Sustainable urban design
1
Introduction 03
Ease of Movement within Development 09 Sustainability in Urban Design 03 Creating Mixed Use 10 Good Governance 03 Respect for Environment 10 Good Urban Management 03 Safe Residential Environment 11 Social Development 03 Public Realm 12 Economic Development 03 Amenities 13 Environmental Management 04 Case Study 14 Sustainable Design Principles in Urban Residential Development 04 Introduction 15 Sustainable Environment 04 Concept 16 Site Analysis 17 Preserving Natural heritage & Character of Area 05 General Arrangement of Site Plan 21 Enclosure & Compactness in Design 05 Key Features 21 Legibility 05 Social & Cultural 21 Diversity 06 Governance 22 Adaptability 06 Environmental 23 Design Process 07 Housing & Built Environment 24 Context Analysis 07 Economy 24 Identifying Local Needs & Communities 08 Services 24 Local Character & Distinctiveness 08 Transport & Connectivity 25 Developing Design Concept 08 Conclusion 26 Connecting Places 08 References 27 Existing Routes & Connections 09
Sustainable urban design
Content
2
introduction
ing sustainable design in residential developments.
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987:43). The term sustainability indicates three different aspects, namely; Environmental, Social and Economic sustainability. Krueger & Gibbs stated that “The discourse of sustainability is being more widely deployed as an urban and regional development strategy than ever before.” (Koglin, 2009, pg.8).
The strategic approach towards sustainable urban design takes into accounts the main problems and potentials of the urban areas and recognizes the various operational and efficient methods of achieving the ultimate goal of sustainable urban development. This approach formulates a premeditated framework for achieving sustainability in design based on the good governance and urban management.
Sustainability forms an integral part of good urban design and is integral to, and fortifies all, of the design principles. However, the three aspects, as suggested by Campbell (1996) are in constant conflicts to each other, the concept of sustainability has become a major concern to the urban planners and are forced to work with all the three aspects and the conflicts between them. The major glitch is that the three aspects of sustainability are often treated separately, which leads to neglecting one or the other aspects of the three.
• Synergistic Approach: Includes enhancing the ability and value of the project by collaboration with other suitable partners like civil societies or private sector companies
Sustainability in Urban Design:
The two main attributes of the framework, i.e., the Good Governance which includes involvement of the society and its people along with the stakeholders interests in the decision making process and the Good Management, which includes working on the improvement, development and maintenance of the city services are further supported by various strategic approaches such as:
Figure 1: The Seven 'S''s for Sustainability
Good Governance:
• Supported Approach: Ensuring utilization of the locally available creativity and resources while in- Good governance helps in managing the cities and the on-going cluding the local government to assist the policy urban development in a most efficient and appropriate manner. The main aim of providing good governance is emphasizing on making and its employment. various social issues like gender inequality and poverty along with • Sensitive Approach: Includes considering the other issues like environmental problems and employment generation. The three main contributors to towards good governance specific culture and social aspects of the region. are the state, private sectors and civil societies. • Significant approach: Development should lead Means of support to the good governance are:
It is to be understood that regardless of these conflicts, in the course of development of a sustainable system, it is not necessary that every attribute of it should be sustainable. The crucial fact is that if people are included in the process and the social, envi- to maximum impact in the urban region in terms of ronmental and economic issues are considered, the social, economic and environmental aspect. end product could be sustainable. • Sensible Approach: Includes understanding the potential abilities of all the participants in the project Therefore, this report aims at identifying the core as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the steps towards achieving sustainability in urban de- urban area during design of the project. sign and further focuses on the process of achiev-
1. Involvement of various institutions, organizations and individuals which can help in improving the framework, development of the strategies and procedures. 2. Bringing the government and people closer to each other in order to deal with the demands and requirements of the varying local areas.
Sustainable urban design
3
4
Sustainable urban design
3. Providing accountability and transparency in the Based on these strategies the three main pillars of porating BROWN AGENDA dealing with immediate local impacts and issues and GREEN AGENDA dealing with the long term imlaws to avoid corruption and further strengthening sustainability are approached the balance between various levels of the governpacts and global environmental issues like global warming, rainforment and other organization. • Social Development: est and biodiversity depletion. Therefore, the primary aim of environmental management is to provide best available resources and 4. Participation of the civil societies like NGO’s, Since there are various social inequalities present improve the quality of living conditions for citizens. co-operatives, etc. to increase the community par- within the cities which lead to exclusion of various ticipation in the development. groups from utilising the resources available. There- Sustainable Design Principles in fore, it is very important to maintain social stability Urban Residential Development: within the city or region to promote sustainability. Good urban Management: Consequently, there is a need to strong need to ca• Sustainable Environment: Good urban management involves efficient imple- ter the interests and need of various groups of peomentation of the operations and decisions for de- ple residing in the region. All residential development should determine that it is sustainable velopment. and can cope up with environmental risks such as climate change, This can be done by encouraging social inclusion, global warming, etc. by reduction in carbon dioxide emission. It is Various aspects to be considered for good urban ensuring development of health and education necessary to build in consideration to minimise energy use and amongst people, maintaining the balance between management are: reduced utilisation of natural resources. working and living environment. 1. Institutional aspect: Involves building up of strong Strategy relations and cooperation between central and lo- • Economic Development: cal government, private and public sectors, govern• Better thermal efficiency through improved insulation materials. Intensifying the level of productivity of the indusmental and non-governmental organizations. • Consider reuse of existing building structure and materials. tries, commercial and service activities can lead to • Promoting passive design strategies by orienting the house to 2. Financial aspect: Finances are required for any of sustainable economic growth which together can obtain the right amount of solar heat and shading. the urban development project therefore it is crucial provide wealthy living standards for the citizens. Into have strong financial sources like public funds, creasing the level of productivity can enhance the private sectors, inter-governmental finances, com- earning for all class of citizens by providing new investments and job opportunities and hence promotmunity involvement, etc. ing economic development. 3. Physical aspect: Physical and Spatial planning in the development plays a significant role in providing • Environmental Management: the quality of the lives of citizens, to the development of a sound economy and to the sustainability Environmental problems can be eliminated by inof the environment. In order to improve the physi- vesting in technological innovations and improving cal aspect of urban management, several attributes the engineering working methods focusing on reshould be considered such as Land Use, Planning ducing the environmental pollution. Incorporating tools, planning based on the context of the region, environmental solutions can further synthesise betEnvironmental considerations, Economic and Social ter economic, social and cultural conditions. Environmental management can be achieved by incor- Figure 2: Orientation of houses development and governance.
5
• Co-relating with the character of adjacent building, streets and connected spaces. • Maintaining rhythm, form, scale and architecture style of the existing building
Figure 4: Efficient Urban street character
Sustainable urban design
• Providing facilities for drying clothes. • Use of sustainable building materials and also locally available to reduce transportation. • Retain the existing topography • Employment of efficient water drainage system like soak-away and grey water systems.
Figure 5: Compactness in design Figure 6: Space proportions
• Enclosure and Compactness in design: Figure 3: Sustainable strategies
• Preserving natural heritage and character of area: Residential development project should be started by considering the local character of the area including the existing building type, scale, streets. It should respond to the existing natural features. Preserving the heritage of the area can enhance the character of the locality.
Efficient use of land by considering the density that could be catered by the available public transport and communal services. Providing a sense of enclosure for clear distinction between private and public areas. Strategy
• Ensuring the population in the area relates to the vision of the site. • Providing integrated parking spaces. • Ensure the compact spaces still provides enough Strategy space for open green areas. • Layout should offer view towards the open areas • Employing special landscape architects to obtain and landscaping. • Legibility: advice on natural heritage issues. • Appropriate proportion of building and width of • Compensating the biodiversity loss. the streets. The area should have clear distinct image and users could easy • Incorporating existing natural features like trees, identify the routes, access points and private and public spaces. plants, topography.
• Development according to the existing pattern of buildings, streets and landscaping. • Adequate linkage with the existing landmark areas and features. • Ensuring the movement within the area is designed in accordance to the public realm areas, key streets and spaces.
• Mix scheme of houses based on size, tenure. • Ensuring walk able neighbourhood
Strategy • The reuse and refurbishment of the older buildings should be considered. • Providing room for future expansion. • Creating street layout that respond to urban fabric and allow flexibility in movement. t
Figure 8: Mixed- Use development
Figure 7: Efficient interconnections
• Diversity: Within a residential development area, providing diversity and variation in design layouts, scale of buildings, size of plots and tenure can provide excellent living condition leading to formation of a mixed use sustainable community. Strategy • Consider employing mix-used development strategy if possible including shopping, retail, office and leisure areas along with residential to promote social factor. • Avoid any ground floor uses which lead to dead building frontages.
Figure 2: Orientation of houses Figure 10: Ground floor use as commercial
• Adaptability: Providing flexibility in residential development is very important to respond to the future changes in lifestyle, use and climate. Also creating flexibility in the use of the property, open spaces to offer new approaches can help in promoting the development.
6
Sustainable urban design
Strategy
It is evident that truly original idea is the foundation of a winning design; indeed it should also exhibit thorough understanding of the location and context. It must also be sensitive towards the requirements of people who will finally be ‘interacting’ with design every day, after they move-in to settle down in the area. As such, the process of design must be divided into three phases in order to attain optimum design fluidity, durability and sustainability that is in sync with the perspective and which promises excellent residential complexes that are future ready. Figure 13: Urban Design Macro Process Figure 12: Micro Design Process
Fundamentally there are two stages in context analysis: 1. Site Appraisal: In-depth appreciation of the macro context of the location in terms of ecology, built up structures and residing communities in the surrounding areas.
Every location offers an unprecedented design potential for a housing project, it also tends to assert 2. Site Analysis: Includes site specifics and their relationship with its specific character and context. The responsibility the wider context. is on developers to examine the design options and opt for the one that is most suitable for each loca- Figure 14: Study Diagram of Existing Site tion considering its category, size and the projected density of development. The ultimate purpose of every new housing design is to present complexes that are; pleasing to the eye, convenient to live in and are secured and safe. It is essential to consider all the elements that will come into play and contribute to the final look and feel of the housing complex, e.g. internal plans, building façade, open area between the blocks, access roads, landscape and the ecosystem. How to achieve the design objectives? Context Analysis: • The first step in the design process must begin
7
Sustainable urban design
design process
with complete scrutiny of the site along with context and setting of the region where the development will be finally located. • Developers must exhibit thorough understanding of the present site conditions. • Gathering adequate information about the land abutting the site and about the people who are residing in or near the vicinity. Such exhaustive knowledge of the context collated in the beginning will finally reflect in the final detailed design and add credence to the scheme. All development designs must establish its own unique character at the same time effortlessly blend with the larger picture of the locality and create an instant bond with all other elements.
8
Sustainable urban design
Local Character and Distinctiveness: Every location is unique and has its own distinct character, it is the union of many ingredients like landscape, buildings, people, their customs and traditions including how they connect with each other and interact with their environment where they reside, work and celebrate life in general.
Figure 15: Analyzing Site Context
Identifying Local Needs and Communities:
The physical traits of the location to be studied will also include, the look and feel of the place, its architectural flow of the façade facing streets, use of local materials, and handling of fringes, corners, bends, and turns. Equally important are landscapes, play areas and parks. All pitches for new development will need to exhibit comprehensive knowledge and grasp of the context in all its manifestations since it is required to define the local persona and also for references in the future. The study of context is incomplete without the analysis of local climate, buildings, area specific materials, topography, water, environment and green cover
Active partnership and continual dialogue between planners, developers, investors and the local groups of people is critical to the location centric development and design. These are also the two vital ingredients that play a decisive role in approvals and successful implementation of all new development proposals. It is also important to involve and consult various social groups inhabiting the precinct during Figure 17: Barcelona Design Character planning and management stages of the development and must continue throughout the lifespan of the project.
Figure 18: Defining Distinctiveness
Developing the Design Concept: The next step after exhaustive appraisal of the site is to develop a design concept incorporating urban design principles. The final design, best suited for the location emerges by the process of negation, when all the design avenues and options are debated, considered and rejected. Connecting Places: While designing new development it is necessary to deliberate on the connectivity factor, i.e. how will the site be linked to its immediate and extensive neighborhoods? Both physically and visually; There are two important operating factors when connectivity is considered:
Figure 16: Community Participation
1. The location must be well connected to the road network of farthest areas around it. 2. Ease of free and smooth movement within the site – a factor that applies to bigger sites.
The table below clearly defines the priorities. It describes the order in which pedestrians and cyclists should be considered first, followed by other users of road.
Figure 19: Connections of different district with Urban Core
Existing Routes and Connection New residential developments must be well connected to the existing public transport system by good roads and safe walkways – a prerequisite to attain sustainable intra-site movement and reduce dependability on cars. A well-knit green path way will also encourage long walks and extensive use of bicycles and also help preserve wildlife and biodiversity of the region. Following principles must be followed to connect new development to the existing network; • New developments must create well designed chain of spaces to effortlessly merge with the existing. • New development design must establish a natural connection with spaces that are already present in the surrounding areas, relating to the existing pattern to give a feeling of continuity and provide approach the road network and existing facilities. • Green passageways must form a part of the Figure 21: Well Connected Routes
Figure 22: User’s Hierarchy
Following principles must be followed to improve ease of movement through a site: • New routes must make dedicated provision for pedestrians’ and bicycle riders. They must create open spaces and green corridors, with conventional streets with adequate provisions for motor vehicles. • All places of daily visits e.g. schools, local shopping and community centers, public parks etc. must be conveniently located and well connected for easy access by road network spread across the scheme. • All such places of daily access along with other services must be placed at a comfortable walking distance of 10 minutes or (approximately 800 Meters). Thus, reducing the number of car miles traveled. • All routes must be planned in a manner that they can be used by one and all alike, including physically challenged to ensure that they can confidently and freely move around the entire area. • Walkways should not follow through secluded areas. They must be planned alongside the bicycle paths to remain under normal close observation.
9
Sustainable urban design
schemes, as they help the wildlife to thrive,provide Ease of Movement within Development: access routes for pedestrians and cyclists plus support healthier lifestyle as well. Comfortable movement plan within a residential site needs to be meticulously planned giving precedence to sustainable forms of transport and discourage the use of cars. This will help create Figure 20: Merging Existing Connection with New peaceful walkways for pedestrians and cyclists. Routes
Figure 23: Safe Walking Environment
Figure 27: Dedicated Green Space in between Dwelling
Figure 24: Dedicated Cycling & Walking Path
Creating Mixed Use: In the process of creating sustainable development, it is vital to think about ‘mixed use’ which includes commercial, retail, leisure and other such facilities in the housing scheme. This approach has been very successful in different urban and rural locations as it helps to create good mix of well diversified social groups.
Figure 25: Commercial on Ground Floor Figure 26: Dedicated Frontage for Mixed Use
10
Sustainable urban design
Principles that should be followed to suc- Respect for Environment: cessfully deliver mixed use schemes All residential developments, regardless of their size, must be nature friendly and respect the flora and fauna of the region. Due • Type size and tenure • They must essentially include reasonably priced consideration for environment is necessary while planning and deand well-dispersed family dwellings, avoid clusters signing the dwelling units. to meet the larger objectives of sustainability and mixed housing. Environment plays a very important role in deciding the quality of • Schemes should consider using ground floor for life and health; therefore this issue must be handled on priority commercial, retail, and cultural activities in town and right from the early stages of conceptualization, adequately proneighborhoods. viding green areas and routes. • Economic feasibility study may be conducted to confirm the practicality of various possible uses be- Issues that will need to be considered include: ing proposed to avoid disagreements. • Green areas should be provided in residential schemes for the survival of flora and Fauna and contribute to the quality of life. • On site survey of existing trees will be necessary as it will help in the preservation process, and follow that tree preservation order applicable in that area. • All flourishing natural world in the vicinity must be retained, enhanced and created wherever necessary including bushes, shrubs and hedgerows.
Figure 28: Recreational Green Space
Safe Residential Environment: Creating safe residential environment must remain the prime concern of developers; it should be addressed from early stages of the project. If the scheme is to be ‘safe by design’ it is necessary to integrate factors like density, layout, massing, and access points while discussing safety and security issues. This will help realign remote lanes and pathways, secluded alleys and isolated areas so they Figure 29: Balconies opening on Walking Street remain in view all the time. Principles that should be followed to create a safe environment • Clearly defined public and private places will help in increasing the awareness and act as deterrent to criminals. • Public places should be kept clean and attractive. They should have a clear purpose, so that they do not become a target area for crime. • Use of mix housing types to create cluster homes that remain occupied in different times slots during the day; encourage community interaction, control and surveillance of the area naturally, by the residents.
Public Realm: Good public realm is the most important part of the built up environment which gives an identity to the place. It is born out of creative responses during the contextual analysis and site assessment. It should display a network of shelters, roads, sidewalks, parks, and other open spaces that comprise the arteries and focal points of the city structure with clearly defined functions. It is the main area where all major public interaction takes place and that which gives such a development a sense of place and identity. A well designed public realm balances out the movement and provides access to needs of all users and add to the smooth functioning of the city and also contributes to its sense of place. Finally the public realm is at the core of everything in the city and how we experience it. Public realm is therefore should be safe, sustainable, and invigorating. Principles for successfully delivering a public realm strategy
• The public realm should aim to provide structure and lend a sense of identity to a development. • These places must be easily navigable and should connect to all other spaces by a logical network of well linked roads. They should Figure 30: Safe & Green Walking Path increase in scale as they approach the local or district center. Figure 31: Public Realm giving Identity to Space
11
Sustainable urban design
• All residential blocks should be designed in a manner that the residents can interact privately within themselves internally and at the same time, the design must provide for a clear frontage for interaction with outside general public and routes.
Sustainable urban design
12
Figure 32: Public Realm Space for Everyone
Amenities: It is necessary to provide sufficient outdoor spaces in all new residential developments. This adds to the beauty of environment and makes it even more hab- Figure 33: Roof Gardens & Back Gardens for Private Amenities itable, it also plays a vital role in improving the quality of life of people. This factor is more pronounced in case of apartments where open spaces are used for community gatherings and various ceremonies. Principles to be followed for successful integration of private amenity spaces • All development must provide for some form of private amenity spaces, be it communal or individual and make it accessible to its residents. • All dwellings must have access to at least one area of usable private amenity space; this can include front or back gardens, roof gardens, decks or balconies. These should not be overshadowed, directly overlooked, steeply sloping or awkwardly spaced. • Developments for family housing must consider the play needs of children and provide a play area on the site or through contributions to an adjoining facility.
Figure 34: Front Garden Space
Sustainable urban design
13
Case study
Kronsberg Hanover germany
HANOVER germany
“ Kronsberg sustainable settlement is an example for the world to follow ”
Sustainable urban design
KRONSBERG
14
The contemporary large town areas of Kronsberg have been working out as expected following 1997 as the biggest and generally idealistic settlement, social and biological venture in entire Europe. Just 8 kilometers from the downtown distance of Hanover, the first period of advancement presently dwelling around seven thousand inhabitants in three thousand homes. Standard modal for evasion waste and sparing water, under vitality development strategies are likewise basic over the advancement, with the general point of attaining to a decrease of sixty percentage of CO2 outflows contrasted with routine new development in Europe.
background In the middle of 1990’s, the Hannover town acknowledged, it will require numerous all the more new homes if it somehow happened to proceed to completely bolster and oblige the territory’s populace. An expected 20000 homes were required and Hannover (Kronsberg) was distinguished as a main potential and ideal location for the requirement. Two noteworthy arranging rivalries were held, an end-all strategy strained up for region, and arrangements introduce for the configuration of residential lodging. Inside ten years an expansive region of farmland had been created in stage one of the task.
Stage two of the plan will see the region grow onwards and twelve to sixteen thousand individuals will Central standard of the plan is to accomplish a very in the long run be obliged in six thousand homes. much-adjusted communal blend, with a scope of societies, convictions and communal foundations effectively working and living one next to the other. The plan has officially gotten global praise and draws in experts from everywhere throughout the world as motivation for their own particular ventures.
Figure 35: Public area with in scociety
15
Sustainable urban design
introduction
Location map
The improvement of Kronsberg took after the territorial arranging standard, as indicated by which private advancement ought to extend along nearby rail open transport courses and be aggregated at public density in the catchment zones of the stations and stops. EXPO 2000 World Exposition was the event to apply this arranging way to deal with the Kronsberg territory. An idea was contrived in 1994 for the whole region that secured the EXPO grounds, the new settlement and the farmland. Principal planning aim: The apartment squares nearest to the tramline have a floor space list with respect to the site territory of 1:2. The thickness diminishes steadily the more remote far from the tramline the structures are found. Sustainability: It is a need to have close connections in the middle of living and working. Three thousand employments are situated in the western segment of the area. The region's administrations proposed were three-childcare focuses, an area craftsmanship and group focus, wellbeing focus, elderly care and shopping regions. Residential structure: To secure a stable social of mix residential, 10% of the lodging stock was densely set single-family homes, manufactured in the tough building zones. They were for the most part terraced and proprietor possessed. Another 90% were apartments in multi story structures.
16
Sustainable urban design
concept
MASTER PLAN
Right around three thousand employments are situated in the prompt region with bank and information handling organizations. The new residential location, the neighboring business regions with their various new administration industry occupations, and the neighboring field make a urban spatial solidarity
Land Use Comparison
SNAPSHOT 1. Area of study - 21.4 Hectares 2. Units Residential - 810 3. Study area population - 1830 4. Initial development - 1999 The next examination is basis on 21.4 hectors developments located on northern side EFFICIENT LAND UTILISATION AND COMPACT LAYOUT
Open Space Vs. Built Form
Public Space Vs. Private Space
The presence of the region is molded by its wide-fit elongated lattice design, which makes outlines for an assortment of piece arrangement. The framework design of the hinders, the street like roads and the open space arranging unite different development structures and outlines
Differing building plans make particular territories that are assembled around an area stop and flanked by green zones or garden passageways. Accentuation is put on great open space configuration, and semi-open internal yards and independent outside field are accessible for each home.
1.Population density - 85 residents per ha urban area 2.Gross dwelling density - 38 dwellings per ha developable land 3.Net dwelling density - 73 dwellings per ha residential area 4.Occupancy rate - 2.3 occupants per dwelling 5.Developable land - 52% of the overall urban region 6.Building footprint - 16% of the overall urban region 7.Private open space - 23% of the overall urban region 8.Semi public open space - 13% of the overall urban region 9.Road reserve - 38% of the overall urban region 10.Road - 09% of the overall urban region 11.Verge - 29% of the overall urban region 12.Public open space - 10% of the overall urban region
17
Sustainable urban design
site analysis
Land Use map
ENERGY ECOLOGY, AND WATER 1.Residential GH gas emissions per year 2.Onsite building process 3.Residential energy use per year 4.Residential potable water use per year
Green Space
Building Height and Road Reserve
Interconnected open, semi-open and private areas near to the homes offer contrasting green and open spaces with rainwater retention and infiltration regions incorporated in the configuration.
Low take was a key outline highlight with minimized urban structure and edge advancement. Transport Development Areas with greatest structures statures of four to five stories along the light rail passageway toward the north-west connections the improvement with the city.
Vibrant residential development with easy access to open space recreational areas
- 0.9 tones CO2 per resident - 2 tones CO2 per dwelling - 16 gj per resident / 36 GJ per dwelling - 51 kL per resident / 116 kL per dwelling
The energy concept: a. Low Energy construction method. b. Two decentralized gas-supported cogeneration plant give warmth to space warming and warm water for all families. c. Renewable vitality sources are used: Three wind turbine offices with a general limit of 3.6 MW, sunlight based authorities and photovoltaic offices on rooftops. d. Creative innovation by sun powered uninvolved houses, sun based locale warming, and microclimate zones. Main features of rainwater management system: Water maintenance bowl Hillside Boulevard toward the north with denaturalized watercourse Natural water maintenance zones Rainwater use idea for internal yards Water collecting and sparing idea in school and public buildings construction of flats
Sustainable urban design
18
Reid
Kingston
Gungehlin
Weaton
Hannover
Freiburg
Dockaide
People per ha Urban Area
I & Take per Person (Msq.)
Public open space Person (Msq.)
Road per Person (Msq.)
Water per Person (ltr.)
CO2 emission per Person (L.per year)
Low Income Household (%)
DIVERSITY Socio-Demographic Mix Dwelling Type In % of overall dwelling 1. 2. 3. 4.
Detached house Terrace or Row Houses Apartment up to 3 storeys Apartment 4 to 5 storeys
- 5% - 6% - 66% - 23%
Household composition In % of overall household 1. Single house - 39% 2. Couple w/o kids house - 24% 3. Couple with kids house - 28% 4. Single parent house - 09% 5. Groups house - 21% Population by age cohort In % of overall population 1. Population 0-17 yrs - 28% 2. Population 18-59 yrs - 64% 3. Population 60 yrs and over - 08%
19
Sustainable urban design
AERIAL IMAGE OF STUDY AREA
Comparative Snapshot
Master Plan_study areat Location Adjacent to Wohnbebbauung
20
Sustainable urban design
MAIN NETWORK
21
Sustainable urban design
GENRAL ARRANGMENT OF SITE PLAN
1. Social and Cultural
Kronsberg offered building plots for 70 open to sky terrace houses in middle of 1997 at beneath business sector costs, to support publicize the 1st house for proprietor occupiers as a communal balancing out element on the town Kronsberg improvement, before any social lodging being built. For the success of Kronsberg neighborhood adequate social and cultural infrastructure played a critical role from the beginning of the development.
Sustainable urban design
key features
22
Even though the social mix of the town Kronsberg experience a good quality of life, no communal problems, with less crime rate with strong identity with the districts. To empower social association, a significant number of the loft obstructs crosswise over Kronsberg have mutual rooms and imparted group ranges. A diversions park, just outside the neighborhood, gives chance to sport exercises for everybody. Social area and ecological project
Childrens play area
Childrens play area with in society
Children play area
Numerous societies, social and religions foundations exist one next to the other at Kronsberg, bolstered by activities particularly for the purpose of community integration. A community center form mostly focuses for the enhancing the community network combining communal, cultural and ecological initiatives and it’s made available to use by tenants.
2. Governance Kronsberg inhabitants assume a dynamic part in the configuration and improvement of numerous tasks all through the development. For the new development of the project on the
site, developer used to receive feedback from tenants for the betterment of local facilities.
“freedom�
23
A standard ‘Low Energy house’ was situated for whole Kronsberg improvement, implying so the neighborhood have effectively figured out how to decrease carbon dioxide outflows by 60% contrasted with traditional new development in Germany.
Sustainable urban design
3. Environmental Around hundred communal houses are warmed up from nearly 1350 m2 of solar radiation and the energy stored by the thermal storage tank, so that the solar energy can be use in spring to December, its almost meat 40 % demand of communal houses.
The site emphasizes a ‘Detached House’ advancement of 32 terraced houses obliging right around 90% less warming vitality than customary patios (15kWh/m2 _per year), because of 400mm protection, greatly impenetrable structures, air extraction plants with warmth recuperation, triple coating and sunlight based warm gatherer.
Building-integrated solar thermal system
Reusing stations for pre-separated waste, for example, organics, bundling and papers, are arranged over the area and sunken glass reusing containers to benefit minimize the visible impact of similar facilities. Glass recycling bins ‘Passive Houses’
For the future reduction on CO2, they introduced two decentralized natural combined hat power plan CHP. Two expensive wind turbines (1.5 mw and 1.8 mw) installed with the existing 300kw to meet the requirement of electricity for the residence across the region.
OPEN SPACE PLANNING
6. Services
A variety of engineers, developers, and architects were hooked to design individual urban block typology with the overall master plan to generate variety in the buildings for taking importance consideration of quality of housing at Kronsberg.
The development of residential region supports a commercial, offices, kinder gardens, library, church, and health care.
Kronsberg gives a broad scope of lodging sorts, from little single bedroom flats to large housed for bigger family, to serves as all ages of people, considering the senior citizen and incapacitated.
Sustainable urban design
24
4. Housing and the Built Environment
A choice was taken ahead of schedule in the undertaking to make fantastic framework and administrations a need for occupants. This has added to the achievement of the area
Housing
consume less; share better.”
Public area with in scociety Local ‘Agenda 21’ housing
The site has a few all around utilized recreational spaces inclusive for 2 area stops, each with particular plans to benefit characterize diverse territories of Kronsberg, and various kids’ play regions. Inhabitants additionally have admittance to semi-private patios, and as a rule, to private gardens or porches. 5. Economy The economic region of Kronsberg (tramline) gives nearly three thousand employments to nearby occupants and town tenants. This neaness additionally encourages keep the need to go by mechanized transport to the work environment.
Multi-denomination church
Private courtyard space
Housing Habitat
Hervé Kempf
25
Sustainable urban design
7. Transport and Connectivity Carriageway narrowing and speed bumps are built up into street at regular intervals and also minimised motorised traffic for benefit to promote safe cycling and walking. Three cable car stops serve Kronsberg, each inside simple strolling separation of all homes, and giving a quick support of Hanover downtown area. The vehicle frameworks have been uncommonly intended to empower incapacitated entry.
Light Rail Network
TRANSPORTATION CONCEPT
The high-density urban region of Kronsberg (Hannover) can be understood as a “city in the garden�, or more simply, as a new kind of garden city. As an eco-community, Kronsberg demonstrates that an ecologically-based approach to design holds the possibility of creating socially and biologically diverse communities and urban landscapes that are more beautiful, liveable and sustainable than the automobile dominated edge city suburbs that we in the United States have been so feverishly building since the Second World War. Because Germany, like all the other major industrial societies, is experiencing a population decline at the present time, it does not seem likely that more Greenfield projects such as Kronsberg will be built in that country anytime soon. Rather, lessons learned from this exemplary community design project are now being applied to the redesign and retrofit of existing buildings in the city of Hannover. Ironically then, Kronsberg, both as a participatory planning and design process and as a model sustainable eco-community, should be of greatest interest to the only industrialized country in the world that is presently experiencing significant population growth, i.e. the United States. We may end up resettling America based on lessons learned from sustainable urban districts such as Garden City Kronsberg, Germany.
Sustainable urban design
conclusions
26
Images references
Fig.1: European UnionĂs Sustainable Urban Development Co-operation, (2000), pg.27 Fig.2: Pembrokeshire County Council, 2008, pg.7 Fig.3: http://dariobusch.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/ off-the-grid-13.jpg Fig.4: http://www.ite.org/css/online/img/Figure5-1.jpg Fig.5: http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/residential-building-landscape-design-landscaped-garden-walkway-view-42182137.jpg Fig.6: http://ottawa.ca/sites/ottawa.ca/files/migrated/images/ con022959_123462921.jpg Fig.7 & 8: Pembrokeshire County Council, 2008, pg.12 Fig.9: https://helmofthepublicrealm.files.wordpress. com/2012/05/untitled-31.jpg Fig.10: http://cwstudio.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ Corridor-Transition_600_web.jpg Fig.11: http://gcxmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ ajax-mixed-use-685x320.jpg Fig.12: http://www.hassellstudio.com/cms_images/1120_05-08-2013_6959.jpg Figure 13: Residential Design Guide SPD, 2010, pp 14 Figure 14: Design Guide New Residential Areas, Glasgow City Council, 2013, pp 10
Figure 15: Design Guide New Residential Areas, Glasgow City Council, 2013, pp 23 Figure 16: http://www.mrarchitects.co.uk/page17/page22/files/analysis%20crop.jpg Figure 17: http://nazshua.blog.com/files/2010/12/wheel.gif Figure 18: https://c4.staticflickr.com/4/3621/3470875332_22acd24b68_b.jpg Figure 19: https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8205/8190747678_22fed7406a_o.jpg Figure 22: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/ conc6en/img/nodeslinkages.png Figure 23: Residential Design Guide SPD, 2010, pp 27 Figure 24:http://www.styleofdesign.com/i/winning-masterplan-will-turn-central-shenzhen-into-garden-city-of-tomorrow_turno_1.jpg Figure 25: https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Chenai-Rendering.jpg Figure 26: http://www.qascapital.com/wp-content/uploads/ ThePalladio_960x350px.jpg Figure 27: http://www.probuilder.com/sites/default/files/ styles/product_image/public/Vidrio1.png?itok=k8GirieV Figure 28: http://c1038.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/group5/building44044/media/qhnt_olympic_villiage_03.jpg
Figure 29: http://i.imgur.com/j3lmI.jpg Figure 30: http://geography.ssc.uwo.ca/faculty/gilliland/ Mtl_Rosemont_Streetscape01%20-%20copie.JPG Figure 32: https://www.westminster.gov.uk/sites/www.westminster.gov.uk/files/uploads/Picture15_0.png Figure 34: http://cdn.homesthetics.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Rooftop-One-Coffee-Table-Book-RevealsNew-York-City%E2%80%99s-Breathtaking-Elaborate-Rooftop-GardensGardens-book-vertical.jpg Figure 35: http://www.interiorfoliage.com/images/Pages/ Rooftop-Terrace-Pic-1.jpg
Sustainable urban design
references
27
Pdf References
European Unionís Sustainable Urban Development Co-operation, (2000). TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: A STRATEGIC APPROACH. CONSULTATIVE GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION. [online] European Commission, pp.8-57. Available at: http://www.alnap.org/resource/6678 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Koglin, T. (2009). Sustainable development in general and urban context: A literature review. [online] Sweden: Department of Technology and Society Lund Institute of Technology Traffic & Roads, pp.1-27. Available at: http://lup.lub.lu.se/ luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1516033&fileOId=1516036 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Operational Director, Policy, Planning and Transportation, (2012). Design of Residential Development. [online] Kingsway: Halton Borough Council, pp.1-58. Available at: http:// www3.halton.gov.uk/Pages/planning/policyguidance/pdf/ Supplementary%20Planning%20Documents/Adopted/Design_of_Residential_Development_SPDv2.pdf [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Pembrokeshire County Council, (2008). Joint Unitary Development Plan for Pembrokeshire 2000-2016: Principles of Good Design in Residential Development. [online] Pembrokeshire: Pembrokeshire County Council, pp.7-19. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/ url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpembrokeshire.gov. uk%2Fobjview.asp%3FLanguage%3D%26object_ id%3D4172&ei=FAg9VZHTAcvnaMOQgKAF&usg=AFQjCNFJUXf3bkUsAuTlWraWHP6objDVKw&bvm=bv.91665533,d. d2s&cad=rja [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Glasgow City Council, (2013). Design Guide New Residential (Glasgow City Council, 2013)
Government of Ireland, (2009). Guidelines for Planning Authorities on Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas. (Government of Ireland, 2009) Wychavon District Council, (2010). Residential Design Guide SPD. (Wychavon District Council, 2010) ACT planning authority, (2010). Urban Form Analysis Canberra’s Sustainability Performance, pp.12, 13. Anon, (2005). A collection of case studies demonstrating exemplar ‘sustainable community’ projects across Europe, pp.7,8,9,10. State capital of Hannover, (2010). Sustainable urban development Hanover - Kronsberg, pp.1- 20. Department for Communities and Local Government, (2012). National Planning Policy Framework. London: Department for Communities and Local Government, pp.1-58.
Sustainable urban design
references
28