LITERATURE REVIEW

2.11.2. Minneapolis:

Minneapolis Minnesota for instance keeps theirs above ground in a system that they call the skyway it's a series of footbridges that stitch together buildings across eighty city blocks and for over nine and a half miles of downtown. Minneapolis, some buildings close at separate times than others making using the skyway a little bit less cohesive. The initiative began as a way for the downtown to compete with the convenience of interior malls. Minneapolis is an extremely cold place so the convenience of keeping things indoors is obvious but other cities like Houston or Atlanta make use of a similar system as a way of combating the extreme heat and its humidity. One of the architects of Atlanta’s vast network of interior spaces is the architect john Portman, he also designed the building. We have looked at mostly interior urbanism that sprawls horizontally however another type of space that can also work like interior cities is large vertical atriums. The building is the Hyatt Regency at O’Hare airport it was designed by John Portman and associates in 1971. Portman is the undisputed genius of large atriums, especially in hotels and this building was his second in a wave of atrium hotels that would seem to take over the 1970s from 1969. Hyatt Regency in Atlanta to the Marriott Marquis in 1985. Though this one is not such an extreme example, many of Portman’s other large atriums are much taller than this one including some of the hallmarks that would later develop, including the large public space in the middle of the building. Flanked by hallways on every level precarious footbridge that crisscrosses the space and a giant glass elevator all of these service about a thousand hotel rooms and a conference center. All these design moves are about really experiencing the full scope of the interior space to feel its vastness john Portman sets us up to experience the vast space of the atrium by getting off in an elevator in compressed space and then walking off and then entering back into the big atrium. To encourage moments of stillness and reflection there are small pockets of carpeted zones with plush furniture for lounging and alone or in groups these help to humanize the space even though they're just a small blip within the vast volume. Part of the design ethos of space is about establishing and maintaining consistency unlike say the pedway which is a mess of spaces, sizes, materials, and atmospheres. The john Portman lobby is singular and cohesive; its form is relatively simple in volume and serves as a landmark to orient. Often the large elevator tower that pierces through the middle space helps to keep things sorted out, and the materials are consistent and carry through the entirety of the space. This makes the space seem like every problem was easy to solve and the space remains cohesive and seamless. Whereas the pedway wears all of the scars and idiosyncrasies as a result of ad-hoc growth. This kind of interior is clean and purposeful it's designed by a singular author, and it carries none of the disruptions or the grime that a normal city would. This perception of easy simplicity and control is where interior urbanism can be somewhat problematic. These kinds of spaces disconnect you from the outside so, you have no sense of time passing and you feel no consequences related to the outside world. What appears to be a gift and an amenity is in service of some people's interests over others. For instance, Frank Gehry’s design for the Facebook headquarters and Menlo Park could certainly be classified as more contemporary construction of interior urbanism. It's a vast 433 thousand square foot space with meandering walkways that give it a feel of a crowded upscale indoor village. It has a hugely tall ceiling with buildings inside of it that are made of wood and course; this is face book’s offices, so the space adopts the planning language of a city. It's a space for production and doesn't truly carry the freedoms that are granted with public space. In areas like Menlo Park where Facebook is located local restaurants and downtowns struggle to resist this tendency to put everything under one roof. Interior urbanism tends to pull people away from the diverse experiences that cities have to offer city streets require a certain amount of life to keep them viable and interior urbanism sucks those people away. In addition, public plazas or other spaces that can become void or lifeless when those people are sucked away can then deter even more people from ever using them in the first place. (The Bewildering Architecture of Indoor Cities, 2022)

2.12. Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact our Behavior?

The psychology of space, or environmental psychology, refers to the interaction between people and the space they inhabit. How the human brain and cognition are affected by varying elements in that space. With most of our lives spent indoors, our space has a major role in our psychological behavior. Environmental psychology or Space psychology is, in fact, the interaction between people and the spaces they inhabit. Lighting, colors, configuration, scale, proportions, acoustics, and materials address the senses of the individual and generate a spectrum of feelings and practices. From inducing warmth and safety, defining well-being, or creating a positive and efficient working environment, space can have a whole lot of impact on how we act or on what we feel; therefore, design and creative measures should be considered according to the social and psychological needs of the occupants. Psychology of space is in fact “the study of human relations and behaviors within the context of the built and natural environments” according to Dave Alan Kopec, a specialist in the field and professor at the New School of Architecture and Design in San Diego. Having a direct impact on your subconscious, contributing to your emotions and perceptions, through that special part of your brain that reacts to the geometry of the space you occupy, interior design became an inherent part of people’s psychology. Though it is not the only factor involved, interior space has big implications, and it is the architect’s responsibility to shape tangible solutions for users and incorporate these ideas into the structure. With