PROJECT
NEXUS
[AACC] RYAN BATTICK
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION EXTREME POPULATION GROWTH
GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH MANCHESTER’S POPULATION GROWTH MODEL : CHANGE + SITE
EXTREME HEAT
MODEL + SCENARIO HEAT WAVES
TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION CONCLUSION//AGENDA INDIVIDUAL STUDIES PERSONAL AGENDA
PROGRAMME
FURTHER SITE ANALYSES PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT HOW IT WORKS FINAL PROGRAMME PROPOSAL
APPENDIX // REFERENCE LIST
EXTREME POPULATION GROWTH_ EXTREME HEAT_ TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION_ Project Nexus is a look into the changing climate and environment we currently live in. It is a study on extreme population growth and how this factor affects our weather and the modern city. The criteria was to research and study the futuristic scenario of Stockport, extreme population growth and extreme heat. A detailed programmatic response was made based on territorial and contextual links with the site. The project looks into how architecture may begin to acknowledge the gravity of these phenomena and actively design towards mitigating both the causes and effects of these extreme conditions.
It was my 88th birthday last week, and I would have never thought that I would live to see this day. Back in 2013 when we were being warned about global warming and all that jazz I thought that the new green initiatives that everybody was doing would make a difference. Well, here I am. Oh my how things have changed, Actually I started to notice the difference around 2012 when we started having those weird storms and heat waves. But nothing was as bad as what happened when the hundreds of thousands of people spread to Stockport when it became a part of Manchester’s city. I remember when I used to work down at the Stockport council and we drew up the regeneration plan for 2020, we had an idea that Stockport would support Manchester’s overflow, but we had no idea that it would be that much. I remember when the first skyscraper was built here, it was a huge thing, everybody was talking about it, then a couple years after, they started springing up everywhere. When I was in my 60’s I used to take a walk down to that park down by the Mersey, now its been replaced by these ugly residential towers. Never mind that! When I was a boy growing up in Stockport the rivers were clean and I don’t remember ever struggling to find places outside to play in the grass, Now all my grandchildren do is watch tv in the house. Boy oh boy! I don’t know what happened between then and now but its getting crazy out there. We are currently in our 5th extreme heat wave for this year, the electricity grids failed last Thursday so we do not have any cold water or any air conditioning, my family is starting to worry about me. People are getting violent as well, the city is so packed people are fighting for space at the public parks and air conditioned public buildings. I went to the library to just get a few hours of air conditioning yesterday and two teenagers started fighting over the last available plug in the whole building, people charging their devices and whatnot. Anyway, the news says the elderly are dropping out like flies so I hope it gets better from here.
JOURNAL ENTRY BY
JOHN PERRY : JULY, 2081
A GLOBAL CRISIS Three centuries ago the vast majority of the British population lived in tiny villages, However, the great swathes of our landscape were eaten up by cities. Between 1750 and 1900 the population grew five times its size and small towns like Glasgow, Newcastle, Manchester and Sheffield turned into big bustling cities. In just a century and a half we transformed ourselves from a nation of farmers to a nation of factory workers.(1) The industrial revolution, starting in the late 18th century caused an increase in the population in and around Manchester of 188%. The numbers rose to 142,000 in the 1830s (2) Manchester, at this time, was unable to cope with this growth in population and it led to terrible living conditions and population forced to live in the slums. By 2050, 70% of the worlds population will be living in a city, this is has serious implications for life in the future (3).
Figure 1.1 Model studying Change and Site
GLOBAL
POPULATION GROWTH A study of the history of human society will reveal that there have been many great cities and civilizations to rule the earth in the past. However, all of these civilizations saw their own rise and collapse. Are we setting ourselves up to witness the collapse of our ever-growing modern society?
POPULATOIN GROWTH // POPULATION DENSITY Areas of high density Areas of medium density
9000
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000
2000
1000
1000 1500 BC
1800 BC
1900 BC
Figure 1.2 Graph representing the population growth (5)
1950 BC
1975 BC
1999 BC
2025 BC
POPULATION // MILLION
8000
We have realised that humans are putting extreme strain on the earth and its natural systems. We can see the effects of this through the natural reactions that the earth is taking against humans. (4) The worlds population has grown from 3 billion to 6.7 billion in the past 40 years. This rate is only expected to increase alarmingly in the coming years.
“A crowded society is a restrictive society; an overcrowded society becomes an authoritarian, repressive and murderous society.� - Edward Abbey
MANCHESTER’S
Birmingham
9.8%
Figure 1.3 Graph representing the population growth of cities in the UK (6)
Newham
23.5% Slough
16%
Liverpool
Chelsea
Sunderland
-3.2%
Manchester has been established as the second city within the UK since the year 2000, with a population today of 392,819. Manchester’s population has increased by 19% in the last 10 years making it the fastest growing major city in the UK (6). Compared with other huge cities, Manchester seems to have a unique combination of characteristics that makes it a common alternative to London and a superior choice to cities like Birmingham. With this kind of growth, Manchester city centre will soon start to engulf it's surrounding towns and communities.
-2%
Knowsley -3.8%
19%
City of London 0%
Manchester
Fulham 10% Uttlesford 15.1%
GROWTH
PRECEDENT LONDON’S URBAN SPRAWL
1800 : 95,000 1900 : 186,000 2013 : 512,000 2020 : 650,000 2050 : 1,000,000
1760 : 740,000 1801: 958,863 1861: 2,803,989 1899 : 6,528,434 1980 : 6,805,000
STOCKPORT
Figure 1.4 Graph representing the urban sprawl of London vs Manchester’s prediction
London’s example of urban sprawl is exemplary for this study and is. The city of London began as a small town hundreds of years ago. As the population of London grew rapidly, it began to engulf the towns and villages around it. Nowadays London is a city formed by agglomeration, where its boroughs where once centres of their own. We used this study to look into how Manchester will react in it’s period of extreme population growth. It is very likely that Stockport will become a part of Manchester, through agglomeration. This puts Stockport on the path to an extremely dense and active future. (7)
Figure 1.5 Photographs of model : change and site
The red lights depict the feeling of discomfort and a lack of safety The man-made machines powered by fuel and energy is shown by the cogs that need external force to move them The arrangement of the string shows the sparsity of activity and connections
The density of string represents the connections and activity within the town
M60
The automatic cogs represent the natural movements and activities that take place that require no external force
Green led’s represent the feeling of safety around the town area LAYER REPRESENTING MOVEMENT / ACTIVITIES POWERED BY MAN-MADE OR NATURAL FORCES
LAYER REPRESENTING ACTIVITY AND DENSITY
LAYER REPRESENTING FEELING OF SAFETY
NORTH
SOUTH
CHANGE + SITE
POPULATION GROWTH + HEAT + STOCKPORT This is a model that aims at showing the stark difference between the feelings and experience of the areas to the North and South of the M60 on the site
Figure 1.6 Diagram explaining the concept behind the model [change+site]
Energy
Electronics Fire Adaptation
Sunlight Heat
Kinetic
Breathing
Movement
Ventillation
Expansion
Mechanics
Air Circulation
Shade
Figure 1.7 Datanet diagram on ideas and thoughts into extreme heat
More people on earth means more consumption, more waste, more pollution and ultimately more need for energy. This cycle is destructive in its nature, with more people and a greater demand for energy, more fossil fuels are burned and more Carbon dioxide is expelled to the atmosphere, continuing the deadly cycle of global warming. A global increase in temperature will have both direct and indirect effects on Stockport and its future as a part of Manchester. Since the turn of the century, many countries of the world have seen extreme weather conditions and have been pelted by extreme natural disasters, conditions that were hardly seen before by people in this generation. Over the last 8 years, we have seen some of the hottest and wettest days of England’s history. In 2003, a heat wave claimed the lives of more than 2000 people in the UK, in 2005, a tornado hit Birmingham, a site unseen by anyone before and in 2012, the flooding of many areas of the UK had many people worrying about the future of the earth’s weather conditions [8]. It is impossible to ignore the change in the earth’s weather patterns.
EXTREME HEAT
CHANGE + SCENARIO
Figure 1.8 Photograph of model exploring Change + Extreme Heat
Kinetics + Arduino FALLS INTO THE PATH OF THE SENSOR
SENSOR SENDS SIGNAL TO THE MOTORS
BALLOON EXPANDS AND PUSHES COG
MOTORS CREATE ‘BREATHING’ MOTION
This model explores the relationship between change and our scenario, extreme heat. The ideas and concepts of the model relate to figure 1.7. The model uses heat to initiate the processes withing the system. The candle heats the air, which then expands and sets off an arm that begins the electronic part of the system. Final output is a ‘breathing’ motion that is caused by the movement of two arms in an out. The model aims at relating expansion, movement, ventilation and breathing, all terms related to heat.
AIR EXPANDS IN CONTAINER
HEAT IS APPLIED HERE
Ultrasonic Sensor is constantly scanning for motion in its path.
Figure 1.9 Diagram explaining how the model works and how the processes relate with each other.
GLOBAL FOREST COVER // DEFORESTATION
Original Global Forest Cover
Global Forest Cover in 2005 Modified: Global forest watch
NUMBER OF CARS IN THE U.S 1990
74.4 Million
2004
233.9 Million
2007
247 Million
2012
300 Million 25 Million
Figure 1.11 Diagram representing the global forest cover in recent years (11) Figure 1.12 Diagram representing increase in the amount of cars in the US (10)
It is estimated that 32 million acres of forestry are destroyed each year (9); this is a major contributor to the earth’s degradation. Our cars are destroying the environment, and the number of cars we use increases at an unprecedented rate. The increase in the number of cars increases the need for gasoline and increases the amount of carbon dioxide we emit as humans. In 2004, US cars emitted 314 million metric tons of Co2; this is one third of the nations total carbon output (10). With activities like deforestation, the earth is on its way to complete exhaustion.
HEAT WAVES
380 355 330 305
280 1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Extreme heat waves are affecting countries around the world. Russia suffered a loss of 50,000 people in 2012 due to a ridiculous heat wave. Paris suffered a loss of more than 10,000 people, most deaths are from elderly people who have no access to water and fresh air (12). Scientists predict that heat waves, like the ones experienced in Russia will double by 2020 and quadruple by 2040 (13). Dr. Stot claims that the frequency of extreme heat waves will double, he states that the occurrences of 2003 ( heat wave hitting the UK) will become the norm in the next 50 years (8). Global warming can heavily influence unusual occurrences in weather and natural disasters. The average surface temperature of the Earth has increased by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) in the last 130 years, and by 1 F (0.56 C) since 1975.
2010
2040(a)
2040 (b) Figure 1.13 Diagram showing the increase in the amount of heat waves (a) is the amount of three-sigma events (b) is the amount of five sigma events [13]
Technological
Revolution
New technologies and the urban heat island Technology could have a huge positive effect on the amounts of carbon emissions; with the development of the hybrid or eco-car, super bike and superbus, the emissions that we produce nationally could be considerably lowered by 2080. However, this advance in technology and increase in machines will further endorse the urban heat island effect, whereby cities are much hotter than rural areas because of the heat contributed by cars and machines. Sources predict that by 2200 all types of cancer will be cured and this progression is based on current trends and does not take into account the possibility of any technological revolutions in the health sector, or global disasters. Using this information, it has been predicted that at least 10 types of cancer, out of the 15 detailed, will be curable by 2080 (14). “The standard message about curing cancer is that it will happen in 10 to 20 years‌ Dr. James Watson says it could happen sooner, but a greater sense of urgency is neededâ€?(15). Other sources state that a cure for cancer could most definitely be established between 2040 and 2050. Within 10 years cancer will no longer be known as killer, but just a chronic disease: DNA based treatments are currently being developed, which would allow patients to carry on for a decade in relatively good health (16). Figure 1.14 Diagram comparing electric cars to gasoline cars Figure 1.15 Representation of the urban heat island effect
Figure 1.16 Photograph of Model [change+site] Figure 1.17 Map of Stockport
What do these extreme conditions look like in Stockport? When focusing these futuristic scenarios on Stockport, it gives us a more detailed look into the realistic implications of these extreme conditions in our study. Stockport will eventually become a part of Manchester’s city by agglomeration. Along with an increase in temperatures and an increase in the power and frequency of natural disasters, Stockport could possibly be a very uncomfortable, and possibly unsafe, place to live. Stockport will begin to experience the problems of a metropolis such as traffic congestion and overpopulation. With Stockport as a historical centre on the outskirts of the city it will become a very desirable place to live, further increasing it’s density .
How Stockport is affected by these extreme conditions
Figure 1.17 Diagram showing the effects of the extreme conditions on Stockport
IS OUR WEATHER GETTING WORSE?
Pollution increases
Carbon emmissions increase
Ocean Temperatures Warm up
Natural disasters become more powerful and frequent
There is an air of unreality in debating these arcane points when the world is changing in such dramatic ways right in front of our eyes because of global warming. - Al Gore
What are we designing for ? As a result of our research, its is possible to conclude that our future, as citizens of the city is going to be one filled with unprecedented amounts of people, traffic and an unbearable amount of heat. The study shows that we have passed over the threshold of changing our patterns and avoiding a safe comfortable future. With a complete outlook on the possibilities, we begin to hone in on Stockport and to define it’s future, considering these events. Stockport will be a dense city, lacking open public spaces and green spaces, pollution and noise will be a big issue and it will be exposed to extreme heat waves at least three times a year.
Figure 1.18 Diagram showing the problems/issues that we are designing for
AGENDA
Our Agenda is to create an informed response to the futuristic social and environmental scenario, set in Stockport. We aim to present an idea to mitigate and respond to the changing environmental and climatic conditions. This response is to consider the effects of an intense period of population increase and climate change and the implications that may have on life within the town of Stockport. Using past events and future predictions we aim to design a piece of urban fabric that acts as a lung for the city, an escape from the dense, hot, polluted future city of Stockport.
PROJECT
NEXUS INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT
PERSONAL AGENDA The group study revealed the future state of our cities, and more importantly, Stockport, by the year 2080. I aim to concentrate on a number of these findings along with further studies to propose a programme that relate with the territory and make active connections with people and activities. There are a number of issues that I plan to focus on, I intend on looking into the problems associated with an overpopulated city, such as traffic, cultural identity and social segregation between rich/employed and poor/unemployed. There are a plethora of issues that relate to the extremely dense cities of the future. I plan to look into these issues , paired with extreme heat and the common occurrences of extreme heat waves. I am interested in adaptive elements in a building over both a short and long time frame.
Figure 2.0 Photomontage representing the scenario of 2080
1910
1950
1970
Figure 2.1 Maps representing the evolution of Stockport from Tiviotdale to the M60 motorway (17)
HISTORY OF STOCKPORT TIVIOTDALE TRAIN STATION
Figure 2.2 Photographs of the Tiviotdale train station (18)
2000
A research into the area of Stockport was undertaken to gain a detailed understanding of the town, its culture and it’s people. This research was focussed on the history of Stockport and it’s activities. Stockport was heavily dependent upon the hatting industry in the 17th century, around the 19th century these hat and silk factories were replaced with machines used in the production to make way for Stockport’s next great industry, cotton. With such a strong manufacturing industry, Stockport needed a way of transporting goods, materials and people around the country. Tiviotdale train station, located on the site, was a historical train station and transport hub in Stockport. The train station is a symbol of Stockport’s local and national links. As a result of this train station, there are currently a number of underground tunnels that still exist within Stockport, one exist almost 50 yards from the site being studied.
Figure 2.3 Photographs of the tunnels from the Tiviotdale station (19)
Pedestrian Space
Car space
Noisy Streets and sidewalks
Hot Street temperatures
Cars blog views/access to natural and public spaces
THE CAR VS PEOPLE Since the introduction of the automobile around the 1880’s, the car has evolved from a mechanical invention for the few , to a feature that many of us could not live our lives without. The car’s increased importance and presence in our cities has greatly transformed how we use our cities. In ‘The death and life of great American cities by Jane Jacobs, Jacobs expresses a frustration with the Autopian plan that many architects and planners encourage, she believes that this is one of many factors that destroy the community and the traditional city relationship. Nowadays cars dominate our streets and cities, they overpower the pedestrian and turn a traditional public space into a noisy, hot and uncomfortable place to be. With the idea of extreme population growth in Stockport, the negative effects associated with cars in our city are only set to multiply. The high density of people and cars occupying the same area is noisy, hot, crowded and dangerous. The idea is not to remove cars from our daily life, it is to create a balance and to give the city back to the pedestrian. Figure 2.4 Diagram representing the tension between the car and the pedestrian within the city
The modern city has lost its vibrancy, because the pedestrian world has been damaged; yet the modern city depends to a huge extent on cars and trucks. The two have still not been reconciled in a successful balance. - Christopher Alexander Emphasis is on control and restriction; urbanism has been undermined by the automobile’s relentless infiltration. - Jonathon Bell
TRANSPORT IN STOCKPORT // METHODS OF GETTING TO WORK
100 % BICYCLE BUS CAR
METRO MOTORCYCLE
TAXI TRAIN WALK WORK FROM HOME
OTHER 0% Figure 2.5 Diagram representing the methods of transport that people use to get to and from work in Stockport
Having established the details and facts about extreme population growth in the future, the contention between the car and people within the city becomes not only a very real issue, but an issue that is going to get worse. Looking at these ideas within the context of Stockport provides an interesting outlook on Stockport’s future as part of Manchester’s city. The graph (left) shows how a huge amount of the population of Stockport’s already use cars as their daily mode of transportation. These facts are very interesting in how they relate to the idea of programme and activity around our site. The graph shows that there is already a huge connection between Stockport and the car already, this will only increase in the future. This supports the notion of the fight between the car and people in Stockport of the future.
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK
11.7 %
STOCKPORT’S FUTURE
oTHER 14.9%
HOTELS AND RESTURAUNTS
4.1 %
RETAIL AND WHOLESALE
17.3 %
MANUFACTURING
14.7 %
PROPERTY AND BUSINESS SERVICES
13.8 %
EDUCATION
8.9 %
Figure 2.6 Diagram representing the current industries within Stockport
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
7.7 %
Figure 2.7 Diagram representing the future industries within Stockport
CONSTRUCTION
Public defense
Services
Business Services
Construction Services
Other personal
Distribution
Transport and Communication
Retail
Hotels and Resturaunts
Financial Intermediation
2020 Health
Education
Agriculture
Electricity, Gas, Water
Manufacturing
Extraction
6.1 %
With Stockport’s strong industrial history, it is interesting to look into Stockport’s economic future. The expectations and outlook on Stockports economic future gives us valuable insight into what the transformation will look like. Thus far, we have concluded that Stockport will undergo extreme growth and eventually become a part of the City of Manchester, but how will this happen? A study of Stockports economic life now and a look at the projections reveals interesting facts. Stockport is expected to move away from it’s industrial past and take on a retail and business district nature. There are currently many businesses who are looking to set up office districts in Stockport because of it’s unique advantages as a town. Stockport will rapidly make its transformation into a new centre for business and retail. This will attract great amounts of people and business activity, linking with the scenario of extreme population growth.
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EXTREM ELY DENS E CITIES LACK OF G REEN SPACE PEO PLE VS C ARS URB AN HEA T IS CRIM LAN E/U D NEM PO PLO OR YM AN ENT D UR RC BA H N SEP ST SP E RA OC RA TIO K W N P ST L OR OC T K B CE EC PO O NT RT M RE ING AS OF A BU PA SIN YO RT E UN SS OF G CE M ED NT AN UC RE CH AT ES TE ED R PR CIT OF Y CE ES NT SIO RE NA LS
EXTREME POPULATION GROWTH
HEAT WAVES
DROUGHTS
FLOODS
N TIO TA ES OR F E M E / D OR LS NG M FIL MI AR ND W RES A L AL ATU B O PER GL TEM ELS E IN LEV RIS RS SEA ASTE IN L DIS ANS RISE TURA OCE F NA O R E T ER HOT POW D IN EASE INCR S ICANE HURR N
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PROPOSED LINKS Figure 2.8 DataNet diagram showing the synthesis of the main ideas and concepts of the project and how they inform program
EXTREME POPULATION GROWTH
STOCKPORT
URBAN SPRAWL OF MANCHESTER
EXTREME HEAT
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
EXTREMELY DENSE STOCKPORT (CARS + PEOPLE)
CRIME + UNEMPLOYMENT
HEAT WAVES
LACK OF GREEN/ PUBLIC SPACE
SEPARATION OF RICH AND POOR
HISTORY OF STOCKPORT
RICH
POOR
TRANSPORT (TIVIOTDALE STATION)
CITY
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
EXTREME HEAT WAVES
SEGREGATION
Figure 2.9 Flow diagram showing the research process Figure 2.10 Diagram representing main social and environmental problems the programme aims to address
Programme Using research on population growth, extreme heat and technological revolution an initial programme proposal was formed. Referring to Figure 2.8, one may see that a number of areas of research were combined to form a complete idea of the site and scenario. These areas were; Stockport’s context, historical context, extreme population growth, extreme heat and technological revolution. Using diagram 2.8, the ideas and concepts associated with these areas were linked to reveal the strongest relationships amongst all of this information. The initial programmatic responses were based on a number of these strong links revealed in the diagram. The first of these was population growth in Stockport and the negative effects that overpopulation has on the modern city. Such as crime, unemployment, traffic congestion and pollution, among other social problems such as the separation of rich and poor, and the lack of public space. Secondly, the link between extreme heat, cities, cars and people was formed, looking at how an extreme concentration of cars and people make the city feel hotter that it actually is (urban heat island). Finally, the history of Stockport was added to the discourse. The synthesis of a huge amount of data from different areas of study resulted; our site, once the location of a vital transport centre in Stockport, on the path to become an area of extremely dense and hot conditions within the city, plagued by economic segregation, automobile domination, overcrowding and the exposure to deadly heat waves. My programme focuses on addressing the three main environmental and social problems amongst all of this data (shown figure 2.10).
THE NEXUS TRANSPORT HUB
GARDEN ALLOTMENT TOWER` Becomes a meeting place for rich and poor (employed and unemployed)
Commuters on their way to or from work in the city may attend to thier personal garden plots, either for pleasure or for food. Public garden allotments used by poor and unemployed as hobby or as soource of food
POOR/ UNEMPLOYED
RICH / EMPLOYED
TRANSPORT HUB
Carbon dioxide from the commuting employees’ vehicles is recycled and used to grow plants and vegetables within the garden allotments
THE CITY
CARBON DIOXIDE Figure 2.11 Diagram representing the initial programme , processes and relationships Figure 2.12 (Right) Map showing the site and it’s relationship to the wider territory
Programme development The Nexus transport centre aims at addressing a number of the problems revealed in the detailed study of our climatic and social future. It aims at encouraging a number of social changes through intentional design decisions that influence patterns in the society. These patterns have to do with how we use the city, the place of the car in our modern cities and, social interactions between both economically and ethnically different people groups. The programme also considers the environmental issues higher temperatures and the common occurrence of extreme heat waves. The Nexus transport hub will also be an adaptive building, changing over time. At present, it is important to design the centre so that it takes full advantage of the sun, for heating, and energy, however, as time progresses, the building will want to become more shaded from the sun. In the future, exposure to the sun will prove more detrimental than valuable.
Works The nexus transport centre is a hub on the outskirts of the city that aims at providing a safe shelter from extreme weather conditions along with encouraging a number of change sin social patterns. The centre encourages people that live within a reasonable distance to the city to ride to work, providing all the facilities, such as showers and changing rooms, and makes it comfortable and easy thing to so. Furthermore, the centre provides parking for commuters coming into Stockport for work, encouraging drivers to avoid the city and to park on the peripheral of the city, providing them with a cafe and comfortable meeting places to make this journey enjoyable. These initiatives are aimed at reducing the traffic within the city, mitigating noise, pollution and the tension between the pedestrian and the car. With the Stockport of the future, unemployment will be a huge issue. With the Nexus centre being a point where thousands of working class people pass through each day, it creates an opportunity to connect these groups. The centre is attached to a garden allotment tower. These garden allotments will be given freely to people who can not afford it, the garden allotments will become a perfect place for interaction between the rich and the poor. When everybody’s hands are dirty, nobody is thinking about what kind of car you drive, the poor/ unemployed will be given a hobby, something to do with their time, and the rich will be given a green space to plant, something that will be rare in a dense metropolis in the future. The result is an interaction that would never usually happen.
SECURITY OFFICE
C SP
CENTRAL C
THE POOR
MAIN ENTRANCE
RECEPTION
How IT
C
THE DRIVER
SECURITY OFFICE
THE CYCLER
BICYCLE PARKING
Security guards must be able to access bicylce parking area easily, from the main areas.
The machines are to exteact carbon dioxide from the underground car park and safely pump it into the growing areas to help plants grow
CAR PARK
THE RIVER MERSEY Water from the river Mersey is used to irigrate the gardens
SERVICES DELIVERY AREA EVENT SPACE CAFE
FOOD STALL SPACE CENTRAL CIRCULATION SPACE
CIRCULATION SPACE
BAR
OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
WATER FEATURE
Food from the allotments may be sold or used in the food stall space
CHANGING + SHOWER
STORGAE
ALLOTMENTS
STORGAE
ALLOTMENTS
GARDEN ALLOTMENT TOWER
PUBLIC GARDENS
BICYCLE USER ENTRANCE AREA
The whole transport hub acts as a buffer between the city and the urban structure fabric around it.
THE CITY
SERVICES
CIRCULATION PACE
Delivery area is to have connection with both the cafe and the bar on the first floor
Changing rooms must also be available and easily accessible by both commuters and gardeners Figure 2.13 Diagram of the flow of activities and relationships within the programme
15 SPACES FREE 12 SPACES/ FREE Figure 2.14 Map locating the parking areas in Stockport’s town and their respective prices per day
33 SPACES £ 7.50p/d
308 SPACES £ 7.50p/d
755 SPACES £ 7.50p/d
835 SPACES £ 7.50p/d 100 SPACES £ 7.50p/d 100 SPACES £ 7.50p/d
100 SPACES £ 15p/d 87 SPACES £ 7.50p/d
435 SPACES £ 10p/d
37 SPACES £ 7.50p/d 190 SPACES £ 4.20p/d
138 SPACES £ 4.20p/d 10 SPACES/ FREE
12 SPACES/ FREE 15 SPACES/ FREE 60 SPACES £ 4.20p/d
12 SPACES/ FREE
WhyWill it work ? M61
M60
BOLTON
M60
OLDHAM
A580
WIGAN
A580
A62 A627 MANCHESTER
M602 M602 SALFORD
M67
A5103
M66
A6
TAMESIDE
M60 TRAFFORD
M60 STOCKPORT
A56 COMMUTERS
A56
Trafford : 2000 Salford :2000 Manchester : 11700 Oldham: <1% [of population] Bolton: 1200 Wigan: 1400 Tameside : 10000
Figure 2.15 Diagram representing how many commuters come into Stockport and the major access routes they use to get there.
A34
A6
At least 20,000 people commute into Stockport everyday. Figure 2.15 represents how many commuters come from each area of Greater Manchester each day and the major routes they take to get there. It shows which roads and motorways are used to access Stockport. Almost all of Stockport’s commuters from outside a 5 mile radius enter the town centre through the A6 or the M60, both of these major roads cross about 100 yards away from the site. The makes the site an almost perfect location to place this transport centre. Almost all the people coming into Stockport come through this area, making it a threshold, or a buffer between the town, and it’s surrounding towns and cities. But what incentive is there to make commuters possibly add 5 minutes to their journey. Figure 2.14 analyses how many car parks there are in and around the centre of Stockport and their daily rates. These daily rates soar to as much as £14 per day, there are free places to park further out, however this requires a walk into the centre and is also not the safest option. Therefore, Nexus will offer free parking all day as an incentive for drivers to use the centre, along with 24 hour security.
NEW YORK CITY
Lower Manhattan Figure 2.16 The maps show the urban fabric of different areas of New York city and how they relate to the transport system that they were designed to accommodate.
Precedents
Washington Square
Upper East Side
Jane Jacobs, in her book ‘The life and death of great American cities’(22), expresses her frustration for the negative way in which the introduction of the automobile to the city has impacted the shape of the city and it’s social patterns. The development of New York City was studied to show how transport links influence the urban fabric or a developing city. This was done to look into how Stockport will begin to change over time with the introduction of the Nexus transport station. Looking at figure 2.16, Lower Manhattan appears to have an organized and meandering street structure, these were laid down in the age of the pedestrian. The streets of Washington Square were planned in the age of the omnibus, and are very different to the layout of Lower Manhattan. Finally the Streets of upper East Side were planned in the age of the train, and it is apparent how different these three street patterns are. Each mode of transportation shaped the way people used the city. This could mean that the change that the Nexus centre encourages could change the urban fabric of Stockport.
There are areas of the centre that will be accessible for 24 hours of the day, however, for security and sustainability reasons the majority of the building will be closed for a part of the day. The transport centre will open at 5, giving commuters the chance to come in, park their car and or their bicycle, and attend to their garden before work, and then proceed to the showers and changing rooms. On the other hand, there is a cafe if people would just like to grab a coffee and a bar open in the evening if persons would like to relax after a long day at work. The Garden allotments are open for most of the day, encouraging as much interaction as possible. The ‘stalls’ mentioned in figure 2.17, are open for use by the public, they may be used as food stalls, or places to sell produce grown in the allotments.
Figure 2.17 Diurnal Diagram
24: 00
23: 00
PUBLIC W.C. 22: 00
20: 00
19: 00
18: 00
17: 00
16: 00
15: 00
14: 00
13: 00
12: 00
11: 00
10: 00
9: 00
8: 00
21: 00
PUBLIC ATRIUM SPACE
GARDEN ALLOTMENTS
CAFE
BICYCLE RENTAL
CAR PARK
BICYCLE ENTRANCE
BAR
SEC URITY
BICYCLE PARKINGT 7: 00
6: 00
5: 00
4: 00
3: 00
2: 00
1: 00
12: 00
STAFF ROOM
RECEPTION
TRANSPORT HUB MAIN BUILDING
The diurnal schedule
[Jane] Jacobs was right that for
Cities are built
but they are also built around
People Transportation systems - Anthony Flint
TRANSPORT HUB BUILDING UNDERGROUND FLOOR SEVICES ROOM
CAR PARK ENTRANCE
DELIVERY ROOM
FIRST FLOOR
SE
CIRCULATION SPACE STALL RENTALS
CAFE BAR W.C.
ENTRANCE
CENTRAL CIRCULATION SPACE
RECEPTION
CENTRAL CIRCULATION SPACE
SHOWERS AND CHANGING
OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
EVENT SPACE STAFF ROOM ENTRANCE SPACE
ENTRANCE
BICYCLE PARKING
BIKE RENTAL
ATRIUM PUBLIC SPACE PUBLIC GREEN SPACE TOWER SERVICES
GROUND FLOOR
STORAGE GARDEN ALLOTMENTS W.C
ECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
FOURTH FLOOR
Programme adaptability // Heat Waves
GARDEN TOWER CENTRAL ATRIUM SPACE
CENTRAL ATRIUM SPACE
W.C
W.C GARDEN ALLOTMENTS STORAGE
Figure 2.18 explains the programme of the building on a daily basis, however, the space within the transport centre will become something very different in the event of an extreme heat wave. With facts that show that extreme heat waves will occur at least twice a year by the year of 2050, it is important to ensure that the Nexus centre is designed to accommodate the needs of the people during these times. Research revealed that during an extreme heat waves, many power grids fail and the main power grid is usually turned off as a precaution, this leaves many people without power; no air conditioning and no refrigerators. The nature of the transport station will be open. And ventilated, and with access to water from the river. It will become a place where people can escape the extreme heat. Programmatically, the main building will become a public cooling space, and rooms may become device charging depots, the underground space will become emergency cooling areas for the sick and elderly and the bars, cafe and food stalls may become places to get a cold drink or store some cold food. The most important idea in keeping people cool will be shade, ventilation and underground space, therefore the program will evolve completely.
GARDEN ALLOTMENTS STORAGE
Figure 2.18 DataNet diagram representing the programme of the transport centre.
PRECEDENT ADAPTIVE SKINS
Looking into the rapid change of temperatures and the erratic weather conditions of the future, it became apparent that the building may have to adapt to extreme changes in heat, light, wind and occupation over a short period of time. This precedent study, on a project done by students at The AA school of Architecture begins to look into how parts of a building may change in a short amount of time to accommodate changes to external or internal elements. I am looking into how I might use a similar idea, or process to respond to the changes in heat and humidity, during an extreme heat wave. Figure 2.19 Adaptive Skins project Visualization
STATIC FACADE
In this precedent, the solar shading devices attached to the facade change based on the input that is computed within the computer system. Each individual element is held in tension by springs, and when the sensors on the facade detect a heat or light increase, the motors, controlled by the computer system, either pull of push to change the shape of the shading device, to let more or less sunlight inside.
SEMI- REGULATED STATIC INTERNAL SPACE
DYNAMIC EXTERNAL FORCES [HEAT + LIGHT]
ADAPTIVE FACADES
DYNAMIC EXTERNAL FORCES [HEAT + LIGHT]
REGULATED DYNAMIC INTERNAL SPACE
Figure 2.20 Analytical diagrams and sketches, exploring the idea of the adaptive facade
BIOMIMICRY BIOMIMICRY BIOMIMICRY
The Jackrabbit (Lepus Califonicus) lives in the western American deserts. The jackrabbit has adapted to live in these extreme conditions. The jackrabbit has huge ears that have thing capillaries running through them, during the scorching heat of the day, the ears are up, and the blood is cooled by the wind. After the freezing cold of the night, the animals ears are set down for the most amount of solar gain possible (24).
The Jackrabbits ears are thin, they allow the most exposure of the capillaries to the cool wind that blows above ground
The cool wind blows and cools the warm blood, which is then circulated and cools the body
The warm body of the Jackrabbit is cooled by the circulation of cooled blood from itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ears
The Sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rays heat up the blood flowing through the cappilaries
The Heated blood is circulated around the body to warm the Jackrabbit up
Figure 2.21 Diagrams representing how a Jackrabbit adapts to the changing climate of the desert
How the building adapts over time
African Ground Squirrel
The African ground squirrel resides in the scorching heat of the African desert. The squirrel uses it’s tail as shade in the day, and movies his tail to take advantage of the sun is an interesting idea. This idea will be translated into an aspect of the Nexus transport centre. At present the transport centre needs to take advantage of the sun, for light and heat, however in 50 years, being shaded from the sun will be many people’s primary concern. Tail changes position to act as a shade during the scorching heat of the daytime
Squirrel’s tail moves away to let heat escape and cool down.
Figure 2.22 Diagrams representing how a African Squirrel adapts to the changing climate of the desert
APPENDIX
READING : CREATING SUSTAINABLE CITIES // URBAN FUTURE 21 SEEING THE CITY AS A BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM
CITY VS ORGANISMS AND NATURAL SYSTEMS > The city is dependent upon mechanic and biological processes to keep it running. > It consumes it’s ‘food’ and produces it’s waste > It has a birth a life-span and eventually a death. > Like a natural ecosystem, the city produces relationships within it becomes a place where activities emerge and new relationships and dependencies form. The city becomes a place where sub-cultures and sub-territories form and begin to develop their own system (eg. Cultures and communities)
A SELF-REGULATING CITY
Rather than AN INDEPENDENT CITY > A city must maintain it’s links with other cities in order for it to function correctly > Even at an exemplary form, contemporary cities live by means of destruction and making life harder for others at some point in the chain. Natural Organisms live in harmony with the wider system, their consumption and waste does not throw the cycle out of balance. Using the model of a biological organism, one is tempted to conclude that for our cities to work as well as an organism or a natural ecosystem, it must be completely Cyclic, dependent. However, as humans one of our unique characteristics is our value of Community. It is important to not produce a completely independent city, but a completely self-regulating city, one which keeps it’s global link’s and networks. A selfregulating city is one which produces what it consumes, one which has a cycle for the life of every product and does not deplete the resources of other communities to fuel it’s own.
CITY
CITY WASTE
FUE
L
CULTURE/ SOCIETY
PLE
PEO
GOODS
GOODS
FUE
PLE
L
PEO
CITY
Co2 Co2 Co2 Co2
DESTINATION
Co2
DESTINATION
The idea that the city may be viewed as a superorganism is one that opens many discussions. Currently, the major cities on earth are inefficiently using vast amounts of energy, producing heat and waste and consuming products at alarming rate. These cities source energy to fuel there cities by destroying ecosystems and polluting the earth. If our cities continue on this path, we are bound to force ourselves into destruction. However, with a change in how our cities work, we could create a city that is sustainable, one that produces more than it destroys. One major way to do this is by cities working together, to trade resources and services. The waste from one city may be tranported to another and used for fuel, or recycled for the production of goods. In the reading, Urban futures 21, the writer talks about the factor four concept by Ernst Ulrich Von Weizs채cker. It proposes that we could produce double the amount of goods, with half the resources. I used this principle to show that one may obtain the same result by emitting a quarter of the amount of Carbon dioxide throughout the process. Using the same, half energy, double output, you get same output, quarter energy.
INITIAL SPATIAL STUDY
[AACC] RYAN BATT IC
K
PROJECT
DENSE CIT IES LACK OF GR EEN SP ACE PLE VS C ARS URB AN HEA T IS CRIM LAN E/U D N EM PO PLO OR YM AN ENT D UR RC BA H N S EPE ST SP RAT OC RA ION KP WL ST OR OC T KP BE CE CO OR NT M T RE ING AS OF A BU PA SIN YO RT ES UN OF S G CE M ED NT AN UC RE CH AT ES TE ED R PR CIT OF Y CE ES NT SIO RE NA LS PEO
EXTREME POPULATION GROWTH
EXTREM ELY
HEAT WAVES
DROUGHTS
FLOODS
RISE
RES ATU PER ELS V E L EA R
IN ISE
AL OB LA
ND
GL
L FIL
R WA
TEM
G MIN
N TIO TA ES R FO
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N IO UT
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RE
PRO GR ES SIO NO FE VE NT S
S STER IN DISA RAL ANS NATU OCE OF TER WER HOT PO D IN EASE INCR ICANES HURR
S
NEXUS
AIL S F
GRID TY
IC
CTR
ELE
NO
ER WAT OOL
C
2010
NING
DITIO
ON AIR C
NO
2040
AFFIC TIC TR E CHAO RESIDENC VIOLENT ISSUES/ SECURITY
STOCKPO
RT’S CONTE XT
Figure 1.2 Map showing the increase in amount of heat waves from 2010 to 2040
POPULATOIN GROWTH // POPULATION DENSITY
HISTORICAL CONT EXT
Figure 1.3 Graph of population growth/density Figure 1.4 Diagram representing London’s growth vs Manchester’s growth
EXTREME HEAT Areas of high density
GROWTH EXTREME POPULATION OLUTION GICAL REV TECHNOLO
Areas of medium density
TIVIO
TDAL
OLD
E STAT
ERGRO
EAK
ES
AR
IN
ME
E
RE
FO
R
Y
DE
LO
3000
SC
2000
IEN
CE
2000 1000
1000 1500 BC
PE
1800 BC
1900 BC
1950 BC
1975 BC
1999 BC
2025 BC
OP
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PM
NO
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AS
RS
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N EE
TW
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CA
D
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RP
LA
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D AN
SPO AN
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RT
ER
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WE
PROPOSED LINKS
Over the past 100 years the population growth has been occurring at an alarming rate. Cities have become metropolises of activity and culture. One phenomena of the modern city is the urban sprawl. Studying London’s growth, one may see that as the population of the city increased, the area that was occupied by residents began to overflow into the outer areas. London began to ‘swallow up’ the towns around it, making them boroughs of London. We used this precedent to represent how Stockport will be forced to facilitate Manchester’s growth. Manchester is the Second city and it is city that has the most rapid growth outside of London. Stockport is set to become a part of Manchester within the coming years. However, with a high density of people and extreme period of growth within Stockport, it is not all positive.
Figure 1.1 DataWeb describing programme development process
Manchester
EXTREME HEAT + EXTREME POPULATION The world’s population has increased at an unprecedented rate over the last 50 years. More people on earth and in our cities has some positive effects, however, the extreme population growth that we are experiencing is the reason behind a great number of problems that we face today. With the population growth expected to increase at an even greater rate in the coming years, the results are going to be detrimental to the current and future generations. More people on earth means more consumption, more waste and more pollution. Over the past 10 years we have had a great number of natural disasters and natural phenomena that have destroyed whole cities. This is a result of population growth, pollution and ultimately, global warming. The warmer temperatures lead to warmer sea temperatures and this causes more powerful and frequent natural disasters. Heat waves have taken the lives of hundreds of thousands of people over the last 10 years, extreme heat waves are a serious threat in the coming years. The prospect of heat waves similar to the ones that have claimed so many lives in Europe will be the norm in the year 2050 and occur at least twice a year.
19%
Birmingham
9.8%
City of London 0%
ALL L ST
TRE CEN
NT
PLA
OF
B
HU
M
E AC SP
SEU
RT PO
IC
TER WA
MU
BL
PU
URE LIES
GYM
GARDEN
N STATIO
RENTA
METRO
BIKE
LIBRARY
AL
AN DN OR M
CENTRE
Y
CIT
RE CULTURAL CENT
TH E
RESTURAUNT
OF
COMMUNITY
IPH ER Y
PUBLIC
PE R
HOMEL ESS SH ELTER OPE N AN D VE NTILL ATED UND ERG ROU ND ALT ERN A T VE AD SOU AP RCE T B O ETW F E WA NER EE TER GY NE XTR EM TH E E
ON
S AN
TR
SH RE
ITH
W
TH
VE
AL
23.5% Slough
16%
Liverpool
Chelsea
Sunderland
-3.2% Figure 1.5 Diagram comparing the growth over 10 years (2001-2011)
1760 : 740,000 1801: 958,863 1861: 2,803,989 1899 : 6,528,434 1980 : 6,805,000
Newham
-2%
Knowsley -3.8%
CIT
N
4000
DIC
TI
7000
5000
RO U
Fulham 10% Uttlesford 15.1%
CI
8000
ELS
TH
GH
BA
9000
TUNN
POPULATION // MILLION
UND
6000
BR
UR
ION
UND
1800 : 95,000 1900 : 186,000 2013 : 512,000 2020 : 650,000 2050 : 1,000,000
THE PEDESTRIAN vs THE CAR
TRANSPORT HUB BUILDING UNDERGROUND FLOOR
Stockport is on the path to becoming a part of Manchester, the huge metropolis of the North, and it will not only have to deal with expansion; the weather is getting worse. The city is the modern centre of ideas, culture and development. However, many cities have terrible negatives attached to them. With the expansion and growth of cities these problems will only be intensified. The most common problems of contemporary cities include, traffic congestion and overpopulation. Coupled with the changes in climate and weather, these factors make the future cities appear to be very uncomfortable places to live and work. What would happen if we separated the car from the city, and gave the city back to the pedestrian. Living and working in an overpopulated city is a constant fight between the car and the pedestrian, especially in cities that were only retrofitted to accommodate the car. The idea of a modern city that belongs to the pedestrian begins to look towards answers to common problems such as a lack of public space, the urban heat island effect and congestion. Stockport is a town that has strong links with vehicular commuters and this will only increase in the future.
SEVICES ROOM
CAR PARK ENTRANCE
DELIVERY ROOM
FIRST FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
FOURTH FLOOR
CIRCULATION SPACE STALL RENTALS
CAFE BAR W.C.
GARDEN TOWER ENTRANCE
CENTRAL CIRCULATION SPACE
RECEPTION
CENTRAL CIRCULATION SPACE CENTRAL ATRIUM SPACE
SHOWERS AND CHANGING
CENTRAL ATRIUM SPACE
OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
EVENT SPACE STAFF ROOM 100 %
M61
BICYCLE
M60
OLDHAM
BUS
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
A580
WIGAN
A580
CAR
A62
M602
A6
TAMESIDE
M60 TRAFFORD
THE MODERN CITY
SEPERATION OF POOR/RICH
M60 STOCKPORT
A56
ETHNIC SEPEARATION
GARDEN ALLOTMENTS
GARDEN ALLOTMENTS
GARDEN ALLOTMENTS STORAGE
STORAGE
W.C
TOWER SERVICES
M67
A5103
M66
TRAIN
W.C
W.C
STORAGE
ATRIUM PUBLIC SPACE PUBLIC GREEN SPACE
UNEMPLOYMENT
SALFORD
TAXI
BIKE RENTAL
BICYCLE PARKING
MANCHESTER
M602
METRO
ENTRANCE
CRIME/DRUG ABUSE
A627
MOTORCYCLE
ENTRANCE SPACE
PROBLEMS
M60
BOLTON
GROUND FLOOR Figure 2.0 Diagram showing all the programmatic elements
WALK A56
COMMUTERS
A34
A6
Trafford : 2000 Salford :2000 Manchester : 11700 Oldham: <1% [of population] Bolton: 1200 Wigan: 1400 Tameside : 10000
WORK FROM HOME
OTHER 0%
OVERCROWDING / OVERPOPULATION
POLLUTION
Figure 1.6 Diagram showing how commuters get to work in Stockport Figure 1.7 Diagram showing the roads and motorway that commuters take to get to Figure 1.8 Diagram showing the problems of the contemporary city
Programme Development
The primary programme aims at providing commuters with a place to shower, change, and possibly grab some food, before or after work. The availability of these services will encourage nearby commuters to ride to work, decreasing the cars in the city. In a further attempt to encourage less cars in the city, the transport centre will provide free and safe parking on the periphery of the city, encouraging commuters from surrounding towns to park on the outskirts, instead of driving within the city. Over time, with the increase in cyclers and the decrease in the use of roads withing the city centre the hub will encourage a car free city. The Garden allotments are aimed at reducing the segregation between poor/unemployed and rich/employed, it will become a place where the commuter on his way to work may attend to his garden plot next to a man poor man who has nothing else to do with his time but garden, a relationship is formed that would not be formed otherwise.
Figure 2.1 Diagram showing how the programmatic elements work together Figure 2.2 Diurnal Diagram
POOR/ UNEMPLOYED
RICH / EMPLOYED
TRANSPORT HUB
Carbon dioxide from the commuting employeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; vehicles is recycled and used to grow plants and vegetables within the garden allotments
CARBON DIOXIDE
Figure 1.9 Diagram showing simple relationships of the programme
PUBLIC W.C.
PUBLIC ATRIUM SPACE
CAFE
GARDEN ALLOTMENTS
CAR PARK
BICYCLE ENTRANCE
BICYCLE RENTAL
STAFF ROOM
24: 00
22: 00
23: 00
21: 00
20: 00
19: 00
18: 00
17: 00
16: 00
15: 00
14: 00
13: 00
12: 00
11: 00
10: 00
9: 00
8: 00
7: 00
6: 00
5: 00
4: 00
SERVICES
STORGAE
STORGAE
ALLOTMENTS
ALLOTMENTS Changing rooms must also be available and easily accessible by both commuters and gardeners
THE CITY
3: 00
Security guards must be able to access bicylce parking area easily, from the main areas.
GARDEN ALLOTMENT TOWER
2: 00
BICYCLE PARKING
Public garden allotments used by poor and unemployed as hobby or as soource of food
BICYCLE USER ENTRANCE AREA
THE CYCLER
Commuters on their way to or from work in the city may attend to thier personal garden plots, either for pleasure or for food.
THE CITY
CHANGING + SHOWER
SECURITY OFFICE
PUBLIC GARDENS
MAIN ENTRANCE
Food from the allotments may be sold or used in the food stall space
RECEPTION
GARDEN ALLOTMENT TOWER` Becomes a meeting place for rich and poor (employed and unemployed)
OPEN PUBLIC SPACE
WATER FEATURE
The whole transport hub acts as a buffer between the city and the urban structure fabric around it.
BAR
1: 00
CENTRAL CIRCULATION SPACE
THE POOR
Delivery area is to have connection with both the cafe and the bar on the first floor
FOOD STALL SPACE CENTRAL CIRCULATION SPACE
12: 00
CAFE
RECEPTION
EVENT SPACE CIRCULATION SPACE
BAR
DELIVERY AREA
SECURITY OFFICE
BICYCLE PARKINGT
TRANSPORT HUB MAIN BUILDING
THE RIVER MERSEY Water from the river Mersey is used to irigrate the gardens
SERVICES
SEC URITY
The machines are to exteact carbon dioxide from the underground car park and safely pump it into the growing areas to help plants grow
CAR PARK
THE DRIVER
REFERENCES Reference list
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