SUSTAINABLESKYWALK FESIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTATING PAVEGEN ELECTRICITY TILE
Prof. DARREN ROBINSON By, STUDENT ID: 4231360
SACHIN V. PORKUTE 1
M.ARCH SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM, 16TH JAN’15 NOTTINGHAM, UNITED KINGDOM.
Content: 1.0
ABSTRACT
03
2.0
INTRODUCTION
03 - 05
2.1
THE PIEZO ELECTRIC EFFECT
04
2.2
PAVEGEN ENERGY GENERATING TILE
05
3.0
4.0
5.0
06 - 07
3.1
POSITIVE IMPACT
06
3.2
NEGETIVE IMPACT
07
3.3
POSITIVE IMPLEMENTATION
07
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
08 - 09
4.1
FABRICATION
08
4.2
TRANSPORTATION
08
4.3
INSTALLATION
09
4.4
WORKING
09
4.5
LIFE SPAN
09
ECONOMIC IMPACT
09 - 11
5.1
DEVELOPMENT
09 - 10
5.2
EXISTING PROJECT
10
5.3
COST
10 - 11
5.4
MAINTENANCE
11
6.0
SOLAR PANEL
11
7.0
PROPOSED DESIGN PROTOTYPE
12 - 13
8.0
FEASIBILITY
14 - 16
9.0
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
17
REFERENCES
18 - 19
10.0
2
SOCIAL IMPACT
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
1.0 ABSTRACT:
Human have used and expanded energy at an extensive rate for the sustenance
and prosperity since time immemorial. Because of this a great deal of energy assets have been depleted and misused.
India Currently experiences significant deficiency of power generation capacity;
eventually India is the world’s fourth biggest nation after USA, China and Russia. In India most of the region facing the load sheading problem at very frequent basis is in rural area. Electricity is the basic necessity of the industrial growth according to the International energy agency estimate that the India needs a venture no less than 135 billions dollars to satisfy the demands of power to the population (Ahn and Graczyk, 2014).
This is an endeavor for proposal to the usage of work energy of foot power with
human locomotion, which is significant and important for highly populated nation like India. The ideal locations for this are public spaces like railway station, metro station, temple, mall etc. When the flooring is engineered with piezo electric technology, the electric energy produced by the pressure is captured by the floor sensors and converted to electrical energy by pevegen tile. This energy can be stored to battery and can be used later. This is the proposal to make all pedestrian pathway, skywalk and foot over bridge sustainable. Its an effort and action to preserve natural recourses for the future generation by making pedestrian pathways more sustainable and reducing the carbon emission as well. It will be mainly focused to produce renewable energy to electrical energy from pedestrian footsteps by using the pavegen tile placing on foot over bridge. Taking a consideration of pedestrian comfort I will be using Geothermal cooling and foot over bridge will be covered with solar roofing to reduce the cost for power generation besides increasing the efficiency of the same. (Geothermal cooling is not included in feasibility calculation.)
2.0 INTRODUCTION:
The pevegen tile energy generation steps have been proposed for Thane railway
station India, on the staircase of the pedestrian sky bridge. The tiles create power; using the piezoelectric impact transforming kinetic energy into electrical energy, hence generating power for railway station lighting, display boards etc. To laying pavegen tile on staircase of sky bridge and analyze the social, economical and environmental effect of the pavegen energy creating tiles. 3
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
2.1
THE PIEZO ELECTRIC EFFECT:
Jacques Currie and Pierre Curies initially found the piezoelectric impact in1880,
any external stress made on a piezoelectric polarization in the piezoelectric material leads to surface charging (Nanomotion, 2014).
2.2
PAVEGEN ENERGY GENERATING TILE:
Laurence Kemball-Cook created the Pavegen-energy producing tiles. While
studying engineering Laurence Kemball has discovered the model, in his last semester of university in 2009 that time he was just a twenty five year old student. The tiles create and transform kinetic energy depressing nearly 5 millimeters and changing into electrical energy. (Tumblr.com, 2014).
The Pavegen System creates energy to power lights, laptops, personal
computer, programmed entryways, ticket wending machines, notification display boards, road lighting, shop title boards, transport timetables and path discovering signage’s. Pevegen tile guarantees that out of the total energy produced 5% is utilized to light up the tile and 95% is stored in batteries. Each tile is capable to produces 4-8 joule when placed in a region with huge pedestrian footfall. The pavegen tiles are comprised of different reused materials with negligible natural effect. The upper most layers of reused vehicle rubber tires and hard glass, the inward segments are reused aluminum and the outside lodging is made up of stainless steel. The framework required yearly adjusting and is intended to withstand 5 years of utilization in indoor and open-air situations. The framework will be reinstall into existing inner part or existing situations and relying upon the product, the payback duration is one year or less (kemball-cook, 2014).
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Fig. no 2.2
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
Fig. no 2.2.1
The main principal implementation of the tiles is, twenty pavegen tiles have been
spread across the intermediate junction of the stadium of Olympics at London & the freshly inaugurated City mall at Westfield Stratford with a normal footfall of thirty million people in the opening period of twelve months. This can serve sufficient power to supply a large portion of the shopping centers open-air lighting demands. At the beginning trial is progressing in Kent school at southeast England, where eleven hundred children have been venturing on the tile. The Pavegen tiles are as of now fabricating in the United Kingdom on an every request premise. The expense of each the tile is not defined yet, however the current cost will reduce considerably once the tile progress towards
large
scale
manufacturing
(George
Webster,
2014).……………………………………………..
Fig. no 2.2.2
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SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
3.0 SOCIAL IMPACT:
According to Indian railway report, their will be 0.65 millions pedestrians are using
the railway station on daily basis. Thus it is critical to consider conceivable social implication of pavegen tile.
3.1
POSITIVE IMPACT:
The way that an individual can create power with successfully no additional
exertion on their offer assist individuals comprehend that standard sustainability is not something that will make mankind lives tremendous hard. It will be as simple as footslogging on layer of the surface ground. The tile just needs to be compress by 5 mm to generate harvesting energy. It will be even recommended that a little measure of compaction will create a tile more enjoyable to step on. Advantages of having an element on the surface that glow up when an individual’s walk on it proves that very little exertion require placing into making awareness about the innovation and technology. The pavegen tile used help to notice the passerby of their contribution to strengthen the use of sustainability. Ultimately the usage of pavegen tile at thane station skywalk would increase the awareness of the energy that has been created by passerby using skywalk (kemball-cook, 2014).
Pavegen tiles have been introduced in different regions in the Europe, mostly in
the United Kingdom. As per the technology will be executed and implemented in wellknown, high movement areas in front of the globe in the future. For example there are some energy harvesting tiles to equip major open Public Square ex. (Times Square, New York). In the same way, the pavegen tiles used may spark the enthusiasm of nearby financial specialists, investors and researchers after seeing the utilization of the same by the users. In future investments on energy created by tiles, its feasible for Mumbai to climb in the front line of this contemporary rising zone of innovation, and it will assist the to city stay as one of the least CO2 foot shaped impression of urban communities in India. Basically, the pavegen tile has very strong capacity to have important affirmatives effects not for just people who are going to use this innovation and technology on day today basis, but for individuals who shares in & involve in the developments process to creates tiles cost effective, aesthetically good and most efficient in upcoming period. 6
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
3.2
NEGATIVE IMPACT:
Inclusion to the distinctive social circumstances to introducing Pavegen tiles on the
staircase of Sky Bridge at the thane railway station, there are some negative factors that must be examine. First query that arrives to my mind would be that how much would be the cost of installation and how much is the potential. Considering the high cost of establishment, users may think that this product might not be economical to generate electricity energy for social benefits.
In an enormous case, users might have ethical issues as to utilizing humankind
force to produce electrical energy. For more details of this issue need conduct a survey about what people think about the idea to generate electricity energy, inclusion to analysing general assumption in the matter.
3.3
POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION:
There are various methods for Pavegen tiles to be utilized to promote the usages
of sustainable energy. The harvested energy by the tile can be numbered and showcased on the proposed showcase display on the passageway of the Sky Bridge of the station. An impeccable suitable area would be close to the entrance where the proposed pavegen tiles may be set. At the point when the individuals walk on the sky bridge staircase, they can watch running results on the screen showcase boards, the amount of energy they have generated till a date. However, since the overall population may experience issues to comprehend the greatness of their electrical energy creation, so a basic and compelling measure of the electrical energy must be shown in an interesting way. For instance, if the display panels could showcase how many numbers of lights on the railway station consume electrical energy to illuminate such lights, and how much electrical energy has been produce so far by the effect of the aggregate endeavors taken by the individuals by utilizing the tiles could be effortlessly understood (Probst, 2014). Just 5 percent of the aggregate harvested energy is consumed to illuminate the tile; leaving 95 percent to power will be stored. Considering this condition, the execution of the arrangement the amount of energy generated for the duration of the day, and around evening time, later it can be utilize the electrical energy to enlighten a patterns of lights close to the sky bridge entrance. In the event that individuals were to watch that they could create the essential power to enlighten such sets of lights on the station at evening with zero utility running expenses, they might be more interested to appreciate the proposal of the potential positive impacts of electrical energy capturing can have. 7
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
4.0 ENVIONMENTAL IMPACT:
The proposal of proposed Design of Sky Bridge with pavegen tiles implementing
on the staircase for the railway station will generates an environmental impact during their fabrication, transfer, operation, installation and duration. During the lifecycle of the item the pavegen tile will be serving to create electrical energy and expand consciousness towards the sustainability, so need to analyse the environmental effect of the pavegen tile.
4.1
FABRICATION:
The Pavegen tiles are a similarly new innovation with just a couple of business
establishments and the organization has not started with large scale manufacturing of the tiles. The tiles are created on pre-booking, and the organization is situated in the London, UK. (George Webster, 2014). Some features are familiar about the fabricating procedure and few features are not provided on the mechanism that transforms kinetic energy into electrical energy. The significant materials being utilized as a part of the tiles are reused aluminium, rubber, hard glass, SS and lithium polymer batteries (Clark, 2011).
The reused substance will have negligible ecological effect since the substance
are generally refined not made, and the vehicle tire rubber is serving to uproot natural issues. Alternate materials hard glass and stainless steel casing would need to be made utilizing energy in-depth procedure but these substances will be recouped toward the end of life decreasing the natural effect. The pavegen tiles are endeavouring to deliver a low ecological effect during creating and making utilization of recyclable materials (kemball-cook, 2014).
4.2
TRANSPORTATION:
The pavegen tiles for the sky bridge will be imported from the London, UK to
India. Controlling upon the chose mode of transportation strategy this will create an alternate natural effect. Shipping the tiles by ship will have a huge decrease in CO2 footprint as comparing to delivering via air.
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SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
4.3
INSTALLATION:
Pavegen does not specify the tiles installation and this has not been mentioned as
well. It’s preferable that the local vendors will install the tile; it wills huge reduction in the cost of tile and will be sourced by Pavegen Company. If a suitable firm is not discovered, Pavegen will place the tiles. It significantly diminishes the environmental effect if a neighborhood merchant introduces and installl the tiles, alternatively sending some Pavegen specialists to India.
4.5
WORKING:
During the performance of pavegen tiles will have a favorable effect on the
nature producing little amount of electric energy. The steps produce 8 joules of electrical energy with each tile (Jhonson, 2014). The current sky bridge has a footfall of 0.65 millions users per day entering and leaving from the Thane railway station (Indian Railway, 2014).
4.6
LIFE SPAN:
The duration of Pavegen tiles is five years or twenty million steps before hoping
to be supplanted; the tiles will require to be reused by then. The vehicle tire rubber and the aluminum frame can be reused to make distinctive things or fresh tiles. The metal SS can be reused to make new things. The batteries can be also reused with a portion of the different mechanical procedure convenient to recover some of the substance (kemball-cook, 2014).
5.0 ECONOMIC IMPACT:
Different angles are thought seriously about, for example, organizations, cost,
and support with a specific end goal to focus the profits of the energy producing tiles at railway station.
5.1
DEVELOPMENTS:
Before considering the organization of another innovation, it is critical to put that
engineering into setting with whatever remains of the world and additionally the general 9
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
public it is consistently deployed in. This will take into consideration a superior perspective of the status of the innovation from a viewpoint of alternate financial specialists.
5.2
EXISTING PROJECT: HEATHROW INTEL. AIRPORT TERMINAL 3.
Pavegen have introduced 51 tiles inside Terminal 3 of Heathrow Airport,
illuminating LED lights arranged along the passage. The joint effort trailed Heathrow get the Ferrovial Innovation Award for the idea of footfall-powered passages. Utilizing Pavegen's tiles, the passage lighting illuminates up in correspondence to the tiles, conceivably taking into consideration footfall information examination and high mapping later on. Terminal 3, having18.4 million travellers and workers in 2012, is the busiest terminal at the airplane terminal. The high movement of footfall inside the zone will help support CSR activities and bring issues to light to sustainability (kemball-cook, 2014). Fig. no 5.2
5.3
COST:
The engineering is genuinely new; the pavegen company haven’t mentioned or
disclosed any financial numbers delineating a grade of investments from different investors. Be that as it may, there have not been any negative reactions to the 10
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
innovation, which proposes that the results might just be on the way. The way that the tiles can yield 8 watts of power every single hour specify that they are compress by least of once every ten second is something that required to be notify.
The sky bridge at the Thane railway station is immaculate a wellspring of always
substantial footfall. As per people from Pavegen, the expense has dropped by 70% quite recently in the previous year as a result of expanded creation, yet Kemball-Cook plans to get the cost down to £ 30 every tile (Beciri, 2014)
5.4
MAINTENANCE: The support of these tiles is an alternate variable to consider before going to a
choice. The configuration of the tiles and the material included permit the tiles to be truly sturdy. As indicated by pavegen, each one tile will oblige substitution or renovation at regular intervals, during which time it is obliged to work without real disappointments.
6.0 SOLAR PANELS (PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS):
PV solar panels are utilized to produce power through daylight, basically solar
panel electricity system also called as solar photovoltaic, it catches the sun's energy with the assistance of pv solar cells. These cells change over sunlight into electricity, which can be utilized to run electrical apparatuses, and enlighten the lights. Energy by PV solar panels is greatly cheap and green (trust, 2014).
Fig. no 6.0
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SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
7.0 PROPOSED DESIGN PROTOTYPE: 12
By author
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
PVSOLAR PANALS
PLATFORM
By author
PAVEGEN TILE
13
Fig. no. 7.0
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
8.0 FEASIBILITY: Proposed site: Sky bridge at Thane railway station, Mumbai, India. Sky bridge Details:
Length of bridge 90m, width 10m, height 4m and 6 m clear distance from
ground to FFL (Floor Finish level).
No. of platforms -10 No. of staircase -12 No. of pavegen tiles per staircase -35 (no. of staircase x no of pavegen tiles) Total no. of pavegen tile on staircase - (12 x 35) = 420………………………….(1) a. No. of tiles on the bridge between platform no.1 and 2 = 168 b. No. of tiles on the bridge between platform no.3 and 4 = 192 c. No. of tiles on the bridge between platform no.5 and 6 = 192 d. No. of tiles on the bridge between platform no.7 and 8 = 192 e. No. of tiles on the bridge between platform no.9 and 10 = 168 Total no. Of pavegen tiles on the bridge (a + b + c + d + e) = 912……………….(2) Total no. Installation of pavegen tiles = 1332……………(3)(From addition of 1 and 2) Each tile produces 4-8 joules electrical energy (kemball-cook, 2014). Considering 6 joules as an average electrical energy produce by each tiles. According to Wilbur Smith report say that 0.654 millions people are using station per day, excluding Saturday and Sunday (Indian Railway, 2014).
Assuming 0.327 million people are going to use station on Saturday, because in
Mumbai most of the offices are half day working, however thane is the biggest junction, so expected people in station on Sunday are 0.163 million.
In Current scenario there are 3 sky bridges on the station, which connects the 10
existing platforms. Each bridge has 12 staircases to connect platforms and having width of 7.5 m. On the proposed design the bridge 7.5 m width will be replacing with width of 10 m., so distribution of per day people are expected more comparatively other existing 2-sky bridges, so expected footfall per day will be distributed percentage wise Proposed sky bridge will be 40% and rest will be 30% + 30%.
Since the Thane railway station has total 10 numbers of platforms, among two
are directly access from the ground level its doesn’t required to access the sky bridge except the other end side users. According to Indian railway Thane station the platform 14
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
no. 1 and no. 10 are slow train platform, so relatively number of passenger are less as compare to other platforms. So, distribution expected footfall on the platform no. 1 and 10 will be 12% and other will be 88% of per day footfall. Proposed Sky Bridge expected footfall on week days
= (Total Footfall -12% of total footfall) X (0.4)
= (0.654 – 0.078) X (0.4)
= (0.576 X 0.4)
= 0.23 millions. ………………………………..(a)
Proposed Sky Bridge expected footfall on Saturday
= (Total Footfall /2) X 0.4
= 0.327 X 0.4
= 0.13 millions. ………………………………..(b)
Proposed Sky Bridge expected footfall on Sunday
= (Total Footfall /4) X 0.4
= 0.163 X 0.4
= 0.065 millions. ………………………………..(c)
Total expected footfall for a one week = ((a)x 5) + (b) + (c)
= (0.23 x 5) + 0.13 + 0.065
= 1.15 + 0.13 + 0.065
= 1.345 Million……………………………………3
Assumption, there are 5 possibilities of a pedestrian covers a tile Suppose, 1. Y person travel from platform 1 to platform 2 and 3, the Y person covers 28 numbers tiles. 2. Y person travel from platform 1 to platform 4 and 5, the Y person covers 44 numbers tiles. 3. Y person travel from platform 1 to platform 6 and 7, the Y person covers 60 numbers tiles. 4. Y person travel from platform 1 to platform 8 and 9, the Y person covers 76 numbers tiles. 5. Y person travel from platform 1 to platform 10, the Y person covers 90 numbers tiles. According to above possibilities the average one person covers 60 numbers of tiles…4 So, potential calculation for one week, 15
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
Total potential for one week = total no of footfall for a week (3) X average one person
= 1.345 X (60 x 7 joule energy per tile)
= 1.345 millions X 420 joules
= 565 million joules
= 565000 kilojoules (156.9 kwh)
covers tiles (4)
Considering for Year,
= 52 X 565
= 29380 million joules
= 293800000 kilojoules (8161.11 kwh)
Cost of each tile = £ 30 Total cost of tiles = 30 x 1332 (3)
= £ 39960
(*The cost of the pavegen tile doesn’t included installation and shipping cost) 1kwh is equal to 1 electricity unit and the cost of1 electric unit in India is 10 rupees i.e. £ 0.10, 8161 kwh is equal to 81611 rupees i.e. £ 816 Hence, the total cost of the tile is more than the cost of generated energy. Calculation of solar panels (pv): Total no of pv panels units are using = 115 Each 1kw system can roughly produce 850 kw units per year. Total no power generate thought out the year = 115 x 850 kw
= 97750 kw
Total cost of pv solar panel installation = £ 250 X 115
= £ 28750.
*The cost of PV solar panel system is £ 250 (India roof solar, 2014) The cost of the pv panels included installation and shipping cost.
The PV solar panels life span is 25 years with 20% of degradation for 25 years
span, so 97750 x 25 = 2443750 kw - 20% degradation. = £ 0.10 x 1832813 kw Total cost return cost of pv panels in 25 years span = £ 183282. Nearly saving amount on pv solar systems is £ 154532. 16
SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION:
Taking everything into account, the feasibility of putting a pavegen tile on sky
bridge staircases at thane railway station in Mumbai, India is uneconomical and not feasible as though it won't produce enough energy power to be remotely worth the necessities of the station. It is presumed that the payback period is longer than its life compass time. Be that as it may, it has some solid and incredible social focal point in which it helps to elevate the understanding for local users in Mumbai about the significance of sustainability and also showcase the new innovation. It can give a demo start to exhibit to financial specialists or investors, whether such innovation is practical and feasible, potentially starting their advantages if the proposal is successful. In conclusion the aftereffect of the practicality estimation done as seen above for the pavegen tiles, its prescribed that making such a task, unless Pavegen Company opens their assembling branch in India. It is unequivocally prescribed to make such sort of undertaking will be suitable to supplant a comparative item with nearby fabricate, However this will make possible to reduce both the carbon emission and the cost of the foot shaped impression delivered by shipment. An alternate choice is to emboss the diverse marking logos on each one of tile at the top surface of the glass, so it can help to advance our backers and it will likewise help to decrease the expense of that spent on the tiles through sponsorship.
In conclusion, the feasibility of putting a PV solar panel on the roof of Sky Bridge
is economical and feasible as off it generates enough energy power to be remotely worth the necessities of the station. On the other hand, it has some solid and brilliant point of interest for eg. PV sun oriented boards gives clean and green energy. The electricity generates from PV solar panels are environmental friendly as there are no harmful gas emission. PV panels have promising future as the cost is less and is expected to go down more in the future. This energy is free produce and abundant hence it has a promising future with respect to economical and environmental stability. PV panels make the solar energy panels an attractive investment, as they are the major source of renewable energy. In conclusion, there’s a saving of arround154532 GBP.
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SUSTAINABLE SKY WALK 16TH JAN’15
10.0 REFERENCES: Ahn, S. and Graczyk, D. (2014). http://www.iea.org. [online] Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/India_study_FINAL_WEB.pdf [Accessed 20 Dec. 2014]. Beciri, D. (2014). [online] Available at: http://www.robaid.com/tech/pavegen-flexiblepaving-slabs-generate-energy-from-footsteps.htm [Accessed 16 Dec. 2014]. bhogal, j. (2014). [online] Circle.ubc.ca. Available at: https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/42984/Epp_R_et_al_SEEDS_2011.pdf?sequenc e=1 [Accessed 05 Nov. 2014]. Clark, B. (2011). Pavegen tiles harvest energy from footsteps. [online] Gizmag.com. Available at: http://www.gizmag.com/pavegen-tiles-kinetic-energy-harvesting/20235/ [Accessed 05 Dec. 2014]. George Webster, f. (2014). Green sidewalk makes electricity -- one footstep at a time. [online] CNN. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/13/tech/innovation/pavegen- kinetic-pavements/ [Accessed 23 Dec. 2014]. Indian Railway, (2014). [online] Available at: http://www.mrvc.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ExecutiveSummarywilber%20FIN AL.pdf [Accessed 24 Dec. 2014]. Jhonson, A. (2014). [online] Available at: http://www.pavegen.com/sites/default/files/downloads/pavegen_pr_050313_Paris_Maratho n_1.pdf [Accessed 24 Dec. 2014]. kemball-cook, L. (2014). Applications | Pavegen. [online] Pavegen.com. Available at: http://pavegen.com/technology/applications [Accessed 15 Nov. 2014]. Nanomotion, (2014). The Piezoelectric Effect - Nanomotion. [online] Available at: http://www.nanomotion.com/piezo-ceramic-motor-technology/piezoelectric-effect/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2014]. Probst, L. (2014). [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/business-innovationobservatory/files/case-studies/32-clt-energy-harvesting.pdf [Accessed 24 Dec. 2014].
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trust, e. (2014). [online] Available at: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/domestic/content/solar-panels [Accessed 20 Dec. 2014]. Tumblr.com, (2014). pavegen | Tumblr. [online] Available at: https://www.tumblr.com/search/pavegen [Accessed 22 Dec. 2014]. India roof solar. (2014). [online] Available at: http://www.solarmango.com/faq/2 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2014]. Image references Cover paper Wildhdwalls, (2014), Blue Nature [ONLINE]. Available at: http://widehdwalls.com/11406blue-nature/[Accessed 10 December 14]. Figure no. 1 Kemball Cook, (2014), Tech page diagram [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.pavegen.com/technology/mk18 [Accessed 15 November 14]. Figure no. 2.2.1 Kemball Cook, (2014), Tile Introduction [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.pavegen.com/technology/mk18 [Accessed 04 December 14]. Figure no. 2.2.2 Bryan Clark, (2014), Pavegen tile [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.gizmag.com/pavegentiles-kinetic-energy-harvesting/20235/ [Accessed 04 December 14]. Figure no. 4.2 Kemball Cook, (2014), Heathrow west London [ONLINE]. Available at:http://pavegen.com/projects/heathrow-airport-west-london [Accessed 04 December 14]. Figure no. 6.0 Counsellinga, (2014), Solar pv panels [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.counsellingandwellness.co.za/w-solar-panels display.php?&product_id=212562& [Accessed 16 December 14]. Figure no 7.0 Kemball Cook, (2014), Modular installation [ONLINE]. Available at: http://pavegen.com/modular-installation[Accessed 04 December 14].
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