LITERATURE REVIEW

the subsurface, a poorly conceived architectural solution, or deficient design of the interior. Finally, surrogates and simulation techniques may offer psychic comfort to some, but their ultimate success depends on one's environmental sensitivity and willingness to be assuaged by divisive artificiality. In a building program where windows are germane to the building's activities, the concern for occupant satisfaction may preclude a fully windowless design. Surface-interfacing solutions are ideal for such situations, particularly where major portions of the building can tolerate or benefit from window lessness as in the case of libraries. With judicious zoning of internal functions, heavily people areas may enjoy the presence of windows, while services, circulation, and mechanical facilities are relegated to the windowless interior. (Labs, 1976.)

2.7. Infrastructure by Peter Kekich:

With the increase in urban cities in the world, urban land is expected to become a limited resource; climate change is also a major phenomenon. So, we can provide a better living environment by designing underneath and thus increasing natural open spaces on the land. The spaces created underneath require a distinct set of structural and constructional rules.

immediate and “natural “shelter, the practice of underground architecture possesses a tremendous heritage that, although poorly if ever documented in architectural history texts, is rich in spatial variety, responding to environmental issues factors with design solutions addressing accessibility, ventilation, and light. An architectural adobe above the soil can be perceived as a product addition that includes various spatial enclosures with different volumes. Many of man’s first architectural attempts were artificially created caves. It is no accident that men and entire cultures have not done the practice of cave-dwelling and “cave-building. An in-depth historical overview is mentioned further to understand the evolution of the underground dwelling system. Infrastructure is among the most overlooked elements in the city’s urban fabric. Often, it is concealed underground because space is limited above ground, and yet it is crucial to the life of the city. Jeff Fulmer defined infrastructure as being: “The physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions. Primary infrastructure components are monopolistic and require large financial commitments for their development, repair, and replacement. They can be built, touched, enabled, disabled, and function together to form interrelated, dependent systems that deliver needed commodities and services to society.” For decades, it has been understood that infrastructure has no other function besides the ability to supply

Figure 1.19. Jeff Fulmer conceptual form various resources to a city. However, because the materials and construction of infrastructure must ensure long-life structural properties, we wonder if infrastructure has been used to its full potential. If architecture is about responding to the direction and curious about “what’s next,” can the structural potential of infrastructure make and create new space? Urbanization is inevitable and here lay chances to form a good balance between welfare, environment, economy, and ecology. But these changes only exist when the city is led, designed, organized, and planned in new ways. (Thesis Statement | Peter Kekich - SCI-Arc 2012,)

2.8. How Architecture Affects the Environment

Architecture has a direct relationship with the environment. Studies have shown that manufactured structures constitute 40% of the world’s energy use. These the coming years. The rapid development of human-made structures is unstoppable. Creating ecofriendly structures is the least we can do to ensure the existence of future generations. Dwellings that blend with nature and housing structures that do not disrupt the environment are the need of the hour. The closely interconnected environment and architecture relationship is the crux to sustainable development. Smart buildings and