Infusing the city - M.arch SUD by Sachin Porkute

i n f u s i n g d e s i g n w o r k t h ec i t y

Su s t a i n a b l eUr b a nDe s i g nSt u d i o SACHI NPORKUTE

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i n f u s i n g d e s i g n w o r k t h ec i t y

Su s t a i n a b l eUr b a nDe s i g nSt u d i o SACHI NPORKUTE

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content Introduction • The city of Birmingham

Location • The proposed site

Background • The history 04 • The culture 06 Economy • The context 07 • The city key facts 08 • The transportation development 09

• • • • •

The open space network The walking route The building heights The growth offices and residential The growth cultural, civic, retail, and leisure

Characteristics • The green spaces • The key nodes • The landmark and focal point

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Policy • The connectivity 35 • The land use 36 • The figure ground 37 • The sustainability 38

Population • The census age structure • The migration census • The distribution of ethics group • The key facts

10 11 12 14

Climate • The temperature • The temperature and solar • The precipitation and wind

15 16 17

Ecology • The Birmingham

Swot and Simulation • The visuals and solar 44 • The shadow 45 • The solar radiation 46 • The shadow and wind 47

Resource • UK and Birmingham

Design Strategy

Transportation • The Birmingham and surrounding • The proposed site • The traffic flow • The cycle route and sidewalk

20 21 22 23

Site context • The overall impact • The landmark and key routes • The efficient city

24 25 26

Functional analysis • The commercial 39 • The residential 40 • The business 41 • The culture 42 • The warehouse and industries 43

• • • • • • •

The land use and visual connectivity 48 Pedestrian connectivity and walkability 49 The pedestrian flow 50 Architectural approach and orientation 51 The visual axis 52 Landmark 53 The public transport convenience 54

Caste study • MVRDV market hall, Netherland • San Singuel market, Madrid

56 58

• Cantilever courtyard tower, China

Inspiration • The reference images

Concept

• Consideration of historical visual axis • Architectural concept • The land use

64 65 66

Design process • The initial design option

Proposed design • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Master plan 74 Ground floor plan 75 Basement plan 76 Retail Square 77 Office tower 78 Business hotel 79 Bird eye view 80 Physical model 81 Section aa 82 Section bb 84 Section cc 86 Environmental approach (BREEAM NC 2014) 88 Sectional elevation aa 89 Sectional elevation bb 90 Sectional elevation cc 91 Access and exits 92 Bus routes and bus stop 93 Cycle routes 94 Active frontage 95 Public Square 96 Pedestrian path 97 Elevation northeast 98 Elevation southwest 100 Elevation southwest 101 Retail Square 102 Public realm 103

References and bibliography

104

introduction The city of Birmingham

The city of Birmingham is centrally located at the heart of England, where it serves as the regional capital for the west midlands. It is the second largest city in the UK, with a population of over one million within its administrative boundary, and it sits within an urban conurbation of over five million people. Birmingham provides an example of how effective leadership and a successful urban design strategy can focus investment to create new and improved city squares and interconnected streets that can transform a city and its region. The city had developed as a significant industrial town in the 18th century, growing rapidly, with a traditional pattern of streets and squares arranged in an irregular grid pattern. It became known around the world as the city of a thousand trades. The city later suffered from the collapse of its manufacturing industry in the 1970s. Employment in the city fell by 29 per cent between 1971 and 1983. Much of the post-war redevelopment of the city contrasted with the earlier irregular grid pattern, and was primarily designed in the 1960s for motor vehicle accessibility. This resulted in the construction of a number of ring roads, including the inner ring road, now recognized as being a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;concrete collarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; around the city center. The ring roads sliced through the traditional urban blocks, leaving a fragmented urban structure and a confused public realm. The backs of buildings and car parks often faced public spaces and streets, resulting in dead frontages and a lack of natural surveillance.

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location The proposed site

The importance of Birmingham in terms of location â&#x20AC;˘ Birmingham is the second largest city of UK and a metropolitan borough in the west midlands metropolitan county. â&#x20AC;˘ The geography location of the city is the important to connect London in the southeast to north midland and east midland. â&#x20AC;˘ The site is located in the southern gateway of the city centre and the south corner of retail core.

01 01 02 03 04 05

World map United kingdom Birmingham Birmingham city center Proposed site

background

1731

1778

1894

The History

History: The heritage contributes to sustainability, character, local distinctiveness, and a sense of place. City centre has evolved over the past centuries with key features and street patterns. Over the last 30 years however, the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus has shifted from being predominantly a manufacturing industry to a service economy. Former industrial properties such as the custard factory have been transformed into some of Birminghamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most exciting art and nightlife venues. Innovative new industries are rapidly making Birmingham their home, from graphic designers to computer game programmers, and are supported by our world-renowned universities and colleges. The outdoor market: Covered walkways protect customers of the 130 market stalls, buying fresh fruit and vegetables, farm produce, clothing and fancy goods. The rag market: The current rag market opened in December 2000 as part of a major redevelopment of the bullring shopping area. The most famous, and perhaps the oldest of Birminghamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s markets, 350 stalls sell textiles, haberdashery, clothing and sewing craft materials. In recent years its sari merchants have become world famous. Indian brides from throughout the UK and Europe travel to Birmingham to buy wedding fabrics and trimmings at the rag market and nearby shops. The indoor market: Opened in 2000 with 850 parking spaces. There are more than 80 stalls selling everything from meat and fish to fruit and vegetables, sweets, hosiery, lingerie, garden accessories, pet foods, carpets, household linens and fashion.

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1. 2. 3. 4.

Birmingham Cathdral Moat house St. Martin Church Old Crown

Street plan of Birmingham from 1731 by William Westley

st. Paul

1. 2. 3.

Jewelery Quarter Rail viaducts Canal system

1890

1901

1930

1950

1960

1963

1968

1979

2000

2001

2005

2011

background

Redevelop

Centenary Square

Centenary

Square in 1932

The History

History: Centenary Square: The area was an industrial area of small workshops and canal wharves before it was purchased by the council in the 1919 for the creation of a grand civic centre scheme. The scheme was abandoned after the World War II with only the Hall of Memory and half of the planned Baskerville House complete. To complement the International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall the square was redeveloped in 1989 and renamed Centenary Square to commemorate the centenary of Birmingham achieving city status. Redevelopment: In 1991 the square was redesigned to complement the new ICC with new paving, railings, a fountain and several sculptures. In 2013, a library amphitheatre was built. In 2014 a competition was held to redesign the square. Victoria Square: • The square was formerly known as council house square, and had a tramway running through it. • It was renamed on 10 January 1901, to honour queen Victoria. • The site was the used for an office and retail block, the christ church buildings, themselves demolished 1970 and replaced with a grassed slope. • During the 1950s, plans were made to widen col more row for it to become part of the Birmingham inner ring road, with a major road junction to be constructed at Victoria square. • These plans were dropped, however a lot of the inner ring road plan was carried through to construction.

Redevelop Victoria Square

Redevelopment: • During the late 20th century the square was a busy traffic junction. • Plans were made to pedestrianize the area and to create a public focal point. 5

Victoria Square in 1901

Victoria Square

Public Square

background The Culture

Culture: Birmingham is the capital city of culture in UK, Culture means arts, museums, libraries, archives and heritage but more than these. Birmingham is a city which is rich of culture, sustain the urban identity as well as history respect. Birmingham has become a culture capital and boasts a thriving art scene. Venues and facilities have been created and maintained since the 1980s to enable the arts to flourish and now Birmingham is reaping the benefits through better quality of life and local businesses are also well supported by the constant influx of domestic and overseas visitors to the city. Those who travel to Birmingham come for a number of reasons. To begin with, the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s considerable beauty! With miles of canals offering beautiful views, Birmingham has the perfect setting for artistic pursuits. Its numerous parks, such as the cannon Hill Park and kings Heath Park, provide welcome respite for those longing for a slower rhythm of life. Music lovers will enjoy finding out about the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s symphony orchestra which has an international reputation. As Birmingham city council also sponsors a professional choir, an opera group and contemporary music ensemble, there are regular performances to impress local and overseas followers. Dance lovers can take pleasure in watching the shows staged by the local ballet company and dance agency instead; or visit the symphony hall, the town hall and the hippodrome just to admire their magnificence and soak up the incredible atmosphere. Another impressive building is the library of Birmingham. Since opening its doors, it has attracted over a million people and is an important learning centre for the city. While its barbedwire exterior might not be to everybodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s taste, the library has an incredible offering for visitors. Those enthused about taking pictures can admire its extensive photography collection, while aspiring writers and avid readers can join small groups to pursue their interests. 6 l

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economy The Context

Context: Investment into Birmingham by market 2012/12 The side chart shows the country of origin for inward investment in the city. In 2012/13 the United States, as for the gbslep, the region and the country as a whole, is the largest investor into Birmingham with 11 projects, just over a Quarter of the total. India was second equal with Australia with 5 projects with Germany and japan both providing 4 projects. France and Israel provided 2 and there was one project each from Brunei Darussalam, Canada, china, Latvia, Portugal, Russia, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates. Seasonally adjusted is a claimant counts unemployment rates: Seasonally adjusted is a claimant counts unemployment rates: Seasonally adjusted unemployment in the city has declined markedly over the past 2 years and is now back at a level similar to that seen prior to the recession. The latest data for October 2014 shows that seasonally adjusted unemployment in the city decreased by 604 to 33,387 (6.9%).

Seasonally Adjusted Youth Unemployment Rates: Seasonally adjusted youth unemployment (1824) in Birmingham has also been falling in recent months, it decreased by 193 in October to stand at 7,400 which represents a seasonally adjusted youth unemployment rate of 9.4%.

Seasonally adjusted Youth unemployment rates:

economy

Birmingham public tranportation connectivity

The Birmingham key fact

Context: The local economy has been hit hard by the 2008-09 recession and the recovery has far been relatively fragile.

Bus Rapid Transport System Transformation Birmingham key facts

Economic forecasts for the period to 2030 show that economic output is forecast to grow by a relatively healthy rate but below the national rate of around 3% Sustainable Economic Growth:Transition to a Low Carbon Economy Birmingham connect -mass transit network: Birmingham city council’s vision for movement will deliver a well-connected, efficient and walkable city through improved connectivity throughout the city centre served by a range of high quality transport choices. Growth sectors: • Advanced engineering – automotive and aerospace • Business, financial and professional services • ICT & digital media • Life sciences • Food and daring Economic zones: • Advanced manufacturing hub • City centre enterprise zone • Tyseley environmental Enterprise district • Life sciences campus • The food hub • Long bridge itec park

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Proposed site overview Birmingham local public tranportation system

economy

The Birmingham transportation development

Context: The local economy has been hit hard by the 2008-09 recession and the recovery has far been relatively fragile. Economic forecasts for the period to 2030 show that economic output is forecast to grow by a relatively healthy rate but below the national rate of around 3% Sustainable Economic Growth:Transition to a Low Carbon Economy Birmingham connect -mass transit network:

Opportunities

9,100 seats per hour into London provided. Equivalent to 900 flights per day London – Birmingham and west midlands connection Hs2 (2026)

Birmingham city council’s vision for movement will deliver a well-connected, efficient and walkable city through improved connectivity throughout the city centre served by a range of high quality transport choices. Growth sectors: • Advanced engineering – automotive and aerospace • Business, financial and professional services • ICT & digital media • Life sciences • Food and daring Economic zones: • Advanced manufacturing hub • City centre enterprise zone • Tyseley environmental Enterprise district • Life sciences campus • The food hub • long bridge itec park

Details of HS2 Estimates of economy growth potential - Birmingham Interchange

Estimates of economy growth potential- HS2

population The Census age structure

Population: Birmingham cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total population, according to the 2001 UK census, was 977,099. The 2005 estimate for the population of the district of Birmingham was 1,001,200. This is the first time the population has broken the 1,000,000 barriers since 1996. This was a population increase of 0.9% (8,800) from 2004, higher than the 0.6% for the United Kingdom as a whole and 0.7% for England. It is believed to have been caused as a result of increased numbers of births, increased migration and a decrease in deaths in the district. The population of Birmingham is predicted to increase, though it cannot be predicted at certainty due to fluctuations in previous years in migration. The population in Birmingham is predicted to increase by 12.2% (121,500) from 992,100 in 2003 to 1,113,600 in 2028. This is an increase of around 4,000 5,000 each year until 2028 Population density: The population density is 3,649 people per square km compared to the 377.2 people per square km for England. The district of hall green had the most persons per acre at 55.22. Sutton Coldfield had the lowest number of persons per acre at 15.47, a difference of 39.75.

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population The Migration Census

Population: Age: Birmingham has a young population compared to England as a whole. The mid-year population estimates of 2005 estimate that Birmingham has a younger age structure compared to England, with a higher proportion of the population of Birmingham being under the age of 34, and lower proportion being above the age of 35, than England. In the 20 to 24 year age group, the proportion in Birmingham is about 2% above the national figure. 23.4% of people were aged under 16, 57.7% were aged between 16 and 59, while 18.9% were aged over 60. The average age was 36, compared with 38.6 years for England. The district of Ladywood was found to have the lowest proportion of people who are 60 years and over than all other districts. Sutton Coldfield district had the highest proportion of people aged 60 years and over. Hodge Hill was found to have the highest population of people from the age of 0 to 15 whilst the districts of Edgbaston and Sutton Coldfield had the lowest.

population The Distribution of ethnic groups

White: There were 679,600 people living in Birmingham, who, according to 2005 estimates, said that they belonged to one of the three White ethnic groups, British, Irish or White â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, representing a total of 67.8% of the population. As a percentage share of population, Birmingham ranked at 338 out of 354 English local authorities for people belonging to the White ethnic group. The only two boroughs outside of London to rank lower than Birmingham were Slough 56.8%) ranked at 345 and Leicester (62.6%) at 344. The proportion of white people aged 15 years old or under in Birmingham and England was lower than that of their general populations. The proportion of white people of working age (16 to pensionable age) in Birmingham (60.2%) was higher than the general population in Birmingham (59.8%). Locally (20.7%) and nationally (19.6%), the proportion of white people of pensionable age was higher when compared with their respective general populations in Birmingham (16.7%) and England (18.4%).

White-Irish

White-Other

Asian

Asian- Indian

Asian-Pakistani

Asian-Bangladeshi

Mixed: There were 15,644 people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, described their ethnicity as Mixed White & Black Caribbean. As a 1.6% percentage share, Mixed White & Black Caribbean people ranked at 5 (out of 354 English local authorities). There were 1,446 people living in Birmingham, who, according the 2001 Population Census, described their ethnicity as Mixed White & Black African. As a 0.1% percentage share, Mixed White & Black Africans ranked at 64 (out of 354 English local authorities)

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population The Distribution of ethnic groups

Asian: There were a large number of people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, said that they belonged to one of the four Asian ethnic groups; Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi or Asian ‘Other’. This represents 19.5% of the population and 65.8% of the non-white population. As a percentage share of population, Birmingham was ranked at 11 (out of 354 English local authorities) for people belonging to one of the Asian ethnic groups. Outside of the London boroughs only Leicester (29.9%) and Blackburn with Darwen (20.6%) ranked higher at 3 and 10 respectively. Gypsy and Traveler: Birmingham has a Gypsy and Irish Traveler population of 53,554, making them 5.2% of the total population of the city. This population lives mainly in housing and several self-owned caravan sites, most notably in Shipway Road Hay Mills and Castle Vale. The Irish Traveler Movement in Britain has an office based in Victoria Square (Birmingham City Centre), and there is also a law firm on Corporation Street that works solely with this community.

White

White-British

Asian-Chinese

Asian- Indian

Black-African

Black-caribean

A notable Traveler family, from the Showmen sub-group, is the Wilson family who own and run Bob Wilson’s Fairgrounds; they are based in Hay Mills and Brierly Hill. The footballer Freddy Eastwood is from the West Midlands County and is a British Romanichal Gypsy.

population

The key facts

Black: There were 59,832 people living in Birmingham, who, according to the 2001 Population Census, said that they belonged to one of the three Black ethnic groups; Black Caribbean, Black African or Black ‘Other’. This represents 6.1% of the population and 20.7% of the nonwhite population. As a percentage share of population Birmingham ranked at 25 (out of 354 English local authorities) for people belonging to one of the Black ethnic groups. Outside of London only Luton (6.3%) ranked higher at 23. Southwark was ranked at 1 with 25.9% (63,416). The proportion of people aged 15 years or under in Birmingham and England was higher for black people than for their general populations. In Birmingham, the proportion was 24% compared with 23.4% and England 26% compared with 20.2%. The neighborhoods in North Birmingham with large Black Jamaican and Afro Craibbean population and communities are Aston, Lozells, New town, Nechells, Erdington & Bromford. Area’s in South Birmingham with large black Jamaican and Afro Craibbean population and communities are Highgate, Balsall Heath, Lee Bank, Edgbaston, Ladywood, Moseley, Stirchley, Kings Heath,Cotteridge, Selly Park and Digbeth.

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Residential

Occupation

climate The Temprature

Climate: The UK experiences a great variety of air masses both in origin and trajectory (Chandler and Gregory, 1976). These can be broadly classified into the following categories: Maritime Polar, Maritime Tropical, Continental Tropical, Continental Polar, Maritime Artic and Returning Polar Maritime. The UK experiences a predominantly westerly air mass influence, bringing depressions with their associated wind and rain. Thus the UK is classified as having a temperate maritime climate. Generally the UK experiences milder winters and cooler summers than continental Europe. Shifting air masses are what gives the UK its transient climate. Gregory (1976) classified the UK regions into groups based on their length of growing season and rainfall (both magnitude and seasonality). The Midlands is assigned ‘BD2’ which translates to: • A growing season of 7-8 months. • A probability greater than 0.3 of annual rainfall being below 750mm. • Rainfall predominantly falling in the winter half of the year. Gregory (1976) compares the climate of the Midlands to that of north eastern coastal areas, Shropshire, Lincoln and around Dublin. The prevailing air mass is essentially what controls the climatology of the Midlands. Influencing this and leading to air mass modification is the landlocked nature of the Midlands, the topography and the urban conurbations. The Midlands has arguably one of the longest and best kept meteorological records in the UK. As far back as 1733 Thomas Barker created a weather journal backed by early instrumentation. For Birmingham the Lunar Society commenced weather observations in April 1793 (Giles and Kings, 1997). Various other organisations continued measurements for Birmingham through the 19th and 20th Century with data collection for the city now located at the Winterbourne station (University of Birmingham). Collectively this gives over a 200 year temperature and rainfall series for Birmingham. 15

climate The Temprature & Solar

Temperature: Due to the inland location of the Midlands, temperatures are more continental and are governed by the prevailing air mass (Figure 1) and the radiation balance. This gives the Midlands a large annual range in temperatures with observed lows of -26.1o C at Newport on 10th January 1982 and highs of 37.1o C at Cheltenham on 3rd August 1990 (Giles and Kings, 1997). The low temperature at Newport still stands as the lowest ever measured temperature in the UK. Temperatures were only recently recorded higher than Cheltenham for the UK during the heat wave of August 2003 when Faversham, Kent recorded 38.5o C (Met Office, 2010). Birmingham exhibits less of an extreme range, perhaps moderated by its urban influence (Figure 3). Birmingham had a mean daily temperature of 9.4o C (1961-1990), which has now risen to 10o C (1991-2007).

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climate The Precipitation & Wind

Precipitation: The average annual precipitation for the Midlands ranges between 600 and 850mm. The driest areas in the midlands are found in the lower lying areas to the east. The maximum totals are found on high ground such as the Peak District and the Welsh borders (Giles and Kings, 1997). The Welsh mountains also act as a rain shadow over much of the West Midlands resulting in rainfall totals that are less than areas of equivalent altitude to the north or south. Birmingham, located on a plateau (100-300m) in the centre of the Midlands acts to increase rainfall totals compared with the comparative surrounding dryness. There is a tendency for a winter bias in precipitation. Summer rainfall falls over a fewer number of days but with a greater intensity. Birmingham has an average precipitation 767mm (1961-1990). However it must be noted that rainfall has increased to an average annual of 821mm in later years (19912007) (LCLIP, 2008). Climate Change: In order to prepare for the likeliness of extreme weather returning the future climate of Birmingham needs to be explored. The UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) model predicts a 5.2o C temperature rise in the summer daily maximum temperature for the West Midlands by 2080 using a medium emissions scenario. This will put the population of the West Midlands above the threshold zone for human comfort and health. Annual precipitation is not expected to change. However the distribution will shift, with wetter winters and drier summers, with potential increased risk of flooding and water shortages respectively.

ecology The Birmingham

Ecology: Birmingham has a great variety of attractive open spaces, such as Sutton Park, Moseley Bog Local Nature Reserve and the Cole Valley. The extensive canal system and Birminghamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three rivers form a network of open corridors throughout the City. Here, thousands of plants and animals survive and thrive alongside industry and housing. The people of Birmingham can enjoy nature on their doorstep. The use of land and buildings will continue to change. The Nature Conservation Strategy was prepared to ensure that, whilst these changes take place, our nature conservation resources are there for future generations to enjoy. The Nature Conservation Strategy for Birmingham was adopted as Supplementary Planning Guidance in November 1996. This means that we take it into account when deciding planning applications. It provides comprehensive advice and guidance for the conservation of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biodiversity.

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resource UK and Birmingham

Water resource: Water in Birmingham belongs to Humber River Basin District. And with rainfall decreasing, the water stress increases. Solar energy: Solar energy in Birmingham is the middle level of the whole UK, and still be widely used by residential. Geological Heat energy: Geological Heat Energy in Birmingham is in the low level of the whole England, and this makes more heat need in winter. Wind Energy: Over 5MW installed, with 6MW given planning approval Established and proven technology which is 7.9% of UK electricity generation in 2013.

transportation The Birmingham & surrounding

Connectivity: • By 2026, HS2 1st phase will be completed, at the mean time; it will bring more visitors and investment into the city. • HS2 will support the national railway and motorway to build up a more convenient connection between cities. • The construction of metro line wills emphasis the inner city connection.

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transportation The Proposed Site

Hierarchy & public transport: â&#x20AC;˘ The development of HS2 gains more accessibility from the northeast to the site. â&#x20AC;˘ The metro line creates a user-friendlier environment in the city retail core, and it will offer the Opportunity to the site to be more accessible. The Moor Street parking building: 11.95 parking spaces. Entrances are on Park Street and Allison Street. The Edgbaston Street parking building: 8.50 parking spaces. Entrances are on Station Street and Pershore Street, which owns the Indoor Market at the ground floor. Bullring centre parking: 10.15 parking spaces underground. Entrances are on the Smallbrook Queensway and Park Street. European Standard Parking Award winner.

transportation The Traffic flow

Traffic flow: â&#x20AC;˘ In weekdays at the peak hours the traffic on Digbeth road is heavy, it increase the road accident. â&#x20AC;˘ Intensive car accidents happened on Digbeth road and the interjection of west side of site, it should be control by measurements, for instance control car speed, improve the road management.

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transportation The cycle route and side walk

Main cyclist and canal sidewalk: • Birmingham has a well-organized cycle system, and encourages the free bicycle service. However in the city centre zone, there is no qualified area encourage this activity. • Birmingham makes full use of its canal side as a pedestrian path area. Pedestrian & cycle routes: • The site has the potential to encourage the pedestrian use and connect to south part. • Curzon station of HS2 emphasis the connectivity between northeast to city centre, and station to the site. • The unqualified cycle routes around the site make an unsure riding environment, increase the road accidents potential.

sitecontext The Overall Impact

Greater Icknield: Occupying a strategically significant location to the immediate west of the city centre, will become a major new sustainable urban neighborhood. Bordesley Park: To the east of the city centre, will be a focus for the wider transformation of the east of Birmingham, providing a significant opportunity for large-scale leisure and employment uses. Eastern Growth Corridor: Situated between the economic hubs of the city centre and the Airport/NEC, will accommodate Birminghamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growing population through new sustainable urban neighborhoods. Lozells, New town and Aston: To the north of the city centre, will see revitalized communities through housing regeneration, improvements to local community facilities and provision of new employment opportunities. Sutton Coldfield town centre: In the north of the city, will see regeneration that will turn it into a destination of choice for retail, leisure and commercial investment. Selly Oak and South Edgbaston: Is undergoing significant change with the new Queen Elizabeth hospital and ongoing transformation of the Birmingham University campus alongside major redevelopments. Longbridge: Is a major redevelopment scheme transforming the former MG Rover site into a vibrant new community.

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City wide context with existing neighborhoods and key growth areas

sitecontext The Landmark & Key routes

The accompanying diagram identifies landmark buildings and key roads, common to plans throughout the document, to help with orientation.

Landmark buildings, key routes and features in the city centre

sitecontext The Efficient City

Efficient City: Giving greater priority to pedestrians and public transport will improve movement in the city centre, which has long been dominated by the private motor vehicle. Promoting greater pedestrian priority and public transport use will be central to raising livability, decreasing carbon emissions, improving air quality and ultimately delivering more sustainable patterns of development. Making more effective use of our highway network and creating more attractive, sustainable modes of travel into and out of the city centre will encourage people to make greater use of them and lessen the reliance on private vehicles. This will however mean hard choices regarding road capacity, access and availability of long-stay car parking in the City Core.

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Efficient city

sitecontext The Open Space Network

The accompanying diagram identifies landmark buildings and key roads, common to plans throughout the document, to help with orientation.

City centre open space network

sitecontext The Walking routes

Way finding: A new way finding system will create an easy to interpret and consistent means for finding your way around the city centre. The system will consist of easy to interpret and access maps, utilise digital and mobile technology and create a single system of on-street signage (identified as signage points on the diagram on page 29). All will conform to a standard approach and style, providing a consistent method for finding your way around the city centre. The primary walking route from New Street Station to the Col more Row business district and onto the Jewelery Quarter will be the first area to receive improved onstreet pedestrian information. In the longer term we envisage other key improvements, which will extend the network of primary walking routes and improved access across the city centre for pedestrians. To complement this primary route network a wider and more localised network, of pedestrian routes (local walking routes) throughout the city centre will be created. This network will be explored in detail throughout the individual quarter sections.

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Network of walking routes

sitecontext The Building Heights

Tall Building: Tall buildings provide the opportunity to manage and create an identifiable skyline memorable for its key buildings. The location of tall buildings needs to be handled carefully, respecting the surrounding environment and the topography. The quality of design must reflect and justify their dominant position in the built environment. Our approach to tall buildings has been a positive one of working in partnership with developers and investors to enable tall buildings of the highest quality to achieve planning consent. High Places, a tall buildings policy document produced in 2003, defined tall buildings as anything over 15 storeys in height. The focus for these buildings is the central ridge, which includes the city’s highest point and runs west to east through the city centre. In recognising the value of tall buildings to the city we have developed an approach, which identifies: • Broad locations suitable for tall buildings. • Locations where clusters of taller buildings can be beneficial. • Areas where tall buildings are not appropriate.

Tall building clusters and height limits within the city centre

sitecontext The Growth Offices & Residential

Offices and Business: The city centre already provides over 150,000 jobs ranging from office-based activity, to employment in shops, and jobs in factories and warehouses. Within the office market the city centre has space occupied from global businesses to small start-ups relying on cheap space to build their businesses. Residential: The city centre has experienced recent growth in city living that has introduced concentrations of apartments in and around the City Core. The wider city centre however supports a more diverse mix of housing types and tenures. Through continued renewal of existing housing in areas such as Attwood Green, Highgate and Ladywood, there have been improvements in the wider housing offer. A key challenge for the future will be to support growth in the city centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population, expanding the housing offer and encouraging more families to live here. This will require a much wider mix of types and tenures of accommodation and a focus on attracting and retaining families. Future developments will need to provide adaptable, flexible accommodation to meet a range of needs and increasing demand.

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sitecontext The Growth Culture, Civic, Retail & Leisure

Cultural and Civic: The city centre is a hub for both local and international cultural events and activities. A range of major venues including the Symphony Hall, Town Hall, the Hippodrome Theatre, the Birmingham Rep Theatre, the National Indoor Arena and the Ikon Gallery, along with many others, offer important national and international attractions. The new Library of Birmingham, in Centenary Square, will further strengthen the city centre as a hub for major civic and cultural activities. Retail and Leisure: Birmingham is ranked as the third largest retail centre in the UK, generating over ÂŁ2billion of expenditure per annum. The city centre gained the Purple Flag status for the area covered by the three Business Improvement Districts and the Southside area. The city centre has a broad shopping offer ranging from regional shopping centres to value retail locations, and accompanied by a limited range of niche, high-value and independent shops.

characteristic The Green Spaces

Birmingham has 571 parks totalling over 3,500 hectares (14 sq mi) of public open space, more than any other European city. The centrepieces of Birmingham’s park system are the five Premier Parks. Ten parks have received the prestigious Green Flag Award. The city also has five local nature reserves, one national nature reserve and a number of Wildlife Trust nature reserves. One of Birmingham’s most popular parks is Cannon Hill Park which covers 250 acres (101 ha) consisting of formal, conservation, woodland and sports areas. Recreational activities at the park include boating, fishing, bowls, tennis, putting and picnic areas. The largest of the parks is Sutton Park covering 2,400 acres (971 ha) making it the largest urban nature reserve in Europe. Birmingham Botanical Gardens are a Victorian creation, with a conservatory and bandstand, close to the city centre. The Winterbourne Botanic Garden, maintained by the University of Birmingham, is also located close to the city centre. History of Public Park: Public parks emerged in the 1830s to improve the health of the working classes living in the over-crowded conditions of the rapidly growing industrial town. It was hoped that parks would reduce disease, crime, and social unrest, as well as providing “green lungs” for the city and areas for recreation. Most of the land for public parks were either purchased by town councils or donated as gifts. A number of parks were created to commemorate a special occasion, such as the Queen’s Jubilees such as Victoria Park and Queens Park Open space: The open space(including green space) takes up 23% land of whole city, but in city centre the open space only takes up 3.6% comparing with London, the opec space takes up 39.05%.

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characteristic The Key nodes

Key nodets: Birmingham’s most famous street takes you from the Bullring at one end to the Town Hall and Council House at the other. On the way there’s plenty to grab your attention including shopping mall, Selfridge center, restaurant, etc.., Narrow streets with brilliant names snake off to unearth hidden gems. There’s the speciality restaurant on Cannon Street, and two of Birmingham’s specialist independent fashion retailers in Autograph and ‘a too’ on Ethel Street.

characteristic The Landmark Focal points

Landmark: At the top end of New Street is historic Victoria Square, named after Queen Victoria. Dominating the square is the Council House building, with elaborate architectural detailing, mosaics and statuary. The fountain in the square, known locally as the “Floozie in the Jacuzzi”, is one of the largest fountains in Europe. Nearby, a giant figure emerges. The Iron Man statue by Anthony Gormley represents the heavy manufacturing heritage of Birmingham and the region. In the centre of Chamberlain Square is a fountain and memorial dedicated to the square’s namesake, Joseph Chamberlain. Chamberlain was one of Birmingham’s most influential and popular civic leaders in the nineteenth century. The adjacent Chamberlain Square is small but perfectly formed. The square is home to the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (BMAG), the largest art gallery in the city. With the most comprehensive collection of pre-Raphaelite artwork in the world, as well as works from the Middle Ages to the present day, the BMAG is one not to be missed. Centenary Square is one of Birmingham’s newest public spaces. The stunning Library of Birmingham, with its striking golden facade and fretwork stands in the centre of the square and is connected to the recently refurbished Birmingham Repertory Theatre. At one end, the Hall of Memory houses the names of Birmingham’s losses, both military and civilian, to conflict and is a peaceful place for thought. The International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall are two of Birmingham’s jewels. One of the greatest concert halls in the world and a bustling convention centre that has welcomed royalty, presidents and delegates from across the globe; the ICC and Symphony Hall also act as a gateway to Birmingham’s waterways with the canals winding their way past.

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policy The Connectivity

Connectivity: Key Objectives • Increase the quality and capacity of Birmingham’s rail network into the city centre. • Deliver high quality Rapid Transit routes into and around the city centre to create a stepchange in the quality and convenience of public transport. • Transform bus travel into and around the city centre to make it more attractive to potential users. • Provide safe and convenient cycle routes to and within the city centre to encourage cycling as a realistic alternative for short journeys Efficient: Key Objectives • Improve the efficiency of the existing road network into and around the city centre. • Provide priority access for public transport, pedestrians and cyclists at congested locations. • Develop co-ordinated parking strategies to improve the efficiency of parking within and outside the city centre and support the effective use of available transport • Promote and facilitate the provision and use of alternative fuels within the city centre. • Improve servicing and waste collection arrangements for premises within the city centre, and access for emergency services. Walkable: Key objective • Extend the city centre’s network of high quality streets and public spaces to provide the urban framework for the development of a global, livable city centre. • Transform the quality, safety and security of the city centre-walking environment so that walking becomes the most enjoyable and convenient way of getting around a larger area of the city centre. • Provide for the needs of elderly and mobility impaired people 35

policy The Landuse

Residential: City Centre residential proposals with full planning permission, included; a 50 storey ‘V’ building, comprising 700 apartments, within the ‘Arena Central’ mixed use development off Broad Street. There were also existing commitments for a 342 dwelling with 192 bedroom hotel development at ‘Broad Street Tower’. Other hotel permissions included; the conversion of former offices at Auchinleck House (272 beds), Ladywood House at Stephenson Street (364 beds) and at Charlotte Street. City Centre residential or mixed use proposals with outline planning permission included; the ‘Bull Ring trading estate’, High Street Deritend and ‘Masshouse’ (Plot7) at Priory Queensway in ‘Eastside’. There were also proposals for a mixed residential and commercial development at ‘Eastside Locks’, Lawley Middleway. Other purely residential proposals sites with over 100 dwellings proposed were at Blucher Street, Northwood Street and Holloway Head. There were proposals for a further 405 dwellings on the remaining Attwood Green site at Lee Bank Middleway. Commerce: There was full planning permission for around 114,000 m2 of retail floor space (not started) of which 29,500 m2were in the City Centre. This included the mixed use sites of ‘Boerma’ in Digbeth and part of ‘Arena Central’ in Broad Street. There were outline permissions for up to a further 184,000 m2 of which nearly three quarters were in the City Centre including a supermarket at Lee Bank Middleway, ‘Attwood Green’. There were also mixed use proposals including retail at Paradise Circus, part of Arena Central off Broad Street and for ‘Martineau Galleries’ phase 2 at Priory Queensway

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policy The Figureground

policy The Sustainability

Sustainability: The city centre is in a good position to support the achievement of these priorities. It has the potential to deliver future sustainable growth supported by an extensive, integrated public transport, pedestrian and cycling network, connecting a wide mix of uses including housing, employment and leisure. The proximity of these activities and the opportunities for future development will help reduce the need for people to travel. Our proposals include improving public transport, promoting a network of pedestrian and cycle routes; extending the network of electric charging points for motor vehicles; supporting denser mixeduse developments including more housing; creating and improving open spaces including more green infrastructure; promoting the use of new technologies and emphasising the role of our built heritage for conversion and re-use. These will all contribute to creating more sustainable patterns of development. There is also great potential to utilize the existing building stock for energy generation, efficiency gains and future conversions. The greening of buildings including roofs and walls and the spaces around buildings with opportunities for small allotments in residential neighborhoods and increased biodiversity will be important to improving environmental quality and reducing water run-off. Achieving this will require a coordinated approach to ensure that development in the City Centre is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;future-proofedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and able to adapt to and exploit the impacts and opportunities presented by climate change.

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functionalanalysis The Commercial

Commercial: Other existing proposals include 22,000m2 for non-food retail at Haden Way, Belgrave Middleway (Sparkbrook), and the re-development of part of Mere Green shopping centre (Sutton Four Oaks) including a convenience store. Outline permission exists for a replacement of Sainsbury’s supermarket and additional retail units at the ‘Battery Park’ site at Harborne Lane (Selly Oak) and a new superstore on former industrial land at Hazelwell Lane/Pershore Road (Bournville).

functionalanalysis The Residential

Residential: Outside the City Centre, proposed residential sites with full permission included; 212 dwellings on land adjacent to the Warwickshire Cricket ground (Edgbaston), now started, 155 dwellings at Browns Green (Handsworth Wood), and a sheltered accommodation scheme for 95 flats at Church Road (Edgbaston). Other proposals included; ‘Extra Care’ residential schemes for 212 dwellings on the former Bournville College site at Bristol Road South (Weoley) and also on a former industrial site at Heathfield Road (Moseley and Kings Heath). There were proposals for a 278 bed ‘Retirement Village’ at the Former Denso site at Shaftmoor Lane (Springfield) and for the conversion of Metropolitan House, Hagley Road (Ladywood) into 182 flats. Other sites included; a further phase of the former Cape Hill brewery site development at City Road (Soho), 50 flats proposed at Alcester Road (Moseley & Kings Heath) and 42 flats at a Housing Association site at Wellington Road (Lozells and East Handsworth). The first phase of redevelopment at Heathside Drive/Monksway, (Kings Norton), including 127 dwellings is now under construction.

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functionalanalysis The Business

Business: There was planning permission for around 695,000 m2 of office floorspace of which just over 175,000 m2 hadfull permission with most (90%) located in the City Centre. 48,000 m2 of office floor space was proposed within the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Boermaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mixed use scheme at Allison Street, Digbeth, incorporating a 27 storey tower and other buildings. Other sites included; Snow Hill (Site 3), Snow Hill Queensway (41,000 m2) and the former National Westminster Bank at Col more Row (36,000 m2). In addition, the site of the former Swan Moulinex works at Pope Street and Camden Street in the Jewelery Quarter proposes 19,500 m2 of office floor space with retail at ground floor.

functionalanalysis The Cultural

Cultural: Community use proposals included; conversion of a vacant industrial building into a church and education centre at Frankfort Street (Aston), the redevelopment of Auchinleck Square (under phase 2) at Broad Street (Ladywood) involving the demolition of retail to allow for a new Conference Centre. Other proposals included a replacement Sikh community hall at Newhall Street (Ladywood) and a replacement mosque at Hartopp Road (Washwood Heath).

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functionalanalysis The Warehouses & Industries

Industry: At April 2013, there was full planning permission for 219,000 m2 of industrial or warehousing floorspace with a further 275,500 m2 with outline permission. Major sites included; 29 ha. of land at ‘The Hub’, Witton Road (Perry Barr) under phases 2,3 and 6, with 110,000m2 proposed, of which nearly 30,000 m2 had full permission. At Midpoint Park, Minworth, (Sutton New Hall), there were 14 ha. of land on 3 plots (57,800 m2) with permission in addition to 16 ha. already completed. There was detailed permission for a new body assembly building for Jaguar Land Rover at Chester Road (Tyburn) on a 5.5 ha site (53,500 m2). Other sites include Birmingham Great Park Unit 101 at Hollymoor Way (Longbridge) and at Holford Drive (Perry Barr). Other major proposals with outline permission included the former Yuasa site at Formans Road (Springfield) comprising 5.4ha for 25,500m2 of industrial under phases 2 and 3. The former Alstom site (21 ha.) at Common Lane (Hodge Hill) had permission for 80,600 m2 but this site was not ‘readily available’. Waste energy sites included; the former DHL depot at Landor Street (Nechells) with change of use from an industrial unit to a waste management centre and the erection of 3 buildings to provide an energy recovery/waste transfer facility at Hay Hall Road (South Yardley).

swot The Site

simulation The Visual and solar

The analysis confirm that the east corner of the site is suitable for vegetation and for outside seating. The anually solar access shows insolation is suitable for Solar panel.

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simulation The Shadow

simulation

INSOLATION ANALYSIS THOUGH ECOTHECH

The solar radiation (Proposed design)

MAXIMUM

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OPTIMUM

AVERAGE

simulation The Shadow and wind (Proposed design)

SHADOW ANALYSIS THROUGH OUT THE YEAR

WIND ANALYSIS

strategy

The Land use & Visual connectivity

Land use: Birmingham city centre, planned with a number of activities in itself, forms a hub for the public incorporating various land uses like Retail, China Market, Warehouse and entertainment zones along with heritage structures and new proposed stations, thus completely dedicating the area for public purposes. Visual Connectivity: The site being located between different land uses, various pedestrian accesses are proposed in context with the surroundings, thus embarking a sense of visual connectivity between the site and their surroundings, which in turn offers respect to the heritage structures around.

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landuse connection

visual connectivity

strategy

The Pedestrian connectivity & walkability

Pedestrian Connectivity: The site engraved between the mixed land uses in the Birmingham city enter, is designed in a way that it provides connectivity in all the four directions thus providing a sense of transparency between the proposed site and the existing surroundings. These designed pedestrian routes encourage and enhance the social sustainability, which is an important aspect in terms of the concept of the proposed design. Pedestrian Walkability: Connectivity, a important aspect in terms of a successful public realm is achieved in the design as the proposed site finds itself at a distance of 5m from the new street station while the other stations in the periphery are not more than a 10m walk thus making it easily accessible for the public to commute from one place to another.

pedestrian connectivity & other active nodes

pedestrian friendly walkability

strategy The Pedestrian flow

Walkability from site: The proposed site finds itself surrounded by major public activities in the city centre. All the surrounding activities like the entertainment or the retail zone, nearby stations, parking spaces or the china town, lie within 500m from the site. Thus, walkability can be considered as a rich factor while promoting the advantages of the site. Pedestrian Flow: The existing Birmingham city centre with its unplanned sidewalks for the public creates a haphazard movement, which creates a sense of confusion while walking around the central hub. A much-needed pedestrian flow, which was the need of site, was covered in the conceptual stages of the design.

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walkability from proposed site

pedestrian flow across the site

strategy

The Architectural approach & Orientation

Architectural approach

suitable orientation of building

Architectural Approach: The proposed site finds itself surrounded by 4-5 story buildings on three sides while only the eastern side of the site contains a few open spaces. The eastern side of the site forms a node, which connects the main axis to the other streets. Thus the elevational features in the proposed site were defined in order to create a visual excitement from the eastern side of the site as it holds the key of being a prime location and being heavily accessed by the public. Thus architecturally enhancing the building from the eastern node was considered during the design stages. Orientation of Buildings: Considering the southwest wind direction and the sun path analysis in the summer and the winters, the proposed site was oriented to a specific angle in order to create a thermal comfort within the users of the public space. Also, a major intention to reduce the solar impact was achieved due to the oriented layout of the site. 13. Architectural Approach. The proposed site finds itself surrounded by 4-5 story buildings on three sides while only the eastern side of the site contains a few open spaces. The eastern side of the site forms a node, which connects the main axis to the other streets. Thus the elevational features in the proposed site were defined in order to create a visual excitement from the eastern side of the site as it holds the key of being a prime location and being heavily accessed by the public. Thus architecturally enhancing the building from the eastern node was considered during the design stages.

site section

strategy The Visual axis

Visual Axis: A major north-south axis which finds itself as a spine of the Birmingham city centre from the Bullring shopping market to the S.Martins church is extended from the proposed site till the moat lane in order to maintain a visual connectivity of the existing axis. Also, an east west axis is proposed in order connect the China town and the future planned stations which lie along the two opposite edges of the axes. Thus the main intention was to maintain the sensory experience, which was provided by the existing pathways.

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pedestrian connection to existing activity area

primary visual axis through site

strategy The Landmark

Landmark Buildings: Birmingham, a city inscribed with various landmark structures in and around the city centre makes the city visually aesthetic but the fact that all these landmark buildings with a few exceptions are designed with a similar concept which gives the city a character of repetitive architecture. Thus the inclusion of historical or abstract elements like the pyramid or rotunda concepts (as shown in the diagrams above) on the top of the iconic structures can make the building more distinct and thus can act as a memorable feature in these landmark structures. City centre Connectivity: The Birmingham city centre, which is divided into 7 nodes, all are connected to each other along the outer periphery which form the boundary of the city centre. Sub nodes within the city centre connect this boundary. St.Martin node adjacent to the site is well connected with the other nodes of the district.

landmark buildings study

city center connectivity

strategy

The Public transport convenience

Public Transport connectivity: Birmingham, heavily obscured with pedestrian all along the city centre, rightly finds itself surrounded by various bus and coach stations around the city centre in order to maintain the flow of public travelling from one place to another. Good pedestrian connections are provided from the stations to the specific zones around them. Bus Route and Bus stops: The proposed site finds itself surrounded by 6 bus stops within a short spam of distance, which results in a heavy traffic conjution due to the obstructed movements of the vehicles due to these bus stops. Thus two bus stops were proposed on the opposite side of the existing site in order to maintain the harmony of the bus stops and in turn create a smooth flow of movement of cars.

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connection to major nodes

bus routes and bus stops across site

casestudy The Mixed use building

Facts: Year: 2004-2014 Location : Rotterdam, The Netherlands Client : Provast Nederland bv, The Hague, Netherlands Program : 100.000m2, 228 Apartments, 100 fresh market produce stalls, food related retail units, preparation and cooling space, supermarket, 1.200 parking spaces. Budget : EUR 175 Million

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MVRDVmarket hall

Rotterdam, The Netherlands

casestudy The Mixed use building

Netherlands require covered areas for traditional open air meat and fish markets due to new hygiene constraints. MVRDV posed two questions in response to these challenges: ‘Can we use this operation to evolve the market typology as well as density the city centre?’ and ‘Can we increase quality as well as density of programming at Blaak?’ The Market Hall is part of the new inner city heart of the Laurens Quarter, the original prewar centre of Rotterdam. The building is a sustainable combination of food, leisure, living and parking, all fully integrated to enhance and make the most of the synergetic possibilities of the different functions. The hall is formed from an arch of privately developed apartments, strategically allowing private investment and iniative to provide a public space. The result is a covered square, which acts as a central market hall during the day and, after closing hours remains lively due to restaurants on its first floor. The apartments follow strict Dutch laws regarding natural day-light: all rooms that require natural light are situated on the outside. Kitchens, dining rooms and storage are positioned at the market side, establishing a connection to the market. The front and backside are covered with a flexible suspended glass façade, allowing for maximum transparency and a minimum of structure, which will be the largest of its kind in Europe.

casestudy The Local Market

San Miguel Market: In the very center of Madrid, San Miguel Market just right across the main square Plaza Mayor, and close to the former city hall, you will find the newly renovated San Miguel Market. This market has become one of the most visited spots of Madrid, and at the same time a reference of gastronomy and entertainment. The building, a breathtaking steel and glass construction, was first inaugurated in 1916. Until 2004 it was dedicated to a regular Spanish market place. But as the economic activity of the market decreased the new owners decided to give it a new concept. After a complete renovation, where the whole structure of the building has been revised and redesigned in order to maintain the historic aspects, the market opened up its doors again in may 2009. People get their food and drinks from the different stalls located at the perimeter of the market, and consume them at one of the various tables in the center of the market. So you can grab for example delicious Spanish olives tapas and a vermouth aperitif at “La Hora de Vermut”, try some delicious dried fruits with their sherry wine from “The Sherry Corner” or indulge in a delicious frozen yogurt desert from “La Yogurería”. You will find as well a magnificent, and well sorted, wine stall, a flower store, a pastry shop and even a bookstore! The market is open every day from 10am until 12pm, and on Thursday, Friday and Saturday even until 2am in the morning. Especially during the evening hours and on the weekends you will see a lot of “madrileños” (that is how they call the locals), having a drink, a tapa, and a nice chat with friends.

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SAN MIGUEL MARKET Local Market Madrid, Spain, Europe

casestudy The Local Market

1 Fruits and Vegetables 2 Fresh made Fruit Juices 3 Dried Cod Fish Products and Fish Canapés 4 Fish and Seafood, Fried Fish 5 Brewery and Canapés 6 Sushi 7 Soups and Stews 8 Seafood Products 9 Pasta and Spices 10 Oysters and Champagne 11 Wines and Sparkling Wine 12 Library and Souvenirs 13 Coffees and Tee 14 Canapés and Cocktails 15 Spanish Pastry Products 16 Chocolates 17 Ice Cream and Candies 18 Dried Fruits and Nuts 19 Frozen Yogurt and Dairy Products 20 Sherry Wines Sherry Corner 21 Vermut and Vermut Coctails 22 Olives, Olive Tapas and Olive Oil 23 Fresh made Paella 24 Flowers and Souvenirs 25 Cheese Products 26 Meat Products and Hamburgers 27 Wine 28 Spanish Ham and Sausages

casestudy The Cantilevering courtyard tower

facts: Architects: DOS Architects Location: Beijing, China Client: Grow Wealth Assets Ltd. Site Area: 24,200 sqm Built Up Area: 219,000 sqm; Hotel: 39,000 sqm; Retail: 40,000 sqm; Residences: 60,000 sqm; Offices: 80,000 sqm Project Budget: ÂŁ780 Million Start Date: February 2014 Completion Date: March 2017 Photographs: Courtesy of DOS Architects

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CANTILEVER COURTYARD TOWER Beijing , China

casestudy The Cantilevering courtyard tower

Cantilever Courtyard Tower: Mixed Use development in Beijing was just announced as the winner. With the challenge of producing a unique and iconic building, their ‘Cantilevering courtyard tower’ consists of 219,000 sqm of mixed-use space including a hotel, office space, retail and residential units. Their ambitious proposal, which went up against four other European architecture firms, is located in the Lize Financial Business District, in the North East of China’s capital city and will be the first project for DOS architects in China. The development is set to begin in early 2014 and due for completion in 2017. “Grow Wealth Assets is an international asset management firm that has a strong history of operating in the real estate sector. We have a strong presence in countries including China, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia. In recent years, the company has begun expanding its operations into European countries such as Cyprus and more recently Italy. The development that is to be built based upon the winning design of this competition represents a typical investment of Grow Wealth Assets. Located in the heart of Lize Financial Business District, the building will be an opportunity for DOS architects to show case their innovation to both the local and international business community.”

inspiration The references Images

04 Section of Birmingham library showing interfaces between public spaces and building mass 05 Retail aisle with worm material and enhance with lightings 06 Proportion and the interface between vehicular drive way and pedestrian path 07 Vista of Centerny square

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inspiration The references Images

01 Cenetenry square (conceptual public realm) 02 Birmingham library view showing public acitivity area below ground level 03 Urban identity (Placing sculpture in public place ) 04 Sitting area on top with green roof 05 Underground connection and retail area, using groundsurface for public activity

06 ourdoor cafe and sitting area with dense trees surrounded 07 Levels and platforms for sitting and the place can be use for concert, special performance (amphitheater)

concept The references Images

Looking at the existing scenario of land use on site catering mostly informal retail, open market & some parking facility, a need is felt to elevate and establish an economically productive proposal through a revised mixed used developmental envisage. Birminghamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan of more efficient linkages to London through HS2 infrastructural project in a larger context and siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proximity to new street station & St. Martinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church in the immediate vicinity inherently guides the realisation of proposed new land use that shall comprise of High quality commercial office spaces, high end residences, extended retail facilities, state of the art business hotel and multitude leisure & cultural features to complete an avant-garde mixed used urban intervention. to be continued........

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concept The architectural concept

Site forces heavily guide massing of built form representing the ‘podium’. Beginning with the solid extrusion of an allowed footprint, respecting existing master plan grid & set back regulations, a courtyard is introduced to mitigate daylight into the interiors. This bulky mass is fragmented into two based (1 & 2) on a primary axis looking towards the chief surrounding feature, St. Martin’s church. One of them resulting mass (2) is further divided into two (2a & 2b) through a secondary axis looking towards the new street station. Three generated podium masses are tweaked for their height parameter to match their surrounding building heights and produce a coherent streetscape in the larger master plan. to be continued........

PEDESTRIAN CONNECTION

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM

architectural concept diagram

SECTION SKETCH

1 2b

concept The land use

Mass closer to St. Martinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s church (1) is pinned to ground to provide public access to its rooftop. Furthermore, all podiums are linked at their rooftops through a continuous landscaped element, representing the unique elevated public realm & opening views towards St. Martinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s church. All development above this datum changed ground plane of podiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roof top is a new addition to master plan height context and is constrained to relatively practical footprint of three towers, each serving a precise new land use function based on its relative podium function. Besides, to maximise retail potential of site, a sunken level of functional spaces is introduced well linked through the interstitial public realm at ground level. to be continued........

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concept The architectural concept

Public realm is represented at two levels, one at ground floor linking three public squares each at beginning of primary & secondary axes complete with urban landscape features of Trees (topiaries), water fountains, splash pools & such allied elements for public interactions and recreation. Public squares feature their unique landscape elements in the form sculptures, soft scape design etc. to establish a sense of recognition in the larger whole. For instance, the major square towards St. Martin’s church incorporates a pyramidal skylight element to illuminate the retail level below. Essentially, it is to be noted that this precinct of the development is carefully left devoid of built mass so as to perceive the extended public realm of St. Martin’s church in conjunction. Also, though there exists plan to relocate existing open market here, it is proposed to be housed inside the podium without compromising on the quality of public realm. Other public realm, the unique elevated ground plane on roof top of the podium begins at this very square and graduates steadily through a serpentine route of punctuated greenery holding myriad activities in its course relating to recreation, leisure & sports. Green scape on the roof provides the much lacking ‘lungs’ to the city infrastructure and environmentally also helps in considerably reducing the ‘Urban heat island (UHI)’ effect. As part of each tower core, separate vertical circulation routes are provided for public realm users thereby establishing a complete barrier free access to all public features within and atop them podiums. 67

designprocess

The Initial design Option

The initial design option considered as a one building mass as mixed use. It has been oriented in such a manner to received maximum solar radiation thought the year. Main concept was to provide curvilinear faรงade looking toward the major activity node i.e. retail square to achieve panoramic view of city and the retail square.

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designprocess

The Initial design Option

Master plan changed the initial idea of putting the huge building mass on top of the podium. Instead of putting them on top, I have separated them and placed in such a manner to achieve maximum solar radiation with best suitable land use according to demand and need

designprocess

The Initial design Option

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designprocess

The Initial design Option

“ design a thing by considering it in its next larger context – a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in a community, a community in a city ” ..........Eliel saarinen

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designintervention

proposed 73

masterplan The Final proposed design

The bullring shopping center Selfidges St. martin church The bullring shopping mall 2 Sky park Shopping street Multifunctional street Viewing deck Mixed use office tower Outdoor cafe Business hotel tower Retail public square Water fountain Residential tower Outdoor cafe / sitting Cafe soya Wholesale market

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groundfloorplan The Final Proposed design

basementplan The final proposed design

01 Good example of Public realm (the width and the human scale proportion of the buildings with trees at certain intevals ) 02 Outdoor sitting area shaded with trees 03 Pedestrian path way and cafe area differentiating with the levels and material 04 Section of Birmingham library showing interfaces between public spaces and building mass 05 Retail aisle with worm material and enhance with lightings 06 Proportion and the interface between vehicular drive way and pedestrian path 07 Vista of Centerny square

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retailsquare The final proposed design

officetower The final proposed design

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businesshotel

BUSINESS HOTEL

The final proposed design

RESIDENTIAL TOWER

birdeye sectionview aa The final proposed design

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physicalmodel The final proposed design

sectionaa The final proposed design

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sectionbb The final proposed design

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sectioncc The final proposed design

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environmental approach The final proposed design

BIRMINGHAM WILL EXPERIENCE INCREASING RISKS OF FLOODING, OVER-

HEATING AND DROUGHT, THROUGH HOTTER DRIER SUMMERS AND WARM-

ER WETTER WINTERS. LIVING ROOFS

AND WALLS – GREEN ROOFS, ROOF TERRACES AND ROOF GARDENS – ARE

KEY TO PROVIDING LIVING SPACE,

ADAPTING THE CITY TO THE MORE EXTREME CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND

REDUCING ENERGY USE AND CO2 EMISSIONS. LIVING ROOFS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE BIRMINGHAM

RESILIENCE TO THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE BY REDUCING STORM

WATER RUN-OFF VELOCITY AND VOLUMES,

AND

INCREASING

THE

COOLING EFFECT DURING BIRMINGHAM’S HOTTER SUMMERS. THEY ALSO BRING MANY OTHER WIDER ENVIRON-

MENTAL BENEFITS. TO DATE, INSUFFI-

CIENT POLICY SUPPORT FOR LIVING

ROOFS AND WALLS IN BIRMINGHAM HAS BEEN ONE OF THE BARRIERS TO THEIR WIDER ADOPTION.

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Birmingham faces many environmental challenges, not least of which is the predicted change in its climate. The Council of Birmingham recognises that a variety of methods will be needed to tackle climate change and its consequences, and that living roofs and walls can play a significant role in this.

BREEAM NC2014 (consideration) 1. Helping Birmingham to adapt to climate change – Living roofs will help improve Birmingham’s resilience to future climate impacts. Predicted climate change will mean that London will experience increasing risks of flooding, overheating and drought, manifested through hotter drier summers and warmer wetter winters. In general, climate change is likely to increase the severity, frequency and duration of certain weather patterns and extreme events. Living roofs are a mechanism for reducing the negative effects of climate change and greatly improving many of Birmingham’s sustainability objectives. 2. Improving building energy balance and reducing CO2 emissions – Estimates suggest that the adoption of living roof technology throughout the capital could result in a reduction of thousands of tones of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The use of vegetation on a roof surface ameliorates the negative thermal effects of conventional roofing surfaces through the cooling effect of evapotranspiration. It can also provide benefit in the form of insulation, and therefore a reduction in energy use and CO2 emissions. 3. Reducing Urban Heat Island Effect – All urban areas experience an Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE): this is The increased temperature of a built-up area compared to its rural surroundings. A modeling scenario undertaken in New York by the New York Heat Island Initiative determined that providing 50 per cent green roof cover within the metropolitan area would lead to an average 0.1-0.8°C reduction in surface 5 temperatures. It noted that for every degree reduction in the UHIE roughly 495 million KWh of energy would be saved. There is no reason to doubt that comparable reductions could be achieved in Birmingham. 4. Enhancing amenity value – Accessible roof space provides necessary outdoor living space in Birmingham. This will become particularly important as planning policies start to drive a more compact and denser urban form with proportionally less space for immediate gardens. As such, accessible roof space can be viewed as an integral element of a well-designed, high quality, high density, and more efficient, attractive and livable city. 5. Conserving and improving biodiversity – The biodiversity benefits of green roofs to Birmingham are manifold. The greening of a roof can support rare and interesting types of plant, which in turn can host or provide suitable habitat for a variety of rare and interesting invertebrates. Birmingham Biodiversity Action Plan species, such as the black restart or house sparrow, can benefit from the creation of roof top habitat.

sectionalelevation aa 89

6. Improving storm water attenuation – Green roofs can form part of an effective sustainable drainage (SUDS) solution by reducing the amounts of storm water run-off and attenuating peak flow rates. Consequently this proven source control technique reduces the downstream need for expensive underground drainage infrastructure and also cuts the risk of localized flooding events. In the summer a green roof can typically retain between 70-80 per cent of rainfall run-off.

sectionbb,cc The final proposed design

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sectionalelevation bb

sectionalelevation cc

accessexits The final proposed design

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busroutestops The final proposed design

cycleroute The final proposed design

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activefrontage The final proposed design

publicsquare The final proposed design

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pedestrianpath The final proposed design

elevationnorth The final proposed design

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elevation northeast

physicalmodel The final proposed design

elevationsouth The final proposed design

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elevation southwest

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elevation southeast

retailsquare The final proposed design

skylinebirmingham The height of buildings

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HOLLOWAY TOWER

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

ROTUNDA TOWER

publicrealm The final proposed design

Local Context: Site responsive design that promotes and integrates the character, identity and context of the place thus, providing a sense of community. Historical context: Integrating the physical and geographical characteristics of the place into the design. Protecting and conserving the heritage feature to increase the site value by providing adequate landscaping, landmarks related to the history. Design for the Community: Design paths, crossing spaces and seat locations to encourage incidental social interaction. Pedestrian/Cycle connection: Provided a suitable pedestrian and cycle connectivity encourages people to walk and cycle around thus promoting eco friendly environment and Connected the pedestrian routes directly to the active nodes. Relaxing Spaces: Provided space for resting and enjoying the environment around. Climate responsive design : encourages people to enjoy the open space during different weather condition. Strong visual connections and line of sight between the open spaces and landscape around. Safety: Incorporating safety measures around public space such as CCTV cameras, security guards. Ensuring clearly defined roads and pedestrian routes, well lit with clearly marked entrances. Inclusive Design: The layout and design maximizes connections between public open spaces, activity nodes, transport centers and natural corridors. Cultural Considerations: Provided facilities and spaces within the public realm that are responsive to the cultural needs of all users. Legibility: Use of signageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and landmark attraction to help navigate through streets and other routes. Connecting existing and new routes. Strategic planning of road network. Easy and enjoyable movement through public space. Attractive street scape coordinated with distinct character. Use of robust material that encourage longevity and sustainability. Access for all: Accessibility networks should include disability access provisions. Consideration on shared spaces to provide comfortable environment like placement of furniture, paving and landscaping elements.

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references The bibilography & references

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Most of the information with respect to individual frameworks examined and analyzed in this folio was achieved specifically from the combined class presentation on site analysis and authority websites sites re-corded underneath:

Grant, R. (2014). Look: How Birmingham’s tallest buildings compare to the rest of the world. [online] birminghammail. Available at: http:// www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/look-how-birminghams-tallest-buildings-8080162 [Accessed 15 May 2015].

Including all groups in Sustainable Urban Design Studio Group 1: Hans Muhlenbrock, Dhea Kusdianto, Dai Jiayuan, Song Wenkai, Chen Yujie Group 2: Maria Josefina, Wenkai, Wenjing, Yi?wen, Jinghe Group 3: Collins Uchenna, Chang, Meng, Shweta, Ashna Crystal

Guidelines, G. (2015). Green Roof Guidelines. [online] Greenroofguide.co.uk. Available at: http://www.greenroofguide.co.uk/ [Accessed 25 May 2015].

BREEAM: http://www.breeam.org/ W. (2015). MÃ¡ximapark (formerly Leidsche Rijn Park). [online] West 8. Available at: http://www.west8.nl/projects/all/mximapark_formerly_leidsche_rijn_park/ [Accessed 20 May 2015]. Architecture.com, (2015). Building orientation. [online] Available at: http://www.architecture.com/RIBA/Aboutus/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Earth/1-1-3-2-Buildingorientation.aspx [Accessed 10 May 2015]. Big City. Big Names. Big Ideas. (2001). Chem. Eng. News, 79(33), p.26. Birmingham city council, (2015). Big City Plan Boundary - Birmingham Big City Plan. [online] Available at: http://bigcityplan.birmingham. gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Big-City-Plan-Boundary.pdf [Accessed 17 Mar. 2015]. Birmingham City Council, (2015). Birmingham City Council. [online] Birmingham.gov.uk. Available at: http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2015]. Blackham, S. (2013). How much will a Green Roof Weigh? A guide to your options. [online] SIG Design & Technology. Available at: http:// www.singleply.co.uk/how-much-will-a-green-roof-weigh-a-guide-toyour-options/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2015]. Born, (2015). People | + Urban Projects Bureau. [online] Urbanprojectsbureau.com. Available at: http://www.urbanprojectsbureau.com/ about/people/ [Accessed 23 May 2015]. Centuries, U. (2015). Urban identity of the City â€“ The transformation of Cities at the Turn of Two Centuries. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/948971/Urban_identity_of_the_ City_The_transformation_of_Cities_at_the_Turn_of_Two_Centuries [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Dezeen, (2014). Diller and Scofidio on architecture and the High Line. [online] Dezeen. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/11/03/ elizabeth-diller-ricardo-scofidio-interview-high-line-new-york/ [Accessed 24 May 2015]. Birmingham, 10 November, 1926. (1927). Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 65(361), pp.117-121. Eco, (2015). The importance of building orientation. [online] Ecowho. com. Available at: http://www.ecowho.com/articles/6/The_importance_of_building_orientation.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015].

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Homes and Communities Agency, (2015). Urban Design Compendium | Homes and Communities Agency (HCA). [online] Udc. homesandcommunities.co.uk. Available at: http://udc.homesandcommunities.co.uk/urban-design-compendium?page_id=&page=1 [Accessed 18 Apr. 2015]. McCarthy, J. (2003). Regeneration and community involvement. City, 7(1), pp.95-105. Reijsbergen, D., Gilmore, S. and Hillston, J. (2015). Patch-based Modelling of City-centre Bus Movement with Phase-type Distributions. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 310, pp.157-177. Saarinen, (2015). [online] Available at: http://297664City_Centre_Design_Strategy [Accessed 28 Apr. 2015]. Safeguard, (2015). . [online] Safeguardeurope.com. Available at: http://www.safeguardeurope.com/applications/green_roofs [Accessed 31 May 2015]. Seanvancearchitecture, (2015). Urbanity = urban + identity | U. Sean Vance Architecture. [online] Seanvancearchitecture.com. Available at: http://seanvancearchitecture.com/blog/2012/01/09/urbanity-urban-identity/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015]. UrbanDesign, (2015). Urban Design Projects. [online] Urbandesign. org. Available at: http://www.urbandesign.org/projects.html [Accessed 15 May 2015].

Operational Director, Policy, Planning and Transportation, (2012). Design of Residential Development. [online] King¬sway: Halton Borough Council, pp.1-58. Available at: http:// www3.halton.gov.uk/Pages/ planning/policyguidance/pdf/ Supplementary%20Planning%20Documents/Adopted/De¬sign_of_Residential_Development_SPDv2.pdf [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Pembrokeshire County Council, (2008). Joint Unitary Development Plan for Pembrokeshire 2000-2016: Prin¬ciples of Good Design in Residential Development. [online] Pembrokeshire: Pembrokeshire County Coun¬cil, pp.7-19. Available at: https:// www.google.co.uk/ url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0C-CYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpembrokeshire. gov. uk%2Fobjview.asp%3FLanguage%3D%26object_ id%3D4172&ei=FAg9VZHTAcvnaMOQgKAF&usg=AFQjCN¬FJUXf3bkUsAuTlWraWHP6objDVKw&bvm=bv.91665533,d. d2s&cad=rja [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Glasgow City Council, (2013). Design Guide New Residential (Glasgow City Council, 2013) Government of Ireland, (2009). Guidelines for Planning Au¬thorities on Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas. (Government of Ireland, 2009) Wychavon District Council, (2010). Residential Design Guide SPD. (Wychavon District Council, 2010) ACT planning authority, (2010). Urban Form Analysis Canber¬raâ€™s Sustainability Performance, pp.12, 13. Anon, (2005). A collection of case studies demonstrating exemplar â€˜sustainable communityâ€™ projects across Europe, pp.7,8,9,10. State capital of Hannover, (2010). Sustainable urban devel¬opment Hanover - Kronsberg, pp.1- 20. Department for Communities and Local Government, (2012). National Planning Policy Framework. London: Department for Communities and Local Government, pp.1-58.

workshop, (2015). Building Massing & Orientation | Sustainability Workshop. [online] Sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com. Available at: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-massing-orientation [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015]. Worldbank, (2015). DEPweb. [online] Worldbank.org. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/sd.html [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. European Unionís Sustainable Urban Development Co-op¬eration, (2000). TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE URBAN DE-VELOPMENT: A STRATEGIC APPROACH. CONSULTATIVE GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION. [online] European Commission, pp.8-57. Available at: http://www.alnap.org/resource/6678 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015]. Koglin, T. (2009). Sustainable development in general and urban context: A literature review. [online] Sweden: Depart-ment of Technology and Society Lund Institute of Technology Traffic & Roads, pp.1-27. Available at: http://lup.lub.lu.se/ luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1516033&fil¬eOId=1516036 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2015].

Software used

Autodesk Auto cad 2015 Photoshop CC15 Indesign CC15 Ecotect Autodesk Flow Sketchup 15 Lumion rendering Microsoft office Hand sketches