Building Regulations - Save Our Future

The Building Regulations 2022

r u O e v ! ! a e S r u t u F

Standartdised infomation that could lf be interpreted how you like. e s ur

yo rbon e at e ca c s. l u a v d ri E ti e a ! t v P a o U m n e n e i k v Wa on egati n

(Or even not at all)

APPROVED DOCUMENT

Z Generation

Do the building regulations support a zero carbon future?

Ryan John Cooksey

2

Main Changes In The 2022 Edition - General updates that most people do not read.

- Industry jargon that the everyperson archetype doesn’t understand.

- Updates that are only solving a problem now but not solving a problem of the future.

- Zero effort to engage and educate all stakeholders.

- Identify the problem within the current Building Regulations and Approved Documents.

- Provide a framework to help educate all stakeholders within the construction industry.

- Apply a carbon negative alternative to a real world problem.

- Understand how to maximise the success of nudge behaviour through a visual carbon model.

Ryan John Cooksey Birmingham City University S17123027 ARC7466 Negotiated Practice

Contents Stage 1: Identifying The Problem.................................

12 Stage 2: Education Is Key.............................................

20 Stage 3: Application To Thesis.....................................38 Stage 4: Implementing Nudge behaviour.....................60 Bibliography...................................................................

70 Figure References.........................................................

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The Building Regulations 2022

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Summary

*Negotiated Practice Proposal* The negotiated practice project identifies the current approved documents’ limitations when promoting new sustainable materials. Currently, publications like these tend only to demonstrate how traditional carbon-positive materials are applied to various scenarios. For example, suppose they were to be replaced with sustainable carbon zero material.

This work provides critical steps that need to be followed to push for change: 1. Present the reader with shocking facts, and educate them on alternative options.

2. Have evidence that these innovative sustainable materials meet various standards and outperform standardised details.

3. Provided visual and written guidance on applying and sourcing these materials.

Combining the three would see more sustainable materials used in the construction industry.

With this said, I will create a booklet that uses everyday details used in the construction industry; however, I will change the materials to negative carbon materials. With that, I would survey those in the industry if they would consider swapping materials now that there is evidence that there are alternatives.

The ambition would be to bring together existing material research to provide futureproofed carbon-negative building regulations / Common details.

IMG: 1. Industry engagment. Explainging the embodied carbon model (Source: Cooksey, 2022)

What Is The Proposal For This Work?

Stage 1:

Stage 2:

Identifying The problem

Education Is Key

The problem with the current building regs and accompanying approved documents does not provide any information advising the variety of available materials to the user. The initial stage of this research investigates who has the agency to take control of the matter and enforce futureproofed decision-making policies favouring a carbon-negative industry. This is not a name blaming exercise. It must be perceived as an educational piece demonstrating the lack of guidance, education, and carbon-negative material exposure, impacting the difficulty of enforcing a good decision.

This investigation highlights the surprising amount of concrete consumed within the building industry. Typically when an analysis is published, it uses technical terms evaluating large numbers.

However, these numbers have been brought back to an understandable scale. This has been achieved by directly linking this negotiated practice with the Miyawaki research undertaken for the accompanying thesis project to provide the every person archetype digestible analysis.

Stage 3:

Stage 4:

An Carbon Negative Material Pallet

Implementing Nudge Behaviour

The final stage of this investigation is to provide the reader with an alternative spread of an approved document / rewritten building regulations guidance. A comparison model and details demonstrate the significant amount of carbon emissions that could be reduced if alternative materials were used. The visual comparison should allow the viewer to understand carbon at a relevant visual scale.

A series of models such as these should change the perception of ‘not my job’, ‘not my problem’ when it comes to specifying, designing, constructing and using specific materials.

This research investigates the consequences of applying nudge behaviour to change the material pallet used as a default throughout the construction industry. As analysed, nudge behaviour must be taken gradually to avoid tragic mistakes, which may be caused due to a lack of material investigation, application issue or incorrect use. However, a successful process could be significant to achieving overall carbonnegative results in the construction industry.

8

COLLECTIVELY YOU ARE ALL THE PROBLEM The Authorities

The designer

The builder

The User

Stage 1:

Identifying The Problem What does the guidance tell us?

The problem with the current building regulations and accompanying approved documents does not provide any information advising the variety of available materials to the user. The initial stage of this research investigates who has the agency to take control of the matter and enforce future-proofed decision-making policies favouring a carbon-negative industry. This is not a name blaming exercise. It must be perceived as an educational piece demonstrating the lack of guidance, education, and carbon-negative material exposure, impacting the difficulty of enforcing a good decision.

What Are Building Regulations?.................................

What Do The Approved Documents Cover?...............

What Are The Staple UK Building Materials & Why?..

Tracking Blame...........................................................

Existing Research........................................................

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What Are Building Regulations ?

The Building Act 1984 “Generally, the Building Regulations set out the required standards for the building work. For example, a home must be insulated, but the Building Regulations do not tell you how you should do it. The approved documents give help for some common problems” (HM Government, 2020:9).

Approved Document “Approved document refers to a document approved by government that provides practical guidance on how the Building Regulations can be satisfied in some common situations. Approved documents are given legal status by the Building Act 1984” (HM Government, 2020:55).

For a detailed manual to understanding the Building Regulations

Designers

Open Source Information

Safe Construction Consultants

Contractors IMG: 8. For a detailed manual to understanding the Building Regulations (Source: Cooksey, 2022)

IMG: 9. Collage exploring the number of Approved Documents that need to be met. (Source: Cooksey, 2022)

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What Do The Approved Documents Cover?

The approved documents offer guidance on how to overcome common scenarios. These are listed within the documents below. More often than not, it is required to cross-reference across multiple documents to ensure best practice.

What do The Approved documents Cover?

Dwellings New

Other Buildings Existing

New

Existing

A: Structure B: Fire Safety, Volume 1: Dwellings

B: Fire safety, Volume 2: Building other than dwellings

C: Site preparation and Resistance to contaminants and moisture D: Toxic substances E: Resistance to the passage of sound F: Ventilation G: Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency H: Drainage and waste disposal J: Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems K: Protection from falling, Collision and impact L: Conservation of fuel and power L1A New dwellings

L: Conservation of fuel and power L1B New dwellings

M: Access to and use of buildings Volume 1: Dwellings

L: Conservation of fuel and power L2A New buildings other than dwellings

L: Conservation of fuel and power L2B Existing buildings other than dwellings

M: Access to and use of buildings Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings

P: Electrical safety - Dwellings Q: Security - Dwellings R: Physical infrastructure for high-speed electronic communications networks

IMG: 10. What do the Approved Documents cover? (Source: HM Government, 2020) Adapted by Author.

What Do The Approved Documents NOT Cover Building Regulations do not tell you how you should do it. The approved documents give help for some common problems” (HM Government, 2020:9).

The approved documents state they do not provide guidance on modern construction methods.

IMG: 11. How to use this Approved Document (Source: HM Government, 2019)

All stakeholder MUST question why is this the case? Why is realisability being passed on?

14

What Are The UK Staple Building Materials & Why? This page is a extract from the group work undertaken in stage 1A of the thesis. This presents the materials visible along Dudley high street. They break down the percentage of each Material featured on the facades and categorise them into primary, secondary and tertiary. To focus on the primary materials, all 3 of them are masonry / stone-based materials that carry an extremely high amount of embodied energy.

Going forward, the challenge would be to introduce zero-carbon materials and allow for acceptance as Timber products only make up 2% for secondary and 10% for thirty.

Primary

It is concerning here that the top 3 materials found on the high street are all materials that carry a high embodied energy of carbon. Any material change will be drastic, especially if these were carbon negative materials.

Brick Concrete Stone

8% 20%

Se

A broader material pallet begins to em carbon material. There is only 2%

Render Metal Concrete Stone Brick Tile Composite Timber Glass

72%

IMG: 12. What are the primary Uk staple building materials & why? (Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 13. What are

ndary

ge here, but most of it is high embedded ber, where the material is sustainable.

4% % %

6% 15% 17%

Tertiary

Again similar to the secondary material chart, there is an absence of sustainable materials. Here there is a slightly more timber 10% however still limited. The challenge here is to gain community engagement going forwards that allows new sustainable materials to be introduced on the high street.

Composite Timber Tile Metal Render 8% 10% Concrte 7% Stone 6% Brick 4% Glass 2% PVC

23%

28%

y Uk staple building materials & why? (Source Cooksey,R )

45%

IMG: 14. What are the tertiary Uk staple building materials & why? (Source Cooksey,R )

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Tracking blame It is challenging to track who is responsible for reducing materials with a high amount of embodied carbon. The page identifies that education must be the most significant factor at each stage, should the approved documents not change their stance on informing what materials should be used.

The current policy The User

The Builder

Notice that the authorities are shielded from blame as they make it clear they do not specify material s as long as they meet the standards.

The Client

The Authorities

Consultants

The Designer

Education system

The Environment All of the above have a direct impact on the environment

IMG: 15. Tracking blame: The current policy (Source Cooksey,R )

Creating hierarchy The Authorities / Policy makers To the environment to benefit from a carbon-negative material pallet, there must be alterations to the system.

Education system The client should be advised by those educated in the field; however, they can be as much to blame if guidance is not followed.

The client

The designer

Consultants

The builder

Education is a crucial element to implementing any new guidance. Talking to those who have left the education phase of their career will be the hardest to reach out to. This group of people would most likely prefer to maintain using the material pallet they have used throughout their career until now. To ensure that better material choices are being used, guidance needs almost to force the implementation of new materials.

The User

It is controversial to blame the user of specific infrastructure. The user, in many scenarios, has no choice in the embodied carbon within a structure.

IMG: 16. Tracking blame: Creating hierarchy (Source Cooksey,R )

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Existing Research When reading through publications on the subject, it becomes apparent that the most significant factor preventing the construction industry from being more innovative and future proofing itself is the lack of awareness. Unfortunately, both of these papers have similar conclusions. So this research must focus on creating awareness through shocking facts and visual engagement through models.

Response of construction clients to low-carbon building regulations. (Ozorhon, 2013) Below are some of the key sentences with in the work of Ozorhon which suggest a lack of awareness.

- The project was notable for the proactive role of the client, whose desire and commitment to sustainable practices was the main driver of carbon reduction (Ozorhon, 2013:7).

- The inexperience and conservative behaviour of the contractor were an obstacle in the innovation process. To overcome those issues, seminars and project meetings were held at an early stage to familiarize the contractor and supply chain partners with the process approach and construction technology involved (Ozorhon, 2013:7).

- Five main themes emerge based on the findings of this study. These are the client’s leadership style, client corporate responsibility, focus on end users, repeatability of projects, and integrated teams (Ozorhon, 2013:10).

Carbon reduction process in selected projects.

IMG: 64. Carbon reduction process in selected projects. (Source: Ozorhon, 2013:10)

A Study of Innovation Perception within the Construction Industry. (Abadi, 2014) Abadi identify that there is a criticism towards the construction industry for its lack of innovation (Abadi, 2014:10). However it was “found that the problem with managing innovation in construction has its roots in a misconception of innovation” (Abadi, 2014:10). Adadi concludes the investigation highlighting the awareness is a prime factor to the lack of innovation which could be related directly to the lack of sustainable implementation.

Discursive model of innovation in the construction industry Here I would add cross sector engagement and awareness strategies.

- Shocking Facts - Public Exhibitions - Visible Carbon models

Achieved by the above

= Greater awareness across all stakeholders.

IMG: 62. Discursive model of innovation in the construction industry. (Source Abadi, A: 206)

Model of innovation (Market pull)

Based on Abadi’s concept - change demand would change what is built.

IMG: 63. Model of innovation (Market pull). (Source Abadi, A: 27)

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IMG: 17. Creating awareness through news headlines (Source: Cooksey, 2022)

Stage 2:

Education Can the amount of concrete used be reduced?

This investigation highlights the surprising amount of concrete consumed within the building industry. Typically when an analysis is published, it uses technical terms evaluating large numbers. However, these numbers have been brought back to an understandable scale. This has been achieved by directly linking this negotiated practice with the Miyawaki research undertaken for the accompanying thesis project to provide the every person archetype digestible analysis.

What contributes To The Worlds Green House Gasses?....................................

What Would It Take To Offset The Worlds Concrete Industry (1 Year)..........

Investigating The Embodied Carbon In A Fire Protected Staircase.................

How Many Fire Protected Staircases Will Be Proposed In 2022......................

Investigating Fire Protected Staircases..................................................................

The Importance Of Correct Material Application..............................................

Alternative Materials...............................................................................................

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What Contributes To The Worlds Green House Gasses?

Cement production contributes towards 4% of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Although cement is vital to the construction industry and world infrastructure, There are, however, in many cases, alternative materials that can be a substitute. Furthermore, these ‘new’ materials are less threatening to the world, as they tend to be carbon zero. Therefore, offsetting carbon should no longer be an acceptable solution to producing carbon. Instead, carbon should be tackled at source; in this instance, the following page aims to tackle the use of concrete within the construction industry and why alternatives are not widely used.

Other 12% Garbage & Waste 3%

25 %

Iron & Steel Production 3%

Power Generation

Air Travel 3% Cement Production 4%

Deforestation

Oil & Gas

20

%

6%

Fertilizer

5%

Livestock

Green House Gases Emissions

By Industry

13% Road Transport Fig18 Green House Gas Emissions By Industry (source: Greenspec, 2022)

Global cement production has risen sharply, but appears to have levelled off

Millions of metric tonnes

4,500

!!

It appears that the use of concrete in recent years has stabilised, however 4300 million metric tonnes produced in 2018 is still an immense amount.

4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0

1970

1974

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

Year Fig 19 Global cement production has risen sharply, but appears to have levelled off (source: BBC, 2018)

Performance indicator: CO2 - emissions - production

CO2 Emissions Production (kg CO2 / tonne)

(Standardised mix)(kg CO2 / tonne)

100 90 80 70 60

87.5

86.3

85.4

82.3

78.4

78.3

76.3

73.8

73.7

73

72.1

72.5

N/A

94.8

93.8

90.8

86.5

86

84.2

84

81.7

81.2

80.2

79

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2008

Year Concrete

2012 Target

1990 Baseline

2020 Target

Concrete Plus Reinforcement

Fig 20 Performance indicator: CO2 - emissions - production (standardised mix)(kg CO2 / tonne) (source: Sustainable Concrete, 2022)

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What Would It Take To Offset The Worlds Concrete Industry (1 Year)

Concrete plus renforcment

Concrete

4300,000,000

4300,000,000

Tonne Concrete used in 2020

Tonne Concrete used in 2020

X

X

(BBC,2018B )

(BBC,2018B )

80 Kg Per Tonne

72.2 Kg Per Tonne

(Sustainable Concrete, 2022)

=

(Sustainable Concrete, 2022)

344,000,000,000 Kg CO2 per year.

31,046,000,000 Kg CO2 per year.

%

%

21 Kg CO2

21 Kg CO2

Emitted CO2

Emitted CO2

=

consumed per tree per year

consumed per tree per year

16,380,952,380 Trees to be planted

1,478,380,952 Trees to be planted

=

=

(One Tree Planted, 2022)

(One Tree Planted, 2022)

in order to offset the CO2 Per year.

3,485 Km2 Miyawaki forests planted per year (See design portfolio for Miyawaki forest investigatiuon)

OR

104,550 Km2 Natural forests planted per year

in order to offset the CO2 Per year.

299 Km2 Miyawaki forests planted per year (See design portfolio for Miyawaki forest investigatiuon)

IMG: 21.

(Source Concrete offsetting calculation, Cooksey,R )

OR

8,960 Km2 Natural forests planted per year

Visualising the numbers IMG: 22. Visulising the worlds concrete indusrty using the uk as a size referance (Source Cooksey,R )

Offsetting concrete plus reinforcement 104,555 Km2 forest to be planted each year.

3,485Km2 Miyawaki forest to be planted each year.

Offsetting concrete without reinforcement 8,960 Km2 forest to be planted each year.

299Km2 Miyawaki forest to be planted each year.

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Investigating The Embodied Carbon In A Fire Protected Staircase This page analyses the amount of embodied carbon within a protected staircase.

How much CO is in a concrete staircase ?

2500mm

2

2500mm

2500mm

Staircase Volume 2.9m3

Wall Volume 8.5m3

Total Carbon

2.9m3 X 72.2Kg CO2

8.5m3 X 80Kg CO2

8.5m3 X 80Kg CO2

(Sustainable Concrete, 2022)

= 210 Kg CO2

+

(Sustainable Concrete, 2022)

= 680 Kg CO2 IMG: 23. Emboied carbon in a staircase calculation.

(Source Cooksey,R )

=

700 Kg CO2

700 Kg CO2

Total Kg C02 for the example staircase

a g n i k n a o M i “ t a situ etter” b bad

% 21 Kg CO2

consumed per tree per year (One Tree Planted, 2022)

=

34 Trees to be planted in order to offset the CO2

7 m2 Miyawaki forests planted per year

OR

212 m2 Natural forests planted per year

s i h t f o o t l l g A n i t 1 n t a Pl t jus !! e e s s f a of tairc s

(See design portfolio for Miyawaki forest investigation)

26.4 26.4 m2 m2 26.4 26.4 m2 m2 45.2 m2

16.3 m2

45.2 m2

212 m2 Area of trees required to offset the embodied carbon.

16.3 m2

16.3 m2

Relating these figures to the human scale, notice the significant reduction in the required number of trees to offset the embodied carbon.

16.3 m2

The below graphic analysis the amount of planting required to offset the above carbon over one year for both Miyawaki and natural forests.

IMG: 24. Investigating the amount of planting required to off set the embodied carbon in a fire protected staircase. (Source Cooksey,R )

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How Many Fire Protected Staircases Will Be Proposed In 2022?

This page assumes the number of staircases constructed within England over one year. The planning authority data below has been used to assume this figure.

This figure is consistent each and every year.

Change in the material approach needs to happen!

Fig 25 Planning applications submitted and approved in 2021 (source: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2021:1)

Number of decisions

20,000

Planning applications submitted and approved in 2021

15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

2018-19

2019-20

2020-21

Year Major Commercial

Minor Commercial

Major Residential

Minor residential

Fig 26 Planning applications submitted and approved in 2021 (source: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2021:13)

1,300 + 8,600 + 1,900

Approved Major Developments Approved Minor Developments Approved Commercial Developments

11,800

Total Approved Developments

11,800

Assuming that there is at least 1 Fire Protected Staircase in each development.

to t en is l a n v i n u e h Eq 00 t t r o 2 !

0 , w 1 !

1 ts r O u C co f o

Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2021:1)

It would take 1 year for...... to offset the co2 produced.

82600 m2 Miyawaki forests

OR

2,501,600m2 Natural forests

IMG: 27. Miyawaki forest: carbon offset calculation (Source Cooksey,R )

(See design portfolio for Miyawaki forest investigation)

This page identifies that there has been and will be a consistent amount of staircases required to be constructed, a large percentage of which will be cast with concrete. The next page identifies why concrete is the staple material.

313 Tennis Courts

OR

9,580 Tennis Courts

IMG: 28. Miyawaki forest, the forestkeeper. DR. Akira Miyawaki (Source: Atoms, 2022)

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Investigating Fire Protected Staircases A1 Fire Resistant Class: Concrete does not burn – it cannot be set on fire and it does not emit any toxic fumes when affected by fire. Concrete is proven to have a high degree of fire resistance and, in the majority of applications, can be described as virtually fireproof.

£

Low Cost For medium density concrete the raw material costs are between £100-£120 per m3.

High Environmental Impact The production of CO2 for 1m3 concrete is a staggering 80Kg CO2 . Compared to other materials this is extremely high.

Pre-Cast or In-Situ The luxury when using concrete is that it can be pre-cast off site, or poured on site depending on the required situation.

Non-Toxic Concrete does not produce and toxic gasses nor smoke when in contact with flames.

Water Has No Effect Concrete is not affected by the water used to quench a fire.

Repairable Concrete can be repaired after the event of a fire.

IMG: 29 Staircase shaft (Source: Koborete, 2022)

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The Importance Of Correct Material Application

!!This study does NOT aim to undermine the importance of material testing.

Whilst this investigation promotes the use of new materials, any material that is being transferred for concrete must meet the fire classification for its proposed use.

This study does not want to undermine the importance of material testing and correct application.

Property developers want to build a 130-metre tower with only one fire escape close to Grenfell Tower

130 metres URW Proposal 35 storey residential property a short distance from Grenfell Tower. With a single staircase and a fire strategy that advises people to stay put.

174.2 metres Ballymore proposal A planning application for a 51 storey residential tower in Ducklands with one fire escape.

67.3 metres Grenfell Tower The building had a single staircase, which was quickly engulfed with smoke. residents were advised to stay put.

IMG: 30. Plans for 51-storey London tower with just one staircase put on hold (Source: The Guardian, 2022)

IMG: 31. Grenfell Tower in west London bursts into fire (Source: Reddit, 2022)

Material Testing / Improving Standards Classification according to European Standard EN 13501-1 Definition

Construction Products A1

Non-combustible Materials

Non-combustible Materials

A2 - s1 d0 A2 - s2 d0 A2 - s1 d0

A2 - s1 d1 A2 - s2 d1 A2 - s1 d1

A2 - s1 d2 A2 - s2 d2 A2 - s1 d2

Combustible Materials - Very limited contribution to fire

B2 - s1 d0 B2 - s2 d0 B2 - s1 d0

B2 - s1 d1 B2 - s2 d1 B2 - s1 d1

B2 - s1 d2 B2 - s2 d2 B2 - s1 d2

Combustible Materials - Limited contribution to fire

C2 - s1 d0 C2 - s2 d0 C2 - s1 d0

C2 - s1 d1 C2 - s2 d1 C2 - s1 d1

C2 - s1 d2 C2 - s2 d2 C2 - s1 d2

Combustible Materials - Medium contribution to fire

D2 - s1 d0 D2 - s2 d0 D2 - s1 d0

D2 - s1 d1 D2 - s2 d1 D2 - s1 d1

D2 - s1 d2 D2 - s2 d2 D2 - s1 d2

Combustible Materials - Highly contribution to fire Combustible Materials - Easily flammable

E E-d2 F

Fig32: classification according to European Standard EN13501-1 (source: Euro-classification, 2021)

Material must aim to be within this category When investigating alternative materials, they must meet the classification required for their intended use.

What seems to be apparent is the lack of testing on some of these new innovative carbon-negative materials that are emerging, making it difficult for them to be specified for use. For them to be used, there needs to be a surge in testing to allow them to be recognised as safe materials. This testing would provide confidence in their application, leading to more of these innovative materials being used in the construction industry. Due to recent events making fire classification a priority, new materials will be avoided until confidence is gained. Once the testing is completed, nudge behaviour is necessary to broaden their application.

34

Alternative Materials Meeting Requirements

Fig33: Table B4: minimum periods of fire resistance (source: HM Government, 2019: 145)

This study does NOT aim to undermine the importance of material testing. The next chapter focuses only on materials what would achieve the above minimum requirements.

Due to the number of regulations that need to be met, the experimental staircase will be designed for up to 18meters from this point of the investigation onwards.

36

IMG: 34. Staircase model, when following the material specification on the Approved Documents. Plus demonstrating the framework required on-site. (Source Cooksey,R )

Stage 3:

Application To Thesis What does the guidance tell us?

The final stage of this investigation is to provide the reader with an alternative spread of an approved document / rewritten building regulations guidance. A comparison model and details demonstrate the significant amount of carbon emissions that could be reduced if alternative materials were used. The visual comparison should allow the viewer to understand carbon at a relevant visual scale. A series of models such as these should change the perception of ‘not my job’, ‘not my problem’ when it comes to specifying, designing, constructing and using specific materials.

1.20 Technical Detail (Conventional)...............................................

1.20 Technical Detail (Innovative, new carbon negative materials) Innovative Model Material Explored.................................................

Interactive Approved Document Proposal.......................................

Offsetting Via Planting Physical Model............................................

Link To Thesis..................................................................................

Referance To A Tennis Court...........................................................

Offsetting Via Planting Physical Model............................................

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1.20 Technical Detail (Conventional) 1

Existing site soil build up

2

600 x 600mm concrete strip foundation to cavity walls, depth to the approval of building control officer all footings in brickwork/blockwork suitable for below ground conditions. Foundations adjacent to, crossing or within 1m of any drain to be below invert level. where drain passes through footings, wall to bridged over concrete lintel giving 50mm clearance. NOTE: depth of foundations shown are indicative. Generally, they should be no less than 1m deep, however, depth may vary depending on ground conditions, adjacent structures and/or drains, tree roots etc. where foundations are likely to be affected by tree roots, precautions to be taken to N.H.B.C. Standards to the approval of building control officer.

3

150mm thick consolidated hardcore. Internal backfill to foundations excavations to be hardcore, compacted in 100mm layers

4

Min 60mm thick sand blinded, consolidated hardcore.

5

220m concrete floor slab (mix ST2)

6

Xtratherm XT/HYF T&G floor insulation 100mm thick. sandwiched between two layers of 1200g polythene D.P.M. Provide upstand of Xtratherm Pre-formed Perimeter Strips from top of screed down to bottom of slab insulation and against external walls to prevent cold bridge

7

100mm sand/cement screed with lightweight reinforcement

8

Finish floor, To specification of room

9

250mm concrte insitu-or offsite staircase and core.

10

250mm concrte insitu-or offsite staircase and core.

11

Steel reinforcement bars

12

Handrails: The handrail must be between 9001000mm from the pitch line or floor. As these stairs are more than 1000mm in width handrails on both sides are required. Table 1.11 suggests a handrail overhang of 300mm. Diagram 1.13 suggests that the hand rail must be 50mm in diameter with a clearance of 50 - 75mm away from the wall. To prevent children falling the guarding rails must not have a distance of more than 100mm between them.

13

External doors & frames to match existing to meet a FD-60s fire rating

14

Part K, Table 1.1 suggests that a general access stairs should have a rise 150 -170mm and a going 250 -400mm. These have a 150 Rise and a 250 going. The steps will have level non slip treads, 55mm in width, 50mm away from the nosing of each step.

These should contrast visually (yellow).

A minimum of at least 2m is required between the landing and ceilings.

All electrical work required to meet the requirement of Part P (electrical safety) must be designed, installed, inspected and tested by a person competent to do so. Prior to completion, building control officer should be satisfied that Part P has been complied with. An appropriate BS 7671 electrical installation certificate must be issued for the work by a person competent to do so. Note: ensure electrical cables should not be covered by insulation. Where this is unavoidable, installation must be in accordance with BRE BR 262, thermal insulation: avoiding risks, section 2.3.

Low energy light fittings to be provided to all areas. low energy light fittings defined as an outlet fitting which can only accept energy efficient lamps with a luminous efficacy greater than 45 lamp lumens per circuit-watt.

11

10 12 9

14

13

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1

IMG: 35. 1.20 Technical detail (Conventional) . (Source Cooksey,R )

1.20 0

2m

40

1.20 Conventional Material Model Here is a 1.20 model of a conventional fire-protected staircase, based on the lack of material guidance in the approved documents alongside the precedence in earlier pages. Notice the lack of material pallet. There is only concrete, steel, and iron. All of which have a heavily embodied energy. Refer to the tennis court model to visualise the amount of trees required to offset the embodied carbon.

“Off-site production” This page highlights the off-site production processes of a concrete staircase. Notice the amount of wasted material required to cast the concrete. This needs to be added to the embodied carbon.

Material Preparation

Mixing

IMG: 36. 1.20 Conventional material model: Material preparation.

(Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 37. 1.20 Conventional material model: Mixing.

(Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 38. 1.20 Conventional material model: Mould preparation.

(Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 39. 1.20 Conventional material model: Filling.

(Source Cooksey,R )

Mould Preparation

Filling

Moulding Process Here is the moulding process, notice the amount of wasted plaster. This waste would be a scenario on site. Also notice the around of timber required in order to create the form .

IMG: 40. 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process a.

(Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 41. 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process b.

(Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 42. 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process c.

(Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 43. 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process d.

(Source Cooksey,R )

42

Here is the 1.20 model using a range of new carbon negative materials. This is an example of reducing the embodied carbon within the construction industry by substituting materials.

IMG: 44. 1.20 Conventional material model B (Source Cooksey,R )

The reinforcement bars also add tot he embodied carbon. (see the calculation in previous pages)

There is a waste element when working with concrete. Although the manufacturer would calculate the exact amount required per mould to avoid wastage. There is still the waste within the machinery, waste that may be spilled, and waste that they may allow for.

All of this adds to the embodied carbon.

The timber framework on site needs to be accounted for when calculating the embodied carbon.

This was left open the model to allow the viewer to see the full process.

As with all processes there is sometimes the chance that there is a fault. This crack during drying could cause this to not be used due to the potential structural issues.

Handrails are also included within the overall carbon calculation.

IMG: 45. 1.20 Conventional material model C (Source Cooksey,R )

44

IMG: 44. 1.20 Conventional material model D (Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 45. 1.20 Conventional material model E (Source Cooksey,R )

46

1.20 Technical Detail (Innovative, new, carbon negative materials) Here is an example of a carbon negative staircase build up.

Whilst it is challenging to design a staircase that can be used over 18m without concrete, Here is an example that meets all of the building regulations criteria for a staircase under 18m.

13

Glazing. Provides a view in to the internal void and miyawaki planting. Toughened or laminated glass to BS 952: Part 1: 1972 shall be installed into all doors and adjacent exposed areas 300mm either side of the door to a height of 1500mm and to any other windows (or other glazed areas) within 800mm of floor level to resist breakage in accordance with BS 6206: 1981 as required by the Building Regulations Approved Document N. 6mm glass to be used at first floor where glazing is less than 800mm above FFL and there is no barrier. . All windows to be fitted with a proprietary trickle ventilator to the head of the window.

1

BioCrete pile foundations. Depth to be advised by the structural engineers calculations.

2

BioCrete pile caps. Dimensions to be advised by the structural engineers calculations.

14

Glazing bars, to be produced using timbers harvested in the miyawaki planting.

3

ArcelorMittal metal plate. This company has been identified for its carbon negative credentials.

15

4

Anchor bolts to be specified by the structural engineers calculations.

5

Columns ranging in diameter as per the thesis investigation to provide an opportunity for wildlife corridors. Raising elements of construction help improve the local biodiversity.

150mm floor build up, Please see the following exploded diagram which explore various materials to be applied here. Part K, Table 1.1 suggests that a general access stairs should have a rise 150 -170mm and a going 250 -400mm. These have a 150 Rise and a 250 going. The steps will have level non slip treads, 55mm in width, 50mm away from the nosing of each step. These should contrast visually (yellow).

16

Please see the following exploded diagram which explore various materials to be applied here. Handrails: The handrail must be between 900-1000mm from the pitch line or floor. As these stairs are more than 1000mm in width handrails on both sides are required.

Table 1.11 suggests a handrail overhang of 300mm. Diagram 1.13 suggests that the hand rail must be 50mm in diameter with a clearance of 50 - 75mm away from the wall. To prevent children falling the guarding rails must not have a distance of more than 100mm between them.

17

Oppertunities for exisitng materials on site to be inserted in to the wall. Refer to section 1B of the thesis.

6

250x200mm Glulam timber beam.

7

100 x 60mm timber joists.

8

250mm wall build up, Please see the following exploded diagram which explore various materials to be applied here.

(All of the options have thermal qualities avoiding the need to apply an insulation.

9

Chamfered drip on the cladding to avoid rotting.

10

150x60mm Lathes, fixed to the primary structure. Providing a fixing for the external cladding. This also provides a air gap to prevent the timbers rotting.

11

DPM

12

Cladding, These timbers will vary in species and size (Width, length and depth) depending on the material available when harvesting the miyawaki planting.

All electrical work required to meet the requirement of Part P (electrical safety) must be designed, installed, inspected and tested by a person competent to do so. Prior to completion, building control officer should be satisfied that Part P has been complied with.

An appropriate BS 7671 electrical installation certificate must be issued for the work by a person competent to do so. Note: ensure electrical cables should not be covered by insulation. Where this is unavoidable, installation must be in accordance with BRE BR 262, thermal insulation: avoiding risks, section 2.3.

Low energy light fittings to be provided to all areas. low energy light fittings defined as an outlet fitting which can only accept energy efficient lamps with a luminous efficacy greater than 45 lamp lumens per circuit-watt.

A minimum of at least 2m is required between the landing and ceilings.

17 16

15

14

13

12 11 10

9 8 7 6

5 4 3 2

1

48

IMG: 48. 1.20 Technical detail (Innovative, new, carbon negative materials).

(Source Cooksey,R )

Innovative Model Detailed Explored This page offers some insight to potential innovative materials that could be substituted for conventional materials.

IMG: 49. 1.20 Innovative Model Detailed Explored, exploded axo detail (Source Cooksey,R )

50

Interactive Approved Document Proposal Instead of the approved document being a series of rules to be followed with no clear direction or advise. An interactive Setup could provide the reader with a library of potential alternatives that meet the standards. However, this could become problematic with the amount of data that would be required in one space for this to work.

Please scan here: Note this has been formatted to favour a mobile device.

Alternatively please follow the link: https://xd.adobe.com/view/14dab453-c428-465b-afa1bb08d9e3c4e5-4189/?fullscreen&hints=off

52

Link To Thesis Throughout the thesis investigation, it has been highlighted that the amount of embodied carbon on a Dudley high street was incredibly high (see thesis 1A). During the study, alternative forward-thinking ways to retrofit and construct new structures accept no material other than carbon-negative ones. To Achieve this production of materials needs to be localised. Due to a lack of land, the Miyawaki method was introduced. From this point onwards, tennis courts are referred to when referencing the required space needed to offset co2. This creates a human scale. This study investigates the barriers to using alternative carbon-negative materials, providing detail for a carbon-negative staircase replacing a concrete structure.

IMG: 2. Conceptual thesis image (Source: Cooksey, 2022)

Understanding Miyawaki Planting The Miyawaki planting method creates a forest aesthetic in a short in a short period of time, whist minimising the area of land required. It works well by using native spices of trees and shrubs (see reteach list next page for native species for Dudley), creating a multi layered forest community.

This is a solution to urban planting as the growth time is significantly reduced. Here is a solution to replanting deforested areas of woodland in a short period of time. Whilst achieving high amounts of biodiversity compared to traditional forests. This is due to its dense nature. The only constraint of this method is the cost to plant 30 times more saplings than traditionally planted.

10 Times Faster Growing A Miyawaki forest grows in 20 to 30 years instead of taking 150 to 200 years if the forest was to be planted traditionally. This is ideal for a urban environment where the need for intimidate presence is required.

Also this would accelerate the carbon sequestering. (Urban Forest Europe, 2022)

30 Times Denser The seedlings are randomly planted and at high density, 20,000 to 30,000 per hectare rather than the traditional 1,000 per hectare.

Dense planting encourages each plant to grow faster than the one next to it a perfect scenario of survival of the fittest.

(Urban Forest Europe,2022)

Local These forests can be planted anywhere under and conditions with limited space.

There are case studies where even a car park space is large enough for this to be successful. (Urban Forest Europe, 2022)

20 Times More Biodiversity Due to the increased dense of the planting there is 18 times the amount of biodiversity compared to a normal forest. Again this is down to the vast number of plants within a small area. Perfect for an urban environment where Biodiversity struggles.

(Urban Forest Europe, 2022)

Participative The application of these forests can be completed by anyone with out having specialised knowledge. This means that a local scheme could inspire schools and clubs to get involved. (Urban Forest Europe, 2022) IMG: 3. Miyawaki forest, setup. DR. Akira Miyawaki (Source: Atoms, 2022A)

54

Reference To A Tennis Court Dr Akira Miyawaki was an expert in plant ecology. He was the man behind the Miyawaki planting that has driven this thesis so far (Canplant, 2021).

I investigated if the miyawaki planting requires a particular layout to ensure efficiency. In most articles, it soon became apparent that to allow the reader to visualise an area, miyawaki is referred to as an amount of tennis courts worth planting.

For that reason, it is evident that from now on, when referring to Miyawaki planting, this will be visualised using a tennis court layout.

Dr. Akira Miyawaki

IMG: 4. Miyawaki forest, the forestkeeper. DR. Akira Miyawaki (Source: Atoms, 2022B)

Miyawaki ‘Tennis Court’ Miyawaki forests, when related to scale, are often referred to as the size of a tennis court. As there is a preexisting relationship between Miyawaki forests and tennis courts all of the investigations will refer to a tennis court to provide human scale. The human relationship will also help promote this idea as it allows people who have a sense of scale to compare it to. Below are two images of a tennis court in two different settings. Regardless of one interest in sport or keenness to take part, most people would be able to gauge a rough idea of the size of a tennis court as its dimensions are fixed regardless of its setting.

There is a human relationship with grid based on a tennis court The local park tennis court

OR

IMG: 5. A Park tennis court (Source: Tornonto Life, 2022)

A grand slam at Wimbledon

IMG: 6.Wimbledon full crowd (Source: The Bridge, 2022)

IMG: 7. Boon’s Lick Park Tennis Court (Source: Stcharlesparks, 2022)

56

Offsetting Via Planting Physical Model

IMG: 51 . 1.20 Miyawaki planting model B (Source Cooksey,R )

Industry Engagement

This model demonstrates the around of carbon to offset both a traditional concrete staircase and a stair case designed with innovative materials against both typical and miyawaki types of planting based on the Miyawaki tennis court ‘grid’.

Standard Planting

Miyawaki Planting

(Controversial Materials)

(Controversial Materials)

195.6m2 required to offset the traditional concrete stair case core analysed in the previous pages. When scaling this to a tennis court grid, notice the significant percentage of the area of trees it requires to offset the embodied carbon over a year.

16.3m2 is required to offset the traditional concrete stair case core analysed in the previous pages when using the Miyawaki Method of planting trees. Notice the reduction of floor space required to offset the carbon. Note that this is not the ideal solution. Using innovative materials is.

General Planting

Miyawaki Planting

41.5m2 is the ‘leftover’ space of a tennis court when comparing the two models.

(Innovative Materials)

7.4m2 required to offset the innovative material led staircase core analysed in the previous pages when using the Miyawaki Method of planting trees. A proportion of this space does not offset the carbon but provides space to grow the materials required. This is a forward-thinking solution to reducing embodied carbon in what seems to have been standardised approved documents.

IMG: 52 . Industry engagement (Source Cooksey,R )

58

1.20 Planting Visualisation Model This model is a scale representative of the number of trees required to offset the embodied carbon within both of the 1.20 models. Notice the incredible reduction of trees required when miyawaki forests are implemented over traditional planting— also the staggering difference of trees required when using modern materials over conventional ones.

IMG: 50 . 1.20 Miyawaki planting model (Source Cooksey,R )

60

IMG: 53. Industry engagement A (Source Cooksey,R )

Stage 4:

Implementing Nudge Behaviour What does the guidance tell us?

This research investigates the consequences of applying nudge behaviour to change the material pallet used as a default throughout the construction industry. As analysed, nudge behaviour must be taken gradually to avoid tragic mistakes, which may be caused due to a lack of material investigation, application issue or incorrect use.

However, a successful process could be significant to achieving overall carbon-negative results in the construction industry.

Nudge Behaviour..........................................................62 Public Engagement.......................................................64 Industry engagement....................................................66 Education Sector Engagement......................................68 Whats Next?..................................................................70 Reflection......................................................................74

The Building Regulations 2022

ur O e v !! a e S r u t u F

62

Nudge Behaviour Building Regulations do not tell you how you should do it. The approved documents give help for some common problems” (HM Government, 2020:9).

There is an opportunity to change the materials used in construction as there is no guidance that says that a particular material must be applied to a given situation.

Current material selection Default

Currently, the materials chosen within the construction industry are impacted by nudge behaviour. Traditional construction methods are the most common ones, meaning they are the ones that get used. As a result, they become a ‘default’.

Default

Default

Think of it as a shop layout, with the products being various materials. Most people would not travel each aisle.

They already know what they want and where to find it. New materials would not even be common knowledge at this point as people walk straight past them.

When a shop wants to promote a product, it gets a prime location, such as an entrance or the tills. However, nudging someone towards one product has consequences of the product they would have bought, which also needs to be considered.

Changing the material selection route requires nudge behaviour.

Changing the current default

Influencing change to an automatic process

Making the preferred option the default

The first step is to influence change.

The first step is to present a range of alternatives and not force one single material to create resistance.

Create new habitats

When these Materials become a habit, they also become an easier sell to future projects.

Presenting Alternatives

These need to be in an obvious place to prevent stakeholder avoiding them.

Exposure is key to its success.

Mass use

Education

Education is required for the user and designer to apply the new materials.

Consequence of nudging Nudging can become problematic if products and materials develop issues damaging their credibility. Any new method must be thoroughly tested prior to mass use.

IMG: 54. Implementing nudge behaviour diagram (Source Cooksey,R )

64

Public Engagement CoLab Dudley Partnership

“CoLab Dudley is an experimental form of social infrastructure located on Dudley High Street.”

CoLab creates spaces for people to connect across Dudley, the Black Country, and beyond. As a result, artists, Architects, Poets, and so many more have been able to reach out to each other, creating new bridges that might never have been built without this flexible and open space.

During a thesis exhibition, I was able to speak to community members and discuss the findings of this negotiated practice investigation. The visual evidence I presented through models demonstrating the amount of embodied carbon in specific building details shocked them. I noticed that those looking at the models felt they did not have a voice in the materials selected unless they were the client.

However, even as the client, those I had spoken to would not have considered alternative materials. Instead, they felt that the designer should inform them of better material choices when taking on a project.

This is where the importance of nudge behaviour could significantly impact the amount of embodied carbon used within the construction industry.

There needs to be a series of models such as the one I have produced here for multiple construction areas with high embodied energy. These need to be exhibited on a much larger scale at construction events. The shock factor alongside education would encourage better decisions in the future.

Public Engagement

IMG: 55. Public engagement A (Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 56. Public engagement B (Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 57. Public engagement C (Source Cooksey,R )

66

Industry Engagement I wanted to present my finding to those within the industry. I had invited a couple guests highlighted below to discuss the investigation and output model.

Attendees Chartered Architectural Technologist

Part 1 Architect

Part 2 Architect

1 x CIAT Architectural Technologist

3 x Part 1 Architectural Assistant

1 x Part 2 Architectural Assistant

Structural Engineer

1 x Structural Engineer

Consultants

1x

Those in the construction industry had split opinions, leading back to economic routes and client exploration. They realised the amount of carbon the industry produced, and most were shocked to see the vast difference in planting required to offset both models. However, they felt they could only advise and coordinate based on the brief. When asked what should be done to encourage innovative carbon-negative materials, the replies were: Education is a crucial factor to all stakeholders. This includes awareness of alternative materials. Seeing a nudge behaviour scenario would encourage some; however, the most common answer was to change policy. Having a policy instructing the use or limiting the amount of carbon that can be used would force all stakeholders to think differently. However, we discussed that in order to achieve this, there needs to be more testing to provide the industry with confidence. There was an element of caution in the room when asked if these materials were the solution to the embodied carbon within the construction industry.

I found that the group’s older members felt that they were less willing to change their material pallets due to them being comfortable with the materials they have used all of their careers. On the other hand, the younger members were more enthusiastic about change. This could be related to them being surrounded by the education system when sustainability is a hot topic.

Industry Engagement

IMG: 58. Industry engagement B (Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 59. Industry engagement C (Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 60. Industry engagement D (Source Cooksey,R )

IMG: 61. Industry engagement E (Source Cooksey,R )

68

Education Sector Engagement Here i had conversations with individuals and groups of students at various levels of their study.

Staff

Part 1 Architect Student

Part 2 Architect Student

BCU Staff

BCU Architecture Part 1 Students

BCU Architecture Part 2 Students

The discussion with the students found that they were not exposed to material creativity within the industry. This could be assumed that at the early stages in our careers, we do not have the authority to be making those sorts of decisions/design inputs. The students said the only opportunity to explore innovative materials is in the educational surroundings. However, not all of the students agreed that they had been exposed to materials as much as others.

This was a correlation between unit groups. Pharaps the most effective way to ensure a blanket knowledge base is to focus on this at the undergraduate stage where all students follow one brief. However, it should be up to those regulating the industry to force the curriculum to expose all students to a hands-on, material orientated module. Also, one must remember that materials are constantly evolving, so the industry must ensure that a range of CPDs provide exposure to new materials once the student leaves the education environment. As per the pie charts students feel that the only way to enforce change is to change the law. That means an updated building regulations that aims for a sustainable construction industry.

Do you feel your material exploration work would be considered in projects at your place of work?

14%

No

86%

Yes

Do you have the authority to introduce innovative materials 14%

No

86%

Yes

Do you feel the only way for a sustainable construction industry is to re write the Building Regulations?

21%

No

79%

Yes 70

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74

Reflection Throughout this short investigation, it was clear that there is a requirement for the construction industry to take ownership of the vast amount of carbon it produces.

This study identified the problem within the industry. The conclusion to this chapter was that the current policy and legislation allow there to be an open-ended argument of whom is to take the blame for the use of carbon-positive materials. This was backed by primary research based on a visual inspection of Dudley high-street (completed within stage 1b of thesis work) and secondary data published by green space.

This study highlighted that a change in the approved document wording would significantly impact the specified materials. For example, change ‘does not tell you how to do it to ‘ advising a range of junction/ material pallets’.

Investigating the total embodied carbon in a fire protected staircase became the case study. However, this is only a rough, educated estimate. The calculation would need to be taken further for an accurate reading, including operational, embodied, and carbon data. Nevertheless, the figures generated were shocking and proved that action is urgently needed. Users and designers need to understand the effect on the environment when specifying particular materials.

When investigating alternative materials, they must meet the classification required for their intended use. What seems to be apparent is the lack of testing on some of these new innovative carbon-negative materials that are emerging, making it difficult for them to be specified for use. For innovative materials to be used, there needs to be a surge in testing to allow them to be recognised as safe materials. This testing would provide confidence in their application, leading to more of these innovative materials being used in the construction industry. Due to recent events making fire classification a priority, new materials will be avoided until confidence is gained. Once the testing is completed, nudge behaviour is necessary to broaden their application.

The investigation into nudge behaviour was the most

engaging chapter of the investigation. The public engagement: This group seemed to have a split response.

Many said they would be open to seeing a broader range of materials used in construction, but others feared new materials for their testing. Due to the fire being a hot topic in construction-related news, the public wanted to stick with what they knew and had confidence in. See the industry and educational feedback on the relevant pages.

This study has highlighted that putting embodied carbon into visual perspective creates conversations. The underlying problems are as follows. The education sector across all industries provides the future proof modules and assessment criteria. Ensuring that materials are fast-tracked (with precision) with new innovative carbon negative materials. Allowing materials to be used with confidence across the industry. While the most significant factor is changing how the older generations use materials and challenging what they are used to by pushing them out of their comfort zones.

The next step is to reproduce similar visual studies for every commonly used area of the approved documents to create awareness. This should then be exhibited and published to drive awareness and create a surging nudge behaviour.

An interactive version of the approved document would help better choices when selecting materials as a secondary exercise to this. Providing the reader with options would expand their choices, reducing the potential amount of embodied carbon within standardised construction elements of buildings.

76

Bibliography Abadi, A. (2014) A Study of Innovation Perception within the Construction Industry. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Manchester.

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BBC (2018B) Global cement production has risen sharply, but appears to have levelled off. Available at: https://www.bbc. co.uk/news/science-environment-46455844 [Accessed 01 March 2022].

Canplant (2021) Crafting Tiny, Fast-Growing Forests with the Miyawaki Method. Available at: https://can-plant.ca/blog/ crafting-tiny-fast-growing-forests-with-the-miyawaki-method.htm [Accessed 25 March 2022].

Clayworks (2022) Clayworks [Website] Available at: https://clay-works.com/sustainability/ [Accessed 25 March 2022].

Crabicrete (2022) Crabicrete [Website] Available at: https://carbicrete.com [Accessed 25 March 2022]. eestairs (2022) eestairs. [Website] Available at: https://www.eestairs.ch/en/648_bamboo_products.htm [Accessed 25 March 2022].

Goodhew, S. and Griffiths, R. (2005) Sustainable earth walls to meet the building regulations. Available at: http://irep.ntu. ac.uk/id/eprint/23408/1/192471_Sustainable%20earth%20walls%20to%20meet%20the%20building%20regulations.pdf [Accessed 22 April 2022].

Greenspec (2022) The Environmental Impacts of Concrete. Available at: https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/ environmental-impacts-of-concrete/ [Accessed 22 January 2022].

HM Government (2019) Fire Saftey Approved document B. Volume 2: Buildings other than dwelligns [pdf] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/937932/ADB_Vol2_ Buildings_other_than_dwellings_2019_edition_inc_2020_amendments.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2022].

HM Government (2020) Manual to the building regulations [pdf] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/901517/Manual_to_building_regs_-_July_2020.pdf [Accessed 25 January 2022].

Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2021) Planning application statistics: Planning applications in England: January to March 2021 [pdf] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/996115/Planning_Application_Statistics_-_January_to_March_2021_-_Statistical_Release.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2022].

Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2021) Planning applications submitted and approved in 2021. Page 1. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/996115/ Planning_Application_Statistics_-_January_to_March_2021_-_Statistical_Release.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2022].

NPCA (2012) Green Piece – Sustainability through Reinforcement. [Website] Available at: https://precast.org/2012/10/greenpiece-sustainability-through-reinforcement/ [Accessed 25 March 2022].

One Tree Planted (2022) How much CO2 does a tree absorb? Available at: https://onetreeplanted.org/blogs/stories/howmuch-co2-does-tree-absorb [Accessed 07 March 2022].

Ozorhon, B. (2013) Response of construction clients to low-carbon building regulations. [pdf] Available at: https://ascelibraryorg.bcu.idm.oclc.org/doi/epdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CO.1943-7862.0000768 [Accessed 22 April 2022].

Sustainable Concrete (2022) CO2 Emissions - Production. Available at: https://www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk/SustainableConcrete/Performance-Indicators/CO2-Emissions-Production.aspx [Accessed 22 January 2022].

Snohetta (2022) Biocrete – a carbon negative concrete [Website] Available at: https://snohetta.com/project/558-biocrete-acarbon-negative-concrete [Accessed 25 March 2022].

Urban Forests Europe (2022) Urban Forests Europe, Do it with trees, Miyawaki method. Available at: https://urban-forests.com/ miyawaki-method/ [Accessed 25 March 2022].

78

Figure References IMG: 1

Cooksey, R. (2022) Explaining the embodied carbon model. [Photograph].

IMG: 2

Cooksey, R. (2022) Conceptual thesis image. [collage].

IMG: 3

Atoms (2022A) Miyawaki forest, setup: Dr. Akira Miyawaki. Available at: https://atmos.earth/akiramiyawaki-reforestation-method-interview/ [Accessed on 25 Jannuary2022].

FIG: 4

Atoms (2022B) The Forestkeeper: Dr. Akira Miyawaki. Available at: https://atmos.earth/akira-miyawakireforestation-method-interview/ [Accessed on 25 Jannuary2022].

FIG: 5

Tornonto Life (2022) The tennis-crazed condo. Available at: https://torontolife.com/city/the-tenniscrazed-condo/ [Accessed on 25 Jannuary2022].

FIG: 6

The Bridge (2022) Wimbledon allowed full crowd at Centre Court for finals. Available at: https:// thebridge.in/tennis/wimbledon-allowed-full-crowd-centre-court-finals-22112. Available at: https:// thebridge.in/tennis/wimbledon-allowed-full-crowd-centre-court-finals-22112 [Accessed on 12 February 2022].

FIG: 7

stcharlesparks (2022) Boone’s Lick Park Tennis Court. Available at: http://www.stcharlesparks.com/ park/boones-lick-park/boones-lick-park-tennis-court-c-adjusted/ [Accessed on 22 February 2022].

FIG: 8

Cooksey, R. (2022) For a detailed manual to understanding the Building Regulations. [Diagram].

IMG: 9

Cooksey, R. (2022) Collage explaing the number of Approved Documents that need to be met. [collage].

IMG:10

HM Government (2020) Manual to the Building Regulations. Page 21. https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/901517/Manual_to_building_regs_-_ July_2020.pdf [Accessed 01 March 2022].

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HM Government (2019) How to use this approved document. Fire Saftey Approved document B. Volume 2: Buildings other than dwelligns [pdf] Page ii. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/937932/ADB_Vol2_Buildings_other_ than_dwellings_2019_edition_inc_2020_amendments.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2022].

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Cooksey, R (2021a) What are the primary UK staple building materials & why. Available in section 1B, Ryan cooksey Thesis module.

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Cooksey, R (2021b) What are the secondary UK staple building materials & why. Available in section 1B, Ryan cooksey Thesis module.

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Cooksey, R (2021c) What are the UK tertiary staple building materials & why. Available in section 1B, Ryan cooksey Thesis module.

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Tracking blame: The current policy. [Diagram].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Tracking blame: Creating Hierachy. [Diagram].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Creating awareness through news headlines. [collage].

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Greenspec (2022) Green House Gas Emissions By Industry. Available at: https://www.greenspec. co.uk/why-we-choose-green-products/ [Accessed 01 March 2022].

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BBC (2018) Global cement production has risen sharply, but appears to have levelled off. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46455844 [Accessed 01 March 2022].

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Sustainable Concrete (2022) Performance indicator: CO2 - emissions - production (standardised mix)(kg CO2 / tonne) Available at: https://www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk/Sustainable-Concrete/ Performance-Indicators/CO2-Emissions-Production.aspx [Accessed 04 March 2022].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Concrete offsetting calculation.

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Visulaing the concrete industry using the UK as a size referance [collage].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Embodied carbon in a staircase calculation.

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Investigating the amount of planting required to off set the embodied carbon in a fire protected staircase.

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Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2021) Planning applications submitted and approved in 2021. Page 1. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/996115/Planning_Application_Statistics_-_January_to_ March_2021_-_Statistical_Release.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2022].

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Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2021) Planning applications submitted and approved in 2021. Page 13. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/996115/Planning_Application_Statistics_-_January_to_ March_2021_-_Statistical_Release.pdf [Accessed 22 January 2022].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Miyawaki Forest: Carbon offset calculation.

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Atoms (2022) The Forestkeeper: Dr. Akira Miyawaki. Available at: https://atmos.earth/akira-miyawakireforestation-method-interview/ [Accessed on 25 Jannuary2022].

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Kobocrete (2022) Staircase shaft. Available at: https://www.kobocrete.co.uk/precast-concretemodular-lift-shaft-core [Accessed 18 March 2022].

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The Guardian (2022) Plans for 51-storey London tower with just one staircase put on hold. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jan/13/plans-for-51-storey-london-tower-with-justone-staircase-put-on-hold [Accessed 18 March 2022].

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Reddit (2022) Grenfell Tower in west London bursts into fire. Available at: https://www.reddit. com/r/ThisDayInHistory/comments/nzmrwh/june_14_2017_grenfell_tower_in_west_london_bursts/ [Accessed 18 March 2022].

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Euro-classification (2021) classification according to European Standard EN13501-1. Available at: https://www.magma-industries.nl/euro-classification-en-13501-1/ [Accessed 18 March 2022].

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HM Government (2019) Table B4: minimum periods of fire resistance. Page 145. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/937932/ADB_Vol2_Buildings_other_than_dwellings_2019_edition_inc_2020_amendments.pdf [Accessed 18 March 2022].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Staircase model, when following the material specification on the Approved Documents. Plus demonstrating the framework required on-site. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Technical detail (Conventional) [Technical detail].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model: Material preparation. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model: Mixing. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model: Mould preparation. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022)1.20 Conventional material model: Filling. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process a. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process b. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process c.[Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model: Moulding process d. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model B. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model C. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model D. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Conventional material model E. [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) .20 Technical detail (Innovative, new, carbon negative materials). [Technical detail].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Innovative Model Detailed Explored, exploded axo detail [Technical detail].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Miyawaki planting model [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) 1.20 Miyawaki planting model B [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Industry engagement

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Industry engagement A [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Implementing nudge behaviour [Diagram] .

Cooksey, R. (2022) Public engagement A [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Public engagement B [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Public engagement C [Photograph].

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Industry engagement B

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Industry engagement C

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Industry engagement D

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Cooksey, R. (2022) Industry engagement E

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Abadi, A. (2014) A Study of Innovation Perception within the Construction Industry. Ph.D. Thesis.

University of Manchester. Page 27. Available at: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/ files/54559942/FULL_TEXT.PDF [Accessed 22 April 2022].

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Abadi, A. (2014) A Study of Innovation Perception within the Construction Industry. Ph.D. Thesis.

University of Manchester. Page 206. Available at: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/ files/54559942/FULL_TEXT.PDF [Accessed 22 April 2022].

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Ozorhon, B. (2013) Response of construction clients to low-carbon building regulations. [pdf]. Page 10. Available at: https://ascelibrary-org.bcu.idm.oclc.org/doi/ epdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CO.1943-7862.0000768 [Accessed 22 April 2022].

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Appendix

The following pages are screenshot from the proposed interactive building Regulations Website

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The Building Regulations 2022

r u O e v ! ! a e S r u t u F

- Identify the problem within the current Building Regulations and Approved Documents.

- Provide a framework to help educate all stakeholders within the construction industry.

- Apply a carbon negative alternative to a real world problem.

- Understand how to maximise the success of nudge behaviour through a visual carbon model.

Ryan John Cooksey Birmingham City University S17123027 ARC7466 Negotiated Practice