Bolnica sternthal za splet by s.kolibri

Vojna bolnišnica Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju med letoma 1915 in 1918 Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju War Hospital between 1915 and 1918

Nataša Kolar

Vojna bolnišnica Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju med letoma 1915 in 1918 Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju War Hospital between 1915 and 1918

Ptuj 2015

Vojna bolnišnica Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju med letoma 1915 in 1918 Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju War Hospital between 1915 and 1918

Avtorica / Author: mag. Nataša Kolar Jezikovni pregled / Slovene language editor: mag. Darja Gabrovšek Homšak Prevod / Translation: Tanja Ostrman Renault Fotografije in gradivo na razstavi / Photos and material in exhibition: Boris Bavdek (član Zgodovinskega društva Kidričevo), Franc Golob (Ptuj), Aleksander Kumer (član Zgodovinskega društva Kidričevo), Knjižnica Ivana Potrča Ptuj, Österreichisches Staatsarchiv Wien, Občina Kidričevo, Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož, Zgodovinski arhiv na Ptuju Konserviranje razstavnega gradiva / Preservation of exhibition material: Danilo Goričan Fotografije / Photographs by: Boris Farič, fotodokumentacija PMPO Oblikovanje razstave / Exhibition design: mag. Nataša Kolar Tisk razstavnih panojev / Exhibition billboards printed by: Aleksander Kelnerič Oblikovanje kataloga / Catalogue design: s.kolibri Tisk kataloga / Catalogue printed by: Aleksander Kelnerič Prva izdaja / First edition: 300 izvodov / copies © 2015 Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož / Ptuj - Ormož regional Museum Zanj / For: v. d. direktorja Andrej Brence Razstavo in tisk publikacije sta omogočila: Ministrstvo za kulturo RS in Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož Exibition and Publication printing was made possible by the: Ministry of Culture RS and Ptuj - Ormož Regional Museum

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor 940.547.6(497.4) KOLAR, Nataša, 1961Vojna bolnišnica Sternthal / Strnišče pri Ptuju med letoma 1915 in 1918 = Sternthal / Strnišče pri Ptuju war hospital between 1915 and 1918 / Nataša Kolar ; [prevod Tanja Ostrman Renault ; fotografije Boris Farič]. - 1. izd. - Ptuj : Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj Ormož, 2015 300 izv. 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. COBISS.SI-ID 84758529

Vsebina Contents

4 Predgovor / Foreword

8 Vojaško zdravstvo / Military Medical Care

10 Gradnja taboriščnega kompleksa / Building the Camp complex

16 Opis / Description

20 Delovanje / Functioning

26 Gospodarstvo / Economy

32 Vojnoujetniški delovni oddelek / Prisoners of war working unit

36 Prosti čas / Free time

40 Duhovna oskrba / Spiritual care

44 Premirje / The Armistice

46 Literatura / Literature

Predgovor Foreword

V prvi svetovni vojni je bila fotografija bistveni sestavni del slikovne dokumentacije za spremljanje vojnih dogodkov na bojiščih in v zaledju. Vojni tiskovni urad na Dunaju je širjenje fotografij cenzuriral in nadzoroval. Glavne teme vojne propagande so bile: življenje na bojišču, oskrba in saniteta, vojaški uspehi, poveličevanje vojaških poveljnikov, počastitev in zadovoljstvo vojakov, junaštvo mož in žena. Iluzorni uprizoritvi propagande pa so sledile realne vojne fotografije s posnetki opustošenih naselij in podeželja, medvojnega vsakdana, vojnih ujetnikov, beguncev, ranjencev, invalidov, nečloveška plat vojne pa se je izrecno pokazala s posnetki številnih umrlih. Med prvo svetovno vojno so tako posnetke naredili uradni vojaški in tudi zasebni ljubiteljski fotografi; oboji so se zavedali pomena posnetih doživetih dogodkov, tako da so jih za zgodovino ohranili na fotografskem papirju in na negativih na steklenih ploščah. Vojne fotografije so postale pomemben zgodovinski vir za proučevanje življenjskega vsakdana med véliko vojno. Razlika med posnetki, ki so jih naredili uradni in ljubiteljski fotografi, je bila v tem, da so bile fotografije prvih cenzurirane, ker so bile objavljene v različnih časopisih, ljubiteljske fotografije pa so poslikali častniki in vojaki za svoj spomin. V zgodovinski zbirki ptujskega muzeja hranimo album z 277 fotografijami rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, ki je spadala v kompleks Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju. Leta 1916 je fotografije posnel ljubiteljski fotograf Albin Pogačnik starejši. Album, ki ga sestavljajo kartonski listi z nalepljenimi fotografijami, je muzeju v dveh delih podaril Albin Pogačnik mlajši v letih 1998 in 2008. Albin Pogačnik starejši je bil ob izbruhu prve svetovne vojne mobiliziran in poslan v Galicijo. Tam je bil leta 1915 ranjen. Na zdravljenje so ga poslali v Vojno bolnišnico Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju, in sicer v rezervno bolnišnico Lukavac. Ker so za razvijanje rentgenskih slik v strniških bolnišnicah potrebovali fotografa, je najverjetneje med zdravljenjem v bolnišnici Lukavac opravljal delo fotografa. Kot navdušen fotograf je poslikal mnoga bolnišnična prizorišča, dogajanje, bolnišnično osebje, zaposlene, vojake in častnike ter njihove družinske člane. Ob navedenem je številne motive zabeležil tudi zunaj bolnišničnega kompleksa, v njegovi širši okolici: na Ptuju, Hajdini, v Lovrencu na Dravskem polju in na Ptujski Gori. Ob tem albumu obstajajo še druge serije posnetkov strniških rezervnih bolnišnic (na primer rezervne bolnišnice Klatovo in Kutna Gora) neznanih fotografov. Te posnetke so pridobili zasebni slovenski zbiralci, ki jih to področje prve svetovne vojne zanima. V knjigi, s katero obeležujemo stoto obletnico gradnje bolnišničnega kompleksa Strnišče pri Ptuju, predstavljamo dejavnost Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju med letoma 1915 in 1918. Slikovno jo dopolnjujemo z gradivom iz muzejske fotodokumentacije, in to z zbranimi preslikanimi izvirnimi fotografijami strniških rezervnih bolnišnic, ki so nam jih za muzejsko dokumentacijo in uporabo prijazno odstopili slovenski zasebni zbiralci. Ob teh posnetkih objavljamo na razstavi ali v knjigi tudi nekatere fotografije iz kompleksa Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče, ki jih hranijo Knjižnica Ivana Potrča Ptuj, Zgodovinski arhiv na Ptuju in Avstrijski državni arhiv, Vojni arhiv na Dunaju. Poudarek pri slikovni predstavitvi dejavnosti pa namenjamo izboru posnetkov iz albuma rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac. Zbrani in predstavljeni posnetki kompleksa Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/ Strnišče pri Ptuju so izjemna fotografska zapuščina obravnavanega obdobja. Ne glede na to, kdo je posnetek naredil in za kakšen namen, so ohranjene fotografije postale del nacionalnega spomina in kulturnozgodovinske dediščine. Zahvaljujemo se vsem, ki skupaj s kulturnimi ustanovami skrbijo za ohranitev te naše kulturne dediščine in tudi na ta način prispevajo k boljši prepoznavnosti pomembnih drobcev iz življenja med véliko vojno.

During the First World War, the photography was the essential part of pictorial records of war events happening on battlefields and in the hinterland. The war press office in Vienna strictly censored and watched over the dissemination of photographs. The main topics used by the war propaganda were life on the frontline, supply and sanitation, military achievements, admiration of military commanders, homage and satisfaction of private soldiers, bravery of men and women. The illusory propaganda presentation was countered by the true war photography showing devastated villages and countries, the war everyday-life, war prisoners, refugees, wounded and disabled; the inhuman side of the war was bluntly staring from the photographs of numerous dead. During the First World War, pictures were taken by official military photographers, and also by photography amateurs; both were conscious of the importance of the moment snapped and immortalised by a camera, and saved on photographic paper, negative or glass plates. The art of war photography became an extremely important historical source for studying the everyday life during the Great War. The main difference between the “official” and “non-official” photographs lied in the fact that the former were censored, for they were published in various newspapers, while the latter ones were taken by officers and soldiers for their own private purposes. The historical collection in Ptuj museum keeps an album containing 277 photographs of the reserve military hospital Lukavac which was part of the complex of Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital. These photographs were taken in 1916 by the amateur photographer Albin Pogačnik senior. The album, composed of card-paper sheets with glued-on photographs, was given to the museum in two parts by Albin Pogačnik junior in 1998 and 2008. At the outbreak of war, Albin Pogačnik senior was mobilised and sent to Galicia where he was wounded in 1915. He was sent to Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital, or more precisely, to the reserve hospital Lukavac. In order to develop X-rays the hospital needed a photographer, and most probably Albin Pogačnik senior acted as one during his stay at Lukavac hospital. His enthusiasm made him take pictures of many different events and scenes in the hospital, the staff and employees, soldiers and officers as well as members of their families. Besides the life in the hospital, he found interesting motifs beyond its limits in the area of Ptuj, Hajdina, Lovrenc na Dravskem Polju and Ptujska Gora. There are other series of photographs, which are not included in the mentioned album, showing the reserve hospitals of Klatovo and Kutna Gora (both as a part of the Strnišče hospital complex), and taken by unknown photographers; these photographs were collected by individuals interested in the First World War. The book which celebrates the hundredth anniversary of the construction of Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital complex presents activities of the hospital between 1915 and 1918. Copies of the original photographs, generously handed down to the museum by numerous collectors, and which depict reserve hospitals in Strnišče, complete the book with appropriate photographic material. Besides these photographs, others were reproduced for the exhibition and the book from documents kept by Ivan Potrč Library in Ptuj, Ptuj Historical Archives, Austrian State Archives, Kriegsarchiv, Vienna. The focus, however, is on the selection of shots taken from the album dedicated to the reserve hospital Lukavac and its activities. The collected and presented shots of Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital complex represent an exceptional legacy and testimony of the discussed historical period. Regardless of who is the author of photographs and for what purpose they were taken, the preserved shots are part of national memory and cultural-historical legacy. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who, together with cultural institutions, take care of our cultural legacy and its preservation, and thus contribute to a better understanding of significant details of everyday life during the Great War.

Albin Pogačnik starejši v svojem fotografskem ateljeju v bolnišnici Lukavac. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Albin Pogačnik senior in his photography atelier in Lukavac hospital. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Vojaško zdravstvo Military Medical Care Medical services of the Austria-Hungarian army were responsible for the health care of people and animals, namely for the joint army, Imperial Austrian Landwehr, Royal Hungarian Honved, and navy. In 1904, the Austrian government adopted a new regulation regarding the military healthcare facilities and made them more easily adaptable and mobile, while the number of aid work posts was no longer strictly defined and was thus adapted to the reality of battlefields. The number of military doctors was thus augmented, and low-grade officers were allowed to serve. The rules stipulated that all general headquarters needed a special health commission to supervise infectious diseases and hygiene. During the peace period, the medical care services of the Austria-Hungarian army were assigned to the 14th department of the War Ministry in Vienna. The head of the war department was at the same time also Chief of the Military Medical Officers.

Zdravstvena služba avstro-ogrske vojske je bila odgovorna za zdravstveno oskrbo ljudi in živali za področja skupne vojske, deželne brambe, madžarske deželne brambe in mornarice. Leta 1904 je avstrijska oblast sprejela nov predpis o vojaški zdravstveni službi. Zdravstvene ustanove so postale bolj prilagodljive in premične, število pomožnih delovnih mest ni bilo več normirano, ampak so bila ta delovna mesta postavljena in imenovana glede na položaj bojišča. Povečali so število vojaških zdravnikov in uvedli nižje zdravstvene oficirje. Pravila so določala tudi, da so pri vsakem vojaškem generalnem poveljstvu imeli posebno zdravniško komisijo (Salubritätskommission) za nadzorovanje infekcijskih bolezni in higiene. Zdravstvena služba avstro-ogrske vojske je bila v mirnodobnem času dodeljena 14. oddelku vojnega ministrstva na Dunaju. Predstojnik oddelka je bil hkrati tudi šef vojaškega zdravniškega oficirskega zbora (Chef des militärärtzlichen Offizierskorps).

Between 1866 and 1914, the War Ministry together with patriotic societies, such as German Knights Order, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Red Cross and other, were developing the military healthcare services. Both Orders and the Red Cross helped with material, equipment, organisation of frontline transportation facilities and ambulance trains.

Med letoma 1866 in 1914 je vojno ministrstvo skupaj z domoljubnimi društvi (nemški viteški red, suvereni malteški red, Rdeči križ in druga) razvijalo vojaško zdravstveno službo. Oba redova in Rdeči križ so pomagali z materialom, opremo, ureditvijo frontnih zdravstvenih kolon in z zdravstvenimi železniškimi vagoni.

Prior to the outbreak of war, medical services comprised the military medical committee, medical corps command, medical officers corps, medical corps, military medications system, military veterinary service employing military veterinaries, military blacksmiths and veterinary faculty administrators.

Do izbruha prve svetovne vojne so zdravstveno službo sestavljali: vojaški zdravstveni odbor (Militärsanitätskomitee), poveljstvo zdravniških enot (Sanitätstruppenkommando), zdravniški oficirski zbor (das ärztliche Offizierskorps), zdravstvene enote (die Sanitätstruppen), vojaški lekarniški sistem (das Militärmedikamentenwesen) ter vojaška veterinarska služba (der Tierärztliche Dienst) z vojaškimi veterinarji, vojaškimi kovači in uradniki veterinarske fakultete.

The military medical network included division and brigade medical premises, frontline hospitals, mobile reserve hospitals, mobile infectious diseases hospitals, frontline convalescent homes, mobile posts for sick soldiers, sanitary material stock premises, stationary reserve hospitals and stationary posts for sick soldiers both behind the frontline.

Vojaško zdravstveno mrežo so sestavljali: divizijske in brigadne zdravstvene ustanove, frontne bolnišnice, premične rezervne bolnišnice, premične infekcijske bolnišnice, frontne bolniške (»marodne«) hiše na bojišču, mobilne postaje za bolnike, skladišča sanitetnega materiala, stalne rezervne bolnišnice v zaledju in stalne postaje za bolnike v zaledju.

Propagandna razglednica Rdečega križa. Na hrbtni strani je napis: U zdraven. Genesen ? Gueri ?, 1914–1918. Zasebna last. Red Cross propaganda postcard. On the reverse side is the inscription: U zdraven. Genesen ? Gueri ?, 1914–1918. Private property.

Gradnja taboriščnega kompleksa Building the Camp complex During first months of the war, the Austria-Hungarian government was obliged to be present on different fields of action which was mainly due to the constantly changing situation on battlefields which undeniably strongly influenced the everyday life of soldiers and civilians, be it near or behind the frontline. A great number of prisoners of war in the immediate vicinity of the eastern battlefields, and the spread of infectious diseases led the government to adopt medical regulations in order to establish and start taking measures which would prevent the spread of infectious diseases among civilians and soldiers.

V prvih mesecih vojne je bila avstro-ogrska oblast zaradi spreminjajočih se razmer na bojiščih primorana ukrepati na različnih področjih, saj so vplivale na vsakdanjik vojakov in civilistov tako v neposredni bližini bojišč kot tudi v zaledju. Zaradi velike koncentracije vojnih ujetnikov v neposredni bližini vzhodnih bojišč in širjenja različnih infekcijskih bolezni, značilnih za vojni čas, je oblast na osnovi zdravstvenih predpisov vzpostavila in začela izvajati zdravstvene ukrepe za zajezitev širjenja infekcijskih bolezni tako med civilisti kot med vojaki.

Pročelje gradu Strnišče. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Castle Strnišče - façade. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Oblast je v iskanje možnih krajev za nastanitev vojnih ujetnikov pritegnila deželna namestništva, lokalno politično oblast in deželno žandarmerijo. Po proučitvi dobljenih predlogov je štajersko deželno namestništvo v Gradcu za ta namen spomladi 1915 izbralo tudi Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju. Med aprilom 1915 in junijem 1916 je bil tako na površini 234 hektarov zgrajen taboriščni kompleks z 295 barakami. Iz ohranjenih protestnih telegramov razberemo, da prebivalci Ptuja in Strnišča niso bili navdušeni nad prihodom novih sosedov in gradnjo taborišča. Po prvotnem načrtu naj bi v teh barakah nastanili ruske vojne ujetnike. Zaradi italijanske vojne napovedi 23. maja 1915 in s tem širitve bojišč je bila avstrijska oblast prisiljena večino vojnih ujetniških taborišč v monarhiji preoblikovati v vojaške rezervne bolnišnice za zdravljenje vojakov avstro-ogrske armade; z njimi je oblast tako dopolnila vojaške in civilne bolnišnice. V deželi Štajerski so tako preoblikovali štiri taborišča: Knittelfeld, Feldbach, Lebring in Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju.

In its search for suitable places where the prisoners of war could be put up, the government asked for help from regional authorities, local political governments and regional gendarmerie. In spring 1915, once all the proposals had been carefully studied, the Styrian regional authorities based in Graz, Austria, opted for Sterthal/ Strnišče-pri-Ptuju site. Thus, from April 1915 to June 1916, a camp of 295 barracks was being built stretching over 234 hectares. From the well preserved telegrams of protest it can be deduced that the local population was not really happy to see the camp being built, and even less to get new neighbours. According to the first plans the camp was intended for Russian prisoners of war. However, as Italy entered the war on 23rd May 1915 thus opening another frontline, the Austrian government saw itself obliged to turn the majority of prisoners’ camps in the monarchy into military reserve hospitals intended for casualties of Austria-Hungarian army. As such, these reserve hospitals completed the overall number of military and civilian hospitals. In the county of Styria, four camps were turned into hospitals: Knittelfeld, Feldbach, Lebring and Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju.

Železniško postajališče Strnišče, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Strnišče railway station, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Po spremembi namembnosti vojnega ujetniškega taborišča Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju je oblast skupine barak namenila za dejavnost petih rezervnih vojaških bolnišnic in za vojnoujetniški delovni oddelek. Celotna bolnišnica se je uradno imenovala Vojna bolnišnica Sternthal/Strnišče (Kriegsspital Sternthal). Upravno je bila dodeljena poveljstvu jugozahodne fronte, podrejena pa je bila 5. armadnemu etapnemu poveljstvu v Postojni. Po finančnem poročilu za proračunsko leto 1915/1916 so znašali stroški gradnje po njenem zaključku 15 milijonov kron.

So, once the prisoners’ camp in Sternthal/Strniščepri-Ptuju had changed its purpose, the government destined the barracks to serve as reserve military hospitals (5 altogether), and a prisoners of war working unit. The official name of the complex was Sternthal/ Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital. In terms of administrative organisation, the hospital was allocated to the headquarters of the south-western front and under the command of the 5th army unit positioned in Postojna. The financial report for the budget year 1915-1916 shows the expense of 15 million kronen spent on the construction of the camp.

Gradnja vojaških oziroma bolnišničnih barak, 1915. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Construction of military or rather hospital barracks, 1915. Photo documentation PMPO.

Ruski vojni ujetniki med oddihom, 1915. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Russian prisoners of war resting, 1915. Photo documentation PMPO.

Na načrtu barakarskega taborišča Sternthal iz leta 1915 je prikazana shema skupin barak Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju med véliko vojno. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. The plan from 1915 of the camp in Sternthal shows the outline of a group of barracks for Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju War Hospital during the Great War. Photo documentation PMPO.

Načrt kompleksa Sternthal/Strnišče, 1916. OeStA/KA Terr GenKdo Graz BauAbt TR 58 6 1,2a. Plan of the camp Sternthal/Strnišče, 1916. OeStA/KA Terr GenKdo Graz BauAbt TR 58 6 1,2a.

Opis Description Po načrtu je bilo območje taborišča razdeljeno v bivalne skupine, pozneje, po spremembi namembnosti, pa v bolnišnične skupine. Bolnišnica je imela za delovanje vse potrebne dejavnosti, kakor je bilo predvideno v sistemskem načrtu za vojaške rezervne bolnišnice.

According to the plans, the area of the entire camp was organised by residential units, but after the change of purpose, all units were meant for the needs of the hospital. The camp-hospital had all the necessary units needed for its operations, as it had been provided for by the system planning for reserve military hospitals.

Na levi strani železniške proge Pragersko–Ptuj so bile postavljene vse bivalne, bolnišnične (rezervne bolnišnice: Klatovo, Kutna Gora, Dunaj XIX, VršoviceNusle št. 7, Halicz, Lukavac, Sanok št. 1), gospodarske, tehnične in upravljavske skupine; samo rezervna bolnišnica Mlada Boleslav in pokopališče sta bila na desni strani. Sistem postavitve je bil pri vsaki skupini

On the left side of the railway line Pragersko-Ptuj stood the residential barracks, hospital huts (reserve hospitals Klatovo, Kutna Gora, Vienna XIX, Vršovic-Nusle No 7, Halicz, Lukavac, Sanok No 1), outbuildings, and huts for technical and administration units; only Mlada Boleslav reserve hospital and the cemetery were on the right

Glavni vhod rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Main entrance to the reserve hospital Lukavac. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Bivalne barake v rezervni bolnišnici Lukavac. V ospredju vidna klet – ledenica. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Residential barracks of the reserve hospital Lukavac. A basement - ice-house is seen in the first plan. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

enak: levo in desno so bile ležalne barake, v sredini pa oskrbovalne. Strnjene skupine barak so obkrožale še posamezne raztresene bivalne in tehnično-komunalne barake in zažigalne peči.

side of the railway. The construction system was the same for every group of barracks: left and right were huts for the wounded, and the supplies were in the middle. These cluster-like organised groups of barracks were surrounded by a few scattered residential and technical-utility huts as well as by incineration plants.

Vzporedno z vsako bivalno skupino so bile ob robu postavljene še barake s pralnicami in stranišči. V barakah je bila urejena kanalizacija ter napeljana vodovod in električna razsvetljava, med njimi pa je bila speljana tudi ozkotirna železnica za prevoz ranjencev. Vse skupine so bile s centralnim delom bolnišničnega kompleksa povezane z razvejano mrežo cest, poti in kotalno stezo. Osrednji del bolnišničnega kompleksa je bil postavljen okoli gradu Strnišče. Območje, ki je bilo od gradu obrnjeno proti skupini barak rezervne bolnišnice Klatovo in proti pekarniškim barakam, je bil velik prostor za skladiščenje materiala in z dolgo skladiščno barako. Na tem območju so postavili še barako za skladiščenje bencina ter dve oficirski bivalni baraki, kavarno in barako s pisarnami. V smeri proti rezervni bolnišnici Klatovo je bila postavljena oficirska

Parallel to each residential group and on its outer edge were laundry and toilet huts. They were equipped with the sewage system, water supply system, electrical power system, and they were connected by means of a narrow-gauge railway for the transport of the wounded. All groups of barracks were linked to the central part of the hospital complex by a network of roads, paths and a rolling track. The central part of Strnišče hospital spread around Strnišče castle. The entire area from the castle toward the group of Klatovo reserve hospital barracks and bakery barracks was meant for storage of equipment and contained a long building – the store room, a fuel storage barrack, two residential huts for officers, a coffee shop and an administrative barrack.

Jugovzhodni del rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac z zažigalno pečjo. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. South-eastern part of the reserve hospital Lukavac and the incineration plant. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Zahodni del rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, ulica z vodnjakoma in vidno električno razsvetljavo. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Western part of the reserve hospital Lukavac. A street with a fountain and electrical lights. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Officers’ dining room was situated in the direction of Klatovo reserve hospital. Between the central part and the area of Vršovice Nusle No 7 reserve hospital were some lawns with fountains along a nicely designed alley planted with trees. Opposite the lawns stood barracks which housed an office, a post office, gendarmerie and guards headquarters.

jedilnica. Med osrednjim delom in območjem rezervne bolnišnice Vršovice-Nusle št. 7 so ob drevoredu uredili tudi zelenice z vodnjaki. Nasproti zelenic so bile postavljene še barake za pisarno, pošto in žandarmerijo ter glavno stražo. Od skupaj 295 barak jih je bilo za ležišča namenjenih 151 – v njih je bilo skupaj 14.147 postelj –, za druge namene (razuševalnica, trgovine, oskrbovalne barake, pisarne, gasilska baraka, obrtniške delavnice, bivalne barake za osebje in drugo) pa 144. V štirih taboriščnobolnišničnih skupinah je bilo po 2000 ležišč in več, le v Mladi Boleslavi 1197, v Haliczu okrog 1100, v karanteni pa 400. Ležišča so bila še v barakah zunaj ograjenih skupin. V Sternthalu/Strnišču pri Ptuju so lahko sprejeli okrog 9700 ranjenih in bolnih vojakov, 2400 vojnih ujetnikov in 2000 zaposlenih (oboroženo moštvo, zdravstveno osebje, častniki, uradniki, strokovni in pomožni delavci in delavke).

Of 295 barracks 151 were used for the wounded and sick with the total of 14,147 beds; the remaining 144 barracks served other purposes, such as drying, trade, supply, offices, firefighting, crafts, staff residence and other. In four camp and hospital groups were 2,000 beds and more, only Mlada Boleslava contained 1,197, Halisz around 1,100, and the isolation hut 400. Beds-stretchers were also put in barracks which were beyond the fenced-in groups of barracks. The hospital Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju could accommodate some 9,700 wounded and sick soldiers, 2,400 prisoners of war, and 2,000 staff members (armed forces, medical staff, officers, administrators, regular and aid-workers).

Pokrit prostor za skladiščenje materiala. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Covered space for the storage of equipment. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Pisarna za oskrbo. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. A supply office. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Straža. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Guards. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Gasilci. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Firefighters. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Delovanje Functioning Med prvo svetovno vojno so se v bolnišničnih barakarskih skupinah zvrstile številne rezervne bolnišnice, nekatere med njimi so bile v Sternthalu/Strnišču pri Ptuju zelo kratek čas. Vse rezervne vojaške bolnišnice so ime dobile po matičnih bolnišnicah s temi imeni na Češkem, Poljskem, v Bosni in Hercegovini, Romuniji in Avstriji. Po imenih bolnišnic sklepamo, da so Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju uporabljali za zdravstvene potrebe vzhodnega in jugozahodnega bojišča, saj je prišlo največ ranjencev s fronte v Karpatih in z velike italijanske fronte ob Soči, na kateri so se ob Slovencih borili tudi pripadniki drugih narodnosti Avstro-Ogrske.

During the First World War, groups of barracks were occupied by many different reserve hospitals the majority of which were in operation only for a short time. Nevertheless, all reserve military hospitals got their names after their central hospitals in the modern Czech Republic, Poland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania and Austria, and from these names can be deduced that Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital provided medical care for casualties brought in from the eastern and south-western battlefields, i.e. from the Carpathian mountains and the great Isonzo front in Italy where besides the Slovenians fought also members of other nations living in Austria-Hungarian monarchy.

Najdlje sta v Strnišču delovali rezervni bolnišnici Klatovo (24. avgust 1915 – 15. oktober 1918) in Mlada Boleslav (23. avgust 1915 – oktober 1918). Imeli sta status dislocirane stalne zdravstvene ustanove. Rezervna bolnišnica Mlada Boleslav je bila namenjena bolnikom z infekcijskimi boleznimi, specializirana je bila za zdravljenje tuberkuloze. Druge bolnišnice so bile splošne. Leta 1918 je avstrijska vojaška oblast številne rezervne vojaške bolnišnice premeščala po monarhiji. Nekatere so iz Strnišča odšle, druge so prišle. Tako so od februarja do julija 1918 na izpraznjena mesta predhodnih bolnišnic nastanili rezervne bolnišnice Sanok št. 1, Halicz in Dunaj št. XIX. V prvi polovici leta 1918 se je v posameznih bolnišnicah zdravilo precej ranjenih in bolnih vojakov: 3482 v Mladi Boleslavi, 3284 v Klatovu, 4856 v Sanoku št. 1, 889 v Haliczu in 1533 v Dunaju št. XIX.

The reserve hospitals Klatovo (24th August 1915 – 15th October 1918) and Mlada Boleslav (23rd August 1915 – October 1918) remained there for the longest period of time. They both enjoyed the status of dislocated stationary medical units. The reserve hospital Mlada Boleslav took care of patients suffering from infectious diseases and was specialised in the treatment of tuberculosis. Other hospitals were general hospitals. In 1918, the Austrian military authorities moved numerous reserve military hospitals around the monarchy, and thus some were moved out of Strnišče, while the others moved in. From February 1918 to July 1918 the barracks abandoned by some hospitals were occupied again by reserve hospitals Sanok No 1, Halisz and Vienna No XIX. In the first half of 1918, there were 3,482 wounded and sick soldiers in Mlada Boleslav, 3,284 in Klatovo, 4,856 in Sanok No 1, 889 in Halisz, and 1,533 in Vienna No XIX.

Poveljstvo bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju, 18. avgust 1915. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Administration headquarters of Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju hospital, 18th August 1915. Photo documentation PMPO.

Operacijska soba četrtega oddelka rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Operating room of the fourth ward of the reserve hospital Lukavac. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

V Vojni bolnišnici Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju je zdravstveno in medicinsko osebje, ki je bilo predvsem iz vzhodnega dela monarhije, skrbelo za ranjence in ujetnike. Kljub številčnemu medicinskemu osebju, ki je bilo razdeljeno po vseh bolnišnicah, ga je bilo glede na različne infekcije, epidemije kužnih bolezni, bolezni in poškodbe, dobljene na jugozahodnem in vzhodnem bojišču, še premalo. Oblast je zaradi vojnih razmer varčevala na vseh področjih, temu se ni mogla izogniti niti zdravstvena služba, saj je tudi njim primanjkovalo ustrezno usposobljenega osebja, v skladiščih pa medicinske opreme in inštrumentov ter zdravstvenega materiala in zdravil. Uprave posameznih rezervnih bolnišnic so se zaradi nastalih vojnih razmer zelo pogosto spopadale z organizacijskimi, kadrovskimi in materialnimi težavami. Zaradi vedno večjega števila bolnikov in ranjencev so uprave bolnišnic vedno pogosteje prosile nadrejene, da jim odobrijo več zdravstvenega in negovalnega osebja in tudi več zdravstvenega materiala. Za potrošne predmete in inventar, tako medicinski (medicinski instrumenti, zdravila in cepiva za infekcijske bolezni, oprema) in sanitetni kot osebni (obleke, posteljnina, higienski pripomočki), je skrbel ekonomat. Vsaka rezervna bolnišnica je imela veliko in malo operacijsko sobo, ordinacijo, zdravniško sobo in prostor za lekarno. Za ugotavljanje infekcijskih bolezni in pregled krvi so imeli laboratorij, dobili pa so tudi stabilen rentgenski aparat.

In Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital, the medical and health care staff, mostly coming from the eastern part of the monarchy, took care of the wounded and prisoners. Although the staff members were quite numerous and equally allocated to all hospitals, their number proved to be insufficient when they had to face all different kinds of infections, contagious epidemics, diseases and injuries soldiers brought in from the south-western and eastern frontlines were suffering from. Due to the difficult war situation, the government was trying to economise everywhere, and the medical care services were no exception. They constantly lacked adequately trained staff, medical equipment and devices, supplies and medicines. The administrative management of individual reserve hospitals had to face organisational, staff and supplies problems which were due to the war conditions. The number of wounded and sick kept on increasing, and more and more frequently the hospital management had to ask their superiors for more medical and care-taking personnel and medical supplies. The supply unit was in charge of consumable goods, medical inventory (medical instruments, medicines, vaccines, equipment), sanitary supplies, and personal goods (clothes, bedclothes, hygiene supplies). Every reserve hospital had small and large operating rooms, a consulting room, an examination room and space for medicines. To examine patients and determine the nature of infectious diseases as well as to make blood tests, they used a laboratory and an immovable X-ray generator.

Lekarna. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Pharmacy. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Razkladalna oziroma nakladalna rampa rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. A ramp for loading and unloading of the reserve hospital Lukavac. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Jutranja vizita v drugem oddelku rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Morning rounds in the second and fourth wards of the reserve hospital Lukavac. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Kuhinja. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Kitchen. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Jedilnica. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Dining room. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Odpust ozdravljenih vojakov. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Discharge of healthy soldiers. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Gospodarstvo Economy V avstrijskih barakarskih taboriščih in bolnišničnih kompleksih je bilo enotno urejeno samooskrbno gospodarstvo; razlike med njimi so bile zanemarljive, saj so bili zaradi vojnih razmer primorani sami poskrbeti za preživljanje. V Sternthalu/Strnišču pri Ptuju so imeli za lastno oskrbo različne gospodarske panoge: gozdarstvo, poljedelstvo, živinorejo. Vse so lahko izvajali po pogodbi na najetih zemljiških parcelah. Po kulturah je tako bilo 195,8 hektara gozdov, 34,6 hektara njiv, 3,1 hektara pašnikov in 0,1 hektara vrtov. V vrtnariji so pridelovali različne poljščine (zelenjavo, ječmen, proso, ajdo, sončnice, fižol, krompir, rumeno kolerabo,

Austrian camps and hospital barracks all had the socalled subsistence economy system, and differences among units were not worth mentioning, for in any case they had to depend on themselves for survival due to the war conditions. Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju hospital carried out different economic activities in order to be self-sufficient, such as forestry, agriculture, and animal husbandry. But in order to be able to carry out these activities, they had to have contracts for the hired land. Thus they had 195.5 hectares of forests, 34.6 hectares of fields, 3.1 hectares of pastures, 0.1 hectare of gardens. The gardening activities comprised the

Vrtnarija. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Gardening. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

strniščno repo), redili pa so tudi živali (govedo, svinje, drobnico, kunce, perutnino). Zemljo so večinoma obdelovali zaposleni kmečki delavci, ki niso bili sposobni za vojsko, pomagali pa so jim tudi vojni ujetniki. O gospodarjenju, donosnosti pridelkov in staležu živine so morali mesečno poročati vojaškemu poveljstvu v Gradec. Večino pridelanega so uporabili v kuhinjah, razdeljenih po rezervnih vojaških bolnišnicah, in v oddelčnih dietnih kuhinjah. Viške pridelkov in staleža živine so lahko za gotovino prodali civilnim osebam, vendar samo na prostoru oskrbovalnega gospodarstva. Po ohranjenih podatkih so za trg pridelovali krompir in redili kunce. Po gospodarskih vojnih predpisih je bilo samo oskrbovalno gospodarstvo vojaških rezervnih bolnišnic ločeno od vseh drugih splošnih obratov (klavnic, pralnic, elektrarne, strojnice in drugega).

production of various types of produce: vegetables, barley, millet, buckwheat, sunflowers, beans, potatoes, yellow and white turnips; the livestock was mainly composed of cattle, pigs, goats and sheep, rabbits and poultry. The soil was tilled by peasants who were not fit enough to become soldiers, and by prisoners of war. Monthly reports about crops and animals as well as the assessment of economic situation had to be sent to the military headquarters in Graz, Austria. The majority of produce was used as food which was distributed among all reserve military hospitals and specialised dietary units. The production surplus could be sold for cash to civilians but only those who lived in the area of the subsistence economy system. Therefore, potatoes were grown and rabbits were raised to be sold on the market. According to the military economy rules, the subsistence economy system of reserve military hospitals was separated from other general units, such as abattoirs, laundry, electrical system supply, engine room and other.

Gospodarstvo. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Supply unit. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Med gospodarske dejavnosti so sodile tudi različne obrtne delavnice (tesarska, mizarska, slikopleskarska, čevljarska delavnica, kovačnica, krojačnica, knjigoveznica, frizerstvo). Potrebovali so jih za vsakdanje življenje, tako za osebne potrebe kot tudi za taboriščno infrastrukturo, kamor je spadalo tudi gradbeništvo z gramoznico: popravila, obnove, razširitve barak. V obrtnih delavnicah so delali zaposleni kvalificirani delavci in tudi vojni ujetniki. Na kompleksu bolnišnice so leta 1917 potekala večja obnovitvena dela zaradi pojava gobe na številnih barakah. Skupna površina tal, ki jo je bilo treba sanirati, je bila 87.000 m2. Les za na novo postavljene barake so dobili iz taborišča v Knittelfeldu.

Various craft workshops were also part of economic activities: carpentry, joinery, painting, shoemaking, smithy, book-binding, hairdressing, as they were needed in everyday life of barracks residents, and for the general infrastructure which comprised construction works and gravel pits; the construction branch mainly dealt with repairs, renovations and enlargement of barracks. These workshops employed skilled workers and prisoners of war. The hospital camp was subjected to some major renovation works due to the spread of fungi on numerous barracks in 1917. The total ground surface which needed to be restored measured 87,000 m2. The wood for new barracks was supplied by the camp in Knittelfeld.

Skladišče. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Storage room. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Delavci z govedom na poti v klavnico. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Workers taking cattle to abattoir. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Krojaška delavnica. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Tailor’s workshop. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Kovačnica. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Smithy. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Mizarska delavnica. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Joinery. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Tesarska delavnica. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Carpentry. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Vojnoujetniški delovni oddelek Prisoners of war working unit As the war was going on, the bare necessities of life were running short, such as food, clothes, fuel, and also man power the lack of which was partly made up for by prisoners of war who were systematically dispatched by the government to work in different economic branches. Captured Entente Powers soldiers were forced to work in Austria-Hungarian camps. In 1915, the Austrian military authority organised prisoners of war in working units which all had their own purpose. Thus the working unit in Strnišče had the status of a working camp and became the central point in Slovenia where prisoners coming from Austrian part of the monarchy were assembled. From here, the prisoners were sent to work in different parts in Slovenia, Istria and the islands, as well as to Friuli-Venezia Giulia. In Strnišče was left one unit of Russian prisoners of war to help with the subsistence economy system, maintenance and earthworks, for transportation of faeces and other material. Their number varied; for example they were 1,712 in August 1915, and only 218 in May 1918.

Dlje ko je trajala vojna, bolj je primanjkovalo različnih potrebščin za življenje (hrana, obleka, gorivo) in tudi delovne sile. Pomanjkanje slednje je oblast delno zapolnila tako, da je vojne ujetnike sistematično pošiljala na vsa področja gospodarstva. Ujeti vojaki antantnih sil so morali delati za vojni namen tudi v avstro-ogrskih taboriščih. Avstrijska vojaška oblast je leta 1915 v taboriščih organizirala vojne ujetnike v delovne oddelke po namenu. Vojnoujetniški delovni oddelek v Strnišču je imel status delovnega taborišča in je postal zbirno mesto za območje Slovenije za vojne ujetnike iz avstrijskega dela monarhije. Od tam so ujetnike razporejali na delo po Sloveniji, pošiljali pa so jih tudi v Istro z otoki in v Furlanijo - Julijsko krajino. V oddelku je oblast v Strnišču pustila enoto ruskih vojnih ujetnikov, da so pomagali v samooskrbnem gospodarstvu, pri vzdrževalnih in zemeljskih delih, prevozu fekalij in materiala. Njihovo število je bilo različno, na primer avgusta 1915 jih je bilo 1712, maja 1918 pa le 218. Oktobra 1917 je kompleks Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/ Strnišče obiskal poveljnik soškega bojišča general Svetozar Borojević plemeniti Bojna. Njegov obisk je bil inšpekcijske narave. Hotel je ugotoviti, koliko vojnih ujetnikov bi lahko uporabil za dela v vojski v ožjem zaledju soških bojišč. Rezultat njegovega obiska je bil, da je vojaška oblast v St rn i šč u novembra 1917 ustanovila štiri gorske čete. Namen vojnoujetniških gorskih čet je bil, da so na območju končane 12. soške bitke od novembra 1917 naprej zbirale zapuščen vojni material italijanske vojske.

In October 1917, the commander of Isonzo front, general Svetozar Boroević von Bojna, visited the complex of Strnišče hospital. He came with the purpose to investigate how many prisoners he could take to the Isonzo front to help the military just behind the frontline. His visit resulted in the establishment of four mountain troops by the military authority in Strnišče in November 1917. The main task of mountain troops was to collect the war equipment abandoned by the Italian army in the area of the 12th Isonzo battlefield from November 1917 on.

Skupina srbskih vojnih ujetnikov v Sternthalu/Strnišču pri Ptuju na poti na delo, 1916. Foto: Albin Pogačnik st. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. A group of Serbian prisoners of war going to work in Sternthal/ Strnišče-pri-Ptuju, 1916. Photo: Albin Pogačnik senior. Photo documentation PMPO.

Slabe delovne in življenjske razmere so marsikaterega vojnega ujetnika spodbudile k razmišljanju o begu iz bolnišničnega kompleksa Sternthal/Strnišče. Begi so se vrstili že med gradnjo leta 1915, nadaljevali pa so se vse do konca prve svetovne vojne. Nekaterim ujetnikom je uspelo, večini ne.

Extremely bad working and living conditions incited many prisoners to think of escaping from the hospital complex Strnišče. Escapes often happened even during the construction works in 1915, and never really ceased until the end of the war. Some were lucky, but the majority was not.

Ruski vojni ujetniki, 1915. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Russian prisoners of war, 1915. Photo documentation PMPO.

Srbski vojni ujetniki pri delu v vrtnariji. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Serbian prisoners of war working in the garden. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Ruski vojni ujetniki kot dimnikarji. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Russian prisoners of war as chimney sweepers. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Ruska vojna ujetnika. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Russian prisoners of war. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Priprava katrana. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Preparation of tar. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Skupina ruskih vojnih ujetnikov. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. A group of Russian prisoners of war. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Prosti čas Free time Iz ohranjenega albuma fotografij rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac fotografa Albina Pogačnika starejšega iz leta 1916 je razvidno, da so imeli zaposleni in zlasti vojaki med okrevanjem v prostem času na razpolago različne aktivnosti, s katerimi so si popestrili vsakdanjik. Ukvarjali so se s športom, gojili so rokoborbo, plavali v bazenu, kegljali. Za sprehode so izkoristili lepo urejen drevored s parkom in tudi okolico bolnišničnega kompleksa. Medsebojno druženje so si popestrili še z igranjem kart in ogledi kinopredstav, ki so bile dopolnjene z glasbeno spremljavo. Obiskovali so koncerte, ki so jih izvajale različne godbe (vojaška godba, godba na pihala, skupina romskih glasbenikov, glasbena skupina zaposlenih), in drugo. Svoj prosti čas so izkoristili tudi za izobraževanje, saj so v dveh barakah imeli čitalnico in šolo, kjer so se učili pisati in brati, prepisovali pa so tudi glasbeno literaturo. Praznovali so tudi takratne praznike v monarhiji. Ob rojstnem dnevu cesarja Franca Jožefa I. so barake svečano okrasili in pripravili praznovanje s praznično poljsko mašo.

The photographs from the album of the reser ve hospital Lukavac taken in 1916 by the photographer Albin Pogačnik senior show that the employed staff, but especially the convalescent soldiers, entertained themselves with different activities in order to make their everyday life more interesting. They practiced sports, wrestling, swimming and bowling. They could go for a walk along the tree-planted alley and to the park as well as in the surroundings of the hospital. Social events were often the occasion to play cards or watch movies which were accompanied by music. They attended concerts performed by various music bands, such as military band, brass band, Roma band, employees’ band, and other. They often spent their free time on learning, for they had at their disposal a reading barrack and school barrack where they could learn how to read and write; among other things, they were also asked to copy musical scales. All holidays of the monarchy were celebrated. At the emperor Franz Joseph I’s birthday, they decorated the barracks, and the celebration included also a solemn field mass service.

Vojaki prepisujejo note. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Soldiers copying musical scales. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Godba. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. The Band. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Romska godba. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Roma band. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Ranjeni vojak med okrevanjem v parku. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Wounded soldier in the park during convalescence. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Rokoborba. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Wrestling. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Šola za nepismene. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. School for illiterate. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Vojaki pri kartanju. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Soldiers playing cards. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Bolnišnični kino. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, leta 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Cinema of the hospital. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Duhovna oskrba Spiritual care Med prvo svetovno vojno so državne oblasti poskrbele za primerno duhovno oskrbo vojakov in vojnih ujetnikov. Duhovniki so v okviru duhovne oskrbe opravljali kočljivo poslanstvo. Po eni strani so morali skrbeti za vzdrževanje morale in običajev med vojaki, po drugi strani pa so jih morali pripraviti tudi na pretečo smrt na bojišču. V vojaških bolnišnicah so bile njihove naloge dajanje zakramentov in pogovori z vojaki o strahotah vojne in njenih posledicah, o različnih skrbeh in drugem, kar jih je doletelo zaradi vojne. Iz ohranjenih matičnih knjig o smrti – knjige hrani Krajevni urad Kidričevo – je razvidno, da so bili v Vojni bolnišnici Sternthal/Strnišče zastopani vojni kurati posameznih veroizpovedi, in sicer 13 rimokatoliških duhovnikov, 4 evangeličanski, 4 evangeličanski reformistični, 6 grškoortodoksnih, 3 rabini in 3 imami. Vsi so skrbeli za duhovno oskrbo in moralno oporo ujetnikov in ranjencev. V sklopu kompleksa Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju je bila zgrajena tudi baraka cerkev.

During the First World War, the state government took care of adequate spiritual care of soldiers and prisoners of war. Priests were thus entrusted with a very delicate mission within the scope of the spiritual care. On one hand, they were requested to maintain the morale and manners among soldiers, and on the other hand, they had to prepare them for eventual death on battlefields. Their task in military hospitals was to distribute sacraments, to talk with the soldiers about war atrocities and their consequences, about various problems and troubles endured by them as direct consequences of the war. The preserved death registers, kept by the District office in Kidričevo, testify that there were priests of different religions in Sternthal/Strnišče hospital: 13 Roman Catholic priests, 4 Evangelical, 4 Evangelical-Reformation, 6 Greek orthodox, 3 rabbis, and 3 imams, who were responsible for spiritual health and morale support of the prisoners and wounded. There was a church-barrack within the complex of Sternthal/Strnišče hospital.

H kompleksu Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju je spadalo tudi pokopališče, ki ga je uredila vojaška uprava za umrle v strniških rezervnih bolnišnicah. V letih 1916 in 1917 so na pokopališču zgradili kapelo, posvečeno Mariji Pomočnici. Na pokopališču prve svetovne vojne v Kidričevem je po podatkih, ki jih je na osnovi ustnega izročila med domačini pridobila Vida Rojic, pokopanih okoli 2340 vojakov. Večina je preminila zaradi infekcijskih bolezni (tifus, griža, vnetje ledvic, pljučnica in tuberkuloza). Med neinfekcijskimi boleznimi sta bila prevladujoča vzroka smrti slabitev srca in splošna izčrpanost zaradi posledic vojne.

The complex Sternthal/Strnišče hospital also had a cemetery which was organised by the military administration in charge of those who died in the reserve hospitals in Strnišče. During 1916 and 1917, a chapel was built in the cemetery dedicated to Our Lady. The First World War cemetery in Kidričevo is said to contain some 2,340 graves of dead soldiers according to the data gathered by Vida Rojic from oral tradition perpetuated by local people. The majority of soldiers died from infectious diseases, such as typhus, dysentery, kidney infection, pneumonia, tuberculosis. Among non-infectious diseases that took their toll were the weakening and failure of the heart and general exhaustion as a direct consequence of the war.

Evangeličanska maša. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Evangelical mass. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Vojaška maša na prostem 18. avgusta. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Military open-air mass service on 18th August. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Gradnja kapele na pokopališču Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. The building of the chapel in the cemetery, Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Spomenik padlim na pokopališču Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju. Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Monument to the dead in the cemetery, Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital. Album of the reserve hospital Lukavac, 1916. Photo documentation PMPO.

Urejanje pokopališča Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju, 1915–1918. Fotodokumentacija PMPO. Working in a cemetery, Sternthal / Strnišče-pri-Ptuju war hospital, 1915–1918. Photographic documentation PMPO.

Premirje The Armistice Avstro-ogrska vojska je po porazu z italijansko vojsko na bojišču zadnje ofenzive vzdolž reke Piave med 24. in 26. oktobrom 1918 razpadla. Med centralnimi in antantnimi silami so sledila pogajanja o premirju. V času, ko so potekala mirovna pogajanja, so rezervne bolnišnice in vojnoujetniški delovni oddelek zapustili kompleks Vojne bolnišnice Sternthal/Strnišče pri Ptuju. Cesar Karel I. je 3. novembra 1918 na beneškem bojišču sklenil premirje. S tem dejanjem se je na slovenskih tleh končala prva svetovna vojna, razpadla pa je tudi Avstro-Ogrska. Po razpadu monarhije je Strnišče v upravljanje prevzel oddelek za socialno politiko deželne vlade Slovenije. Barakarske bolnišnične skupine so postale novi dom za primorske begunce ter za donski in krimski korpus z družinami. Deželna vlada Slovenije je begunsko taborišče Strnišče ukinila 31. januarja 1922, begunce slovenske in ruske narodnosti pa prepustila nadaljnji usodi.

The Austria-Hungarian army disintegrated after having been defeated by the Italian army on the battlefield of the last offensive along the Piave River between 24th and 26th October. Then followed peace negotiations between the Central Powers and Entente Powers. During the peace negotiations, reserve hospitals and prisoners of war working unit left the war hospital complex Sternthal/Strnišče-pri-Ptuju. Emperor Karl I signed the armistice on 3rd November 1918 on the Venetian battlefield. This deed meant the end of the First World War on the Slovenian soil, and Austria-Hungary was disintegrated. The administrative management of Strnišče was thus taken over by the Department for Social Policy of the Regional Government of Slovenia. Groups of hospital barracks became new home for refugees from the coastal region, and for Donetsk and Crimea corps with families. The regional government of Slovenia abolished the refugees camp Strnišče on 31st January 1922 and left the refugees of Slovenian and Russian nationalities to their own fate.

Propagandna razglednica Rdečega križa, 1914–1918. Zasebna last. Red Cross propaganda postcard, 1914–1918 Private property. 45

Viri Arhiv Slovenije (AS) AS 95 V eliko županstvo mariborske oblasti Oddelek za notranje zadeve (ONZ)-Sekretariat Österreichisches Staatsarchiv Wien (ÖStA) Kriegsarchiv (KA): Kriegsministerium (KM): KM 1915, K 730, K 972, K 723 KM 1916, 8HB19-16/4(10) Militärkommando Graz (Mil Kdo Graz) MA 1918, K 949, 71/3/11-/II. Priloga MA Nr. 18988/IIS. – KW MA 1918, K 956, K 670, K 672 Terr GenKdo Graz BauAbt TR 58 6 1,2 Tehnik im Weltkrieg: MS. TIWK, K 22-Nummer 185 Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv (AVA) Ministerium der Innern (MDI) Präsidium MDI 1915, Nr. 6887/MJ 15 Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv Graz, Landschaftliches Archiv Rezens, VII, K 1850, VII 7296/15 reg Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož (PMPO): Zgodovinski oddelek: Topografija A–L, Kidričevo ZG 4061: Album rezervne bolnišnice Lukavac, 1916, fotograf Albin Pogačnik starejši LR 1427: Situacijski načrt k barakarskemu taborišču v Strnišču, merilo 1 : 2880 (Lageplan zum Barackenlager in Sternthal, Maszstab 1 : 2880)

Tiskani vir Straža, 2. 4. 1915, str. 5. Straža, 9. 4. 1915, str. 5. Slovenski gospodar, 1. 4. 1915, str. 4.

Literatura Nataša Kolar, »Oj, fanti, kaj pa zdaj?«, Vojaška taborišča in rezervne bolnišnice v Strnišču med letoma 1915–1918, Ptuj, Pokrajinski muzej, 2007, 24 str. Nataša Kolar, Prispevki k zgodovini Kidričevega v luči prve svetovne vojne, v: Zbornik občine Kidričevo, Kidričevo, Občina, 2010, str. 149–154. Marija Hernja Masten, Zgodovina prostora občine Kidričevo s prikazom nekdanje občine Sveti Lovrenc na Dravskem polju, v: Zbornik Občine Kidričevo, Kidričevo, Občina, 2010, str. 122–141. Vida Rojic, Iz zgodovine Strnišča in Kidričevega, Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje, nova vrsta 20 (LV), letnik 1984, str. 57–121. Miro Simčič, 888 dni na soški fronti. Spopadi na Krasu in visokogorju. Na novo odkriti vojaški zemljevidi, fotografije in posebna poročila. Ljubljana, Orbis, 2006, 333 str. Christian Steeb, Birgit Strimitzer, Der Souverener Malteser-Ritter-Orden in Österreich, Leykam, Graz, 1999, 512 str. Sergij Vilfan, Prispevki k zgodovini mer na Slovenskem s posebnim ozirom na ljubljansko mero, XVI– XIX. stoletje. V: Zgodovinski časopis, 42, 1954, str. 27–86. Slovenci + prva svetovna vojna, 1914–1918, uredil Marko Štepec, Ljubljana, Muzej novejše zgodovine Slovenije, 2010. Dr. Hans Weiland , Leopold Kern, In feindes Hand, Die Gefangenscghaft in Weltkriege in Einzeldarsellungen, Besuch von Kriegsgefangenenlagern in Österreich-Ungarn, 1932, 456 str.

Svetovni splet Slovenec: političen list za slovenski narod. Ljudska tiskarna, 17. 3. 1915, str. 5. Dosegljivo na: http//www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-D13SDNW8, 23. 6. 2015. Slovenec: političen list za slovenski narod. Ljudska tiskarna, 22. 4. 1915, str. 5. Dosegljivo na: http//www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-HPH7WMPS, 23. 6. 2015.

Kratice Östa

Österreichisches Staatsarchiv Wien

KIPP

Knjižnica Ivana Potrča Ptuj

PMPO

Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj - Ormož

ZAP

Zgodovinski arhiv na Ptuju