingsgate shopping centre. There is an overall rising trend in the volume of visitors, particularly on a Saturday
It is clearly evident that the most well used streets are King Street, New Street and the Kingsgate shopping centre all of which have considerably higher footfall on a Saturday compared to the weekdays. In comparison to the previous year, King Street increased its overall footfall level by 17% whilst recorded volumes in the Pack Horse Centre and at the steps down to Queensgate from the Piazza were both down by 20%.
Assessment of pedestrian volumes and movement on Sundays has been undertaken since 2004. Sundays attract quite significant numbers of pedestrians into Huddersfield town centre – principally into the main shopping streets of New Street, King Street and the Kingsgate Centre, which reflects the weekday and Saturday patterns. However, the volumes of pedestrians differ to the other survey days most noticeably by the low morning counts and high afternoon counts. Activity in the town does not peak until around 2.00pm, despite traders being open for business from around 10.30am.
N Traffic Crossing (Ring Road)
Pavement
Public Realm (Car Free)
1:5000 100m
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
65
Buildings
PATHS BUS GATES
In Huddersfield town centre , since February 2016, bus gates have been introduces to improve two main public transport routes. Their purpose is to ensure the free flow of traffic where historically traffic congestion has been recognised as a problem, particularly where there has been a negative impact on bus punctuality.The bus gates cover two of our town centre areas and operate on all days.
High Street - to cover the area between Market Street and New Street (10am - 4pm)
Westgate, Kirkgate, St George’s Square and Railway Street areas (8am
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- 6pm)
N
Bus & Taxi Only
Public Realm (Car Free)
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0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
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Buildings
PATHS
TRAVEL BY RAIL 2025 KIRKLEES TRANSPORT VISION
Kirklees Council has set an ambitious 20 year Transport Vision to allow sustainable transport systems to flourish. It aims to mprove the wellbeing of all its citizens and the environment whilst providing the building blocks for a thriving local economy provide a class public transport system for everyone providing a first choice for travel for many more new customers and a real alternative to using the car.
However an analysis of the chosen mode of transport reveals that the percentage of people who choose to travel to work by train range from
68
0.3% in Cleakheaton ward to 4.25% in Colne Valley ward. There seems to be little or no incentive to use the train, even though stations and
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
lines to Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield are available. The data for buses and coaches show a higher percentage choice from 2.3% in Denby Dale to 7.1% in Dalton.
1
NEWSOME (RING ROAD) 2.5%
2
CROSSLAND MOOR & NETHERTON 1.8%
3
GOLCAR 1.6%
4
LINDLEY 2.1% GREENHEAD 3.1%
6
ASHBROW 1.8%
7
DALTON 1.3%
8
ALMONDBURY 1.6%
9
MIRFIELD 2.6%
10
LIVERSEDGE & GOMERSAL 1%
11
CLECKHEATON 1%
12
BIRKSTALL & BIRKENSHAW 1&
13
HECKMONKWIKE 1%
14
BATLEY WEST 1.3%
15
BATLEY EAST 2.2%
16
DEWSBURY WEST 1.8%
17
DEWSBURY EAST 2%
18
DEWSBURY SOUTH 1.7%
19
KIRKBURTON 1.7%
20
DENBY DALE 1.1%
21
HOLME VALLY SOUTH 1.8%
22
HOLME VALLY NORTH 1.8%
23
COLNE VALLEY 3.5%
BRADFORD
LEEDS
12
TO LEEDS
11
CALDERDALE WAKEFIELD
14 15 13 10
TO BRADFORD
16
17
KIRKLEES (W.YORKSHIRE) 6
TO WAKEFIELD
9 18
4
5
7
3 8 1
2
19 23
22
TO MANCHERSTER
69
20
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION IN WARD - TRAVEL BY TRAIN 21
TO BARNSLEY+SHEFFIELD +LONDON
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5
N
AXIS AND SYMMETRY The four main axis within the ringroad are traditionally orientated North/South and East/West similarly to the Roman Cardo and Decumanus. They divide the Huddersfield town centre in four quarters, each gravitating around a focal point such as: the Parish Church (North/East); the Train Station (North/West); the Bus Station (South/West); Queensgate Market (South/East).
It’s interesting that the train tracks are an axis on their own splitting the North/West quarter in half.
The minor axis slice the footprint of the town centre mostly into equal blocks and run perpendicularly to the main axis in the particular quarter. This allows high visibility and predictability of the cityscape which is beneficial to the access strategy of the town center. All minor axis feed into the main artery that is perpendicuolar to them, creating a legible grid.
All axis meet in the Market Place, where business would take place and therefore the core of town used to be. Stemming out of this focal point, each axis branches out to the ring road.
Huddersfield’s Victorian legacy contribute to strongly accentuated vertical symmetry. In addition, Art Deco, Modernist and Brutalist developoment from the 70’s break the Victoran pattern. They preserve the symmetry
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
70
within their own facades which rely mostly on replication and create a relationship with the already existing architecture in height rather than in style.
rac k tra
in t
cardo The four major axis within the town center meet in the Market Place.
All minor axis feed into the major ones, creating a mostly legible web-like footprint.
The traintracks create an axis themselves splitting one of the quarters of the town centre in two halves.
Key Main Axis Mixed Use - Decumanus 75% - 100% Footfall Main Axis Mixed Use - Cardo 75% - 100% Footfall
Secondary Axis Mixed Use - Decumanus 50% - 75% Footfall Secondary Axis Mixed Use - Cardo 50% - 75% Footfall
Secondary Axis Pedestrian Use 50% - 75% Footfall Seconday Axis Pedestrian Use 50% - 75% Footfall Main Axis Pedestrian Use 75%-100% Footfall
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71
decumanus
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis 72
AXIS AND SYMMETRY SEQUENTIAL SKETCHES
73
Parish Church
THE KIRKGATE/WESTGATE AXIS
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Lloyds Bank
AXIS AND SYMMETRY SEQUENTIAL SKETCHES
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74
Train Tracks
75
Co-Operative Building
THE NEW STREET AXIS
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
Train Tracks
FARTOWN
BIRKBY
LINDLEY
BRADLEY MILLS
EDGERTON
QUARMBY GROVE PLACE
MARSH
TANDEM
LONGWOOD
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76
PADDOCK
MOLDGREEN
LOCKWOOD
LOWER HOUSES
NEWSOME ALMONDBURY Vegetation and lanscaping crate soft boundaries between the two elements, preventing or even re-directing access through or around the ring road.
(Google Maps, 2016)
AXIS AND SYMMETRY ON THE LARGER SCALE
Unlike the minor axis, the major ones reach out of the bypass. Stretching out of the town core, they turn into the four major arteries forming the neighbourhoods in and around Huddersfield. Afterwards they merge with major roads such as the A62, A616, A640, A641 and A629. This has contributed for denser neighbourhoods to form to the North, edging towards the Cities of Leeds and Bradfrod. To the South, to footprint is looser and doesn’t reach as far from the core, as it clashes with the Peak District, where regulations and landscape impede building.
LEEDS
HUDDERSF’D
WAKEF’D
77
MANCHESTER
BARNSLEY
(Google Maps, 2016)
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis
BRADFORD
Chapter 2 - Visual & Perceptial Analysis 78
HUDDERSFIELD HIGHLIGHTS
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79
CHAPTER 3
TYPOLOGICAL & MORPHOLOG ICAL ANALYSIS
Chapter 3 - Typological 82 & Morphological Analysis
URBAN GRAIN
Organic
Divided
Town Centre
Organic street layouts developed over time with large open spaces
The form of the inner town centre has a clear boundary, the ring road.
The town centre features a more coarse urban grain with large areas
providing security and easy of navigation. There is a clear differentiation
Large spaces are left between buildings to allow for necessary vehicular
of built up spaces compared to the surrounding residential areas.
between vehicular and pedestrian movement. Blocks are not
movement and additional room for buffer zones. Large areas of open
However, the town centre remains fairly organic having developed over
dependant on the overall system and thus allow for versatility in form
space can be found at intersections with the ring road which allow for
a long period of time. Central, arterial routes evolved from important
and the ability to change typology. The arrangement of buildings is
access and distribution into the town centre whilst maintaining a flow
nodes, some of which no longer remain such as the historic cloth hall.
typically back to back to allow for private, enclosed outdoor spaces.
on the ring road. A clear change in typology is seen in the urban grain
This leaves major routes ending with no apparent destination other
on either side of the ring road.
than a change in direction.
Island
Rapid developments to the north of the town are spread out and set
The separation of the university from the town centre is more obvious
in a defined grid. This provides protection for future increases in traffic
than the southern and eastern edges of the campus due to the physical
to the area yet compromises pedestrian safety due to ease of vehicular
boundary of the ring road. However, much like the divided urban
access. The primary focus on vehicular access and lack of public spaces
grain, the university campus creates a district characteristic to its
means the occupancy of the area is dependent on the opening times of
surroundings. The form of the campus has evolved through re-purposed
local businesses. At night these spaces become disserted and therefore
historic buildings that have been merged with new developments. The
more likely to facilitate criminal activities.
result is a unique character district from the evolved needs of the town.
Chapter 3 - Typological 83 & Morphological Analysis
Gridded
CITY BY LAYERS
1906 & 1961 FIGURE GROUND
HISTORY FIGURE GROUND
Huddersfield is a large market town and is the 11th largest town in the United Kingdom with a population of 162,949 (2011). It is a town of Victorian architecture. Its railway station is a Grade I listed building described by John Betjeman as ‘the most splendid station façade in England’ . The station in St George’s Square was renovated at a cost of £4 million[4] and subsequently won the Europa Nostra award for European architecture. The Town Hall was designed by John H. Abbey and built in two stages between 1875 and 1881. There was a trolleybus system that operated from 1933 to 1968. It was in the 70’s that most change to the town centre took place. Hudderfield bus station was opened in 1974 and is now the busiest bus station in West Yorkshire with a daily footfall of almost 35,000. The ring road, part of the A62 Leeds Road, was built to relieve traffic congestion in the town centre and many roads were pedestrianised.
Chapter 3 - Typological 84 & Morphological Analysis
The Pack Horse Centre is a covered shopping area constructed over a cobblestone street, Pack Horse Yard, renamed Pack Horse Walk. The pedestrian link passes from Kirkgate, across King Street and along Victoria Lane, by the Shambles, to the Piazza and the distinctive Market Hall at Queensgate, which was built to replace the old Shambles Market Hall in the early 1970s
1:5000 100m
0
100m
1906 & 1961 & 2016 FIGURE GROUND
N 1906 Buildings
1961 Buildings
Access Pre Ring Road (1971)
Ring Road
2016 Buildings
1:5000 100m
0
100m
200m
300m
400m
500m
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Pavement
Chapter 3 - Typological 86 & Morphological Analysis
1906 MAP N
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1:5000 100m 0 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m
Chapter 3 - Typological 87 & Morphological Analysis
1961 MAP N
BUILDINGS & OPEN SPACES - PERMANENCIES The variations of the town center footprint make clear the differentation between existing solid and void spaces, unsubjectiven to their current use. It is visible that most of the building blocks are sliced with passages and inner courtyards mostly used for servicing the businesses ran at the front of the same buildings: staff parking spcaes, loading bays, bin stores and staff areas are located in those back-stage courtyards.
The inverted footprint shows the major open spaces within the ringroad. Interestingly, not all of them are used are social spaces and after comparing to a 3D map, one can see that they are in fact carparks and the underused landscaping surrounding the civic quarter.
The majority of the actual open spaces are hard ones with the exception of the Huddersfield Plaza and the gardens behind the Parish Church. The hard surfaced open spaces aren’t less popular than the landscaped ones. However, they appear to be visited by different demographics and therefore in different times of the day. For example the Huddersfield Plaza and the junction at Market Street are very busy during the day with shoppers and families with children. Market place is mostly visited by college students and young adults during
Chapter 3 - Typological 88 & Morphological Analysis
the day and out-goers during the night. Similarly St George’s Square and the Univerity Reception are both busy in all parts of the day with respectively travellers and students, with the numbers decreasing towards the smaller hours of the night.
1 CIVIC QUARTER
2 OPEN CARPARK
3 OPEN CARPARK
4 ST GEORGE’S SQ
5 PARISH CHURCH
6 MARKET PLACE
7 MARKET STREET
8 TOWN LIBRARY
9 UNIVERSITY RECEPTION
2
4 5
3
1
6
8 9
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7
CHAPTER 4
URBAN APPRAISAL
PERMEABILITY The town center footprint is pearced with arcades, pedestrian passage-ways, as well as the two shopping centers: Kingsgate and The Packhorse. These are predominant in the shopping, pedestrianised core. The offer quick connections between the main streets accross the buisling blocks. Furthermore they provide shelter from rain and wind. In some occasions, innercourtyards connected to the main streets have been utilised as external seating area for cafes (Times Square, Union Bank), shopfronts for independent hairdressers or tattoo and piercing studios or alleys that have been covered and turned into arkades, such as the Market Place. In other occasions the narrow size of streets and the height of the surrounding buildings have created shelter and
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 92
no canopy is necessary (Threadneedle str., Albert Yard, Chancery Lane and Market Walk)
Key Permeability Through Built Environment Arcades, Shopping Centers
Permeability Around Built Environment Sheltered Streets, Alleys and Courtyards
CONTROLLED PEDESTRIAN ACCESS INTO THE TOWN CENTRE
CONTROLLED PEDESTRIAN ACCESS WITHIN THE TOWN CENTER
The are within the ring road is connected with its surrounding with multiple bus lines. A dense net of bus stops provides access between points to and within the town centre. There are multiple taxi stops, saturated near the bus and train stations as well as the town bars and clubs. Buses connect the campus with the university accommodation.
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The major junctions within the ringroad offer controlled pedestrian access The streets within the town center are predominantly pedestrian. However, into town. These are mostly saturated near the campus and the least traffic lights are installed anywhere there is vehicular movement and no near the junction connection with A62 where pedestrian access along the zebra crossing exists. ringroad is also constrained. There is only one underground which provides quick access to the Kirklees Leisure Center.
VEHICULAR ACCESS IN AND OUT OF THE TOWN CENTER
Controlled Permeability Traffic Lights Controlling Pedestrian Access
Underground Alternative Pedestrian Access to Traffic Light
Taxi Stops Taxi Ranks and Congregations
Bus Stops and Station Public Transport Connections into Town
BUILDING TYPOLOGY It is important to mention that the majority of the vacant properties lies on the smaller scale. All large size units are taken up by major companies such as Subway, Rayman, McDonalds, Nandos, Costa Coffee and so on. Nearly half the unit area within the ringroad is owned or rented by major companies. Further investigation shows that if broken down, the area of those is spread between 5 focal points: Kingsgate, Boots, Tesco, Sainsbury’s and Wilko. This results in preventing smaller businesses of renting larger units, raising the average rent prices and driving independents out of town and in bigger settlements such as Leeds and Bradford. Andy Jackson states rent prices are comparable between Huddersfield town and cities around, but cities guarantee larger turnover for possible tenants making the choice of most business owners obvious (Jackson, 2016). The diagrams to the right clerly show the constraints in size in the vacant units, regardless of their central location. 10% of the town center footprint is unoccupied. This figure has been further influenced by the closure of BHS.
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 94
36%
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 95 Vacanat Properties Unoccupied Units Within the Ringroad
Independent Businesses Locally Run Cafes, Restaurants, Shops and Bars
Chains Supermarkets, Natonal and Global Brands and Department Stores
BUILDING TYPOLOGY According to Andrew Jackson’s Lecure ‘Awkward Silences‘, the streets of the Huddersfield town center go quieter by the year. The chart below shows the pedestrian footfall within the ringroad in 2002, on an average market day’s morning (Kirklees MC, 2002). Fourteen years later, with the rise of smart phones and online shopping, what was once the busiest shopping street in Huddersfield, New Street, has turned into the area with highest saturation of empty shop units today. Another event that has coincided with this turnout is the closure of the Co-Operative Building which is currently derelict and has not been occupied since 2004 (The Huddersfield Examiner, 2013). According to the local periodical, negotiations over the future of the former night-club for the pat three years. However, a complete internal renovation is necessary which is making it less desirable to possible developers. Furthermore, there is particularly little evening economy in this part of town making the area anti-social right after business hours. The lack of entertainment dictates the minimal footfall
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 96
and thus the decrease in desirebility towards the vacant units.
d Bdy
d Bdy
d Bdy War
War
War
Huddersfield Broad Canal
Huddersfield Broad Canal
Huddersfield Broad Canal Ward
Ward
Bdy
Bdy
Ward
Bdy
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
War d Bdy
d Bdy
d Bdy
War
War
Market Cross Market Cross
ne ld fie rs de
Hu Ca dder na sf ield l
Hud Can de al rsfie
Independent Businesses Locally Run Cafes, Restaurants, Shops and Bars
Chains Supermarkets, Natonal and Global Brands and Department Stores
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 97
Vacanat Properties Unoccupied Units Within the Ringroad
ld
Hud Can de al rsfie
Nar ro w
ld
Na
Nar
ro
rro w
w
Hud
Hud
de
Hud
rs
de
fie
rs
ld
fie
ld
Tun
Tun
ne
l
Tun
l
ne
l
Market Cross
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FIGURE GROUND SCALE 1:5000
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 99
MATERIALITY The historic development of Huddersfield has greatly, if not solely, influenced the materially of the town. The Victorian architects of the time required locally source materials due to restrictions on transportation methods. This has resulted in large swathes of the town centre being constructed from a yellow, coarse sandstone (sometimes referred to as gritstone). Owing to good conservation of the town centre, this materiality still dominates much of the centre, particularly in the north of the town. In the south, the context has become more dilute with painted surfaces, brickwork (both red clay brick and blue engineering brick) and more contemporary materials such as concrete cladding, curtain wall glazing, metal cladding panels and other cementitious cladding panels.
Hard standing surfaces are generally yorkstone flags or setts with some areas of the town covered in multi-coloured brick setts. Regulation tackle paving is observed at critical access locations along paved routes and crossings.
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Site fixtures vary in style slightly across the town but typically follow a similar trend and are usually designed in an ornate, Victorian style. More modern interventions tend to be of a more minimal aesthetic and in certain instances lack quality and consideration, such as the road railings shown in the bottom left image. Site fixtures are generally made from metal (Iron and galvanised steel) and are widely powder coated in navy blue. Other site fixtures include the iconic red post boxes, contemporary telephone boxes and decorative, iron lanterns.
SITE FIXTURES
MATERIALS Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 101
GREEN SPACES In plan, Huddersfield town center appears to include a large variety of green spaces. Looking in elevation, however, reveals that a significant part of these is soft landscaping which is largely underused.
The photographs, taken mid-day on a market day show how the prefered routes are running along the green spaces avoiding intersections due to various reasons: from the level of security to the need for access through those particular areas.
The green areas used the most are such beacuse they are used to host events during weekends, or one-off food/gift markets. Otherwise, they are also passed by regardless of their prime location.
A common trait between the examples seem to be their exclusivity of their surroundings, the green spaces float like islands in the middle of
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 102
the town center.
Better occupied green space is the Greenhead Park as well as the stretch along the canal. However, both of them span outside the town center and have no direct connection with the area within the ringroad.
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 103
PUBLIC SPACES The public spaces within the ring road are majorly dictated by the pedestrianised areas in the town center. As shown on the righ-hand map, the main routes through the center are free for unconstrained pedestrian movement. However, the graphic on the right hand side makes it obvious that the majority of routes through are vehicular access routes which ten to give pedestrian movement right of way, melting the intersections between the two in favour of the pedestrian. An interesting characteristic of the public spaces is that some of them are only occasionally occupied. The two main examples are the University Campus which is mainly inhabited during the week and the Market which is only populated two days a week and is otherwise inaccessible. These changes affect various qualities of the
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 104
public spaces they are located in by changing their safety and likebaility.
A large pedestrian area is sliced by a vehicular route, mainlyused by busses and cyclists. Right of way is given to pedestrians who need to reach the other side of the road and return to the pedestrian path.
Fully Pedestrian Routes Main Shopping Area
Allowed Vehicular Access but the Pedestrian Movement is Predominant
Chapter 4 - Urban Appraisal 105 Permanently Occupied Public Spaces Squares, Pedestrian Areas, Main Market Area
Non - Permanently Occupied Public Spaces Only open/populated on certain days of the week
VEGETATION, WILDLIFE AND HABITATS WETL AND
TREES & SHRUBS
URBAN
SPE CIES
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FEATURES
HAB I TAT
GRASSL AND
•
Large amounts of open grassland on the outskirts • of the town
Rich vegetation and fertile soil from moving • sediment. Diverse wildlife
Main habitat of the region
Often inaccessible to humans which allows for • untouched habitats
Restricted areas of trees in the town centre, mainly • used as buffer devices to roads. • More trees on the outskirts of town lining grasslands •
•
Unsheltered areas, often no wind protection.
•
•
Diverse flower and plant life
•
Fragile ecosystems which are highly susceptible to • waste contaminants
Good shelter. Provides habitation for a wide range • of animals.
Planning regulations are in place to protect endangered species.
Field Mice: Small brown mouse that rarely seeks shelter insight buildings. Feed on seeds and smalls insects, Rentokil (2016).
Mallard Ducks: A large, common duck which is seen mainly on the Huddersfield canal due to the slower moving water.
Robin: ‘Britain’s favourite Bird’, Robins and their nests are fully protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, RSPB (2016) Skylark: A small, inconspicuous brown bird which has recently seen a sharp decline in breading pairs. Currently on the RSPBs Red List for endangered species Insects: Bees, spiders, caterpillars, aphids, lady-bugs, butterflies, black beetles, woodlice.
Canada Geese: Highly distinctive, these birds which can be see on the Huddersfield canal and greenhead park.
Flowers: Daffodils, dandelions, buttercups, ryegrass, thistles, nettles, lavender, tulips
Bream: A medium size fish which lives in large numbers in slow moving water. Usually a bronze colour. Can live up to 20 years. Pike: Pike are a large predatory fish with an aggressive appearance that are normal situated in less boated canals, Canal & River Trust (2015). Plant life: Reeds & Long grasses, Water fern, Parrot’s feather, pong algae.
Goldfinch: A small migratory bird with vibrant colours and a delightful song and call. These birds can be seen in shrubs and hedgerows as well as trees, RSPB (2016) Blue Tits: Highly recognisable featuring a yellow breast and a brightly coloured blue back. Often see in large flocks high up in tree canopies, RSPB (2016). Grey Squirrels: Small mammals that build nest in tree canopies or hollow tree trunks. They eat acorns, nuts and berries, Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust. (2016) Oak Tree: A large deciduous tree that can grow up to 40m tall. The tree will not produce acorns until it is at least 40 years old, Woodland Trust (2016). Silver Birch Tree: An elegant tree with white bark and triangular shaped leaves. Can grow up to 30m tall, Woodland Trust (2016).
Restricted areas for wildlife to thrive Mainly birds and bats living on top of buildings
Bats: Small mammals that live in trees and building eaves. All 17 UK bay species are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, Rentokil (2016). House sparrow: Small red bird that frequents towns and citys across the UK. there has been a decline in breeding pairs of 71 per cent between 1977 and 2008, RSPB (2016). Foxes: Resilient and widely spread mammals that can adapt to live off different food sources and in different Swifts: Highly aerial birds that live in high places like roof eaves and church roofs. There are currently swifts nesting at Oldgate House behind Kingsgate shopping centre, Lavigueur (2016).
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN TOWN DISTRICTS AND OBVIOUS LEGIBILITY STRONG INDEPENDENT RETAIL OUTLETS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS.
STRENGTH
STRONG HERITAGE SETTING AND TOWN CENTRE CHARACTER.
Huddersfield is a town bathed in history with an excellent level of preserved historic buildings which is unique to the town. However, whilst the environment has a clear, distinct and appealing character the lack of outside interest and tourism to the town undervalues this unique feature; there is an obvious lack of appreciation. This is fuelled by low quality office blocks and undeveloped brownfield sites that carelessly litter the outskirts of the town, combined with a ring road that serves to remove access into the
LACK OF APPEALING OFFICE SPACES. EXISTING OFFICE SPACES ARE TARGETED AT THE WRONG TYPES OF BUSINESSES. PERMEABILITY IS LACKING FROM THE SOUTH OF THE TOWN WHICH IS VERY RESTRICTIVE TO PEDESTRIANS, ESPECIALLY ACROSS THE RING ROAD.
LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT CAN BE MADE AVAILABLE THROUGH DEMOLITION OF CURRENTLY UNUSED, LOW GRADE OFFICE SPACES.
THREAT
CREATING PEDESTRIAN ONLY NODES AND RE-THINKING VEHICULAR ACCESS MAY IMPROVE OCCUPANCY LEVELS IN THE EVENINGS AND AT NIGHT. Chapter 5 - Conclusion 110
The town is lacking in leisure facilities, forcing people to travel away from the town to retail parks and other cities. Whilst it would be impractical to develop large scale leisure centres in the town centre, there are not many examples of smaller leisure facilities other than a few bars and restaurants. The town relies heavy on an ‘alcohol-culture’ to fuel its economy which creates a negative reputation and breeds vandalism and anti-social behaviour.
OPPORTUNITY
WEAKNESS
town centre, bypassing visitors to other places.
WITH THE NEED FOR EXPANSION IN THE TOWN CENTRE, EXISTING HISTORIC BUILDINGS MAY BE AT RISK OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL EXPANSION OR DEMOLITION CHARACTER OF THE TOWN MAY BE COMPROMISED BY UNSUITABLE DEVELOPMENTS.
One way I would like to see improved occupancy in the town is by re-thinking vehicular movement and focusing on pedestrian only areas. Providing quality spaces for people to occupy in conjunction with investment in small scale leisure facilities would boost numbers in the evenings and attract more outside investment. ‘Beautification’ of the ring road with more consideration towards preserving the strong historical setting of the town will provide much more resolved responses than the current efforts made to introduce new developments in these areas. Developments like the new leisure centre are isolated in their context and provide little connectivity to the town centre. - MARK MAYHEW
SATURATION OF LOCAL BUSINESSES WHICH OFFER UNIQUE SERVICES AND PRODUCTS - APPEALINNG AND ATTRACTING VISITORS TO TOWN
STRENGTH
LOW MEDIAN AGE WHICH IS EVIDENCE OF YOUNG LOCAL WORKFORCE WHICH NEEDS TO BE ATTRACTED TO WORKING IN HUDDERSFIELD.
Huddersfield seems to have all the right contects and the wrong wrapper, sending an unappealing message to new-comers, passers-by, and visitors: busy roads and congestions, deserted concrete blocks and multistorey carparks and the bypass itself, block the excitement of the town center from the eyes of everyone going through - turning Huddersfield into the gas stop between Leeds and Manchester. Furthermore, the lack of fluidity and conversation between the island town center and its surroundings discourage the local
POOR INTERNAL TRANSPORT LINKS MAKING COMMINUTIN MORE TIME AND EFFICIENCY CONSUMING WHICH IS ROBBING THE OPPORTUNITY FOR BUSINESS IN TOWN TO THRIVE
EXPANDING THE FOOTFALL BEYOND THE RING ROAD, CREATING A MORE EXCITING ENVIRONMENT FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY TO SOCIALISE, ENCOURAGE LOCAL BUSINESS, WHILE UTILIZING BROWNFIELD SITES. THIS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO MAKING HUDDERSFIELD A MORE APPEALING SHOPPING AND LEISURE CENTER
The ringroad seems to have had a detrimental impact on what used to be a thriving local economy. I believe that the way foward is not far from the Kirklees MC’s strategy to gradually ‘spill out‘ the town matter outside the ringroad and encourage working on creating and sustaining better pedestrian connections through the busy roads. Possibly the best way to do this would be to follow where this is already happening naturally near the university campus and Kirklees College - two of the biggest investment points in the district. - RUZHA SIRMANOVA
T H E M O L D I N G O F T H E L I V E - P L A Y- W O R K E N V I R O N M E N T
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. CREATE THE SAME WORK, PLAY AND LIVE ENVIRONMENT; 2. WORK TOWARDS 1:1 RATIO OF PEDESTRIAN TO VEHICULAR MOVEMENT AREA
THREAT
3. REDUCE THE NUMBER OF EMPTY COMMERCIAL UNITS IN THE HUDDERSFIELD TOWN THE TOWN CENTER TO BE ARTIFICALLY MOVED OR REPLACED BY A MAJOR LEISURE DEVELOPMENT OUTSIDE THE RINGROAD
CENTER;
THIS WOULD CREATE JOB OPPORTUNITIES BUT WILL CEIZE THE LIFE OF THE TOWN CENTER AND ALL BUSINESS IN IT.
5. IMPROVE THE CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE RINGROAD.
4. INCREASE THE NUMBER OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS WITHIN THE RINGROAD TO ATTRACT MISSING DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHICH WOULD SPEED UP THE LOCAL ECONOMY;
Chapter 5 - Conclusion 111
OVER-SATURATION OF SMALL EMPTY PROPERTIES WITHIN THE TOWN CENTER DUE TO HIGH PROPERTY VALUE.
OPPORTUNITY
WEAKNESS
community to visit, shop and spend their time within rather than in a bigger settlement nearby.
STRENGTH
GREENHEAD PARK HAS RECEIVED THE GREEN FLAG FROM KEEP BRITAIN TIDY THE PUBLIC SPACES IN THE TOWN CENTRE ARE WELL ORGANIZED, REFURBISHED EVERY YEAR AND PEOPLE’S FRIENDLY.
Huddersfield town is a vibrant place with many small, local shopping areas which are ok on a day to day basis for students that live here and locals but it lacks large shopping areas, this making the town’s population to visit other cities or larger towns.
as Greenhead Park has received the Green Flag from Keep Britain Tidy. NOT ENOUGH PUBLIC FRIENDLY GREEN SPACES LARGER PUBLIC SPACES FOR FESTIVALS AND GATHERINGS THE TOWN CENTRE IS TOO OVERCROWDED NOT ENOUGH CULTURAL BUILDINGS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, LIKE MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES,
THREAT
MORE VISITORS COMING FOR FESTIVALS LOCALS NOT HAVING TO GO OUTSIDE THE TOWN BECAUSE OF ALL THE ACTIVITIES THEY CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF IN THEIR OWN TOWN
Chapter 5 - Conclusion 112
A lot of green spaces that make the air in the town feel like you are somewhere in the mountains, but on the downsize, most of these green spaces are not developed to their fullest potential, making them unappealing for the town’s citizen. The public spaces in the town centre are well organized, refurbished every year and
OPPORTUNITY
WEAKNESS
Based on the information gathered the town centre has a handful of strong points such
LACK OF SPACE AT PUBLIC GATHERINGS OF FESTIVALS WILL FORCE PEOPLE TO LOOK FOR LOCATIONS IN OTHER TOWNS OR CITIES LACK OF PUBLIC GREEN SPACES THAT ARE PEOPLE’S FRIENDLY WILL FORCE PEOPLE TO GO TO OTHER PARKS OUTSIDE OF TOWN
people’s friendly. But it lacks in large public spaces for bigger crowds, also new and improved parks converted from wild green spaces into more public friendly. Not enough cultural buildings open to the public, like museums, art galleries, theatres, even though Huddersfield is a multicultural town with rich history and heritage. Refurbishment of current cultural buildings and public spaces is an important factor that will give this town the visitors and deserved gratitude.
- SILVIU IONESCU
STRENGTHS
LAY
IN
THE
CENTRAL LOCATION AND ITS CONNECTIVITY TO CLOSE BY CITIES AND TOWNS. BEING A WELL ESTABLISED NETWORKED SYSTEM.
STRENGTH
Huddersfield is the principal town centre of Kirklees and the issues involved in its future development are complex. There is an existing infrastructure in place. The M62 passes through the northern part of the District and the M1 to the east. Within the District, a radial road pattern converges on Huddersfield, with an intricate pattern of urban streets. There are links to neighbouring towns to the north and east and extensive lengths of road serving rural areas to the south and south-west. The central element of the rail network is the trans-Pennine Leeds to Manchester line, giving connections to both East and West Coast main lines. Local lines to Barnsley and Wakefield provide further important links in the network,
CAN
INNER RING ROAD. ARGUABLY A KEY REASON FOR LACK OF ACTIVENESS AND POOR HEALTH CONDITIONS OF INHABITANCE OF THE AREA. INFRASTRUCTURE
BE
RETROFITTED
ACCOMMODATE
A
TO
MORE
EFFICIENT USE OF TRAVEL, BOTH VEHICLE AND FOOT, IN AND OUT OF THE CENTRE OF THE TOWN.
OPPORTUNITY
EXCITING
AND CYCLE BETWEEN OUTER AND
THREAT
THROUGH OVERUSE OF CAR AND LACK OF FOOT CONNECTIVITY OR ATTRACTIVENESS TO WALK, THE BOROUGH CONTINUES TO PUT STRAIN ON THE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE.
the latter providing an additional link to the Leeds-London Inter-City service at Westgate, Wakefield. Increasing demands for road space have led to a significant public debate on the problems of traffic congestion, the need for controls on the use of the private car and improvements to public transport, and the effects of pollution from exhaust gases and its contribution to global warming. The further creation of a network of pedestrian routes in the town centre will make the centre more attractive, safer and more convenient for pedestrians. Improvements could take the form of footway widening and provision of safe road crossing points. Refinements to the town centre traffic management system, involving the removal of unnecessary traffic, the reduction of pedestrian/vehicular conflict and the improvement of access to car parks will complement the pedestrianisation works. The object is to establish a core area of pedestrian domination, related to the main shopping area and linking to the heritage area. Local growth in car ownership has matched or exceeded national figures and presently shows little sign of departing significantly from national trend patterns. The Passenger Transport Authority predicts a decline in bus patronage of about 1.7% per annum without improved funding. Rail transport is likely to increase by just under 1 % per annum, but rail services contribute less than 5% of the number of passenger journeys undertaken each year by public transport. Only 1% of journeys are made by cycle both during and outside the peak period. Little significant change is anticipated in its use without marked improvements to reduce conflict with other road users.OSCAR MANTERFIELD
Chapter 5 - Conclusion 113
WEAKNESS
POOR CONNECTIVITY FOR FOOT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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