Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I would thank Allah Almighty for his help and blessings during my every stage of my life either hard or not. With Allah almighties help I wouldn’t be able to complete this research and study.

I would like to thank a number of people for their help and support during the production of this thesis.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor. His patience, cooperations and suggestions made me present this research work to produce in the present form. His brilliant, skillful supervision enriched this study higher than my expectation. I could not remain any more without giving heartfelt thanks to advisor for his painstaking supervision throughout the study period. This research work would not be possible without hit stimulation inspiration and cooperation.

This work would not have been possible without the constant support, guidance, and assistance through external supervisors. Their levels of patience, knowledge, and ingenuity is something I will always keep aspiring to.

Further, yet importantly, sense of respect goes to my mother and my family for their strong support and regular encouragement in every step to make me in present stage. Similarly other relatives are also subjects to special thanks for their inspiration and cooperation in my study.

I would be amiss if I did not mention my best friend for her support and constant encouragement and other friends deserve my thanks who directly and indirectly provide me inspirations and valuable suggestion during the course of this study.

Subterranean architecture is nothing new, as humans have sought shelter in tunnels and caves since before any concept of architecture had developed. Such environments have been variously described as protective and secure, primitive and unclean or frightening and foreboding. The ways communities characterize subterranean spaces are indicative of our complex relationship to the natural world and speak to fears and fantasies of separation from society. Underground construction in cities is getting increasingly in the focus of urban planners, architects and other experts which, predominantly in developed countries, contribute to significant reduction of disruption of environment by creating functional, efficient and sustainable development of urban environments. As such development is defined by urban development plans, underground construction needs to be properly and efficiently coordinated with urban inheritance through socially responsible urban underground construction plans.

Even though we also have examples in the distant past, it is scientific trend from the second half of the 20th century which explains why only as of recently the underground space acquires status of "the resource" whose exploitation must be considered. Hence, insufficiently defined terminology represents one of the key problems in forming of urban design plans of underground construction, especially for developing countries like Pakistan. This study aims, in spite of many terminological ambiguities, to define and adopt a model for determining the typology for underground spaces, applicable in the sphere of development of urban design plans for underground construction. Increasingly the value of underground space for development use is being recognized particularly in urban locations facing increasing demand for additional space creation. This has seen significant and very successful projects be implemented providing significant benefits to the population. Building underground provides new insight into all aspects of architecture and urban design.

List Of Figures

List Of Figures

Figure 1. 1: Underground

Figure 1. 2. Underground

Figure 1. 3. Derinkuyu Cappadocia.........................................................................................18

Figure 1. 4. Naours France.....................................................................................................19

Figure 1. 5. Lalibela Ethiopian.................................................................................................19

Figure 1. 6. Petra in Jordan......................................................................................................19

Figure 1. 7. Bunker corridor beijing

Figure 1. 8. Wieliczka Salt Mine main

Figure 1. 9. Orvieto Wine

Figure 1. 10. Catacombs of

Figure 1. 11 Statistics of global

Figure 1. 12.underground

Figure 1. 13. submerged

Figure 1. 14. underground

Figure 1. 15. Day light in Architecture.....................................................................................24

Figure 1. 16 Bermed and

Figure 1. 17. Subgrade..............................................................................................................26

Figure 1. 18. Conceptual

Figure 1. 19. Jeff Fulmer conceptual

Figure 1. 20. Effect of urbanization on

Figure 1. 21.Controlled city Dubai...........................................................................................30

Figure 1. 22. hotels....................................................................................................................30

Figure 1. 23. Disney Park Dubai..............................................................................................31

Figure 1. 24. Indoor city...........................................................................................................32

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List Of Figures

List Of Figures

List Of Figures List Of Tables

Table 1. 1. MANADATORY OPEN SPACE

Table 1.2. ALLOWED COVERAGE, FAR, NO. OF STOREY, HEIGHT, PLOT SIZE......123

Table 1.3. MARAKIZ

Table 1.4. NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL CENTER

Table 1.5 SCHEMES IN ZONE-II, IV, V (CDA)......127

Table 1.6. BUILDING HEIGHTS..........................................................................................131

Table 2.1. INTERVIEWS........................................................................................................148

Chapter I

1.1. Introduction:

Humans have long sought protection under the earth from defense to desperation. (Masterwork, 2021) The history of underground cities is a complex and meandering one, ranging from the Ancient Era in the Middle East and Europe to those found during the height of Cold War delusion, such as the bunker complex. (“Underground Cities,” 2019) Adopting the underground natural environment, we could utilize earth to maintain its original scape where both humans and natural species can live in a harmonic environment. When we move down to earth our structures will be protected from disasters and we will be more oriented to live in utopian surroundings. Rather than making landmarks on land like that of our existing structures, we can merge our structures with earth. However, underground works are not straightforward and have always encountered difficulties such as a lack of mechanized equipment or insufficient knowledge about previous land uses. To facilitate discussion of the attempts to exploit underground space, throughout this study, ‘underground’ or ‘subsurface’ will refer to any surface located below ground level, whilst the term surface space refers to any space above ground level. Cities across the world are the main contributors to climate change but at the same time, they are also the most vulnerable to its consequences.

There is a need for urban design guidelines to effectively address climate change issues and increase the resilience of cities(UG Thesis, 2018.). One way to adapt to this is through engineered infrastructure. Today 70% of the world lives in urban areas and in the next 20 years two billion more people are expected to move to the cities. With increasing, urban densification land and buildable areas are going to become increasingly scarce. One solution is to build downwards instead of upwards. Underground areas are less susceptible to external influences and can better withstand natural catastrophes and hence can be a sustainable solution for an unpredictable future. With most of our lives spent indoors, our space has a key role in our psychological behavior. Environmental psychology or Space psychology is, in fact, the interaction between people and the spaces they inhabit(Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact Our Behavior? | ArchDaily, 2020.)

1.2. Problem Statement:

As cities get more crowded, why not build down in the earth? Underground space exploration has been adopted only by necessity, curiosity, or even through fear as a hiding place for primitive populations, however, the scale of cities has not been able to grow infinitely upwards at the surface due to the length and complexity of structures, while urban sprawl is understandably limited through highly regulated land use planning to maintain ecological equilibrium. To overcome these limitations, a considerable amount of effort must be focused on utilizing the third dimension - downwards expansion. But are we willing to spend extended periods in subterranean dwellings? The physiology of space is another crucial factor that has to be considered when designing any space and this is a key factor that is often neglected in underground spaces.

1.3. Aim

 This thesis aims to explore the endless opportunities provided by thirddimensional space to find out subterranean architecture adoption and the physiological impact of controlled indoor spaces on humans and the urban environment.

1.4. Objectives:

 This research explores endless opportunities offered by underground architecture.

 The main objective of this research is to develop an underground space framework that establishes design solutions to underpin the successful design of underground buildings and to shatter the paradigm of human perception for underground space.

 Building some concepts on underground architecture which has developed in several fields like function, lighting, and depth.

 Due to these developments, new elements have emerged, which could be taken into consideration when studying the physiology of indoor underground spaces.

1.5. Study Limitations:

 This study would be limited to Architectural challenges addressing the problems faced by underground space Architecture.

 This thesis would only be focused on architectural design challenges like planning of spaces, distribution of space, building sustainability, the context of space, and human scale.

 It will not be focused on Engineering, technical and construction constraints. Though there will be an attempt to try and resolve the technical issues it would only be considered during the conceptual stage, not in the detailed stage.

1.6. Research Methodology:

 Research would be conducted from understanding underground spaces and their functionality.

 After this establishment, a solid and flexible framework would be made based on the understanding of the topic.

 Methodology will be based on a deep understanding of problems that lead towards solutions for the betterment of society.

 Understanding urban spaces and their need in society.

 Understanding the relationship between urban spaces and underground spaces.

1.7. Scope Of Study:

 Underground space development is one viable way to help solve urban problems such as congestion, lack of open space, and aging infrastructure.

 Subterranean blends effortlessly into their natural surroundings making them superb for the conservation of areas of outstanding properties.

 Underground properties are ideal for areas prone to earthquakes.

 Because there is no need for a foundation in underground construction cost reduces and construction time dramatically reduces.

 To understand subterranean architecture, its issues, and environmental benefits.

 Adoption of this architecture in contemporary architecture and to know about its construction techniques will be adopted in an urban context.