Life cycle assessment of residential buildings in South India by Sachin Rajesh

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION CE5014 // 2018 //

Life Cycle Assessment of Residential Building in South India

Group Number - 9 Aravind P. CE17M060 Lakshmi Prabha E. CE17S005 Sachin P. R. CE17M015

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost we thank Lord Almighty for helping us complete this project successfully. We would like to thank Prof. Sivakumar Palaniappan for guiding us throughout the project. We would like to thank Architect Riyaz and his institution for providing us the necessary documents for the project. We thank all those who helped us for obtaining relevant information required for the project. We would like to express our gratitude to all our classmates and other groupmates and family members for supporting us for the completion of the project. We would like to thank Department of Civil Engineering for providing us with the facilities for the completion of the project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement i Contents ii List of Tables iii List of Figures iv 1. Introduction

1.1. Aim 1.2. Objective 1.3. Building Selection 1.4. Methodology

2. Life Cycle Assessment

2.1. Material Embodied Energy 2.1.1. Scope 2.1.2. Limitations 2.1.3. Assumptions 2.1.4. Observations 2.2. Transportation 2.2.1. Scope 2.2.2. Limitations 2.2.3. Assumptions 2.2.4. Vehicles used 2.2.5. Observations and Inferences 2.3. Onsite Construction 2.3.1. Scope 2.3.2. Limitations 2.3.3. Assumptions 2.3.4. Observations and Inferences 2.4. Operation 2.4.1. Scope 2.4.2. Limitations 2.4.3. Assumptions 2.4.4. Observations and Inferences 2.5. Maintenance 2.5.1. Scope 2.5.2. Limitations 2.5.3. Assumptions 2.5.4. Observations and Inferences 2.6. End of Life 2.6.1. Scope 2.6.2. Limitations 2.6.3. Assumptions 2.6.4. Energy Calculations 2.6.5. Observations and Inferences

3. Tally Simulation

4. Conclusion

3.1.

Observations and inferences

4.1. Pedigree Matrix 4.2. Results 4.3. Sensitivity Analysis

1 1 1 3

References

Appendix A - Estimate Appendix B - Quantities Appendix C - Tally Report

3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14

18 18 18 19

v xi xiv

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Table for material energy and emission Table 2: Transportation energy for materials Table 3: On-site construction energy Table 4: Operational energy Table 5: Operational energy of equipments and appliances Table 6: Maintenance phase energy and emission Table 7: Pedigree matrix Table 8: Comparison for various phases Table 9: Sensitivity analysis

iii

4 6 8 10 11 13 17 17 18

LIST OF IMAGES Figure 1: 3D model of the house Figure 2: Ground floor plan of the house Figure 3: First floor plan of the house Figure 4: Methodology chart for the project Figure 5: Embodied energy of materials used for construction Figure 6: Embodied carbon of materials used for construction Figure 7: Eicher Pro 1059 Figure 8: Ashok Leyland 3118 XL/1 Figure 9: Ashok Leyland 1618 T/C Figure 10: Transportation energy consumption by materials Figure 11: Transportation emissions for materials Figure 12: On-site construction energy Figure 13: Operational energy Figure 14: Operational energy of equipments and appliances Figure 15: Maintenance phase energy Figure 16: Maintenance phase emission Figure 17: LCA analysis using BIM Figure 18: LCA analysis using BIM - Tally interface Figure 20: LCA analysis using BIM - Tally outputs Figure 19: LCA analysis using BIM - Tally interface Figure 21: Comparison of energy for various phases Figure 22: Comparison of CO2e emissions for various phases Figure 23: Sensitivity analysis

1 2 2 3 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 15 15 16 16 18 18 19

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1. Introduction 1.1.

2018

Figure 1: 3D model of the house

Aim

The course project is aimed at conducting a detailed LCA for the residential building chosen. The study includes all the stages in the Life Cycle of a building and also the impact assessment simulation using the Tally plugin with Autodesk Revit.

1.2.

Objective

• To select a building for study and collect data of materials, construction, operation and maintenance of the building. • To conduct Life Cycle Assessment of Residential building • To conduct Tally simulation for Impact Assessment of the building.

1.3.

Building Selection

The residential building in Wayanad, Kerala is selected for the study. Building details • approx. 200 sq.m. • 2 floors • Sloped site (Shear wall) Residential building can be studied in detail as it is of small scale. Embodied energy calculated from BOQ. Operation energy is calculated based on activities on site. Electricity bill, water bill and LPG usage from the house are collected. Major maintenance is not considered. Re-painting energy is calculated every 10 years. Demolition cost data is collected from demolition contractor. GROUP 9

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Figure 2: Ground floor plan of the house

Figure 3: First floor plan of the house GROUP 9

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1.4.

2018

Methodology

The study was conducted in different stages. The selection of the building which has all the details about the materials, construction phase and operation phase available was important. The residential building chosen was an independent house in Wayanad, Kerala which has first hand data available for most of the phases and that was a major consideration considering the pedigree matrix. The second stage was the data collection which included BOQ, construction drawings, Operation data, transportation data and data from literature for standard values, conversion factors, etc. In the third stage calculations were done for the energy and carbon dioxide emission with reasonable assumptions made at each stage. The results were represented as graphs and tables for better understanding and inferences were drawn.

Figure 4: Methodology chart for the project

2. Life Cycle Assessment 2.1.

Material Embodied Energy

2.1.1.

Scope

In LCA of any project, the materials used will play an important role in determining the total energy used. ‘Cradle to Gate’ approach is followed here, which considers the total energy used in extraction of raw materials, transportation to factories, processing and manufacture of finished goods and also its packing. The data followed here are from the “Inventory of Carbon and Energy” of University of Bath.

• General and common materials used for construction were considered. • Materials quantified were used for the construction of building only.

2.1.2.

Limitations

• Due to unavailability of structural drawings, steel reinforcement quantity had to be assumed. • Materials used for landscaping and other exterior works were not considered. • Percentage wastages were taken from unverified sources. GROUP 9

Y 50 00 00 72 50 57 75 3.5 75 45

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2.1.3.

2018

Assumptions

• • • • • • • • • •

Bond mortar had a thickness of 15mm with CM 1:6 Bricks, floor tiles and mortar quantity increased by 5% to account for wastages. Volume of steel increased by 5% to account for hooks. For each bend of stirrup, 3% increase in length was considered. For slab reinforcement,15 cm c/c distance was considered between bars. Reinforcement diameter of steel for, Lintel main bars = 12mm Stirrups = 8mm Slab main bars = 16mm For mangalore pattern tiles an overlap of 5cm from roof and 10% wastage is considered. Additional 10% of granite quantity was taken for skirting. • Approximate lengths of PVC pipes were taken from the plan of the building

2.1.4.

Observations

• From the materials considered, laterite has the major portion of contribution of embodied energy. This is due to the larger volume used in construction of substructure and superstructure. • The envelope made of laterite contributes high embodied energy as the quantity used is very high in the construction of substructure as well as the superstructure. • Steel comes second although cement is the used in large quantities for construction. • Primers and paints have significant embodied energy though the volume of material used is less. Thus it is recommended to not use paints if the architectural beauty of the existing building without paint is good. • Considering the carbon footprint, laterite holds a largest share followed by cement eventhough there is significant difference in the quantities used. • Steels comes third due to its high carbon emission in production. • It can be inferred that the three materials which contributes maximum to the embodied energy are the enveloping material, cement and steel. • Although having less value per unit for embodied energy and carbon emission, due to the volume of usage the enveloping material contributes heavily to both embodied energy and carbon emissions.

UNIT kg/cum kg/cum kg/cum kg/cum kg/cum kg/sqm kg/sqm kg/sqm kg kg/m -

WEIGHT SIUNIT No. 27,616.33 kg1 85,347.86 kg2 59,017.23 kg3 319,187.73 kg4 5,330.70 kg5 9,597.66 kg6 458.28 kg7 270.00 kg8 4,994.00 kg9 54.00 kg 10 11 12 13 14 -

MATERIAL ENERGY UNIT CO2e QUANTITYUNITUNIT TOTAL DENSITY ENERGY UNIT UNITWEIGHT TOTAL CO2e UNIT Cement 4.6 MJ/kg 0.83 kg 8.767 (CO2)/kg cum 3150 127,035.14 kg/cum MJ 27,616.33 22,921.56 kg Fine Aggregate 0.1 MJ/kg 0.005 32.826 kg (CO2)/kg cum 2600 8,534.79 kg/cum MJ 85,347.86 426.74 kg Coarse Aggregate 0.1 MJ/kg 0.005 20.351 kg (CO2)/kg cum 2900 5,901.72 kg/cum MJ 59,017.23 295.09 kg Laterite 1.26 MJ/kg 0.079 129.121 kg (CO2)/kg cum 2472 402,176.54 kg/cum MJ 319,187.73 25,215.83 kg Steel reinforcement 36.4 MJ/kg 2.68 kg 0.679 (CO2)/kg cum 7850 194,037.46 kg/cum MJ 5,330.70 14,286.27 kg Terracotta 6.5 tiles MJ/kg 0.46 168.380 kg (CO2)/kg sqm 62,384.79 57 kg/sqm MJ 9,597.664,414.92 kg Granite 4.1 MJ/kg 0.3 11.529 kg (CO2)/kg sqm 39.75 1,878.94 kg/sqm MJ 458.28 137.48 kg Plywood 15 MJ/kg 0.81 kg (CO2)/kg 20 sqm 13.5 4,050.00 kg/sqm MJ 270.00 218.70 kg Mangalore pattern 3 MJ/kg tiles 0.22 kg1816 (CO2)/kg nos 2.75 14,982.00 kg MJ 4,994.001,098.68 kg PVC 67.5 MJ/kg 2.5 kg120 (CO2)/kg m 0.45 3,645.00 kg/m MJ 54.003,645.00 kg Putty 5.3 MJ/sqm 838.680 kg (CO2)/sqm sqm - 4,445.00- MJ - Primer 68 MJ/sqm 838.680 kg (CO2)/sqm sqm - 57,030.24- MJ - Paint 68 MJ/sqm 1.06 838.680 kg (CO2)/sqm sqm - 57,030.24- MJ 889.00 Windows (wood 286 MJ/nos and glass) 14.6 kg (CO2)/nos 33 nos - 9,438.00- MJ 481.80 952,569.86 74,031.08

ENERGY UNIT CO2e 4.6 CO2e 0.1 CO2e 0.1 CO2e 1.26 CO2e 36.4 CO2e 6.5 CO2e 4.1 CO2e 15 CO2e 3 CO2e 67.5 CO2e 5.3 CO2e 68 CO2e 68 CO2e 286

UNIT MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/kg MJ/sqm MJ/sqm MJ/sqm MJ/nos

CO2e 0.83 0.005 0.005 0.079 2.68 0.46 0.3 0.81 0.22 2.5 k k 1.06 k 14.6

Table 1: Table for material energy and emission

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Figure 5: Embodied energy of materials used for construction

Figure 6: Embodied carbon of materials used for construction

2.2.

Transportation

The energy for transportation of materials from respective factories to the distribution point and from the distribution point to the construction site was considered. Carbon footprint is high for fossil fuels and it is necessary to analyse how much CO² has been emitted just for transporting the material to the site. This depends on the vehicle used also. The truck capacity, its mileage and the number of trips required will all decide the total carbon footprint and its energy associated with. It is always recommended to choose the locally available materials if it meets the purpose and required quality. GROUP 9

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2.2.1.

2018

Scope

• One truck from each category of classification was taken.

2.2.2.

Limitations

• Actual mileages may differ from catalogues • Trucks used may vary. • Difference in fuel consumption due to terrain changes were not considered.

2.2.3.

Figure 7: Eicher Pro 1059

Assumptions

Mileage when Loaded, • LCV - 7kmpl • MCV - 6kmpl • HCV - 6.5 Further changes have been made according to the load carried by the vehicle. Total quantity of all materials except cement were assumed to be brought before the start of construction itself.

2.2.4.

Vehicles used

Figure 8: Ashok Leyland 3118 XL/1

Light Commercial Vehicle (Eicher Pro 1059) Diesel driven 9kmpl mileage when unloaded Medium Commercial Vehicle (ASHOK LEYLAND 3118 XL/1) Diesel driven 8kmpl mileage when unloaded Heavy Commercial Vehicle (ASHOK LEYLAND 1618 T/C) Diesel driven 10kmpl mileage when unloaded

2.2.5.

Figure 9: Ashok Leyland 1618 T/C

Observations and Inferences Materials

Fuel consumption kgCO2e emission

Cement

Energy consumption (MJ)

155.16

409.62

5,570.24

Stone

29.20

77.09

1,048.28

Coarse aggregate

11.68

30.83

419.20

Fine aggregate

129.50

341.88

4,649.05

Laterite stones

32.50

85.80

1,166.75

1.27

3.35

45.56

165.50

436.92

5,941.45

3.66

9.66

131.39

63.75

168.30

2,288.63

283.00

747.12

10,159.70

2,310.57

31,420.25

Mangalore pattern tiles Asian Paints&putty Terracota tiles Granites Steel

Table 2: Transportation energy for materials GROUP 9

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• Considering the transportation of materials, steel contributes higher to the embodied energy than other materials. The factory considered is located in Vizag, Andhra Pradesh which is the farthest location among the materials considered. • Paints and primers are also procured from far locations as mentioned in the table above. • It is followed by cement, which includes the energy consumption for transportation from factory to distribution point and also from there to the construction site. • Carbon emission also follows the same trend as the only variable parameter is the kilometre travelled.

Figure 10: Transportation energy consumption by materials

Figure 11: Transportation emissions for materials GROUP 9

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2018

2.3.

Onsite Construction

2.3.1.

Scope

The amount and intensity of construction activities will decide the amount of energy that has been used and the quantity of CO2 that has been emitted. The following ‘Work Breakdown Schedule’ shows the types of works that have been done to construct the whole building. Considering the geographical area and traditional construction practices, only few equipment which runs on fuel are considered like concrete mixers, site clearing equipments and vibrators. For rest of the construction practices manual labour is highly employed.

• Whole construction activities are limited to common construction mechanical equipments. • Equipments considered are used for constructing the main structure only. • Energy required for importing power for construction activities was not considered.

2.3.2.

Limitations

• Authenticity of data from independent sources.

2.3.3. • • • • • •

Assumptions

Backhoe loader is used for site clearance, levelling and excavation Grasscutter is used to remove shrubs. Site is assumed to be more or less with very less trees of medium girth. Concretes were made cast-in-situ with hopper concrete mixers Concrete needle vibrators of 20mm are used. Rest all methods use labour energy

2.3.4.

Observations and Inferences

• As the equipments considered are very few, the total energy is construction phase is not so significant in this case. • Much of the energy is consumed for transportation of people from and to the construction site. This is well in agreement with the papers referred. • The energy consumed is proportional to the usage hours and hence concrete mixers have a higher energy consumption the needle vibrators.

SI no.

Equipment name

Fuel

Units

Energy Consumption

Units

Total Energy Consumption

Units

1 Backhoe loader

18 L (D)

35.90 MJ/L

646.20 MJ

2 Grasscutter (52cc)

2.5 L (P)

32.60 MJ/L

81.50 MJ

3 Concrete mixers

18 L (D)

35.90 MJ/L

646.20 MJ

4 Concrete needle vibrator

2.5 L (P)

32.60 MJ/L

81.50 MJ

157.89 L (D)

35.90 MJ/L

5668.25 MJ

5 Transportation Van Table 3: On-site construction energy

GROUP 9

Working hours

28.5

7123.65 MJ

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2018

Figure 12: On-site construction energy

2.4.

Operation

From various literatures that have been referred, operational or use phase consumes more energy than any other phase. The various equipments, its electricity consumption, usage hours, usage pattern, number of residents etc. will affect the energy consumed. For the analysis we have included a set of commonly used equipments as per the geographical region and also by collecting the data from nearby houses. Electricity bills, water bills and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) consumption was also collected from the owner of the considered house. This was then correlated with the energy data available to find out the total energy consumption.

2.4.1.

Scope

• Study is limited to the listed equipments used. • Power consumption of equipments were taken from manufacturer’s data.

2.4.2.

Limitations

• Data of usage pattern • No. of occupants of house were not taken

2.4.3.

Assumptions

• Kinds of equipments used. • Working hours GROUP 9

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2.4.4.

2018

Observations and Inferences

• Considering only the types of energies used, electricity is the major component, followed by LPG and then water. • Considering the equipments used, water heaters use more energy than any other equipments. This is because of the the local climate as it will be cold and cloudy at the place most of the time. • Airconditioner is not among the prominent used equipment due to the climate and hence doesnt consume much energy. • Refrigerator is a common equipment in most of the houses in Kerala, and it will be working for most of the time than any other equipment. Hence it consumes higher energy.

Monthly Resources Electricity LPG Water

Average Monthly Unit Consumption 350 kWh 14.2 kg 20 kL

Unit Rate

Energy

Rs MJ 6.20 1,260.00 655.00 695.80 7.00 30.00

Cost

Yearly Energy

Service life (50 years) Cost

Rs MJ Rs 2,170.00 15,120.00 26,040.00 9,301.00 8,349.60 111,612.00 140.00 360.00 1,680.00

Energy

Cost

MJ Rs 756,000.00 1,302,000.00 417,480.00 5,580,600.00 18,000.00 84,000.00 1,191,480.00 ₹6,966,600.00

Table 4: Operational energy

Figure 13: Operational energy

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SI no.

Equipment name

2018

Quantity

Working hours

Wattage

Energy Monthly Energy Consumption Consumption

Yearly Energy Consumption

Service Life Energy Consumption

1 Lighting fixtures

0.14

8.64

103.68

5184

2 Tube light

0.20

18.144

217.728

10886.4

3 Air conditioner (1 TON)

0.2

3200

11.52

691.2

8294.4

414720

4 Fans

0.18

32.4

388.8

19440

5 Refridgerator

150

0.54

194.4

2332.8

116640

6 Washing machine

500

1.80

108

1296

64800

7 Electric iron

0.5

1000

3.60

648

32400

8 Television

2.5

0.09

6.75

4050

9 Computer

2.5

240

0.86

64.8

777.6

38880

10 Water heater

0.5

3000

10.80

162

1944

97200

11 Water pump

0.5

400

1.44

21.6

259.2

12960

12 Microwave oven

0.5

600

2.16

32.4

388.8

19440

100

0.36

43.2

518.4

25920

13 Other equipments 1 4 Table 5: Operational energy of equipments and appliances

Figure 14: Operational energy of equipments and appliances

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2.5.

2018

Maintenance

Maintenance is an inevitable phase if the structure has to be durable for a long time. Maintenance includes both the frequent maintenance and the major maintenance or renovation works. In this analysis, due to the unavailability of legitimate data for frequent maintenance, we have analysed the energy requirement for major renovation works and assumed its frequency as mentioned below.

2.5.1.

Scope

Major renovation works are considered

2.5.2.

Limitations

Frequent maintenance energy was not considered. Maintenance frequency may change with the quality of construction and use patterns.

2.5.3. • • • •

Assumptions

Painting is done once in 10 years Wooden window frames were replaced every 25years Flooring tiles were changed once in 25 years Roofing tiles were changed once every 10 years

2.5.4.

Observations and Inferences

• The whole part of maintenance phase is based on assumptions that major renovation works will be required after a certain number of years of service. • Though the floor tiles are changed only once during the service life, it still consumes the largest share of energy. • Wood, though is replaced only once, consumes very less energy.

Figure 15: Maintenance phase energy GROUP 9

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Figure 16: Maintenance phase emission

Maintenance Activity Painting Wooden window frames Mortar plastering for cracks and delaminations Changing floor tiles Changing roof tiles

Frequency

Energy (MJ)

once in 10 years once in 25 years once in 5 years once in 25 years once in 10 years

38,645.76 11,550.00 5,040.00 62,384.79 59,928.00 177,548.55

EC (kgCO2/ kg) 1,965.66 594.00 831.60 4,420.69 4,394.72 12,206.68

Table 6: Maintenance phase energy and emission

2.6.

End of Life

Most of the research papers that have been referred don’t consider demolition energy as authentic data is not available for the same. Demolition using modern equipments and techniques is not a common practice in the geographical area considered. Hence the commonly used equipments like concrete breaker and demolition hammer is considered here. The demolition is assumed to be done after 50 years of the life of building.

2.6.1.

Scope

• Common equipments used in the region was considered

2.6.2.

Limitations

• Unavailability of data for demolition works led to more assumptions.

2.6.3.

Assumptions

• Demolition hammer was used for 32 hours • Concrete breaker was used for 20 hours • Rest demolition works used labour energy GROUP 9

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2.6.4.

2018

Energy Calculations

Concrete Breaker • hours used = 20 • Power consumed = 40KWh = 144MJ Demolition Hammer • hours used = 32 • Power consumed = 48KWh = 172.8 MJ Truck • Total volume of materials = 210.6m³ • Capacity of truck = 32.5m³ • Distance to landfill = 15km • No. of trips = 14 (Including ‘to’ and ‘fro’) • Mileage = 6.5kmpl when loaded and 10 kmpl when loaded • Total diesel used = (7*15/6.5)+(7*15/10) = 26.65l • Total energy used = 6.65* 35.9 = 956.87MJ • Total CO2 emitted = 26.65*2.64 = 70.36kgCO2 TOTAL ENERGY USED = 1273.67MJ

2.6.5.

Observations and Inferences

• The largest share of energy is being consumed for transporting the demolition waste to the landfill, though the landfill considered is just 15kms away from the site. • Among the demolition equipments used, demolition hammer consumes more energy and this is due to the more hours of usage and also the power consumed per hour.

3. Tally Simulation The TALLY simulation was done to understand the impact of the Life Cycle of the residential building on the environment. Tally is a plugin for the BIM software Autodesk Revit. With the construction, and transportation data provided and materials assigned for each building component, the software simulates the impact assessment and provides a report and a compiled excel file. The different steps involved in the process of creating Tally report is explained below.

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• The first step is to develop a detailed 3D model with all the details and appropriate materials assigned. This is done in REVIT architecture template.

Figure 17: LCA analysis using BIM

• The next step is to assign different tally materials into the revit categories. The database for the materials in tally are already inbuilt in the software.

Figure 18: LCA analysis using BIM - Tally interface GROUP 9

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2018

• The third step in the process of tally evaluation is that the details of energy consumption during the construction process and maintenance phase has to be provided to the software. The standard based on the region of the building also should be provided into the software. But, since India is not available in the list of region option provided, Singapore was chosen since the climate is warm humid. This assumption has caused variations in the results obtained since the energy consumption standards are higher in Singapore compared to India.

Figure 19: LCA analysis using BIM - Tally interface

• The final step is to run the simulation and export the data into the report and excel. The details provided with the photo of the building from the revit model is also included in the report.

Figure 20: LCA analysis using BIM - Tally outputs GROUP 9

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3.1.

2018

Observations and inferences

The tally study showed that the the global warming potential and the primary energy demand are most for the operation phase. This may be because of the standards considered for the study, which is based on the Singapore energy standards. The materials like Laterite and clay tiles were not available in the material catalog available, so comparable materials are considered which has caused changes in the energy calculations.

4. Conclusion 4.1. Phase

Pedigree Matrix Acquisition Method

Independence of data supplier

Materials

Representativeness Temporal correction Geographical correction Technological correction -

Construction

Operational

Maintenance

End of life

Table 7: Pedigree matrix

4.2.

Results

The Life Cycle Assessment of the residential building showed that the embodied energy of this building is lower than many other residential buildings like apartments. The main reason for this is the usage of laterite for the masonry construction, since the burnt bricks have more embodied energy compared to even cement. According to the study, the operational energy of the building for a life cycle of 50 years will exceed the construction and embodied energy in 60 years. This may be because of the fact that the operation energy is low. The climate of Wayanad is very pleasant and thus need of AC and fans are very less. The end of life demolition energy is very less because the landfill is nearby the site itself. This is depending on the location of the residence. For 50 years of service life: 16,22,839.36MJ/200m²/50years = 162.28 MJ/m²/year.

Table 8: Comparison for various phases GROUP 9

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Figure 21: Comparison of energy for various phases

Figure 22: Comparison of CO2e emissions for various phases

Comparing the embodied energy and carbon dioxide emission of this residential building to the C2 apartment case study, the embodied energy is lower for the present study. This may be attributed to the fact that laterite stone is used for the masonry construction. The operation energy is comparable to the apartment operation energy. The demolition energy is also less compared to the apartment in the city of Chennai as the distance to the landfill is very less (ie. 15km). This energy and emission is very low than the data given in the literature which is 1% to 3%.

4.3.

Sensitivity Analysis

The sensitivity analysis was done to understand the effect of each phase of the life cycle of the building for the different life of building. The operation and maintenance energy varies for different life periods. The graph is plotted between the percentage energy contribution of initial embodied energy and the operation energy. The major concern is the life of the building at which the initial embodied energy which is the sum of the material embodied energy and the energy spent during the on-site construction process. From this analysis its understood that the operation energy oversets the initial embodied energy at age of 60 years. This is more than the age of the building. This may be attributed to the fact that due to the climatic conditions of the area the requirement of indoor conditioning is very less compared to the normal literature cases. GROUP 9

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Table 9: Sensitivity analysis

Figure 23: Sensitivity analysis

5. References [1] Devi, P., & Palaniappan, S. (2014). A case study on life cycle energy use of residential building in Southern India. Energy and Buildings, 80, 247-259. [2] Ali, A. A. M. M., Negm, A. M., Bady, M. F., and Ibrahim, M. G. E. (2015). ‘Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Residential Building in Egypt: A Case Study’. Procedia Technology, 19, 349–356. [3] https://www.daftlogic.com/information-appliance-power-consumption.htm accessed on 11-042018 15:35 [4] https://indane.co.in/tarrifs_price. php?mode=Search&txtMarket=Cochin&txtProduct=M00087&serchbutton=Search accessed GROUP 9

CE5014 | SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

2018

on 25-04-2018 15:28 [5] https://staging.kwa.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=100 accessed on 25-04-2018 15:39 [6] https://trucks.cardekho.com/en/trucks/eicher/pro-1059 [7] https://people.exeter.ac.uk/TWDavies/energy_conversion/Calculation%20of%20CO2%20 emissions%20from%20fuels.htm accessed on 25-04-2018 15:46 [8] http://www.assetinsights.net/Glossary/G_Major_Maintenance.html accessed on 25-04-2018 16:02 [9] http://www.spanman.net/Members/Technical/Weight-Of-Building-Materials accessed on 2604-2018 18:08 [10] https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/320104008.pdf accessed on 26-04-2018 18:24 [11] https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data accessed on 2604-2018 18:40

GROUP 9

NO 1

APPENDIX - A Estimate

Description

Length

Breadth Height

Quantity

92.96

0.2

2.85

52.99

1.20

0.20

2.10

0.50

1.00

0.20

2.10

0.80

0.20

2.10

1.01

GROUND FLOOR laterite masonry in cm 1:6 35x20x20 including all cost and conveyance and labour charges etc complete for superstructure.

Deduction

Door

Opening Windows

Ventilator

0.90

0.20

2.10

0.38

1.50

0.20

2.10

0.63

0.60

0.20

1.80

1.30

2.40

0.20

1.80

2.59

2.10

0.20

1.80

0.76

0.80

0.20

1.80

0.58

1.80

0.20

1.80

0.65

1.80

0.20

1.00

0.72

0.30

0.20

2.10

1.13

0.80

0.20

0.60

0.29

Net total 2

12.63

40.36

R C C 1:2:4 using 20mm norminal size metal including all cost , conveyance of

labour charge etc complete for lintels

MÂł

92.36

0.20

0.15

2.77 2.77

R C C 1:2:4 using 20mm norminal size metal including all cost , conveyance and labour charge etc complete for flat roof Slab. Deduct

Cut out

130.17

9.12

5.94

6.60

8.14

M2 M2 M2 M2

141.73

M2 Net total

10.45

14.16

11.88

2.86

12.25

14.09

0.10

13.02

0.10

0.91

0.10

0.59

0.10

0.66

0.10

0.81 10.04

Ceiling Plastering cm 1:3, 9mm thick including all cost and conveyance of materials and labour charges etc. Kitchen Bed Bed Toilet Living Dining

M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

10.45 14.16 11.88 2.86 12.25 14.09

Description Bed Sitout Toilet Porch Toilet

No 1

Length 12.38

8.21

2.04

3.75

3.78

Breadth Height M2

Quantity 12.38 8.21

2.04

3.75

3.78

95.85

Wall Plastering with cm 1:5, 12mm thick including all cost and conveyance of materials and labour charges etc complete. Outside plastering Inside

Living Toilet Bed Courtyard

Bed Bed

Toilet Toilet Dining Kitchen

53.09

159.27

3.6

21.60

3.6

21.60

2.2

13.20

1.3

7.80

3.6

21.60

3.3

19.80

3.3

9.90

1.95

5.85

3.8

11.40

3.3

19.80

3.6

21.60

3.6

10.80

24.00

15.00

2.1

12.60

1.8

10.80

1.2

7.20

1.7

10.20

15.2

45.60

9.8

29.40

2.7

8.10

9.00

3.3

9.90

3.6

10.80 536.82

Deduction

Door

Opening Windows

1.20

2.10

2.52

1.00

2.10

10.50

0.80

2.10

5.04

0.90

2.10

1.89

1.50

2.10

3.15

0.60

1.80

6.48

2.40

1.80

12.96

2.10

1.80

3.78

0.80

1.80

2.88

Description

No 1

Ventilator

Length 1.80

Breadth Height 1.80

Quantity 3.24

1.80

1.00

3.60

0.30

2.10

5.67

0.80

0.60

1.44 63.15

Net total

473.67

10.44

Floor finishing with vitrified tiles including all cost and labour charges etc complete. Kitchen Bed Bed Toilet Living Dining Bed Sitout Toilet Porch Toilet

10.44

14.15

11.88

2.86

5.36

22.95

12.38

8.21

2.04

3.75

14.00

14.15

11.88

2.86

5.36

22.95

12.38

8.21

2.04

3.75

14.00

108.02

44.57

MÂł

FIRST FLOOR laterite masonry in cm 1:6 35x20x20 including all cost and conveyance and labour charges etc complete for superstructure.

Deduction

Door

Windows

Ventilator

1.20

0.20

2.10

0.50

1.00

0.20

2.10

0.42

0.80

0.20

2.10

0.67

0.90

0.20

2.10

0.76

0.60

0.20

1.80

0.65

2.40

0.20

1.80

0.86

2.10

0.20

1.80

0.76

0.80

0.20

1.80

0.58

1.80

0.20

1.80

0.65

0.30

0.20

2.10

0.76

0.80

0.20

0.60

0.19

Net total 2

R C C 1:2:4 using 20mm norminal size metal including all cost , conveyance of

vii

6.79

37.78

Description

No 1

labour charge etc complete for lintels

Length 49.36

Breadth Height 0.20 0.15

Quantity 1.48 1.48

R C C 1:2:4 using 20mm norminal size metal including all cost , conveyance and labour charge etc complete for flat roof

Slab. 4

20.35

0.10

2.04 2.04

R C C 1:2:4 using 20mm norminal size metal including all cost , conveyance and labour charge etc complete for slope roof Slab.

0.58

0.52

0.62

M2 M2 M2

3.70

2.13

4.60

2.40

9.50

5.92 10.46

Ceiling Plastering cm 1:3, 9mm thick including all cost and conveyance of materials and labour charges etc.

90.36

Wall Plastering with cm 1:5, 12mm thick including all cost and conveyance of materials and labour charges etc complete.

48.74

2.8

136.47

Toilet

2.1

2.8

11.76

1.2

2.8

6.72

Bed

3.3

2.8

18.48

3.6

2.8

20.16

Bed

3.3

2.8

18.48

3.78

2.8

21.17

Toilet

2.2

2.8

12.32

1.3

2.8

7.28

2.1

16.80

9.9

2.1

20.79

2.5

47.50

Outside plastering Inside

337.93 Deduction

Door

Windows

1.20

2.10

5.04

1.00

2.10

4.20

0.80

2.10

6.72

0.90

2.10

7.56

0.60

1.80

6.48

2.40

1.80

8.64

2.10

1.80

7.56

0.80

1.80

5.76

viii

Description

Ventilator

No 2

Length 1.80

Breadth Height 1.80

0.30

2.10

7.56

0.80

0.60

1.92

Net total 7

Quantity 6.48

67.92

270.01

Floor finishing with vitrified tiles including all cost and labour charges etc complete. Bed Bed Toilet Balcony Toilet circulation

3.30

3.78

12.47

3.30

3.6

11.88

2.20

1.3

2.86

5.25

1.55

7.88

2.10

1.2

15.57

STAIR CASE 1 RCC 1:2:4 using 20mm nominal size metal

2.52 15.57

53.18

0.74

10.98

10.40

0.15

0.43

0.54

1.90

3.03

0.73

4.52

1.08

including all cost and conveyance of all material and labour charges etc. 2 plastering 1:5 ,12mm thick including all cost and conveyance of materials, labour charges etc. 3 floor finishing including all cost of conveyance and labour charges PORCH

14.20

1 RCC 1:2:4 using 20mm nominal size metal

0.20

including all cost and conveyance of all material and labour charges etc. complete for lintel 2

3.5 M

RCC 1:2:4 using 20mm nominal size metal including all cost and conveyance of all material and labour charges complete for sloped roof slab

3 laterite masonry in cm 1:6 35x20x20 including cost and conveyance of material complete for coloumns

0.12

M2 M2

1.81

M3 M3

Description

4 plastering 1:5 ,12mm thick including all cost of conveyance and materials

No 2

Length 1.60

1.60 3.50

5 floor finishing including all cost of conveyance

Breadth Height 3.03

4.52

M 4.00

Quantity 6.63

8.12

7.50

SI No. 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3

LEVEL 1 FOUNDATION Stone masonry

APPENDIX - B Quantities

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3

Foundation (93x0.45x0.45 )

Slab

Ceiling Plastering 1:3, 9mm

Painting

Wall Plastering 1:5, 12mm

Floor finishing

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

40.360 0.140 4.858 0.694 4.164

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate main bar 12mm stirrup 8mm

2.770 0.373 0.747 1.494 0.044 0.111

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

Concrete Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Main bar 16mm

10.040 9.670 1.382 2.760 5.520 0.366

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

Stone Cement Fine Aggregate

PCC (93x0.6x0.15)

Lintels

18.833 16.949 0.269 1.614 33.480 30.132 0.478 2.870 8.370 0.644 2.575 5.151

Stone Cement Fine Aggregate

Foundation (93x0.6x0.6 )

GROUND FLOOR Laterite masonry

Nos QUANTITY UNIT

Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

Laterite Brick (35x20x20) Mortar (1:6)

3027 Cement Fine Aggregate

R C C 1:2:4 using 20mm

R C C 1:2:4 using

Plaster

0.863 m3 0.216 m3 0.647 m3

Cement Fine Aggregate

Putty Primer Paint

473.670 m2 473.670 m2 473.670 m2

Plaster

473.670 m2 0.947 m3 4.737 m3

Cement Fine Aggregate

Terracotta tiles

Tiles Cement (1:5) Fine Aggregate Adhesives (1.2%)

FIRST FLOOR

1220

108.200 m2 0.216 m3 0.865 m3 24.700 kg

SI No. LEVEL 1 1 Laterite masonry 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 2 Lintels 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2 4.2.1 5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 2 2.1

Slab

Sloping Roof

Roof tile Ceiling Plastering 1:3, 9mm

Wall Plastering 1:5, 12mm

Floor finishing

Painting

STAIR CASE Stair case

plastering 1:5 ,12mm

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3

Laterite Brick (35x20x20) Mortar (1:6)

R C C 1:2:4 using 20mm

Nos QUANTITY UNIT 37.780 m3 2833

Cement Fine Aggregate

0.649 m3 3.897 m3

Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate main bar 12mm stirrup 8mm

1.480 0.208 0.416 0.832 0.023 0.059

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Steel R/F

2.040 0.283 0.566 1.132 0.057

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Steel R/F

10.460 1.452 2.900 5.810 0.294

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

Mangalore pattern tiles (10'x16") 5cm overlap+10%wastage 1816 Plaster

Plaster

Terracotta tiles

nos

Cement Fine Aggregate

0.813 m3 0.203 m3 0.609 m3

Cement Fine Aggregate

3.240 m3 0.540 m3 2.700 m3

Tiles (5% wastage) Cement (1:5) Fine Aggregate Adhesives

Putty Primer Paint

600

53.180 m2 0.088 m3 0.443 m3 12.100 kg 365.010 m2 365.010 m2 365.010 m2

RCC 1:2:4

Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Steel R/F

plastering

0.740 0.103 0.206 0.412 0.019

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3

0.054 m3

xii

SI No. LEVEL 1 2.1.1 2.1.2 3 finishing 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3 Cement Fine Aggregate

Granite

Tiles (10% skirting) Cement (1:5) Fine Aggregate Adhesives

xiii

Nos QUANTITY UNIT 0.009 m3 0.045 m3 5.490 6.039 0.013 0.065 1.378

m2 m2 m3 m3 kg

APPENDIX - C Choose tally report

LCA of Residential Building Full Building Impact Study 26-04-2018

xiv

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Table of Contents Report Summary

LCA Results Results per Life Cycle Stage

Results per Life Cycle Stage, itemized by Division

Results per Life Cycle Stage, itemized by Revit Category

Results per Division

Results per Division, itemized by Tally Entry

Results per Division, itemized by Material

Results per Revit Category

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Family

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Tally Entry

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Material

Appendix Calculation Methodology

Glossary of LCA Terminology

LCA Metadata

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Report Summary Created with Tally Trial Version 2017.06.15.01

Goal and Scope of Assessment To study the impact of the residential building over a life period of 50 years

Author Company Date

Group 9 Sustainable Construction 26-04-2018

Project Location Gross Area Building Life

LCA of Residential Building Chulliyod, Wayanad 212 m² 50

Boundaries

Cradle-to-Grave; see appendix for a full list of materials and processes

On-site Construction [A5]

3000 kWh electricity use 7554.94 MJ heating energy use 8000 liters water use

Operational Energy [B6]

210000 kWh annual electricity use 0 kWh annual heating energy use

Environmental Impact Totals

Acidification (kgSO₂eq)

Eutrophication (kgNeq)

Global Warming (kgCO₂eq)

Ozone Depletion (CFC-11eq) Smog Formation (O₃eq) Primary Energy (MJ)

Non-renewable Energy (MJ) Renewable Energy (MJ)

Environmental Impacts / Area Acidification (kgSO₂eq/m²)

Eutrophication (kgNeq/m²)

Global Warming (kgCO₂eq/m²)

Ozone Depletion (CFC-11eq/m²) Smog Formation (O₃eq/m²) Primary Energy (MJ/m²)

Non-renewable Energy (MJ/m²) Renewable Energy (MJ/m²)

Product Stage [A1-A3]

Construction Stage [A4-A5]

Use Stage [B2-B4, B6]

21.37

2.599

919.4

384.7

39.42

180,478

6,274

56,795

6,480,313

End of Life Stage [C2-C4, D]

36.23 6.276

34,457

0.01551

5.775E-008

1.322E-004

1.370E-004

1,523,468

91,800

9.994E+007

129,636

97,667

1,016

85,935

2,656

5,145

858.2

1,425,801

91,127

1.814

0.1859

0.1008

0.01226

7.318E-005

7,186

851.3

xvi

0.1709

2.724E-010

6.237E-007

6.460E-007

433.0

471,428

611.5

4.791

405.4

429.8

460.7

267.9

126,973

0.0296

4.048

6,725

9.986E+007

675.6

4.337

29.59

24.27

440,567

30,568 2,078

471,023

162.5 3.187

598.9 12.53

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Life Cycle Stage 100%

398,966 kg

57,256 kgSO₂eq

949.6 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

6,701,521 kgCO₂eq

0.01578 CFC-11eq

447,246 O₃eq

1.017E+008 MJ

1.015E+008 MJ

187,274 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Net value (impacts + credits) Life Cycle Stages

Manufacturing [A1-A3] Transportation [A4]

On-site Construction [A5]

Maintenance and Replacement [B2-B4] Operational Energy [B6] End of Life [C2-C4, D]

xvii

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Life Cycle Stage 1%

97%

98%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Net value (impacts + credits) Life Cycle Stages

Manufacturing [A1-A3] Transportation [A4]

On-site Construction [A5]

Maintenance and Replacement [B2-B4] Operational Energy [B6] End of Life [C2-C4, D]

xviii

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Life Cycle Stage, itemized by Division 100%

398,966 kg

57,263 kgSO₂eq

949.7 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

6,703,262 kgCO₂eq

0.01579 CFC-11eq

447,319 O₃eq

1.017E+008 MJ

1.015E+008 MJ

191,110 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

0% Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Net value (impacts + credits)

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

Manufacturing [A1-A3]

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

Transportation [A4]

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

On-site Construction [A5] Electricity Heating Water

Maintenance and Replacement [B2-B4] 03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

Operational Energy [B6] Electricity Heating

End of Life [C2-C4, D]

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites

xix

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Life Cycle Stage, itemized by Division 1%

97%

98%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Net value (impacts + credits)

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

Manufacturing [A1-A3]

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

Transportation [A4]

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

On-site Construction [A5] Electricity Heating Water

Maintenance and Replacement [B2-B4] 03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

Operational Energy [B6] Electricity Heating

End of Life [C2-C4, D]

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Life Cycle Stage, itemized by Revit Category 100%

398,966 kg

57,256 kgSO₂eq

949.6 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

6,701,724 kgCO₂eq

0.01578 CFC-11eq

447,252 O₃eq

1.017E+008 MJ

1.015E+008 MJ

193,083 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

0% Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Net value (impacts + credits)

Structure Walls Windows

Manufacturing [A1-A3] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings Structure Walls Windows

Transportation [A4] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings Structure Walls Windows

On-site Construction [A5] Electricity Heating Water

Maintenance and Replacement [B2-B4] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings Structure Walls Windows

Operational Energy [B6] Electricity Heating

End of Life [C2-C4, D] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings

xxi

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Life Cycle Stage, itemized by Revit Category 1%

97%

98%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Net value (impacts + credits)

Structure Walls Windows

Manufacturing [A1-A3] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings Structure Walls Windows

Transportation [A4] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings Structure Walls Windows

On-site Construction [A5] Electricity Heating Water

Maintenance and Replacement [B2-B4] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings Structure Walls Windows

Operational Energy [B6] Electricity Heating

End of Life [C2-C4, D] Doors Floors Roofs Stairs and Railings

xxii

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Division 100%

398,966 kg

468.8 kgSO₂eq

36.91 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

224,630 kgCO₂eq

0.01572 CFC-11eq

6,925 O₃eq

1,841,840 MJ

1,736,895 MJ

105,293 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Divisions

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals

06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

xxiii

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Division 2%

4% 12%

22%

21%

1% 2%

44%

30%

61%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Divisions

03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals

06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings and Glazing 09 - Finishes

xxiv

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Division, itemized by Tally Entry 100%

398,966 kg

468.8 kgSO₂eq

36.91 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

224,630 kgCO₂eq

0.01572 CFC-11eq

6,925 O₃eq

1,841,840 MJ

1,736,895 MJ

105,293 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend 03 - Concrete

Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 3000 psi (20 Mpa) Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 4000 psi (30 MPa) Cast-in-place concrete, slab on grade Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Stair, cast-in-place concrete

04 - Masonry

Brick, generic, grouted Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

05 - Metals

Steel, bar joist Steel, hollow structural section

06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites Domestic hardwood Plywood, interior grade Wood framing Wood framing with insulation Wood siding, hardwood

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection

APP modified bitumen, sheet Asphalt felt sheet Clay roofing tile Insulated metal roof panels, manufacturer specific, EPD - Metl-Span Wood siding, hardwood

08 - Openings and Glazing

Glazing, double pane IGU Post or guard rail, laminated glass

09 - Finishes

Wall board, gypsum

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Division, itemized by Tally Entry 2%

14%

15% 2%

42%

30%

2% 1%

60%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend 03 - Concrete

04 - Masonry

Brick, generic, grouted Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

05 - Metals

Steel, bar joist Steel, hollow structural section

06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites Domestic hardwood Plywood, interior grade Wood framing Wood framing with insulation Wood siding, hardwood

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection

APP modified bitumen, sheet Asphalt felt sheet Clay roofing tile Insulated metal roof panels, manufacturer specific, EPD - Metl-Span Wood siding, hardwood

08 - Openings and Glazing

Glazing, double pane IGU Post or guard rail, laminated glass

09 - Finishes

Wall board, gypsum

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Division, itemized by Material 100%

398,966 kg

468.8 kgSO₂eq

36.91 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

224,630 kgCO₂eq

0.01572 CFC-11eq

6,925 O₃eq

1,841,840 MJ

1,736,895 MJ

105,293 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend 03 - Concrete

Steel, reinforcing rod Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic Structural concrete, 4000 psi, generic Structural concrete, 5000 psi, generic

09 - Finishes

Paint, interior acrylic latex Wall board, gypsum, moisture- and mold-resistant

04 - Masonry

Aluminum, extruded Aluminum, sheet Brick, generic Fasteners, stainless steel Mortar type N Paint, exterior acrylic latex Silicone joint sealant Stone slab, granite

05 - Metals

Cold formed structural steel Steel, bar joist

06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites Domestic hardwood, US Domestic softwood, US Fasteners, stainless steel Glass fiber board Interior grade plywood, US Paint, interior acrylic latex Wood stain, water based

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection

APP Modified bitumen, sheet Asphalt felt sheet, roofing underlayment Construction adhesive, polyurethane Domestic hardwood, US Fasteners, stainless steel Insulated metal panel (IMP), Metl-Span, CF roof panel, EPD Roofing tiles, clay, high profile Wood stain, water based

08 - Openings and Glazing

Glazing, double, 3 mm, laminated safety glass, acid-etched Glazing, double, insulated (air)

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Division, itemized by Material 2%

5% 1%

17%

13%

2% 1%

1% 42%

28%

2% 1% 1%

58%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend 03 - Concrete

Steel, reinforcing rod Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic Structural concrete, 4000 psi, generic Structural concrete, 5000 psi, generic

09 - Finishes

Paint, interior acrylic latex Wall board, gypsum, moisture- and mold-resistant

04 - Masonry

Aluminum, extruded Aluminum, sheet Brick, generic Fasteners, stainless steel Mortar type N Paint, exterior acrylic latex Silicone joint sealant Stone slab, granite

05 - Metals

Cold formed structural steel Steel, bar joist

06 - Wood/Plastics/Composites Domestic hardwood, US Domestic softwood, US Fasteners, stainless steel Glass fiber board Interior grade plywood, US Paint, interior acrylic latex Wood stain, water based

07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection

08 - Openings and Glazing

Glazing, double, 3 mm, laminated safety glass, acid-etched Glazing, double, insulated (air)

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category 100%

398,966 kg

468.8 kgSO₂eq

36.91 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

224,630 kgCO₂eq

0.01572 CFC-11eq

6,925 O₃eq

1,841,840 MJ

1,736,895 MJ

105,293 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Revit Categories Doors

Floors Roofs

Stairs and Railings Structure Walls

Windows

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category 2%

4% 17%

17%

30%

16%

60%

49%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Revit Categories Doors

Floors Roofs

Stairs and Railings Structure Walls

Windows

xxx

LCA of Residential Building

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Family 100%

398,966 kg

468.8 kgSO₂eq

36.91 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

224,630 kgCO₂eq

0.01572 CFC-11eq

6,925 O₃eq

1,841,840 MJ

1,736,895 MJ

105,293 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Doors

M_Single-Flush: 0813 x 2134mm M_Single-Flush: 0915 x 2134mm M_Single-Flush: 1000 x 2134mm

Floors

Beam and Block 150mm

Roofs

Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

Stairs and Railings

1100mm 190mm max riser 250mm going Glass Panel - Bottom Fill

Structure

M_Rectangular Column: 457 x 475mm

Walls

Generic - 200mm Masonry Interior - Blockwork 90

Windows

M_Fixed: 0300 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0600 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0800 x 0600mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 1800 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2100 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2400 x 1800mm

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Family 1% 2% 17%

17%

30%

16%

60%

49%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Doors

M_Single-Flush: 0813 x 2134mm M_Single-Flush: 0915 x 2134mm M_Single-Flush: 1000 x 2134mm

Floors

Beam and Block 150mm

Roofs

Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

Stairs and Railings

1100mm 190mm max riser 250mm going Glass Panel - Bottom Fill

Structure

M_Rectangular Column: 457 x 475mm

Walls

Generic - 200mm Masonry Interior - Blockwork 90

Windows

M_Fixed: 0300 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0600 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0800 x 0600mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 1800 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2100 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2400 x 1800mm

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LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Tally Entry 100%

398,966 kg

468.8 kgSO₂eq

36.91 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

224,630 kgCO₂eq

0.01572 CFC-11eq

6,925 O₃eq

1,841,840 MJ

1,736,895 MJ

105,293 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Doors

Domestic hardwood Plywood, interior grade Wood framing

Floors

Cast-in-place concrete, slab on grade Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Steel, bar joist

Roofs

APP modified bitumen, sheet Asphalt felt sheet Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 3000 psi (20 Mpa) Clay roofing tile Insulated metal roof panels, manufacturer specific, EPD - Metl-Span

Stairs and Railings

Post or guard rail, laminated glass Stair, cast-in-place concrete Steel, hollow structural section Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

Structure

Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 4000 psi (30 MPa)

Walls

Brick, generic, grouted Wall board, gypsum

Windows

Glazing, double pane IGU Wood framing with insulation Wood siding, hardwood

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Tally Entry 2%

1% 1% 14%

15%

1% 2%

30%

5% 1% 3% 60%

42%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Doors

Domestic hardwood Plywood, interior grade Wood framing

Floors

Cast-in-place concrete, slab on grade Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Steel, bar joist

Roofs

Stairs and Railings

Post or guard rail, laminated glass Stair, cast-in-place concrete Steel, hollow structural section Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

Structure

Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 4000 psi (30 MPa)

Walls

Brick, generic, grouted Wall board, gypsum

Windows

Glazing, double pane IGU Wood framing with insulation Wood siding, hardwood

xxxiv

LCA of Residential Building

26-04-2018

Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Material 100%

398,966 kg

468.8 kgSO₂eq

36.91 kgNeq

Mass

Acidification Potential

Eutrophication Potential

224,630 kgCO₂eq

0.01572 CFC-11eq

6,925 O₃eq

1,841,840 MJ

1,736,895 MJ

105,293 MJ

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

50%

Global Warming Ozone Depletion Smog Formation Primary Energy Potential Potential Potential Demand

Legend Doors

Domestic hardwood, US Domestic softwood, US Interior grade plywood, US Paint, interior acrylic latex Wood stain, water based

Windows

Domestic hardwood, US Domestic softwood, US Fasteners, stainless steel Glass fiber board Glazing, double, insulated (air) Wood stain, water based

Floors

Steel, bar joist Steel, reinforcing rod Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic

Roofs

APP Modified bitumen, sheet Asphalt felt sheet, roofing underlayment Construction adhesive, polyurethane Fasteners, stainless steel Insulated metal panel (IMP), Metl-Span, CF roof panel, EPD Roofing tiles, clay, high profile Steel, reinforcing rod Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic

Stairs and Railings

Aluminum, extruded Aluminum, sheet Cold formed structural steel Fasteners, stainless steel Glazing, double, 3 mm, laminated safety glass, acid-etched Silicone joint sealant Steel, reinforcing rod Stone slab, granite Structural concrete, 5000 psi, generic

Structure

Steel, reinforcing rod Structural concrete, 4000 psi, generic

Walls

Brick, generic Mortar type N Paint, exterior acrylic latex Paint, interior acrylic latex Wall board, gypsum, moisture- and mold-resistant

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Full Building Impact Study

Results per Revit Category, itemized by Material 1%

2% 1%

1% 1%

12%

10%

28%

1% 3% 2% 3% 4%

58% 1%

42%

Global Warming Potential

Primary Energy Demand

Legend Doors

Domestic hardwood, US Domestic softwood, US Interior grade plywood, US Paint, interior acrylic latex Wood stain, water based

Windows

Domestic hardwood, US Domestic softwood, US Fasteners, stainless steel Glass fiber board Glazing, double, insulated (air) Wood stain, water based

Floors

Steel, bar joist Steel, reinforcing rod Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic

Roofs

Stairs and Railings

Structure

Steel, reinforcing rod Structural concrete, 4000 psi, generic

Walls

Brick, generic Mortar type N Paint, exterior acrylic latex Paint, interior acrylic latex Wall board, gypsum, moisture- and mold-resistant

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Calculation Methodology Studied objects The life cycle assessment (LCA) results reported represent either an analysis of a single building or a comparative analysis of two or more building design options. The single building may represent the complete architectural, structural, and finish systems of a building or a subset of those systems, and it may be used to compare the relative environmental impacts associated with building components or for comparative study with one or more reference buildings. Design options may represent a full building across various stages of the design process, or they may represent multiple schemes of a full or partial building that are being compared to one another across a range of evaluation criteria. Functional unit and reference flow The functional unit of a single building is the usable floor space of the building under study. For a design option comparison of a partial building, the functional unit is the complete set of building systems that performs a given function. The reference flow is the amount of material required to produce a building or portion thereof, and is designed according to the given goal and scope of the assessment over the full life of the building. If construction impacts are included in the assessment, the reference flow also includes the energy, water, and fuel consumed on the building site during construction. If operational energy is included in the assessment, the reference flow includes the electrical and thermal energy consumed on site over the life of the building. It is the responsibility of the modeler to assure that reference buildings or design options are functionally equivalent in terms of scope, size, and relevant performance. The expected life of the building has a default value of 60 years and can be modified by the practitioner.

Maintenance and Replacement [EN 15978 B2-B4] encompasses the replacement of materials in accordance with the expected service life. This includes the end of life treatment of the existing products, transportation to site, and cradle-to-gate manufacturing of the replacement products. The service life is specified separately for each product. Operational Energy [EN 15978 B6] is based on the anticipated energy consumed at the building site over the lifetime of the building. Each associated dataset includes relevant upstream impacts associated with extraction of energy resources (such as coal or crude oil), including refining, combustion, transmission, losses, and other associated factors. For further detail, see Energy Metadata in the appendix. End of Life [EN 15978 C2-C4, D] is based on average US construction and demolition waste treatment methods and rates. This includes the relevant material collection rates for recycling, processing requirements for recycled materials, incineration rates, and landfilling rates. Along with processing requirements, the recycling of materials is modeled using an avoided burden approach, where the burden of primary material production is allocated to the subsequent life cycle based on the quantity of recovered secondary material. Incineration of materials includes credit for average US energy recovery rates. The impacts associated with landfilling are based on average material properties, such as plastic waste, biodegradable waste, or inert material. Specific end-of-life scenarios are detailed for each entry.

Data source and quality Tally utilizes a custom designed LCA database that combines material attributes, assembly details, and architectural specifications with environmental impact data resulting from the collaboration between KieranTimberlake and thinkstep. LCA modeling was conducted in GaBi 6 using GaBi databases and in accordance with GaBi databases and modeling principles.

System boundaries and delimitations The analysis accounts for the full cradle-to-grave life cycle of the design options studied, including material manufacturing, maintenance and replacement, eventual end-of-life, and the materials and energy used across all life cycle stages. Optionally, the The data used are intended to represent the US and the year 2013. construction impacts and operational energy of the building can be Where representative data were unavailable, proxy data were used. included within the scope. The datasets used, their geographic region, and year of reference Architectural materials and assemblies include all materials required are listed for each entry. An effort was made to choose proxy datasets that are technologically consistent with the relevant entry. for the productâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s manufacturing and use including hardware, sealants, adhesives, coatings, and finishing. The materials are Uncertainty in results can stem from both the data used and its included up to a 1% cut-off factor by mass with the exception of application. Data quality is judged by: its measured, calculated, or known materials that have high environmental impacts at low estimated precision; its completeness, such as unreported levels. In these cases, a 1% cut-off was implemented by impact. emissions; its consistency, or degree of uniformity of the

Manufacturing [EN 15978 A1-A3] encompases the full product stage, including raw material extraction and processing, intermediate transportation, and final manufacturing and assembly. The manufacturing scope is listed for each entry, detailing any specific inclusions or exclusions that fall outside of the cradle-to-gate scope. Infrastructure (buildings and machinery) required for the manufacturing and assembly of building materials are not included and are considered outside the scope of assessment. Transportation [EN 15978 A4] between the manufacturer and building site is included separately and can be modified by the practitioner. Transportation at the productâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s end-of-life is excluded from this study.

methodology applied on a study serving as a data source; and geographical, temporal, and technological representativeness. The GaBi LCI databases have been used in LCA models worldwide in both industrial and scientific applications. These LCI databases have additionally been used both as internal and critically reviewed and published studies. Uncertainty introduced by the use of proxy data is reduced by using technologically, geographically, and/or temporally similar data. It is the responsibility of the modeler to appropriately apply the predefined material entries to the building under study. Tally methodology is consistent with LCA standards ISO 14040-14044 and EN 15978:2011.

On-site Construction [EN 15978 A5] includes the anticipated or measured energy and water consumed on-site during the construction installation process, as entered by the tool user.

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Glossary of LCA Terminology Environmental Impact Categories

The following list provides a description of environmental impact categories reported according to the TRACI 2.1 characterization scheme. References: [Bare 2010, EPA 2012, Guinée 2001]

kg SO₂ eq Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

Acidification Potential (AP)

A measure of emissions that cause acidifying effects to the environment. The acidification potential is a measure of a molecule’s capacity to increase the hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration in the presence of water, thus decreasing the pH value. Potential effects include fish mortality, forest decline, and the deterioration of building materials.

kg CFC-11 eq

A measure of air emissions that contribute to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone leads to higher levels of UVB ultraviolet rays reaching the earth’s surface with detrimental effects on humans and plants. Smog Formation Potential (SFP)

kg O₃ eq

Ground level ozone is created by various chemical reactions, which Eutrophication Potential (EP) kg N eq occur between nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and volatile organic Eutrophication covers potential impacts of excessively high levels of compounds (VOCs) in sunlight. Human health effects can result in a macronutrients, the most important of which are nitrogen (N) and variety of respiratory issues including increasing symptoms of phosphorus (P). Nutrient enrichment may cause an undesirable shift bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. Permanent lung damage may in species composition and elevated biomass production in both result from prolonged exposure to ozone. Ecological impacts aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems increased include damage to various ecosystems and crop damage. The biomass production may lead to depressed oxygen levels, because primary sources of ozone precursors are motor vehicles, electric of the additional consumption of oxygen in biomass power utilities, and industrial facilities. decomposition.

Primary Energy Demand (PED) MJ (lower heating value) kg CO₂ eq A measure of the total amount of primary energy extracted from A measure of greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide the earth. PED is expressed in energy demand from non-renewable and methane. These emissions are causing an increase in the resources (e.g. petroleum, natural gas, etc.) and energy demand absorption of radiation emitted by the earth, increasing the natural from renewable resources (e.g. hydropower, wind energy, solar, greenhouse effect. This may in turn have adverse impacts on etc.). Efficiencies in energy conversion (e.g. power, heat, steam, etc.) ecosystem health, human health, and material welfare. are taken into account. Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Building Life-Cycle Stages

The following diagram illustrates the organization of building life-cycle stages as described in EN 15978. Processes included in Tally modeling scope are shown in bold.

PRODUCT A1. Raw material supply A2. Transport

A3. Manufacturing

CONSTRUCTION

USE

A4. Transport

A5. Construction installation process

B1. Use

C1. Demolition

B3. Repair

C3. Waste processing

B2. Maintenance B4. Replacement

B5. Refurbishment B6. Operational energy B7. Operational water

xxxviii

END OF LIFE C2. Transport C4. Disposal

D. Reuse, recovery, and recycling potential

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LCA Metadata Transportation by Barge

NOTES

Description: Barge

The following list provides a summary of all energy, construction, transportation, and materials inputs present in the selected study. Materials are listed in alphabetical order along with a list of all Revit families and Tally entries in which they occur and any notes and system boundaries accompanying their database entries. The mass given here refers to the full life-cycle mass of material, including manufacturing and replacement. The service life of the material used in each Revit family is indicated in parentheses. Values shown with an asterisk (*) indicate user-defined changes to default settings. On-site Construction Electrical Energy Description: Average Grid Mix - Singapore

3000 kWh

Entry Source: GLO: Barge PE (2012), US: Diesel mix at filling station PE (2011)

On-site Construction Scope: The data set represents the average country or region specific electricity supply for final consumers, including electricity own consumption, transmission/distribution losses and electricity imports from neighboring countries. The national energy carrier mixes used for electricity production, the power plant efficiency data, shares on direct to combined heat and power generation (CHP), as well as transmission/distribution losses and own consumption values are taken from official statistics (International Energy Agency, and US-EPA eGRID for USA regions) for the corresponding reference year. Entry Source: SG: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) On-site Construction Heating Energy Description: Diesel - US Average

Transportation Scope: The data set represents the transportation of 1 kg of material from the manufacturer location to the building site by barge. The default transportation distances are based on the transportation distances by three-digit material commodity code in the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey published by the US Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the US Department of Commerce where more specific industry-level transportation was not available.

Transportation by Container Ship Description: Container Ship

Transportation Scope: The data set represents the transportation of 1 kg of material from the manufacturer location to the building site by container ship. The default transportation distances are based on the transportation distances by three-digit material commodity code in the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey published by the US Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the US Department of Commerce where more specific industry-level transportation was not available.

7554.94 MJ

On-site Construction Scope: The data set represents United States average diesel fuel use for temporary heating of a construction site. Entry includes upstream production of diesel fuel, transport from refinery to filling station, and on-site combustion.

Entry Source: GLO: Container ship PE (2013), US: Heavy fuel oil at refinery (0.3wt.% S) PE (2011) Transportation by Rail Description: Rail

Entry Source: US: Diesel mix at filling station; GLO: Fork lifter (diesel consumption) On-site Construction Water Description: Water - US Average

8000 liters

On-site Construction Scope: The data set represents the average country specific water supply for site construction. Entry includes the extraction and purification of ground water, delivery of ground water to tap, and treatment of incoming municipal water treatment. Entry Source: US: Tap water from groundwater US: Municipal waste water treatment (mix) Operational Electrical Energy

Description: Average grid mix - Singapore

Description: Natural gas - Singapore

Entry Source: GLO: Rail transport cargo - Diesel PE (2013), US: Diesel mix at filling station PE (2011) Transportation by Truck Description: Truck

Transportation Scope: The data set represents the transportation of 1 kg of material from the manufacturer location to the building site by diesel truck. The default transportation distances are based on the transportation distances by three-digit material commodity code in the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey published by the US Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the US Department of Commerce where more specific industry-level transportation was not available.

210000 kWh

Operational Energy Scope: The data set represents the average country or region specific electricity supply for final consumers, including electricity own consumption, transmission/distribution losses and electricity imports from neighboring countries. The national energy carrier mixes used for electricity production, the power plant efficiency data, shares on direct to combined heat and power generation (CHP), as well as transmission/distribution losses and own consumption values are taken from official statistics (International Energy Agency, and US-EPA eGRID for USA regions) for the corresponding reference year. Entry Source: SG: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) Operational Heating Energy

Transportation Scope: The data set represents the transportation of 1 kg of material from the manufacturer location to the building site by cargo rail. The default transportation distances are based on the transportation distances by three-digit material commodity code in the 2012 Commodity Flow Survey published by the US Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the US Department of Commerce where more specific industry-level transportation was not available.

Entry Source: US: Truck - Trailer, basic enclosed / 45,000 lb payload - 8b PE (2013), US: Diesel mix at filling station PE (2011) Model Elements

Revit Categories Ceilings, Curtainwall Mullions, Curtainwall Panels, Doors, Floors, Roofs, Stairs and Railings, Structure, Walls, Windows

0 kWh

Operational Energy Scope: The data set represents region-specific natural gas use for heating during building use and operations. Entry includes upstream production of natural gas, transport from refinery to filling station, and on-site combustion. Entry Source: SI: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010)

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LCA project model 20180425.rvt Worksets Workset1 LCA project model 20180425.rvt Phases Existing, New Construction

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LCA Metadata (continued) Aluminum, extruded

Used in the following Revit families: 190mm max riser 250mm going

Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km

9.1 kg 9.1 kg (50 yrs)

End of Life Scope: 5% recycled into bitumen (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 95% landiflled (inert waste)

Used in the following Tally entries: Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

Entry Source: US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) DE: EPDM roofing membranes (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) US: Limestone (CaCO3 washed) PE (2012) US: Glass fibres PE (2012) RER: Polyester (PET) fabric PE (2012) US: Polypropylene granulate (PP) PE (2012) US: Polyethylene High Density Granulate (PE-HD) PE (2012) US: Bitumen at refinery PE (2010)

Description: Extruded aluminum part Life Cycle Inventory: Aluminum, process energy Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 663 km

Asphalt felt sheet, roofing underlayment Used in the following Revit families: Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

End of Life Scope: 95% recovered (includes recycling, scrap preparation, and avoided burden credit) 5% landfilled (inert material)

Used in the following Revit families: 190mm max riser 250mm going

417.0 kg (30 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Asphalt felt sheet

Entry Source: NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium extrusion profile PE (2012) Aluminum, sheet

417.0 kg

Description: Asphalt felt sheet, exclusive of spray adhesive for roofing and wall application. Type II felt, also called No. 30 asphalt felt, is the minimum accepted by the IBC and IRC for underlayment and interlayment.

7.4 kg 7.4 kg (50 yrs)

Life Cycle Inventory: 0.56 kg/mÂ˛ bitumen sheet

Used in the following Tally entries: Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Description: Aluminum sheet, formed and cut

Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km

Life Cycle Inventory: Aluminum, process energy Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

End of Life Scope: 5% recycled into bitumen (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 95% landiflled (inert waste)

Transportation Distance: By truck: 663 km

Entry Source: DE: Bitumen sheet v 60 (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Brick, generic

End of Life Scope: 95% recovered (includes recycling, scrap preparation, and avoided burden credit) 5% landfilled (inert material)

Used in the following Revit families: Generic - 200mm Masonry Interior - Blockwork 90

Entry Source: NA: Primary Aluminium Ingot AA (2011) EU-27: Aluminium sheet PE (2012) GLO: Steel sheet stamping and bending (5% loss) PE (2012) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010) GLO: Compressed air 7 bar (medium power consumption) PE (2010) EU-27: Aluminium clean scrap remelting & casting (2010) EAA (2011) APP Modified bitumen, sheet

Used in the following Revit families: Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

192,409.7 kg (50 yrs) 562.0 kg (50 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Brick, generic, grouted Description: Generic brick, 3.675 x 2.25 x 8 Life Cycle Inventory: 2000 kg/mÂł fired brick

1,700.7 kg

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mortar anchors, ties, and metal accessories outside of scope (<1% mass)

1,700.7 kg (40 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: APP modified bitumen, sheet

Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km

Description: Atactic polypropylene (AAP)-modified bituminous membrane

End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material)

Life Cycle Inventory: Asphalt: 40% Sand: 5% Limestone: 5% Polyester: 10% Glass fibers: 10%: Propylene: 10% Polypropylene: 10%: Polyethylene: 10%

Entry Source: DE: Stoneware tiles, unglazed (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

192,971.7 kg

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LCA Metadata (continued) Cold formed structural steel

Used in the following Revit families: 1100mm

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

44.2 kg 44.2 kg (50 yrs)

Transportation Distance: By truck: 383 km

Used in the following Tally entries: Steel, hollow structural section

End of Life Scope: 14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste)

Description: Cold-rolled steel Life Cycle Inventory: Cold rolled steel

Entry Source: US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, PNW USLCI/PE (2009) US: Surfaced dried lumber, at planer mill, SE USLCI/PE (2009)

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Domestic softwood, US

Transportation Distance: By truck: 431 km

Used in the following Revit families: M_Fixed: 0300 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0600 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0800 x 0600mm M_Single-Flush: 0813 x 2134mm M_Single-Flush: 0915 x 2134mm M_Single-Flush: 1000 x 2134mm

End of Life Scope: 98% recovered (product has 9.5% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 2% landfilled (inert material)

Description: Dimensional lumber, sawn, planed, dried and cut for standard framing or planking

Used in the following Tally entries: Clay roofing tile

Life Cycle Inventory: 17% US Pacific Northwest 30% US Southeast 11% US Inland Northwest US Northeast/North Central 3% 39% CA Softwood lumber

Description: Generic polyurethane construction adhesive

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Life Cycle Inventory: 5% Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate ((p)MDI) 95% Polyurethane (copolymer-component) (estimation from TPU adhesive) 1.35% NMVOC emissions

Transportation Distance: By truck: 383 km

Construction adhesive, polyurethane

213.4 kg 213.4 kg (10 yrs)

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, plus emissions during application

End of Life Scope: 14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste)

Transportation Distance: By truck: 840 km

Entry Source: RNA: Softwood lumber CORRIM (2011) Fasteners, stainless steel

End of Life Scope: 98.7% solids to landfill (plastic waste)

Used in the following Revit families: 190mm max riser 250mm going M_Window-Casement-Double: 1800 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2100 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2400 x 1800mm Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

Entry Source: EU-27: Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate ((p)MDI) PE (2010) DE: Polyurethane (copolymer-component) (estimation from TPU adhesive) PE (2012) Domestic hardwood, US

Used in the following Revit families: M_Single-Flush: 0915 x 2134mm M_Single-Flush: 1000 x 2134mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 1800 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2100 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2400 x 1800mm

1,797.3 kg

148.2 kg 1.8 kg (50 yrs) 0.6 kg (50 yrs) 0.4 kg (50 yrs) 0.9 kg (50 yrs) 144.5 kg (50 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Insulated metal roof panels, manufacturer specific, EPD - Metl-Span Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer Wood siding, hardwood

28.9 kg (50 yrs) 347.4 kg (50 yrs) 487.2 kg (50 yrs) 284.2 kg (50 yrs) 649.6 kg (50 yrs)

Description: Stainless steel part. Used for fasteners and some specialized hardware (bolts, rails, clips, etc.) that are linked to other entries by volume or weight of metal.

Used in the following Tally entries: Domestic hardwood Wood siding, hardwood

Life Cycle Inventory: Stainless steel

Description: Dimensional lumber, sawn, planed, dried and cut for standard framing or planking

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Life Cycle Inventory: 38% PNW 62% SE Dimensional lumber Proxied by softwood

33.2 kg (50 yrs) 37.9 kg (50 yrs) 12.3 kg (50 yrs) 13.4 kg (50 yrs) 4.6 kg (50 yrs) 50.9 kg (50 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Wood framing Wood framing with insulation

Entry Source: NA: Steel finished cold rolled coil worldsteel (2007) GLO: Steel sheet stamping and bending (5% loss) PE (2012) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010) GLO: Compressed air 7 bar (medium power consumption) PE (2010) GLO: Value of scrap worldsteel (2007)

Used in the following Revit families: Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

152.2 kg

Transportation Distance: By truck: 1001 km End of Life Scope: 98% recovered (product has 58.1% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden)

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Full Building Impact Study

LCA Metadata (continued) Used in the following Tally entries: Glazing, double pane IGU

2% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: RER: Stainless steel Quarto plate (304) Eurofer (2008) GLO: Steel turning PE (2011) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) RER: Stainless steel flat product (304) - value of scrap Eurofer (2008) Glass fiber board

Used in the following Revit families: M_Fixed: 0300 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0600 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0800 x 0600mm

Description: Glazing, double, insulated (air filled), 1/4" float glass clear, inclusive of sealant, and spacers Life Cycle Inventory: 21.4 kg/m² glass

0.0 kg

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

0.0 kg (30 yrs) 0.0 kg (30 yrs) 0.0 kg (30 yrs)

Transportation Distance: By truck: 940 km

Used in the following Tally entries: Wood framing with insulation

End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (inert waste)

Description: Fiberglass duct wrap that is used to provide thermal insulation to ducts and plenums

Entry Source: DE: Double glazing unit PE (2012), modified to exclude coating and argon

Life Cycle Inventory: Fiberglass

Insulated metal panel (IMP), Metl-Span, CF roof panel, EPD Used in the following Revit families: Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

2,052.0 kg 2,052.0 kg (50 yrs)

Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km

Used in the following Tally entries: Insulated metal roof panels, manufacturer specific, EPD - Metl-Span

End of Life Scope: 100% landfilled (inert waste)

Description: 3-inch thick, Insulated metal panel (IMP). EPD representative of conditions in the US.

Entry Source: US: Fiberglass Duct Board NAIMA (2007)

Life Cycle Inventory: Polyester Polyol Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) R-134a Catalyst Galvanized Steel

Glazing, double, 3 mm, laminated safety glass, acid-etched Used in the following Revit families: Glass Panel - Bottom Fill

504.0 kg 504.0 kg (40 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Post or guard rail, laminated glass

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Description: Laminated glass, 2 lites 3 mm thick, inclusive of polyvinyl butyral, acid etching, and sealant

Transportation Distance: By truck: 663 km End of Life Scope: 88% of steel scrap is assumed to be recovered remainder of materials to landfill does not include disposal of installation components

Life Cycle Inventory: 0.40 kg/m² PVB film (30% adipic acid 70% PVB) 15.4 kg/m² glass Acid: 32% HCl concentration 1 kg acid/m2 glass

Entry Source: US: Insulated metal panel (IMP), CF roof panel - Metl-Span PE-EPD (2011) US: Disposal of insulated metal panel (IMP), CF roof panel - Metl-Span PE-EPD (2011)

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, excluding sealant

Interior grade plywood, US

Used in the following Revit families: M_Single-Flush: 0813 x 2134mm

Transportation Distance: By truck: 940 km

Used in the following Tally entries: Plywood, interior grade

End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (inert waste)

Description: Plywood, unfinished

Entry Source: DE: Window glass simple (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) DE: Adipic acid from cyclohexane PE (2012) DE: Polyvinyl Butyral Granulate (PVB) PE (2012) GLO: Plastic film (PE, PP, PVC) PE (2012) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010) US: Lubricants at refinery PE (2010) Glazing, double, insulated (air)

Used in the following Revit families: M_Fixed: 0300 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0600 x 1800mm M_Fixed: 0800 x 0600mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 1800 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2100 x 1800mm M_Window-Casement-Double: 2400 x 1800mm

Life Cycle Inventory: 22% US Pacific Northwest 66% US Southeast 12% CA Softwood plywood 2,344.6 kg 208.0 kg (40 yrs) 416.0 kg (40 yrs) 102.7 kg (40 yrs) 554.7 kg (40 yrs) 323.6 kg (40 yrs) 739.6 kg (40 yrs)

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Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 468 km End of Life Scope: 14.5% recovered (credited as avoided burden) 22% incinerated with energy recovery 63.5% landfilled (untreated wood waste)

31.2 kg 31.2 kg (50 yrs)

LCA of Residential Building

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Full Building Impact Study

LCA Metadata (continued) End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (plastic waste)

Entry Source: RNA: Softwood plywood CORRIM (2011) Mortar type N

Used in the following Revit families: Generic - 200mm Masonry Interior - Blockwork 90

Entry Source: DE: Application paint emulsion (building, interior, white, wear resistant) PE (2012)

23,783.8 kg 23,714.5 kg (50 yrs) 69.3 kg (50 yrs)

Roofing tiles, clay, high profile

Used in the following Revit families: Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

Used in the following Tally entries: Brick, generic, grouted

Description: Two piece, unglazed, mission style extruded clay tile. Tile manufacturing inclusive of kiln firing and colorant. Self adhering asphalt felt underlay not included in entry.

Life Cycle Inventory: 77% aggregate 12% cement 11% water

Life Cycle Inventory: Stoneware tile

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km

Transportation Distance: By truck: 1249 km

End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material)

Entry Source: DE: Masonry mortar (MG II a) PE (2012)

Used in the following Revit families: Generic - 200mm Masonry Interior - Blockwork 90

591.1 kg 586.8 kg (10 yrs) 4.3 kg (10 yrs)

Entry Source: DE: Stoneware tiles, unglazed (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Silicone joint sealant

Used in the following Revit families: 190mm max riser 250mm going

Used in the following Tally entries: Brick, generic, grouted

Used in the following Tally entries: Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

Description: Application paint emulsion (building, exterior, white). Associated reference table includes primer.

Description: Sealing compound

4.3 kg (10 yrs)

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application

Transportation Distance: By truck: 840 km

Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km

End of Life Scope: 100% to landfill (plastic waste)

Entry Source: DE: Silicone sealing compound (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012)

Entry Source: DE: Application paint emulsion (building, exterior, white) PE (2012)

Used in the following Revit families: Interior - Blockwork 90 M_Single-Flush: 0813 x 2134mm

4.3 kg

Life Cycle Inventory: 100% silicone sealing compound

Life Cycle Inventory: 4.5% organic solvents

Paint, interior acrylic latex

62.3 kg (50 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Clay roofing tile

Description: Mortar Type N (moderate strength mortar for use in masonry walls and flooring)

Paint, exterior acrylic latex

62.3 kg

11.9 kg

Steel, bar joist

6.9 kg (10 yrs) 5.1 kg (10 yrs)

Used in the following Revit families: Beam and Block 150mm

1,232.7 kg 1,232.7 kg (50 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Steel, bar joist

Used in the following Tally entries: Plywood, interior grade Wall board, gypsum

Description: Steel studs, cold formed sheet steel with roll forming, organic coated

Description: Application paint emulsion (building, interior, white, wear resistant)

Life Cycle Inventory: Carbon steel

Life Cycle Inventory: 2% organic solvents

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application

Transportation Distance: By truck: 431 km

Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km

End of Life Scope: 98% recovered (product has 7.1% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden)

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LCA Metadata (continued) Description: Structural concrete, generic, 3000 psi

2% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: GLO: Steel organic coated worldsteel (2007) US: Electricity grid mix PE (2010) US: Thermal energy from natural gas PE (2010) US: Metal roll forming MCA (2010) Steel, reinforcing rod

Used in the following Revit families: 190mm max riser 250mm going Beam and Block 150mm M_Rectangular Column: 457 x 475mm Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

Life Cycle Inventory: 13% cement 40% gravel 39% sand 7% water

8,200.1 kg

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts

77.7 kg (50 yrs) 5,860.0 kg (50 yrs) 293.2 kg (50 yrs) 1,969.2 kg (50 yrs)

Transportation Distance: By truck: 24 km

Used in the following Tally entries: Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 3000 psi (20 Mpa) Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 4000 psi (30 MPa) Cast-in-place concrete, slab on grade Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck Stair, cast-in-place concrete

End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) EU-27: Gravel 2/32 PE (2012) US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012)

Description: Steel rod suitable for structural reinforcement (rebar), common unfinished tempered steel Life Cycle Inventory: Steel rebar

Structural concrete, 4000 psi, generic

Used in the following Revit families: M_Rectangular Column: 457 x 475mm

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate

5,863.8 kg (50 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 4000 psi (30 MPa)

Transportation Distance: By truck: 431 km

Description: Structural concrete, generic, 4000 psi

End of Life Scope: 70% recovered (product has 69.8% scrap input while remainder is processed and credited as avoided burden) 30% landfilled (inert material)

Life Cycle Inventory: 15% cement 41% gravel 37% sand 7% water

Entry Source: GLO: Steel rebar worldsteel (2007) Stone slab, granite

Used in the following Revit families: 190mm max riser 250mm going

5,863.8 kg

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts

70.9 kg 70.9 kg (50 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Stone panel on aluminum honeycomb backer

Transportation Distance: By truck: 24 km

Description: Stone veneer wall

End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material)

Life Cycle Inventory: Granite

Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) EU-27: Gravel 2/32 PE (2012) US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012)

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mortar anchors, ties, and metal accessories outside of scope (<1% mass)

Structural concrete, 5000 psi, generic

Transportation Distance: By truck: 217 km

Used in the following Revit families: 190mm max riser 250mm going

End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material)

Used in the following Tally entries: Stair, cast-in-place concrete Description: Structural concrete, generic, 5000 psi

Entry Source: DE: Natural stone slab, rigid, facade (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Structural concrete, 3000 psi, generic Used in the following Revit families: Beam and Block 150mm Warm Roof - Concrete 150mm

156,584.0 kg 117,200.1 kg (50 yrs) 39,383.8 kg (50 yrs)

Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate excludes mixing and pouring impacts

Used in the following Tally entries: Cast-in-place concrete, reinforced structural concrete, 3000 psi (20 Mpa) Cast-in-place concrete, slab on grade Reinforced slab, exclusive of deck

Life Cycle Inventory: 15% cement 46% gravel 31% sand 7% water

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0.0 kg 0.0 kg (50 yrs)

LCA of Residential Building

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Full Building Impact Study

LCA Metadata (continued) Transportation Distance: By truck: 24 km End of Life Scope: 50% recycled into coarse aggregate (includes grinding energy and avoided burden credit) 50% landfilled (inert material) Entry Source: US: Portland cement, at plant USLCI/PE (2009) US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) EU-27: Gravel 2/32 PE (2012) US: Silica sand (Excavation and processing) PE (2012) Wall board, gypsum, moisture- and mold-resistant Used in the following Revit families: Interior - Blockwork 90

112.4 kg 112.4 kg (30 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Wall board, gypsum Description: Moisture- and mold-resistant gypsum board Life Cycle Inventory: 1 kg gypsum wallboard Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate Transportation Distance: By truck: 172 km End of Life Scope: 54% recycled into gypsum stone (includes grinding and avoided burden credit) 46% landfilled (inert waste) Entry Source: DE:Gypsum plaster board (Moisture resistant) (EN15804 A1-A3) PE (2012) Wood stain, water based

55.8 kg 1.1 kg (10 yrs) 13.0 kg (10 yrs) 14.3 kg (10 yrs) 8.3 kg (10 yrs) 19.1 kg (10 yrs)

Used in the following Tally entries: Domestic hardwood Wood siding, hardwood Description: Semi-transparent stain for interior and exterior wood surfaces Life Cycle Inventory: 60% water, 28% acrylate resin, 7% acrylate emulsion, 5% dipropylene glycol 1.3% NMVOC emissions Manufacturing Scope: Cradle to gate, including emissions during application Transportation Distance: By truck: 642 km End of Life Scope: 38.7% solids to landfill (plastic waste) Entry Source: US: Tap water from groundwater PE (2012) US: Acrylate resin (solvent-systems) PE (2012) DE: Acrylate (emulsion) PE (2012) US: Dipropylene glycol by product propylene glycol via PO hydrogenation PE (2012)

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