LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 1.20. Effect of urbanization on environment creative architecture can reduce future severe consequences of climate change. Reversing the trend in climate change with smart planning is what needs to be done. Sustainable architecture seeks a positive environment and architecture relationship. From eco-friendly concrete to biomass roofing, the options for minimal environmental impact during construction are plenty. Green construction practices are another component of green architecture. Minimal electricity use can be ensured by designing the structure in a way that allows for maximum use of natural light and plenty of air circulation. A reduced need for electricity means reduced consumption. Smart buildings are increasing, and these are fitted with every electronic device imaginable. The primary source of energy needs to be non-fossil fuel. Usage of a commercially viable renewable source of energy for construction purposes is highly recommended.

“Good architecture is when the structure has a complementary relationship with the surrounding natural systems. Buildings that are adaptable to the surroundings and cause zero environmental degradation are the hope for the future and architecture plays a huge role in preserving the earth’s ecological health”.(Rapid Urbanization Increases Climate Risk for Billions of People | UNFCCC, 2020)

2.9. Interior Urbanism

Interior Urbanism consists of a series of speculative projects that explore the intriguing world of vast, continuous, and interconnected interior spaces in contemporary cities that include mega structures, arcades, underground pedestrian walkways, above-ground link bridges, and infrastructural spaces. (Interior Urbanism, 2016)

2.9.1 The world's first indoor city: DUBAI: Dubai's Mall of the World will have it is very own Oxford Street and Broadway. It will also have galleons, waterfalls, and a giant retractable dome and will be climate-controlled. The Mall of the World is a vision for a climate-controlled leisure district, a

Figure 1.21.Controlled city Dubai place of hotels and shops, entertainment, and healthcare, all connected by hermetically sealed avenues – 7km of

Literature Review

them along which trams will trundle. Launched with a fanfare by the emirate's ruler, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum, it is the first state-sponsored mega-project to emerge from Dubai since the light-headed days of the pre-crash bubble, when anything seemed possible, drunk on the tidal wave of petrodollars. "We plan to transform Dubai into a cultural, tourist, and economic hub for the two billion people living in the region around us," said Sheikh Mohammed as he launched the project in front of a sparkling model of the 48 million sq. ft. (4.5 million sq. m) complex. "And we are determined to achieve our vision." A kind of pickin’ mix Urban collage, the project samples bits of cities from around the world. There will be a "celebration walk" billboard-lined modeled on Barcelona's Las Ramblas a bustling theatre district modeled on New yorks Broadway, and a shopping area based on London's Oxford Street – all sealed under snaking bubble rooftops. There will be 20,000 hotel rooms and enough parking for 50,000 vehicles, servicing the largest shopping mall in the world, at 8 million sq. ft. (750,000 sq. m). The centerpiece will be a vast "cultural celebration center," shaped like a disco ball sliced in half and hollowed out to form a glittering backdrop to an outdoor amphitheater. It will lead, via a triumphal covered avenue lined with spear-like towers, to a retractable glass dome worthy of Kubla Khan, beneath which will sprawl the "largest indoor theme park in the world." A place of fairytale castles and tumbling waterfalls, it will be protected from the blistering 40C heat in summer like the rest of the complex and open up in winter to enjoy the balmy climate. "Our ambitions are higher than having seasonal tourism," said Sheikh Mohammed. "Tourism is a key driver of our economy, and we aim to make the UAE an attractive destination all year long. Therefore, we will start working on providing pleasant temperaturecontrolled environments during the summer months." The project also seeks to capitalize on the Gulf’s booming industry of healthcare tourism, with a 3 million sq. ft. (280,000 sq. m) wellness district. It follows the success of Dubai Healthcare City, a free economic zone home to 120 clinics and hospitals, at the center of the state's plan to attract 500,000 medical tourists by 2020. No timeframe or budget has yet been announced for the Mall of the World, but Dubai Holding, the state-owned development company behind the project, hopes it will be the emirate's focus at the UAE World Expo trade fair in 2020 Dubai Holding is no stranger to dreaming big – but it has not always had an easy ride. Back in 2003, the company launched an ambitious plan for Dubai land, a gargantuan $64bn (£37bn) leisure district, planned to cover an area of 278 sq. km, making it three times bigger than Walt Disney World. Slated to house two hundred attractions, from a giant LEGOLAND to a Marvel superheroes theme park, it was put on hold in 2008 –although cranes are once again moving and the first phase, the Miracle Garden, opened last year. With a recent Deloitte report suggesting that $12bn of the UAE's stalled construction projects are back on track, spurred on by the new deadline of the 2020 Expo, Sheikh Mohammed's stately pleasure-dome might be more than just a mirage in the desert. (Wainwright, 2014)

2.9.2. The Bewildering Architecture of Indoor Cities:

Interior Urbanism describes interior spaces so large that they behave like cities. These kinds of constructions can develop either as an adoc growth over time or as a planned and cohesively designed set of volumes. Each approach has its opportunities and problems when it comes to efficiency and architectural integrity. The implications of bringing urbanism indoors compare and contrast the spatial qualities of each of the contingent and gritty urbanism of the Pedway, with the pristine perfection of the hotel lobby and conference center. Exploring when cities turn inside out and go inside. There are moments in time when distinctive design disciplines they're able to make the argument that theirs is the most important lens through which to understand or create cities. During the late 1990s and early 2000s for instance it was landscape design that was able to convince everyone that the city is just really one big landscape they called it landscape urbanism. The movement of interior urbanism came just before that even if it was not always called that and it never even really went away. It is one of architecture's more bloated examples of when architects claim that buildings alone could solve anything that a city could throw at it. Interior urbanism describes interior spaces that are so large that they behave like cities these may be found independent of a traditional city and in that case, they would be like an island floating in an area of low density or they could occur alongside a city and within it. One way that these types of spaces develop is to solve a problem and maybe they develop like an ad-hoc growth through a series of convenient connections and walkways

Figure that are made between distinct spaces. This process of growth just happens for so long that it evolves organically into a city-like concoction or conversely interior urbanism might be a purpose-built solution for public spaces that would be otherwise inhospitable that are outdoors due to weather or some other conditions or it might be the result of a business or developers that are trying to keep people within their web of space to just sell more products. Although one can build a history of spaces that marches through the evolution of interior urbanism it would start some way with like enclosed gardens and biblical renderings of paradise maybe go to the crystal palace in Hyde Park London during the 19th century. Some examples like interior malls as a kind of outcome of this shift in thinking or may have experienced vast convention centers or multi-block developments from the 1980s which were attempts to solve the crisis of people moving out of the downtown. Areas of cities with vast interior spaces are defensible structures renaissance center was supposed to be a gleaming beacon of modern construction as a jewel in the struggling city center and the giant interior was meant to provide a safe and protected environment for the corporations that were inside giving the feeling of being in a city. Interior urbanism is fraught with obvious benefits but also some glaring issues. Vast inescapable interior spaces are a popular trope of dystopian films and TV shows like black mirror stories when passing through the space called the pedway. In Chicago not that terrible but it certainly has an uncanny quality to it like some no man's land of a film that isn't set anywhere in particular. (Stewart

Hicks, 2022)

2.10. A comparative study between Chicago pedway and Hyatt regency

2.10.1.

The Chicago pedway is a system of underground tunnels and overhead bridges that links more than 40 blocks in the central business district and covers roughly5 miles it is used by tens of thousands of pedestrians every day and it connects to the public but also some private buildings and train stations and businesses that flank it results in an incoherent mixture of spaces