CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF BIDHANNAGAR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
PROPOSALS
Contents 1.1 City Growth And Growth Direction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Adjacencies And Influences................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Developable Areas /Land Parcels .......................................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Eco Sensitive Zones ............................................................................................................... 7 1.1.4 Residential And Commercial Built Up Densities ................................................................ 10 11: Density And Floor Area Ratio (Source: Primary Survey) ...................................................... 11 1.1.5 Density And Far Consumption ............................................................................................ 11 1.1.6 Age Of Housing ................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.7 Regional Connectivity.......................................................................................................... 12 1.1.8 Urban Growth ...................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.9 Real Estate Prices And Rental Values ................................................................................. 15 1.1.10 Development Constraints ................................................................................................... 21 1.1.11 Inferences ........................................................................................................................... 22 1.2 Proposals ..................................................................................................................................... 29 1.2.1 Scope Of Development Plan: ............................................................................................... 29 1.2.2 Vision ................................................................................................................................... 29 1.2.3 Planning Approach............................................................................................................... 29 1.2.4 Goals And Objectives: ......................................................................................................... 30 1.2.5 Landuse Proposals................................................................................................................ 32 1.2.6 Transit Oriented Development ............................................................................................. 35 1.2.7 Introduction To Canal Front Development .......................................................................... 42 2.1 Vision Of Economy .......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1.2 Aim ............................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1.3 Objective .................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.4present Condition Of Jobs ........................................................................................................... 2 2.1.4.1 Future Vision For Job Creation ........................................................................................... 3 2.1.5 Migration.................................................................................................................................... 3
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2.2job Projections ................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1primary Sector Jobs..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1.1 Primary Sectors Of Kolkata ................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1.2 National Scenario About The Different Occupational Sector ............................................. 6 2.2.1.3 State Scenario About Primary Sector.................................................................................. 6 2.2.1.4economy Of Kolkata ............................................................................................................ 7 2.2.1.5 Findings Of Primary Survey ............................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.6expected Investment And Employment In Primary Sector .................................................. 9 2.2.1.7job Projection Based On Investment And Proposals ........................................................... 9 2.2.1.8 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2secondary Sector Jobs ............................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2.1analysis Of Sector .............................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2.2projection Of Jobs In Secondary Sector ............................................................................. 11 2.2.3tertiary Sector Jobs ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.3.1 Service Sector Jobs ............................................................................................................... 14 2.2.4conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3 Commercial Location Allocation ................................................................................................ 15 2.3.1 Policy ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Ward Wise Brief Proposals ...................................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Classification Of Proposed Commercial Activities ................................................................. 20 2.4 Projectisation............................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3.2methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 3 3.3 Housing Demand .............................................................................................................................. 3 3.4 Housing Location Allocation ............................................................................................................ 4 3.5 Strategies ........................................................................................................................................... 6 3.5.1 Re Densification......................................................................................................................... 6 3.5.2 Restrictions ................................................................................................................................ 7 3.5.3 F.A.R. ......................................................................................................................................... 7
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3.6
Housing Allocation In Ghuni .................................................................................................... 11
3.7
Informal Settlement .................................................................................................................. 11
3.7.1 Slum Existing Condition .......................................................................................................... 11 3.7.2
Slum Proposals.................................................................................................................. 12
3.7.3
Proposed Phased Development ......................................................................................... 12
Cost Of Project .............................................................................................................................. 13 4.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................................................... 2 4.1.1 Estimation Of Water Demand .................................................................................................... 2 4.1.2
Guidelines For Rain Water Harvesting: .............................................................................. 3
4.1.3
Arsenic Contamination: ...................................................................................................... 4
4.1.4 Proposals And Projectization: .................................................................................................... 4 4.2 Sewerage And Drainage System ....................................................................................................... 6 4.1.4
Sewerage Network .............................................................................................................. 6
4.2.1.1 Effluent Estimation For Rajarhat Area ............................................................................... 6 4.2.1.2 Sewerage Network Design ................................................................................................. 7 4.2.1.3. Location Of Pumping Station ............................................................................................ 7 4.2.1.4
Capacity And Location Of Stp ........................................................................................ 9
4.2.2
Costing And Phasing......................................................................................................... 10
4.2.3
Network............................................................................................................................. 11
4.2.4
Phasing Of Drainage Project ............................................................................................. 17
4.2.5
Sanitation In Informal Settlements ................................................................................... 18
4.2.6
Proposals And Costing ...................................................................................................... 21
4.3
Solid Waste Management ......................................................................................................... 22
4.3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 22 4.3.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management ....................................................................................... 22 4.3.3 Waste Generation Projections .................................................................................................. 22 4.4
Primary Collection ................................................................................................................ 27
4.4.1 Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 27 4.4.2 Zones .................................................................................................................................... 28
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4.4.4
Infrastructure Requirements .......................................................................................... 29
4.4.5
Recycling Services ........................................................................................................ 30
4.4.6
Composting ................................................................................................................... 30
4.4.7
Vehicles And Manpower .............................................................................................. 31
4.4.8
Transfer Stations ........................................................................................................... 33
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4.4.9
Secondary Collection ........................................................................................................ 34
Total Number Of Secondary Collection Vehicles Required (Including Standby): 26 .................. 35 4.4.10
Disposal............................................................................................................................. 35
4.4.10.1 Waste To Energy Plants .................................................................................................. 35 4.4.11 4.4.12
Landfill .......................................................................................................................... 36 Policy Interventions .......................................................................................................... 37
Waste Reduction ........................................................................................................................... 37 Financial Incentives ...................................................................................................................... 37 Public Participation ....................................................................................................................... 37 Empowering Waste Management Employees .............................................................................. 38 Use Of Technology ....................................................................................................................... 38 4.4.13
Expenditure And Funding ................................................................................................. 38
4.4.13.1 Collection And Transfer.................................................................................................. 38 4.4.13.2 4.4.14 4.5
Waste-To-Energy Plant ............................................................................................. 39 Sanitary Landfill ........................................................................................................... 39
Electric Supply .......................................................................................................................... 40
4.5.1
Sources Of Electricity ....................................................................................................... 40
4.5.2
Sector Wise Electricity Consumption – Existing Scenario ............................................... 40
4.5.3
Sector Wise Electricity Consumption – Projected ............................................................ 41
4.6
Healthcare Facilities.................................................................................................................. 42
4.6.1
Existing Scenario Of Healthcare Facilities In Bmc Area .............................................. 42
4.6.2
Deficit In Health Care Facility As Per Urdpfi Standards .................................................. 43
4.6.3
Phase Wise Required No Of Healthcare Facilities Based On Population............................. 43
4.6.4
Inferences .......................................................................................................................... 45
4.6.5
.Proposal............................................................................................................................ 47
4.6.5.1
Capacity Augmentation Of Existing Facilities Of Government Hospitals ....................... 47
4.6.5.1
Proposing New Location For Allocation Of Facilities ..................................................... 48
4.6.6 Policy Recommendations......................................................................................................... 48
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4.6.7.
Funds Required For Enhancing The Healthcare Facilities In Bidhannagar Municipal
Corporation Area .......................................................................................................................... 49 4.7
Educational Facilities ................................................................................................................ 51
4.7.1
Existing Scenario Of Educationalfacilities In Bmc Area .................................................. 51
4.7.2
Finance .............................................................................................................................. 55
4.7
Proposals (A) Service Level Gap - 2011 (B) Proposals- 2025 & 2031 ................................ 56
4.7.3
Phase Wise Proposals: ...................................................................................................... 58
4.7.4 Projectisation............................................................................................................................ 58 5.1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
5.2
Vision .......................................................................................................................................... 1
5.3.1
Objective ............................................................................................................................. 1
5.3.2
Phase 1 For Year 2025 ........................................................................................................ 1
5.3.3
Phase 2 For Year 2031 ........................................................................................................ 2
5.3
Travel Demand Forecasting ........................................................................................................ 2
5.3.1 5.3.1.1
Trip Production ............................................................................................................... 2
5.3.1.2
Trip Attraction................................................................................................................. 2
5.3.2 5.4
5.5
Trip Generation ................................................................................................................... 2
Trip Distribution ................................................................................................................. 5
Extension Of Road Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 8 5.4.1
New Road Links.............................................................................................................. 8
5.4.2
Widening Of Road Links ................................................................................................ 8
Volume/Capacity Ratio Analysis And Proposals For Improvement Of Road Links And
Intersections .......................................................................................................................................... 10
5.6
5.5.1
Vehicle Projection ......................................................................................................... 10
5.5.2
Channelization And Signaling Intersections Traffic Flow At Signalized Intersections 11
5.5.3
Road Sections For Proposed Improved And New Roads ............................................. 19
Non Motorised Transit .............................................................................................................. 20 5.6.1
5.7
Transit Oriented Development ...................................................................................... 23
Parking ...................................................................................................................................... 28 5.7.1
Considerations............................................................................................................... 28
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5.8
5.7.2
Parking Facilities........................................................................................................... 29
5.7.3
On Street Parking .......................................................................................................... 29
5.7.4
Operation And Maintenance ......................................................................................... 31
5.7.5
Funding ......................................................................................................................... 31
Bus Routes ................................................................................................................................ 33 5.8.1
5.9
5.10
5.11
Proposed Bus Service Till 2031 .................................................................................... 33
Urban Freight Management ...................................................................................................... 37 5.9.1
Regulated Timings ........................................................................................................ 37
5.9.2
Proposed Freight Corridors And Truck Terminal ......................................................... 37
Projectisation............................................................................................................................. 39 5.10.1
New Links ..................................................................................................................... 39
5.10.2
Widening Of Roads....................................................................................................... 39
Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 40
6.1 Urban Greening Strategies ................................................................................................................ 2 6.1.1 Plantation Along Major Roads................................................................................................... 2 6.1.1.1 Location Of Plantation ........................................................................................................ 2 6.1.1.2 Road Sections...................................................................................................................... 3 6.1.1.3 List Of Plant Species ........................................................................................................... 6 6.1.2 Green Roofs ............................................................................................................................... 7 6.1.3 Vertical Greening On Metro Pillars ........................................................................................... 8 6.1.3.1 Requirements Of Vertical Garden....................................................................................... 8 6.1.3.2 Structural Requirements...................................................................................................... 9 6.1.3.3 Benefits Of Vertical Gardens .............................................................................................. 9 6.1.3.4 Costs And Estimations For Vertical Greening .................................................................. 10 6.2 Water Quality Management ............................................................................................................ 13 6.2.1 Arsenic Pollution ..................................................................................................................... 13 6.2.2 Preservation Of Water Bodies.................................................................................................. 14 6.2.2.1 Estimate Of Pond Beautification....................................................................................... 17 6.3 Air Quality Management ................................................................................................................ 20
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6.3.1 Proposal For Cleaning And Washing Of Major Road Stretches.............................................. 21 6.3.2 Improvement In Public Transportation - Existing Proposal Of E-Buses ................................. 24 6.4 Solar Potential Of Saltlake .............................................................................................................. 25 6.4.1 Mnre Subsidy ........................................................................................................................... 25 6.4.2 Component Costs ..................................................................................................................... 25 6.4.3 Accelerated Depreciation ......................................................................................................... 26 6.4.4 Variations In Pricing ................................................................................................................ 26 6.4.5 Solar Rooftop Capacity And Calculation Of Salt Lake ........................................................... 27 6.4.5 Solar Street Lights In Salt Lake ............................................................................................... 30 6.4.6 Energy Efficiency Measures .................................................................................................... 30 6.5 Tourism ........................................................................................................................................... 31 6.5.1. Parking Facilities For Existing Tourist Spots ......................................................................... 31 6.5.1.1 Proposal Of Multi Level Car Parking Facility For Karunamoyee Fair Ground ................ 31 6.3 Air Quality Management ................................................................................................................ 33 6.3.1 Proposal For Cleaning And Washing Of Major Road Stretches.............................................. 33 6.3.2 Improvement In Public Transportation - Existing Proposal Of E-Buses ................................. 36 6.4 Solar Potential Of Saltlake .............................................................................................................. 38 6.4.1 Mnre Subsidy ........................................................................................................................... 38 6.4.2 Component Costs ..................................................................................................................... 38 6.4.3 Accelerated Depreciation ......................................................................................................... 39 6.4.4 Variations In Pricing ................................................................................................................ 39 6.4.5 Solar Rooftop Capacity And Calculation Of Salt Lake ........................................................... 40 6.4.5 Solar Street Lights In Salt Lake ............................................................................................... 43 6.4.6 Energy Efficiency Measures .................................................................................................... 43 6.5 Tourism ........................................................................................................................................... 44 6.5.1. Parking Facilities For Existing Tourist Spots ......................................................................... 44 6.5.1.1 Proposal Of Multi Level Car Parking Facility For Karunamoyee Fair Ground ................ 44 6.6 Sanitary Landfill Site ...................................................................................................................... 46 6.6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 46
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6.6.2 Location ................................................................................................................................... 47 6.7 Interpretation Center ....................................................................................................................... 48 6.7.1 Location ................................................................................................................................... 48 6.7.2 Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 48 6.7.3 Cost Estimation ........................................................................................................................ 49 6.8 Ecotourism In Wetlands .................................................................................................................. 50 6.8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 50 6.8.2 Estimation Of Physical Carrying Capacity .............................................................................. 51 6.8.3 Tourism Potential ..................................................................................................................... 52 Checklist For Infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 52 6.8.4 Cost Estimation ........................................................................................................................ 53 6.9 Dredging ......................................................................................................................................... 55 6.9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 55 6.9.2 Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 55 6.9.3 Cost Of Dredging ..................................................................................................................... 57 6.9.4 Use Of Biosolids (Silts From Canal) ....................................................................................... 58 6.10 Solid Waste Management In The Ecotourism Park Stretch .......................................................... 59 6.11 Provision Of Toilets ...................................................................................................................... 60 6.11.1 Description ............................................................................................................................. 60 6.11.2 Suitability ............................................................................................................................... 61 6.11.3 Cost Estimate For House Hold Toilet .................................................................................... 61 6.12 Awareness Programme ................................................................................................................. 64 6.12.1Major Activities ...................................................................................................................... 64 Publicity Through Print & Postal Media....................................................................................... 64 6.12.2 Programme Details................................................................................................................. 64 6.12.2.1 Electronic Media ............................................................................................................. 64 6.12.2.2 Print & Postal Media ....................................................................................................... 65 6.12.2.3 Exhibitions & Outdoor Media......................................................................................... 65 6.12.3 Cost Estimation ...................................................................................................................... 65
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6.13 Plantation Along Wetlands ........................................................................................................... 67 6.14 Funding & Technical Assistance For EKW .................................................................................. 68 8.1 Functional Overlap Between Institutions And Authorities ............................................................... 2 8.2 Capital Investment Plan .................................................................................................................... 3 8.3 Funding Mechanism.......................................................................................................................... 3 8.3.1 Loans From Financial Institutions ............................................................................................. 3 8.3.2 Schemes ..................................................................................................................................... 5 8.3.3 Municipal Bonds ........................................................................................................................ 7 8.3.3.1 Revenue Bonds ................................................................................................................... 7 8.3.3.2 General Obligation Bonds ................................................................................................... 7 8.3.3.3 How To Raise Money Through Municipal Bonds? ............................................................ 7 8.3.4 Municipal Revenue .................................................................................................................... 7 8.3.5 Corporate Social Responsibility................................................................................................. 8 8.4 Water Pricing .................................................................................................................................... 9 8.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9 8.4.2 Objective .................................................................................................................................... 9 8.4.3 Mechanism ................................................................................................................................. 9 8.4.3.1 Incremental Block Tariff................................................................................................... 10 8.4.3.2 Uniform Price With Rebate............................................................................................... 10 8.4.4 Tariff Design ............................................................................................................................ 10 8.5 Current Projects .............................................................................................................................. 13
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Adjacencies to the study area (Source: Google maps) ........................................................... 1 Figure 2: Maps of existing land use BMC area and proposed land use NKDA area (Source: Primary survey / LUDCP New town planning area) ............................................................................................ 2 Figure 3: Action area –I of NTPA adjacencies with ward 27 and 28 of BMC area ((Source: Primary survey / LUDCP New town planning area) ............................................................................................ 3 Figure 4 : Recent satellite image of the action area I including wards 27 and 28 of BMC area showing development status (Source: Google maps) ............................................................................................ 3
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Figure 5 : Action area –II of NTPA adjacencies with wards4, 5, and 6,12,13,14 of BMC area (Source: Primary survey / LUDCP New town planning area) .............................................................................. 4 Figure 6: Recent satellite imagery showing study area and New town action area II (Source: Google maps) ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 7 : Influence of the Airport area on development ........................................................................ 6 Figure 8: Developable parcels (source: Landsat imagery/ NDVI analysis) ............................................ 7 Figure 9: Map showing Class II Water bodies that require 7m buffer (Source: Primary Survey) .......... 8 Figure 10 Class I Water body requiring buffer of 30m (Source: Primary Survey) ............................... 10 Figure 12: Existing road Network (Source: Primary Survey) ............................................................... 12 Figure 13: Regional Connectivity (Source: Primary Survey / Google Maps) ...................................... 13 Figure 14 : Nature of Proposals for Connectivity Improvement........................................................... 14 Figure 15: Real Estate Price (Super Built Up Area) (Source: www.99acres.com ) .............................. 16 Figure 16: Variations in Land Price in BMC (Source: www.magicbricks.com) .................................. 18 Figure 17: Rental Prices surrounding BMC (Source: www.magicbricks.com) .................................... 19 Figure 18: Variation in Rental Price in BMC (Source: www.magicbricks.com) ................................. 20 Figure 19 : Land surface temperature (Source : Landsat imagery/ February 2018) ............................. 21 Figure 20 Model for residential landuse suitability .............................................................................. 33 Figure 21: Canals in study area ............................................................................................................. 43 Figure 22: Identified stretch and landuse identified.............................................................................. 44 Figure 23: Existing Land Use of the canal stretch ................................................................................ 44 Figure 24: Condition of identified stretch (A) ...................................................................................... 45 Figure 25: Encroachment on the western side of the canal ................................................................... 45 Figure 26: Grey water disposal into the canals ..................................................................................... 46 Figure 27: Blockages of the stream....................................................................................................... 46 Figure 28 : Proposal for the stretch. ...................................................................................................... 48 Figure 29: Location Map (Kestopur Canal near Salt Lake area). ......................................................... 49 Figure 30: Identified Stretch and land use (Development stretch of 1.60 km) ..................................... 50 Figure 31: Issues related to Stretch (Temporary bridges, dumping of wastage and unmaintained banks of Canal). .............................................................................................................................................. 51 Figure 32: Proposals for the stretch (Typical section) .......................................................................... 52 Figure 33: Showing map of................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 45: Showing percentage of decadal job migration in BMC. ....................................................... 4 Figure 46: Percentage Distribution of West Bengal (GSDP).................................................................. 6 Figure 47: Jobs (percentage) in different sectors Kolkata ...................................................................... 7 Figure 48: Built-Up and Non Built-Up relation in KMC (1911-2001) ................................................... 8 Figure 49: Jobs in different sectors based on Primary Survey ................................................................ 8 Figure 50 Ward wise Informal Households .......................................................................................... 12
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Figure 4.2.1: Proposed STP locations ..................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3.0.1: Zone for primary collection ............................................................................................. 29 Figure 3.0.2: A model of the community composting unit ................................................................... 31 :Figure 1 Proposed VIP Road section ..................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Proposed Road section along Bengal Chemicals .................................................................... 3 Figure 3: Proposed Typical Road section ............................................................................................... 4 Figure 4 Vertical Garden in Bengaluru Metro Pillar ............................................................................ 10 Figure 5 Map indicating the metro corridor where hoarding is proposed for ....................................... 11 Figure 6: Areas Requiring Arsenic Filter Installation ........................................................................... 13 Figure 7: Map Identifying targeted Waterbodies for Beautification in Phase I .................................... 15 Figure 8: Map Identifying targeted Waterbodies for Beautification in Phase II ................................... 16 Figure 10: Beautification of ponds with Park development.................................................................. 17 Figure 11: Road Stretches considered for Sweeping ............................................................................ 24 Figure 12: MLCP for Karunamoyee ..................................................................................................... 32 Figure 11: Road Stretches considered for Sweeping ............................................................................ 36 Figure 12: MLCP for Karunamoyee ..................................................................................................... 44 Figure 13: Shows the existing landfill site ............................................................................................ 47 Figure 14: Shows the blow up of the image.......................................................................................... 47 Figure 15: Shows the proposed site for the Interpretation center ......................................................... 48 Figure 16: showing a series of activities to provide for Ecotourism..................................................... 53 Figure 17: Showing the different drainage canal that lead to EKW ..................................................... 56 Figure 18: Showing Clamshell dredging machine ................................................................................ 57 Figure 19: Showing Clamshell dredging workingin BMC Canals ....................................................... 57 Figure 20: Twin Pit Toilet Plan............................................................................................................. 63 Figure 73 Process and Strategy for a CIP .............................................................................................. 3 Figure 75The Price projection for Category 2 and 3 consumers .......................................................... 12 Figure 74 The Price projection for Category 1 consumers .................................................................. 12
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Land and Rental Prices across BMC (Source: (Source: www.magicbricks.com) .................. 17 Table 2 : Composite Index and overall ranking of wards for development (source: primary survey) . 22 Table 3 Present and proposed landuse for Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation ................................. 33 Table 4 Proposed landuse for Ghuni ..................................................................................................... 34 Table 5 Overall proposed landuse (BMC + Ghuni) .............................................................................. 34 Table 6: Existing and proposed landuse map is provided under Map P.4 and Map P.5. ...................... 35 Table 7 Percentage of households residing within TOD influence area ............................................... 36 Table 8 Total number of households existing within the TOD influence area ..................................... 36
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Table 9 Total number of households expected to reside within TOD influence area ........................... 36 Table 10 Built-up area requirement for households in different income groups .................................. 37 Table 11 Determination of FAR for TOD intense and TOD standard zone ......................................... 37 Table 12: Estimate for Canal Development .......................................................................................... 48 Table 13: Percent of Decadal Job Migration in BMC............................................................................. 3 Table 14: Employment status of BMC ................................................................................................... 5 Table 15: Workforce Participation Ratio ................................................................................................ 5 Table 16: Percentage of Urban Population, Census of India, 1971-2011 ............................................... 7 Table 17: Pattern of Land Cover in KMC (1991-2001).......................................................................... 7 Table 18: Existing and Expected people involvement in Primary Sector ............................................... 9 Table 19: Projection of jobs in Manufacturing Sector .......................................................................... 11 Table 20: Projected Jobs in Tertiary Sector .......................................................................................... 14 Table 21: Showing different types of Tertiary Sector jobs ................................................................... 14 Table 22: Different Service Sector Jobs ............................................................................................... 14 Table 23: Final Projected Jobs in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors ........................................ 15 Table 24. Classification of Proposed Commercial activities ................................................................ 20 Table 25. Ward wise Investment / Cost of development ...................................................................... 21 Table 26. Ward wise Detail of Revenue Generation............................................................................. 22 Table 27. Revenue after considering risk factor ................................................................................... 22 Table 28. Time required for Ward wise Execution of Project .............................................................. 23 Table 29 Total Housing Demand ............................................................................................................ 3 Table 30 Income wise Housing Demand in Rajarhat-Phase 1 and Phase 2 ............................................ 4 Table 31 Income wise Housing Demand in Salt Lake - Phase 1 and Phase 2 ........................................ 4 Table 32 Ward wise Proposed Density - Phase 1 and Phase 2 ............................................................... 5 Table 33 Ward wise Housing Allocation and Proposals – Phase 1 ........................................................ 7 Table 34 Ward wise Housing Allocation and Proposals - Phase 2 ......................................................... 9 Table 35 Housing Allocated with area requirement in Ghuni Area...................................................... 11 Table 36: Shows the Sharing of Cost in Different Sectors ................................................................... 13 Table 0.1: Ward wise estimation of water demand for 2031 .................................................................. 2 Table 0.2: Guidelines for RWH .............................................................................................................. 3 Table 0.1: Sewage Calculation for Future population ............................................................................ 6 Table 3.0.1: Waste generation for different sector in 2025.................................................................. 22 Table 3.0.2: Composition of waste in 2025 ......................................................................................... 23 Table 3.0.3: Waste Generation in different sectors in 2031 ................................................................. 25 Table 3.0.4: Composition of the waste for 2031 .................................................................................. 26 Table 3.0.5: Waste generated by hospitals ............................................................................................ 27 Table 3.0.6: Segregation for hospital waste .......................................................................................... 28
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Table 3.0.7: Showing the vehicles and manpower for primary collection and sweeping different years .............................................................................................................................................................. 31 Table 3.0.8: Transfer station requirements ........................................................................................... 33 Table 3.0.9: Vehicles and manpower required for secondary transportation for 2031 ......................... 34 Table 3.0.10: Scenarios in waste management ..................................................................................... 36 Table 3.0.11: Calculation for Sanitary landfill...................................................................................... 36 Table 3.0.12: Phase calculation ............................................................................................................ 36 Table 3.0.13: Purchase cost for different phases.................................................................................. 38 Table 3.0.14: Operation and Maintenance cost for different phases..................................................... 38 Table 3.0.15: Phasing and cost of WTE plant....................................................................................... 39 Table 3.0.16: Expenditure for Landfill including O&M ....................................................................... 39 Table 8.1. Population Projection 2025 &2031 ...................................................................................... 42 Table 8.2.Total number: of Heath care facilities................................................................................... 42 Table 8.3. Existing scenario of Government Healthcare Facilities ....................................................... 42 Table 8.4.Existing & Deficit in Healthcare facilities in BMC area ...................................................... 43 Table 9.1. Phase wise required number and facilities in health care .................................................... 43 Table 9.2. Phase wise area requirement for heath care facilities .......................................................... 44 Table 11.1.Capacity augmentation of exisiting facility ........................................................................ 47 Table 11.2.Allocation of new facility ................................................................................................... 48 Table 12.1. Allocation of funds for up gradation of existing healthcare facilities ................................ 49 Table 12.2. Funds required for procurement of drugs and vaccines ..................................................... 49 Table 12.3. Required funds for new projects ........................................................................................ 50 Table 12.4. Project phasing ................................................................................................................... 50 Table 13.1: Population Projection 2021 &2031.................................................................................... 51 Table 13.2: Total no. of Educational facilities ...................................................................................... 51 Table 39 : Ward wise Trip Production and Attraction in 2018 ............................................................... 3 Table 40 : Ward wise Trip Production and attraction for 2021and 2031................................................ 4 Table 41 : Number of Personal Vehicles .............................................................................................. 10 Table 42 : Phase Developments New Links ......................................................................................... 39 Table 43 : Phase Development: Widening of Roads ............................................................................ 39 5.12
Table 44 : Signal Time Optimization for Traffic Management Table ...................................... 40
Table 45: Phasing and Budget For NMT and TOD ............................................................................. 41 Table 46 : Cost Analysis of Road Infrastructure and Bus Route Proposals.......................................... 42 Table 47: Estimate of Plantation ............................................................................................................. 4 Table 48: Estimate of Plantation Labor Cost .......................................................................................... 4 Table 49: Estimate of Maintenance of Plantation ................................................................................... 5 Table 51: Total Plantation Estimates ...................................................................................................... 5
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Table 52: Species of Trees ...................................................................................................................... 6 Table 53: Cost Estimation of Green Roofs ............................................................................................. 7 Table 54: Cost Estimates for Metro Station Green Roofing ................................................................... 7 Table 55:Metro line details in BMC ..................................................................................................... 10 Table 56: Surface Area of Metro Pillars ............................................................................................... 10 Table 57: Surface area for vertical greening and hoarding ................................................................... 10 Table 58: Costing of greening per sqft.................................................................................................. 11 Table 59: Total Cost Estimation for vertical greening of metro pillars ................................................ 13 Table 60: Revenue generation from metro pillars ................................................................................ 13 Table 61: Number of Filters Required .................................................................................................. 14 Table 62: Cost Estimation for Arsenic Filters ...................................................................................... 14 Table 63: Beautification of Ponds in dense areas ................................................................................. 17 Table 64: Labor Costs of Beautification of Ponds ................................................................................ 17 Table 65: Beautification of Ponds with Park development ................................................................... 17 Table 66: Maintenance cost of Ponds ................................................................................................... 18 Table 67: Beautification of Ponds in dense areas ................................................................................. 19 Table 68: Beautification of Ponds with Park development ................................................................... 19 Table 69: Maintenance cost of Ponds ................................................................................................... 20 Table 70: Total Cost In Phases ............................................................................................................. 20 Table 71: Comparison of Sweeping Systems ....................................................................................... 21 Table 72: Sweeping System Specifications .......................................................................................... 21 Table 73: Cost of Equipment ................................................................................................................ 22 Table 74: Comparative Estimates of Road Sweeping ........................................................................... 22 Table 75: Maintenance cost of Street sweeping machinery .................................................................. 23 Table 76: Estimate for Washing of Roads with Pressurized Water ...................................................... 23 Table 77: Component Costs of Rooftop Solar Installations.................................................................. 25 Table 78: Profits due to Accelerated Depreciation ............................................................................... 26 Table 79: Subsidy Calculation .............................................................................................................. 26 Table 80: Details of 1kW Rooftop Solar Installation............................................................................ 27 Table 81: Details of Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Government Buildings................ 28 Table 82: Details for Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Institutional Buildings ............... 29 Table 83: Solar Street Light Installation Calculation............................................................................ 30 Table 84: Energy Saving Measures ...................................................................................................... 30 Table 85: Project Summary & Priority List .......................................................................................... 32 Table 86: Comparison of Sweeping Systems ....................................................................................... 33 Table 87: Sweeping System Specifications .......................................................................................... 34 Table 88: Cost of Equipment ................................................................................................................ 34
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Table 89: Comparative Estimates of Road Sweeping ........................................................................... 34 Table 90: Maintenance cost of Street sweeping machinery .................................................................. 35 Table 91: Estimate for Washing of Roads with Pressurized Water ...................................................... 35 Table 92: Component Costs of Rooftop Solar Installations.................................................................. 38 Table 93: Profits due to Accelerated Depreciation ............................................................................... 39 Table 94: Subsidy Calculation .............................................................................................................. 39 Table 95: Details of 1kW Rooftop Solar Installation............................................................................ 40 Table 96: Details of Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Government Buildings................ 41 Table 97: Details for Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Institutional Buildings ............... 42 Table 98: Solar Street Light Installation Calculation............................................................................ 43 Table 99: Energy Saving Measures ...................................................................................................... 43 Table 100: Project Summary & Priority List ........................................................................................ 45 Table 101: Shows the present status of MSW management by KMC .................................................. 46 Table 102:Present & proposed landuse pattern of SLF ........................................................................ 47 Table 103: The requirements are shown ............................................................................................... 48 Table 104: Estimated costs are shown in Table 4 ................................................................................. 49 Table 105: Employment generated shown ............................................................................................ 50 Table 106: Total Annual Cost ............................................................................................................... 50 Table 107: Total Revenue shown in Table 7 ........................................................................................ 50 Table 108: Showing the infrastructural attributes necessary to promote Tourism ............................... 52 Table 109:Cost for Tourism Development ........................................................................................... 53 Table 110: Showing the cost of Dredging ............................................................................................ 57 Table 111: showing the cost of equipment & machinery ..................................................................... 57 Table 112:Showing Solid Waste quantity............................................................................................. 59 Table 113: Showing SWM collection and Maintenance....................................................................... 59 Table 114: Detail estimation of each Toilet .......................................................................................... 61 Table 115: HH no in Wetlands area ...................................................................................................... 63 Table 116: Total Cost of building HH toilets area wise........................................................................ 63 Table 117: Phasing and Cost sharing between Central, State and BMC for toilet provision ............... 64 Table 118: Shows cost estimation of generating awareness program................................................... 65 Table 119: Shows total annual cost of awareness program .................................................................. 66 Table 120: Shows plantation along EKW periphery............................................................................. 67 Table 121: Shows various parent bodies related to wetlands function ................................................. 68 Table 135 Functional Overlap between Authorities and Institutions at BMC ........................................ 2 Table 136: Funding available for BMC from various Financial Institutions .......................................... 3 Table 137: Funds available for BMC under different schemes and plans of State and Centre............... 5 Table 138: Forecast for Revenue for the Plan Period ............................................................................. 8
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Table 139: Tariff for Category 1 consumers ......................................................................................... 11 Table 140: Tariff for Category 1 consumers ......................................................................................... 11 Table 141 Current Projects tendered by BMC in year 2018-19............................................................ 13
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1.
DEMOGRAPHY AND LANDUSE
Demography & Landuse
1.1 City Growth and Growth Direction 1.1.1 Adjacencies and Influences Taking a cognizance of the adjacent developments and assessing their influences go a long way in determining the growth factors and growth locations of a city. Rapid urbanizations have led to development of new cities around Salt Lake, established in the 1970s. The Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation was defined in 2015 by adding the areas of Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality and the panchayat area of Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat (About BMC, 2015). The primary influential areas that are adjacent to the study area are – a) The New town area located in the north eastern part of the study area, and b) The airport area (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport) located in the north western part of the study area. (1. New Town – Action areas I/II and III, 2. Airport area, A. Ganganagar/ Gopalpur Chandigar,
Study area
Figure 1 : Adjacencies to the study area (Source: Google maps)
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Demography & Landuse B.Phoolbagan/ Kankurgachi area) Figure 1 shows the areas which are majorly influencing the future development of the study area (1 and 2) and the areas that would get influenced in case of future development of the study area (A and B). 1.1.1.1 New Town Area The ‘New town area’ was developed by acquisition and development of the erstwhile villages of Bhangore and Rajarhat, with a view to establish new central business districts and increase of the housing supply stock in the late 1990s (WBHIDCO, 2012). A study of the LUDCP proposed by the WBHIDCO reveals the planning boundary to cover 45 mouzas under both North 24 Paraganas and South 24 Paraganas districts. The New town planning area has been divided into three zones – Action area I (677 ha), Action area II (1310 ha) and action area III (783 ha) including a CBD area (183 ha) (WBHIDCO, 2012).
Figure 2: Maps of existing land use BMC area and proposed land use NKDA area (Source: Primary survey / LUDCP New town planning area)
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Demography & Landuse
Figure 3: Action area –I of NTPA adjacencies with ward 27 and 28 of BMC area ((Source: Primary survey / LUDCP New town planning area)
Figure 4 : Recent satellite image of the action area I including wards 27 and 28 of BMC area showing development status (Source: Google maps)
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Demography & Landuse
The Action area- I shows a major proposed arterial road connecting the wards 27 and 28 to the sub CBD areas and the CBD areas of the proposed LUDCP – New town area (Figure 3). This would essentially mean that once the CBD areas are fully implemented, there would be a steady influx of population and once the stocks of the housing are depleted, this would be spilling over to the close areas including the wards 27 and 28 which are sparsely populated currently. Since there are no major developable areas beyond these wards, they would be also further subjected to the suburbanization of the New town in future. Therefore, it can be said that the wards 27 and 28 would be the major points of growth owing to the major developments proposed in New town area. The north link road (Figure 5) is a major connection between the study area and the new town area,
Figure 5 : Action area –II of NTPA adjacencies with wards4, 5, and 6,12,13,14 of BMC area (Source: Primary survey / LUDCP New town planning area) and the Sub-CBD and the CBD areas would contribute to the influx of population in the proposed residential areas of New town. Suburbanization would further result spillage of the population to the wards 5, 6, 12, 13, 14 of the BMC areas. Since wards 4 and 5 are sparsely populated, they would be subjected to maximum development.
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Demography & Landuse Therefore, the wards 27, 28, 4, 5, 6,12,13,14 may be subjected to further growths in future as analysed from the adjacencies.
Figure 6: Recent satellite imagery showing study area and New town action area II (Source: Google maps)
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Demography & Landuse 1.1.1.2 Airport area
Figure 7 : Influence of the Airport area on development Figure 7 shows the maximum building heights that are possible in the study area. The Rajarhat Gopalpur area has a maximum cap of 35 metres building heights and Saltlake has 45 metres.
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Demography & Landuse 1.1.2 Developable Areas /Land Parcels A study of the available open areas indicates developable parcels more towards the northern part of the study area, majorly lying in Wards 1 to 5 and in smaller parcels within Wards 17 and 28. (Map CG.1)
1.1.3 Eco Sensitive Zones
Figure 8: Developable parcels (source: Landsat imagery/ NDVI analysis)
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Demography & Landuse In the northern fringes, majority of the lands are of agrarian lands are available but according to the proposed land use the land has been reserved for residential use. Hence residential distribution can be proposed in the Wards 1 and 2 and a portions of Ward 3. The available land in Ward 4 is already taken by the developers for township development. Land parcels have been identified in Ward 7, 8 and 9 but since the land parcel availability is not concentrated there cannot be township development rather requires individual apartment structures. Ward 28 has potential for redevelopment and as well as high rise structures. 1.1.3.1 Prohibited area for development
A A
B
C
Figure 9: Map showing Class II Water bodies that require 7m buffer (Source: Primary Survey)
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Demography & Landuse The following have been identified as ecologically sensitive areas which require strict laws and policy intervention for their protection accompanied with spatial demarcations for prevention of encroachment. Region A is a low lying area comprising of marshes and small ponds. The marshy area does not support physical development and possess risk of flooding. Seasonal fishing is carried out in the ponds present in these marshes. The precinct of the ponds is occupied by informal settlements who mostly practice fishing. Due to unchecked sewage and garbage disposal in the lake, their health is drastically getting affected. Therefore, there is immediate need for demarcating a buffer zone around the marshy area to prevent further construction and prevent ponds from further deterioration. The site has a slope of -25% and hence is categorized under Class II water body Region B consists of a waterbody that is surrounded by densely populated residential settlement. Delineating a buffer zone for the waterbody in this area is not feasible due to unavailability of land and population density especially in the area north of water body. The northern region has a small marshy patch that calls for immediate attention so that further encroachment on it can be prevented. South of the water body, vacant land is available for delineating a buffer zone. The standard space required for buffer is 7m while 4 m is available here. Region C comprises of a water body and an underutilized precinct in terms of encroachment and development. This puts the water body at risk of facing neglect and eventually getting filled. In light of these threats, necessary preventive measures need to be taken. The availability of vacant land in the area needs to be delineated as buffer zone.
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Demography & Landuse Buffer zones not only protect the water body, increases NDVI and reduces UHI which area of prime concern in a city region.
Figure 10 Class I Water body requiring buffer of 30m (Source: Primary Survey)
1.1.4 Residential and Commercial built up densities The gross residential built up densities give us a better understanding about the built densities in the wards and to identify them for further densification and retrofitting. The map CG.4 and CG.5 how the ratio of built up areas in the buildings marked for residential and commercial uses respectively to the total area of the ward. As per the results of the maps the northern parts of Bidhannagar (wards 1 to 5) shows the least amount of built up densities which could be attributed to the high amount of open land present. The eastern
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Demography & Landuse perimeter of the Rajarhat Gopalpur boundary (wards 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 27, 28) has wards with low built up densities too, this could be a reason of the haphazard growth of the settlements in the wards which led to the reduction in the residential densities in the said wards.
11: Density and floor area ratio (Source: Primary Survey) 1.1.5 Density and FAR consumption High density and Floor Area Ratio is observed in wards 19, 23 and 38. Thus, there is less scope of further development in these regions. Also, as per the development control guidelines of Rajarhat and Slat Lake Area the maximum achievable F.A.R. is 3. Thus, wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 25, 28, 29, 30, 34 and 39 can be considered for re-densification. While, wards 27 and 37 comprise of squatter and slum settlements. Thus, these areas can be considered for re-development.
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Demography & Landuse Also, development should be avoided in wards with high F.A.R., which includes wards 7, 16, 19, 23, 32 and 41.
1.1.6 Age of Housing Ward 1, 3, 12, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24 and 28 shows scope for structural improvement and superficial modification. Ward 28 has mostly kuccha houses which require improvement in structure. (Map CG.6) Large number houses in the area are owned hence, very few households have plans for new construction. Those households that want to relocate are mostly living in rental housing. Since the major growth of the city happened in last 25 years, majority of Housing Stock do not require any development in structure.
1.1.7 Regional Connectivity Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is connected to Kolkata by EM by pass on the western flank and
Figure 12: Existing road Network (Source: Primary Survey)
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Demography & Landuse Bishwa Bangla Sarani is the main corridor which connects BMC to New Town Area. The VIP Road the main artery catering to northern BMC and carries a major chunk of the traffic. Further collector and local roads branch out from it to follow organic pattern. Contrasting to these road patterns the southern part, Salt Lake is laid on a grid iron pattern following strict hierarchy of roads throughout. There are significant number of connecting roads between BMC and North Kolkata emerging from EM by pass. Further routes are being developed and existing road are being widened to deal with the large influx of commuters from and via BMC. These major corridors apart from carrying large amount of traffic also set the direction of growth for the areas and enormously effect the land use and property prices alongside. The coming up of New town, Sector 5 and now Sector 6 in vicinity of BMC has increased a large volume of daily commuters to these regions for work purposes. Currently in Kolkata only 6% of the total area is under the road network as opposed to the 15% specified by UDPFI guidelines. This has further aggravated the issue of congestion in the city with every growing population and vehicles in turn. This ratio of road to building does not hold true for Salt Lake area due to its planned character and proper allocation of resources. In BMC, VIP road despite being a six lane corridor does not have the capacity to carry the traffic at peak hour. This is mainly due to two reasons; firstly, due to very high V/C ration taking its level of service to F and secondly due to the presence of various modes of transport, ranging from rickshaw to buses, on the same road. This mixing of slow, medium and fast speed traffic drastically brings down the overall speed on the road and this slow moving traffic becomes the major cause of congestion.
Figure 13: Regional Connectivity (Source: Primary Survey / Google Maps) City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Demography & Landuse
Figure 14 : Nature of Proposals for Connectivity Improvement A consistent issue throughout the northern BMC is the presence of dead ends on local roads. This prevents thoroughfare in the dense localities and drastically hampers accessibility of public transit or feeder services to all areas. This can be attributed to unplanned and rampant construction and lack of norms and policies regarding land use and plot geometry. Area 1: The area between VIP Road on the west and Bisho Bangla Sarani, cutting across New Town, on the east is a dense residential settlement comprising of changing character, ranging from apartments and plotted housing to slums and gradually grows denser on moving away from the VIP Road. The main access to facilities for these areas is through VIP road solely. This further aggravated the pressure on it. Therefore, there is a need to develop an alternate route(s) to VIP Road based on assessment of traffic congestion and direction. Area 2: The northern most area of BMC, i.e., Ward 1-5 have comparatively lower density and presence of large chunks of agricultural lands. Due to consolidated land parcels there are very few roads in this area. This drastically affects the accessibility to this region. Its connectivity to rest of BMC in particular is much lower. Since further expansion is possible only in this part of BMC due to
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Demography & Landuse land availability hence strong linkages need to be established within these wards, to neighbouring wards via extension of existing roads and also to the areas north of BMC.
1.1.8 Urban Growth The major growth direction in the Rajarhat-Gopalpur area is towards Newtown. The reason may be the proposed CBD in New Town and also availability of vacant land in that direction. As per the primary survey, the growth towards the canal is informal in character. The kind growth in Salt Lake area is more of urban infill than outward expansion. In Duttabad area, it can be seen that growth has happened towards the centre of the slum area. This indicates that there is a demand of housing among the economically weaker section. (Map CG.7)
1.1.9 Real Estate Prices and Rental Values Bidhannagar area is surrounded by North and South Dumdum Municipality on the western side, Kolkata on the south, upcoming New Town Rajarhat on the east and the northern part is still predominantly agrarian like Panchayat areas Bhagabantapur, Chandipur. On Further north lies Madhyamagram, Barasat. All of these areas fall under the Kolkata Metropolitan Area. All of these areas have characteristics of their own which is way different from the other. The old world charm of Dumdum and the rising towers of the Rajarhat. Our study area falls between the drastic change and is under the transition. Hence the real estate market can be called as a thriving market. It is situated in the brink of traditionalism and modernity and the real estate market is a reflection of the same. The real estate sector in Kolkata Metropolitan Area according to statistics has shown growth of 11% on a yearly basis. Growth of numerous townships have been observed. The Garia Baishnabghata Patuli Township, the Behala Township, the Alipore Township and the currently emerging township in Rajarhat, Action Area, New Town are a few examples.This emerging township also provides affordable rent and reasonably priced property compared to property prices in other metropolitans like Mumbai.The demand for property has seen a tremendous spike ever since the construction of the Metro Railways. There is already a metro corridor that connects Dum Dum to Tollygunge and was later extended to connect Noapara to Garia. The metro corridor currently under construction, also known as the East West corridor will connect Salt Lake to Howrah, making connectivity a dream come true for commuters. The price of a property caters to the exclusive buyers but there is a large section of young people who are constantly moving due to work and are looking for a property for shorter duration of time. Renting is another aspect of real estate that is often overlooked. One often associates real estate only with purchase. The phenomenon of apartments being leased out for rent in Salt Lake, New Town to employees in the IT Sector is not a recent one. Apartments are leased out for rent regularly in areas that are situated close to workplaces and universities.
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Demography & Landuse The key localities in Kolkata such as in Rajarhat, E M Bypass, and New Town are under constant development. Roads are constructed to connect these localities to the core of the city. The placement of hospitals, schools, universities, and metro railways as well as the airport have become determining factors for subsequent real estate projects and developments. The mobility of people to a certain part of the city for a myriad of purposes, be it professional, educational, amusement also plays a determining factor in the placement of real estate development projects.
Figure 15: Real Estate Price (Super Built Up Area) (Source: www.99acres.com ) The price variation occurs due to the accessibility and the infrastructure available. Regions in Dumdum are well connected to the Metropolitan area through Local trains. It eases the mass traffic flow easing communication and reducing journey time, thereby is in huge demand. In Salt Lake the infrastructure availability and its proximity to Sector V and the CBD region has escalated the property value.
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Demography & Landuse Table 1: Land and Rental Prices across BMC (Source: (Source: www.magicbricks.com) WARD NO.
LAND PRICE (Rs./sqft)
1
2900
RENTAL PRICE (Rs. For 2BHK) 8000
2
2900
8000
3
2000
6000
4
2000
6000
5
2000
6000
6
3500
8000
7
2000
8000
8
2000
8000
9
2000
8000
10
2000
15000
11
2000
15000
12
3500
15000
13
3500
12000
14
3500
12000
15
5500
15000
16
3300
15000
17
3300
12000
18
3300
12000
19
3500
12000
20
3500
12000
21
3500
6000
22
3500
6000
23
3500
10000
24
3500
10000
25
3500
10000
26
5500
10000
27
5500
8000
28
8000
5000
29
10000
18000
30
10000
18000
31
10000
18000
32
10000
18000
33
10000
18000
34
10000
18000
35
10000
18000
36
8000
10000
37
10000
18000
38
10000
18000
39
10000
18000
40
10000
18000
41
10000
18000
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Demography & Landuse In other areas such as Chinar Park and areas close to New Town, Rajarhat is seeing transformations in its built structure and therefore the land prices are seen to be rapidly rising. But the sky rocketing property prices in the Salt Lake and New Town have led to a lot of apartments remaining vacant, which shows a mismatch to the user demand and their affordability. Therefore, the growth trend is shifting towards Madhayamgram and Barasat where the property prices are the least. In the northern portion of Bidhannagar area it is observed that the property values are less as compared to the rest of the BMC area yet there is very little transition. It is primarily due to the lack of connectivity in the current scenario. Another important factor of real estate development is taxes. Developers are choosing areas within Panchayat jurisdiction to build their townships. The charges that the Government levies on property and its registration are based on of subsequent difference in sales that are made above and below the margin of Rs. 25 lakhs. If the sales value for a piece of property is above the margin of Rs. 25 lakhs, then the tax levied will be as follows, •
6% stamp duty for the Panchayat Areas
•
7% stamp duty for Municipal and Corporation Areas and
•
1% registration charges
However, when the sales value for a piece of property is below the Rs. 25 lakhs margin, then there is a notable margin of difference in the charges levied, the charges will be as follows, •
5% stamp duty for Panchayat Areas
•
6% stamp duty for Municipal and Corporation areas and1% registration charges
Land Value (Rs./sqft)
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041 Ward Number
Figure 16: Variations in Land Price in BMC (Source: www.magicbricks.com)
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Demography & Landuse
Figure 17: Rental Prices surrounding BMC (Source: www.magicbricks.com) The rental prices also vary in a similar manner (Figure 17) as the real estate property values. It is maximum in Salt Lake and New Town Rajarhat due to the nearness to job and CBD and availability of good infrastructure. The demand, however, is more in the Baguiati, Chinar Park, Keshtopur due to the comparatively lower rental prices and yet maintaining a proximity to work zones. For even lower rents there is a trend of shifting towards Madhayamgram but the demand reduces with distance.
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Rental Value (for 2BHK)
Demography & Landuse 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 Ward Number
Figure 18: Variation in Rental Price in BMC (Source: www.magicbricks.com)
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Demography & Landuse 1.1.10 Development constraints
Figure 19 : Land surface temperature (Source : Landsat imagery/ February 2018)
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Demography & Landuse
The Land Surface map indicates high temperature level around Airport which is around 36.4ยบC. The areas adjacent to the Airport include wards 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. A 10 metres green buffer is required to reduce the heat in this area. The LST is also high along the VIP Road Spine. Slight rise in temperature is also observed in the Baguiati area due to the development in thepast decade as well as the use of reflecting material like glass for building facade.A buffer of 3m around the major transportation link needs to be developed as a green belt to reduce the heat island in this region.
1.1.11 Inferences Table 2 : Composite Index and overall ranking of wards for development (source: primary survey) Ward Numb er
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Water Body parameter
Developable Open space (Vacant land ) parameter
Rental value parameter
Land Price paramete r
Gross Builtup Density parameter
Aggregat ed (sum) index
Rank of wards
Normalized
Normalized
Normalized
Normalize d
Normalized
Weight = 1/5
(1-X)
(+X)
(+X)
(1-X)
(1-X)
0.2
Favour able for develo pment 7 3 8 1 18 22 36 11 14 12 6 2 4 5 23 26 31 25 33 13 27 20
0.9959 0.9864 0.9946 0.9966 0.9976 0.9981 0.9996 0.9983 0.9994 0.9995 0.9994 0.9968 0.9982 0.9974 1.0000 0.9993 0.9990 0.9983 0.9980 0.9991 0.9988 0.9976
0.1182 0.9289 0.1580 0.5573 0.1130 0.2834 0.0837 0.1557 0.1879 0.0692 0.0632 1.0000 0.5426 0.3315 0.0292 0.0210 0.0491 0.0069 0.0021 0.0000 0.0612 0.1485
0.2308 0.2308 0.0769 0.0769 0.0769 0.2308 0.2308 0.2308 0.2308 0.7692 0.7692 0.7692 0.5385 0.5385 0.7692 0.7692 0.5385 0.5385 0.5385 0.5385 0.0769 0.0769
0.8875 0.8875 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8125 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8125 0.8125 0.8125 0.5625 0.8375 0.8375 0.8375 0.8125 0.8125 0.8125 0.8125
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
0.9474 0.7878 0.9134 0.6177 0.5848 0.3800 0.1696 0.6473 0.4483 0.1341 0.4029 0.6415 0.6711 0.6727 0.3470 0.0000 0.1101 0.2890 0.1704 0.5385 0.6746 0.7079
0.2376 0.3697 0.2308 0.2510 0.1554 0.1417 0.0969 0.2071 0.1735 0.1946 0.2472 0.4453 0.3133 0.2716 0.1416 0.1257 0.1072 0.1347 0.1051 0.1781 0.1253 0.1497
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Demography & Landuse 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
0.9976 0.9928 0.9943 0.9917 0.9931 0.9565 0.9999 0.9965 0.9914 1.0000 1.0000 0.9980 0.9923 0.0000 0.9965 0.9949 0.9964 1.0000 0.9969
0.0974 0.0224 0.1243 0.1965 0.4205 0.0304 0.0049 0.0000 0.0176 0.0258 0.0230 0.0000 0.0020 0.0000 0.0107 0.0073 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.3846 0.3846 0.3846 0.3846 0.2308 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.3846 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.8125 0.8125 0.8125 0.5625 0.5625 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.2659 0.5371 0.7547 0.6956 0.8501 0.8982 0.5101 0.5289 0.5914 0.2178 0.4617 0.6919 0.7220 1.0000 0.3958 0.8002 0.5415 0.4416 0.3819
0.1125 0.1528 0.2164 0.1695 0.2141 0.0444 0.1030 0.1065 0.1235 0.0487 0.0970 0.1388 0.1463 0.3269 0.0820 0.1625 0.1090 0.0883 0.0770
29 19 9 15 10 41 34 32 28 40 35 24 21 17 38 16 30 37 39
Table 2 indicates the overall ranking of the wards for favourable development based on the parameters calculated earlier including- existence of water bodies, developable open spaces, rental values, land prices and gross built up density. This shall be used further for assessing developments in different wards.
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Map GD.1 Existing open space and waterbodies in BMC (Source: Primary Survey)
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Map GD.4 Build Density- Residential (Source: Primary Survey)
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Map GD.5 Build Density- Commercial (Source: Primary Survey)
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(Source: Primary Survey)
Map GD.6 Age of house
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Map GD.7 Growth Analysis (Source: bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in)
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1.2 Proposals 1.2.1 Scope of development plan: As per the URDPFI guidelines, a city development plan consists is a statutory document supported by illustrations and maps containing necessary details and intended actions in the form of strategies and physical proposals for various policies given in the perspective plan and regional plan depending upon the economic and social needs and aspiration of the people, available resources and priorities. 1.2.1.1 Alignment with the KMA perspective plan 2025: A brief outline of the KMA perspective plan used for alignment in the present development plan is as below: a) Sustained and improved quality of life through basic urban services in an inclusive manner. b) Enabling environment for enhanced economic activities. c) Utilizing available resources efficiently in an eco-friendly manner, while conserving of heritage and eco sensitive areas. d) Provision of land for urban poor (state sponsored housing proposals for EWS and LIG) e)
Salt Lake Sector V (now NDITA) defined as an industrial growth centre for IT/ ITES, plastic and toy manufacturing, gems and jewellery etc.
f) Private sector partnership in infrastructure development (PPP). g) Balanced distribution of centres within the metropolitan area.
1.2.2 Vision After conducting primary surveys and identification of specific issues pertaining to different sectors and study of the perspective plan of KMA, the vision for the study area of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation has been formalized as: To assist growth of areas of Rajarhat-Gopalpur and Salt Lake City under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation in a synergetic matter, where the Rajarhat-Gopalpur area is envisioned as a liveable residential hub that can sustain the existing and future populations with necessary employment opportunities by provision of additional small scale industrial and commercial sectors and improved infrastructure; and Salt Lake City to be developed into an energy efficient and a re-densified neighbourhood.
1.2.3 Planning approach In view of the above vision, the following planning approach is adopted for the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation:
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Demography & Landuse 1) Population density distribution as a basis for planning 2) Primary usage of vacant developable lands: The planning considers conservation of agricultural, densely vegetated and crop lands and uses the vacant developable lands for future projected populations as the first priority. 3) Re-densified neighbourhoods: Redensification policies involving increase of FAR in Salt Lake area to meet future demand projections is considered to be the next priority for development. 4) Annexation of nearby gram panchayat area - Ghuni: The planning considers annexation of Ghuni area and vacant parcels in the same to be used for the next priority for development. 5) Employment opportunities: Small and micro scale manufacturing and service sectors are proposed to create opportunities in the Rajarhat- Gopalpur area for the future population growths. Care is taken to avoid creation of new denser economic centers as per the perspective plan of KMA 2025, to reduce the migration rate and thereby avoid urban sprawl in the BMC area. 6) Slum development slated under different government schemes: Different government schemes shall be taken up for slum development of areas – Duttabad and Mahishbathan. 7) Conservation of wetlands: The wetland areas are conserved and no residential or commercial developments are proposed around the same.
1.2.4 Goals and objectives: To ensure an overall sustainable development of the BMC area, the following goals have been identified: 1.2.4.1 Landuse and demography: • To accommodate different activities with due consideration to promote conservation of wetlands and water-bodies •
To protect the area from identified hazards such as flooding.
•
To promote allocation of adequate social and physical infrastructure
•
To reduce demographic issues like economic disparity and lower sex ratios.
1.2.4.2 Environment:
• To retain, preserve, restore and develop city’s natural resources such as wetlands, water bodies, vegetation, air and water quality.
•
To develop open spaces and green areas and provide quality leisure opportunities to residents and visitors.
•
To maximize efficiency of energy resources and explore renewable energy sources.
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Demography & Landuse 1.2.4.3 Housing • To incentivize existing households for full utilization of FAR. •
Strict implementation of building bye-laws and development control.
•
Mixed strategy for real estate development.
•
To recover housing deficit within the planned offset.
1.2.4.4 Economy and Industry: • To encourage small and medium scale industries as per KMA perspective plan 2025. •
Regularization and formalization of commercial areas for proper tax revenue collection.
•
Regularization of existing residential mixed land use and bringing the same under the purview of development control rule
•
Allocation of commercial activities keeping in the future expansion of carriageway of transit and service corridor.
1.2.4.5 Transportation: • Improvement of accessibility to wards with poor connectivity to the major roads. Widening of road to reduce the load on the road and to avoid congestion. • Proposals for new links. • Measures to reduce the spill over of the commercial activities on to the roads. • Geometry correction of intersections to improve the visibility and traffic flow. • Provision and organizing formal parking spaces and measures to control and regulate on street parking to reduce traffic choking points. • Identifications of areas lacking in public and paratransit facilities. Freight corridors defined with proper scheduling and parking facilities to reduce the traffic overload on the main corridors. 1.2.4.6 Social and Physical infrastructure: • Promote integrated waste management system and sustainable practices. •
Fulfilment of deficit water demand by supplying additional water and augmenting existing pump houses.
•
To ensure enrolment at the higher secondary level of all students who pass secondary level and reduce dropout rates
•
To ensure enrolment of the 100% girls students specially the girls coming from backward, reserved and minority communities
•
To rationalize Pupil Teacher Ratio at the elementary level
•
To holistically integrate the aspect of affordability, accessibility and quality of healthcare services so as to ensure that people on all levels of social and economic strata have proper and adequate availability of healthcare services.
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Demography & Landuse •
By capacity augmentation of existing facilities along with the provision of new facilities of healthcare, it is ensured that quality and quantity of healthcare services are in tandem with the requirements. Through policy interventions which include health suraksha cards, the health care needs of vulnerable and economically weaker section of society is met. It is also ensured that capacity building programs at community level are undertaken to make the people play an integral role in safeguarding the hygiene of their surroundings and thus prevent the outbreak of dengue and other such diseases.
1.2.4.7 DMF • Increasing the Income base through tax reforms, new charges, and efficiency in the revenue collection. • Effective implementation of finances and expenditure in the various sectors to improve the state of development of the wards within BMC, for a coherent development.
1.2.5 Landuse Proposals Based on the various built characteristics, vacant land availability, and jurisdictions boundaries, the proposed landuse is divided into 3 areas. • • •
Rajarhat – Gopalpur. Salt Lake City Ghuni.
Rajarhat-Gopalpur The area in Rajarhat Gopalpur is unorganized and unplanned at a number of localities. Also this area possesses a number of vacant plots and open land parcels to be used for further development of the area. With this goal in mind a residential landuse suitability analysis was done for the area results of which dictated the location for further developments to be proposed in the area. The model used for this study is based on 4 criteria: • • • •
Availability of medical facilities in the neighbourhood. Availability of Educational facilities in the neighbourhood. Capacity of the existing drainage network to support further growth. Net residential built-up density of the area.
The model so generated is as follows:
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Figure 20 Model for residential landuse suitability
Results generated based on the model were used to mark the areas for further development. The areas in blue shows the land parcels with higher scores for suitability, and the brown shows area with lower suitability scores. (Map P.7) Salt Lake For Salt Lake, no landuse change has been proposed as the region has very little scope for further development. However, landuse changes due to the TOD analysis have been proposed. For further details, refer to the section on TOD. Ghuni Area Ghuni is the panchayat area which is proposed to be merged into the Bidhannagar boundary, to support further development of the municipality. Since the region is primarily agrarian in nature and is mostly undeveloped the area is to be taken as a greenfield development. 1.2.5.1 Proposed population density Map P.4 shows the proposed population density allocations based on the development suitability of the respective wards accounting various factors such as vacant lands, land pricing, existing built density, existing net residential built density and existing net commercial built density to name a few. Refer Map P.4 and Map P.5 1.2.5.2 Proposed Landuse and percentage allocations
Table 3 Present and proposed landuse for Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Land use Residential Commercial
Existing Percentage 36.84 0.93
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Proposed Percentage 38.82 1.14
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Demography & Landuse Industrial
0.19
0.19
Public/Semi‐Public
2.77
2.98
Mixed Use
2.23
4.26
Recreational
4.83
3.72
Transportation and Communication
8.31
8.93
Primary Activity
2.46
2.45
Protective and Undevelopable
34.48
34.28
Special Area / Open Plot
6.96
3.23
Total area
100
100
Table 4 Proposed landuse for Ghuni Land use Residential Commercial
Percentage 61.85 1.87
Industrial
0.00
Public/Semi‐Public
11.99
Mixed Use
0.00
Recreational
0.00
Transportation and Communication
0.55
Primary Activity
0.00
Protective and Undevelopable
5.26
Special Area / Open Plot
18.49
Total area
100.00
Table 5 Overall proposed landuse (BMC + Ghuni) Land use Residential Commercial
Percentage 40.23 1.18
Industrial
0.18
Public/Semi‐Public
3.53
Mixed Use
4.00
Recreational
3.49
Transportation and Communication
7.47
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2.30
Protective and Undevelopable
32.49
Special Area / Open Plot
5.11
Total area
100.00
Table 6: Existing and proposed landuse map is provided under Map P.4 and Map P.5. Proposed Land use change Proposed
Proposed under vacant plots
Proposed in residential
Housing
1514736.92
0.00
Commercial
19981.01
103204.31
Housing
471704.09
0.00
Commercial
0.00
0.00
Housing
1986441.00
(198.64 ha.)
Commercial
123185.33
(12.32 ha.)
BMC
Ghuni
Total
1.2.6 Transit Oriented Development The concept of TOD intends to integrate land use planning with transportation development allowing walkable and liveable communes in high density mixed land use urban centres. TOD tries to enhance the share of public transport with the improvement of accessibility supporting compact development. (National Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Policy, 2017) 1.2.6.1 Delineation of Influence Zones The area in immediate vicinity of transit station within walkable distance having high density compact development along with mixed land use supporting basic needs of the residents is termed as influence zone. The influence zone from transit stations stretches within the primary walkable distance 500800m. •
Intense TOD Zone: The highest density zone along metro corridor 300m wide from the central line
•
Standard TOD Zone: Medium density zone 800m wide from the central line of MRT corridor (Map P.1)
1.2.6.2 High Density Compact Development Within its influence area TOD offers higher Floor Area Ratio and population in comparison with the area around. The minimum FAR as per National TOD Policy is 300-500%. The resultant higher concentration of people within the walkable distance increases public transit ridership, fare revenue
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Demography & Landuse and hence minimizing pollution and congestion. The proposed FAR for intense TOD zone is 400% while for standard TOD zone is 350%. Table 7 Percentage of households residing within TOD influence area WARD 29
WARD AREA 1313140.015
30
TOD AREA
% AREA
HH_T
HH_%
1033707.989
0.787203175
3,018
2375.779182
917899.0571
166862.5863
0.181787512
3,322
603.8981164
31
1843065.082
1322780.84
0.71770707
2,596
1863.167554
32
439118.3488
439118.2044
0.999999671
2,770
2769.999089
33
1142538.141
525116.9695
0.459605637
3,104
1426.615896
34
1110188.282
979404.8053
0.88219703
3,170
2796.564585
37
1261593.605
554257.6058
0.439331338
3,846
1689.668324
39
726550.5489
417591.6379
0.574759235
4,082
2346.167199
40
758104.9291
758104.0349
0.99999882
3,413
3412.995974
41
873090.8839
202678.8103
0.232139419
5,329
1237.070962
Table 8 Total number of households existing within the TOD influence area WARD
HH_%
HIG_%
MIG_%
LIG_%
EWS_%
HIG_E
MIG_E
LIG_E
EWS_E
29
2,376
0.076923077
0.615384615
0.153846154
0.153846154
182.7522
1462.018
365.5045
365.5045
30
604
0.076923077
0.230769231
0.615384615
0.076923077
46.4537
139.3611
371.6296
46.4537
31
1,863
0.142857143
0.428571429
0.285714286
0.142857143
266.1668
798.5004
532.3336
266.1668
32
2,770
0.083333333
0.333333333
0.5
0.083333333
230.8333
923.333
1385
230.8333
33
1,427
0.615384615
0.153846154
0.153846154
0.076923077
877.9175
219.4794
219.4794
109.7397
34
2,797
0.615384615
0.153846154
0.153846154
0.076923077
1720.963
430.2407
430.2407
215.1204
37
1,690
0.529411765
0.294117647
0.117647059
0.058823529
894.5303
496.9613
198.7845
99.39225
39
2,346
0.266666667
0.2
0.2
0.333333333
625.6446
469.2334
469.2334
782.0557
40
3,413
0.5
0.333333333
0.083333333
0.083333333
1706.498
1137.665
284.4163
284.4163
41
1,237
0.230769231
0.307692308
0.384615385
0.076923077
285.4779
380.6372
475.7965
95.1593
Table 9 Total number of households expected to reside within TOD influence area (2031 scenario) WARD
HIG_D
MIG_D
HIG_T
MIG_T
LIG_T
EWS_T
29
30.64757
421.405
213.3998
1883.423
365.5045
365.5045
30
30.64757
158.0269
77.10127
297.388
371.6296
46.4537
31
56.91691
293.4785
323.0837
1091.979
532.3336
266.1668
32
33.20153
228.2611
264.0348
1151.594
1385
230.8333
33
245.1805
105.3513
1123.098
324.8306
219.4794
109.7397
34
245.1805
105.3513
1966.143
535.592
430.2407
215.1204
37
210.9274
201.4068
1105.458
698.3681
198.7845
99.39225
39
131.057
136.9566
756.7016
606.1901
469.2334
782.0557
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366.6911
228.2611
2073.189
1365.926
284.4163
284.4163
41
91.9427
210.7025
377.4206
591.3397
475.7965
95.1593
Table 10 Built-up area requirement for households in different income groups WARD
HIG_UNIT
MIG_UNIT
LIG_UNIT
EWS_UNIT
29 30 31 32 33 34 37 39
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 41
180 180
120 120
80 80
40 40 Column Sum
HIG AREA 38411.97 13878.23 58155.07 47526.26 202157.6 353905.8 198982.4 136206.3
MIG AREA 226010.8 35686.56 131037.5 138191.3 38979.68 64271.04 83804.17 72742.81
LIG AREA 29240.36 29730.37 42586.69 110800 17558.35 34419.26 15902.76 37538.68
373174 67935.71 1490333
163911.2 70960.77 1025596
22753.31 38063.72 378593.4
EWS AREA 14620.17959 1858.148052 10646.67175 9233.330259 4389.587376 8604.814117 3975.690147 31282.22929 11376.6532 3806.372196 99793.67598
Table 11 Determination of FAR for TOD intense and TOD standard zone TOTAL BUILT AREA LAND (INTENSE) FAR (INTENSE) BUILTUP (INTENSE) BUILTUP (STANDARD) LAND (STANDARD) FAR (STANDARD)
2994316.226 74559.85613 4 298239.4245 2696076.802 781856.7995 3.4483
1.2.6.3 Mixed Use Development The need for travel is reduced by stipulating mixed use for development in the TOD zone. Hence accessibility improvement is supplemented with the availability of essential activities in proximity. Mixing of uses is achieved either by horizontal mixing i.e. introducing different activities in different plots or vertical mixing i.e. different activities within the same built structure. 1.2.6.4 Policy guidelines for TOD (TOD Guidelines – MoUD): • For any TOD scheme, a max. FAR of 400 and a maximum density of 2000 persons per hectare (PPH) is considered • In all integrated schemes, a minimum of 30% of overall FAR shall be mandatory for Residential use, a minimum 10% of FAR for commercial use and minimum 10% of FAR for
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Demography & Landuse community facilities. Mix of uses and FAR utilization for the remaining 50% FAR shall be as per the land use category designated in the Zonal Plan. • Plots in a residential zone along roads having existing or proposed width above 18m are only suitable for mixed use development. Roads with width less than 18m are not suitable for TOD schemes. 1.2.6.5 Proposed Change in Land Use Refer Map P.2 and Map P.3 1.2.6.6 Intense and Standard TOD zones Intense TOD Zone 1
Intense TOD Zone 2 No change in landuse due to unavailbility of land for residential/ commercial use. Intense TOD Zone 3
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Intense TOD Zone 4
Intense TOD Zone 5
Intense TOD Zone 6
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Standard TOD Zone 1
Area in sq. m
Standard TOD Zone 2 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0
Existing
Proposed
Standard TOD Zone 3 City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Standard TOD Zone 4
Standard TOD Zone 5
Standard TOD Zone 6
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1.2.7 Introduction to Canal Front Development Kestopur Canal forms the Northern boundary of Bidhannagar Municipal area. One end is directly connected to river Hooghly in the West through New-cut canal — Circular Canal and the other end, passes down to the river Kultigung in the East through Kestopur- Bhangarkata khal. The Circular canal, has bifurcation near Gaznavi Bridge as two separate and distinct canals. One-part flows down towards Beliaghata as Circular –Beliaghata canal and other part passes down through New CutKestopur-Bhangarkata to meet at Kultigong. The Circular –Beliaghata canal is extended up to Chingrighata, E.M Bye-pass. From there, it is connected with an excavated channel named as the Eastern Drainage Channel along the South-Eastern boundary of Salt-Lake city under Bidhannagar Municipal area. This Eastern Drainage channel also has its outfall in the Kestopur Canal.
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Bagjola canal Kestopur canal Beliaghata canal Canal (near ward10)
Figure 21: Canals in study area
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Demography & Landuse 1.2.7.1 Canal near Rajarhat –Gopalpur area 1.2.7.1.1 Development stretch Identified and broad issues:
Figure 22: Identified stretch and landuse identified The stretch identified is approximately 1.29 kilometres with identical issues.
Canal Stretch Majorly Residential usage A
The identified stretch is of 1.29 kilometers and has predominantly a residential usage on the edge of the canal.
Figure 23: Existing Land Use of the canal stretch
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Figure 24: Condition of identified stretch (A)
Following common issues are identified in the study area: a) Encroachments•
Slum encroachments on the western side of the canal.
Figure 25: Encroachment on the western side of the canal
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Demography & Landuse b) Water pollution •
Grey water and sewage disposal over the canal water majorly from the western side causes water pollution and silt formation, as well as rendering it unsuitable for irrigation.
Figure 26: Grey water disposal into the canals
•
Dumped garbage over water causes blockages of the stream at multiple locationsand serves as a breeding ground of mosquitoes.
Figure 27: Blockages of the stream
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Demography & Landuse c) Inadequate lighting on the eastern side of the canal stretch. d) Illegal on street parking on the eastern side of the canal. e) Edge concretingof canal bank absent for various stretches along the canal.
Figure 28: On street parking and road edge condition with the canal 1.2.7.1.2 Proposals The broad based proposals of the area constitute of the following: a) Erection of 2.4-meter-high fencing on the both sides of the canal to restrict disposal of waste so as to reduce water pollution of the canal. b) Provision of community dustbins for better waste collection and management c) Restrict sewage and grey water disposal to the canal water by laying community septic tank and soak pits and low depth sewer lines on the western side. d) Fixing of street lights at 15 m centre to centre on the eastern side of the canal. e) Removal of illegal parking by introducing landscape (paving) on the eastern side of the canal of 1.2 m width out of the average ROW 6metres. f) Ensuring uniform concrete banking on the sides of the canal.
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Figure 28 : Proposal for the stretch. 1.2.7.1.3 Costing Table 12: Estimate for Canal Development Estimate For Canal front development near Rajarhat –Gopalpur area (1.29km) Rate in Particulars Unit Quantity INR Fencing
Supplying, fitting, fixing, Chain link fencing of approved quality with R.C.C posts by means of galvanised "C" clips to grid of horizontal strands of galvanised high tensile spring steel wire of 12 S.W.G (2.4 metres high) Lighting
Total Cost in INR
sqm
6192
424
2625408
Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of lamp post each with labour included 15 m c/c) Hard paving on the edge of road
numbers
84
12500
1050000
Supplying , laying of interlocking concrete paver block Community bins
sqm
1500
1132
1698000
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Demography & Landuse Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of SS community bins
numbers
30
1500 Grand Total
Cost per kilometre
45000 5418408 54.18 Lakhs 42.0 Lakhs
1.2.7.2 Kestopur Canal- Stretch near Salt Lake sector 29 The Kestopur Canal is the lifeline of the Bidhannagar area especially for the planned township of Salt Lake. This canal system is presently serving as a drainage channel, catering the drainage discharge of Lake Town, Bangur, Dum Dum Park, Salt Lake, Rajarhat, Bhangar and some other areas, either partially or fully.
Figure 29: Location Map (Kestopur Canal near Salt Lake area).
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NDITA
Figure 30: Identified Stretch and land use (Development stretch of 1.60 km) 1.2.7.2.1 Development stretch Identified and broad issues: The major issues identified along this stretch are: a) b) c) d) e)
Dumping of wastage creates the problem of water clogging. Absence of embankment along the sides of the canal. Absence of connectivity between the sides resulting in creation of temporary bridges. Encroachment of spaces due to non-maintenance of the green belt. The adjacent areas along the canal are not properly utilized as the unmaintained temporary park and playground are there which can be modified in a proper manner.
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Figure 31: Issues related to Stretch (Temporary bridges, dumping of wastage and unmaintained banks of Canal). 1.2.7.2.2 Proposals: • Proposal of projects such as development of parks and gardens to utilize the available land. •
Improve connectivity by proposing new bridges.
•
Erection of 3-meter-high fencing on the both sides of the canal to restrict disposal of waste so as to reduce water pollution of the canal.
•
Provision of community dustbins for better waste collection and management.
•
Restrict sewage and grey water disposal to the canal water.
•
Fixing of street lights at 15 m Centre to Centre on the eastern side of the canal.
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Figure 32: Proposals for the stretch (Typical section) 1.2.7.2.3 Costing Estimate for Canal front development -Stretch Kestopur Canal (1.6km) Particulars
Unit
Quantity
Rate in INR
Total Cost in INR
Foot Over bridge- Material MS
numbers
2
1,35,00,000
2,70,00,000
(Source: Kumar engineering, Ghaziabad).
Fencing
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Demography & Landuse Supplying, fitting, fixing, Chain link
sqm
9600
424
40,70,400
numbers
107
12500
13,33,333
Softscape
sqm
24000
800
1,92,00,000
Hardscape
sqm
24000
1500
3,60,00,000
numbers
32
1500
48,000
Grand Total
8,76,51,733
fencing of approved quality with R.C.C posts wooden posts or iron posts by means of galvanized "C" clips to grid of horizontal strands of galvanized high tensile spring steel wire of 12 S.W.G Lighting Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of lamp post each with labour included (15 m c/c) Landscaping (parks and playgrounds)
Community bins Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of SS community bins (every 100 meters)
8.76 Crores Cost per kilometre
5.48 Crores
1.2.7.3 Bagjola canal stretch (near Jagatpur bazaar) 1.2.7.3.1 Development stretch Identified and broad issues: Being one of the most important in the canal system, Kestopur khal drains water all away from Barrackpore, Dumdum and New Town to Chowbhaga. Lying under the jurisdiction of the irrigation department, the quality of water in canal is poor with surface drains releasing effluents directly.
Figure 33: Location Map
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Demography & Landuse
Figure 34: Identified stretch and Land Use
As Rajarhat does not have a sewerage system, gray water is released into the canal. This area hence acts as breeding ground for mosquitoes. Ultimately this water is used for irrigation. The Jagatpur Market is situated exactly adjacent to this canal giving birth to further problems.
Figure 35: Grey water disposal into canal
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Demography & Landuse
•
Release of gray water from drains directly into the canal
•
Dumping of solid waste
•
Encroachment upon the canal by informal shops through structures resting upon bamboo.
1.2.7.3.2 Broad proposal: Around 700 shops are located beside the Kestopur khal along Adarshpally Road. Accounting for encroachment, these need to be relocated. The area of a shop is approximately 50 sq. ft. Therefore, the total area comes out around 35000 sq. ft.
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Demography & Landuse
SECTION
PLAN Figure 36: Proposals for the stretch (near Jagatpur bazaar)
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Demography & Landuse 1.2.7.3.3 Conceptual ideas/sketches)
Figure 37: Proposals for the stretch (near Jagatpur bazaar)
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Demography & Landuse 1.2.7.3.4 Costing Estimation for Kestopur canal stretch near Jagatpur bazaar (1.5km) Particulars
Rate in INR
Total Cost in INR
Unit
Quantity
Supplying, fitting, fixing, Chain link fencing on both sides of canal (on the 50 m gaps) of approved quality with R.C.C posts by means of galvanised "C" clips to grid of horizontal strands of galvanised high tensile spring steel wire of 12 S.W.G
sqm
3360
424
1424640
Lighting Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of lamp post each with labour included
numbers
100
12500
1250000
sqm sqm
6000 6000
Fencing
Landscaping (parks and playgrounds) Softscape Hardscape Access steps Site clearance Excavation in all forms of soil Concreting of steps in PCC M20 Concrete selling platform RCC for Piling work Reinforced Concrete platform 100m x 12 m, 450 mm thickness , M40 Reinforcement for slab
800 1500
4800000 9000000
sqm cum cum
4800 259.2 259.2
10 166 4000
48000 43027.2 1036800
metre
3840
1056
4055040
4320 237600
4500 60
19440000 14256000
cum kg
Community bins Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of SS community bins
numbers
300
1500
450000
Selling boats Boats for shops
numbers
400
20000
8000000
Grand Total Cost per kilometer
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6,38,03,507 6.38 Crores 4.25 Crores
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Demography & Landuse A random sample survey conducted for the informal shops adjacent to the canal reveals the following: a) b) c) d)
All shop owners are local peoples who have been staying there since past 30 years The shops are built by their own finance The consumers are the nearby residents. Presently the shop owners do not pay any taxes
Shop-Type
Monthly Turnover
20%
18%
20%
27%
Clothing
10000
60%
15000
fruit &veg
55%
Chicken
20000
Figure 38 Monthly Turnover
Area of shop
Duration of Stay 10% 20% 40%
Figure 41 Shop Type
12 years 10 years
30%
4 years
30%
10% 20%
24 Sq.ft. 35sq.ft
40%
60sq.ft 70 Sq.ft.
7 years
Figure 40 Duration of Stay
Figure 39 Area of Shop
Improvement Required
30%
10% 60%
Parking Solid Waste Management Traffic Congestion
Figure 42 Improvement Required
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Demography & Landuse
Revenue generation per month (for Canal 3) Description Proposed revenue from boats per month per shop (2 shops per boat) Revenue from 2 shops (two shops from 1 boat) Total number of boats Revenue per month for four stretches Revenue per month from seven stretches of parking (50mtsx6.5mts) considering 15 cars and Rs 20/ hr and average 6 hours of parking per day Total Revenue per month
Amount 1000 2000 400 800000
Unit INR INR nos INR
630000 1430000
INR INR
1.2.7.4 Keshtopur canal stretch (near ward no. 28)
Figure 43: Location Map
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Figure 44: Identified stretch and Land Use 1.2.7.4.1 Development stretch identified and broad issues: The major issues identified along this stretch are: a) Absence of embankment, reducing the canal width due to the land encroaching the canal and growth of weed. b) Waste being dumped into the water and along the bank of the canal. c) Inadequate lighting along the stretch. d) Absence of concreting along the canal bank. 1.2.7.4.2 Broad Proposals The broad proposals for the stretch are: •
Provision of street lights along the bank of the canal at a distance of 15 meters center to center.
•
Provision of community dustbins in the area and also door to door waste collection service for better waste management in the area.
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•
Ensuring uniform concrete banking on the sides of the canal.
1.2.7.4.3 Proposal for Canal Top Solar Power Plant Coal generates over 75% of India’s electricity and is among the cheapest energy sources available, IndiaSpend reported in May 2015. With over 300 million Indians without reliable energy, and industrial demand growing, the need for coal-fired electricity is estimated to increase three times by 2030, with consequent environmental impacts. The real potential in a sunny country to replace fossil fuels is solar: India has a renewable-energy potential of about 895 GW, of which 750 GW is solar, as IndiaSpend reported in February 2015. However, land is a precious commodity for India. Justifying the use of land to set up solar plants, which can be used for habitation, cultivation, and manufacturing, is a tough proposition. Henceforth taking into account the city’s large canal network, the concept of construction of solar PV plant on canal top can be put forth for development. Advantages of Canal Top Solar Power Plant: •
They perform more efficiently. The power output of ground-mounted solar panels decreases at a rate of 1% every year for the first 10 years. However, it’s not same in the case of Canal Top power generation.
•
Since the panels are placed on top of water, they are cooled from below, which also increases their efficiency and enhances output by 2.5-5%.
•
Canal-top panels, by absorbing heat, help reduce water evaporation.
•
As land availability is falling in India, canal-top solar prospect seems a better solution.
•
Less algae growth in the canal water.
However, capital costs of canal-top installations are currently higher than their ground- mounted counterparts. The 1-MW solar plant at Chandrasan (in 2012) cost Rs. 17.73 crores which is almost
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Demography & Landuse twice the cost of utility-scale solar power project, according to MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) Report 2015. According to MNRE, a 10MW Canal-Top Solar Power Plant costs around Rs. 100 Crores. 1.2.7.4.4 Project Data Length of the Canal that can be occupied by the Solar structure = 1 km Bed width of Canal = 10 m Total width of Canal at Full Supply Level (F.S.L) = 24 m Solar Panel size = 1m X 2m Total Area available = 1000m X 24m = 2400 sq.m. No. of Panels required = 2400/2sqm = 1200 1.2.7.4.5 Procedure for Implementation a) Land leveling and clearing b) Excavation for Piling c) Pile concreting d) Pile capping e) Erection of the structure
Figure 45: Typical cross section of the structure
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f) Structure and Purlin erection g) Erection of the Photovoltaic module h) Construction of hard pavement along the bank of the canal i)
Construction of Control room
1.2.7.4.6 Costing Estimate For Canal front development Kestopur Canal Stretch (1.2 km) Particulars Lighting Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of lamp post each with labor included Concrete platform for solar panel RCC for Piling work Reinforced Concrete platform 100m x 12 m, 450 mm thickness , M40 Reinforcement for slab Community bins Supplying, fitting, fixing cost of SS community bins Solar Power Plant Photovoltaic Module Module Mounting Structure Inverter
Unit
Quantity
Rate in INR
Total Cost in INR
numbers
70
12,500
8,75,000
meter
2400
1056
25,34,400
cum
4320
4500
1,94,40,000
kg
237600
60
1,42,56,000
numbers
100
1500
1,50,000
MW meter MW
1 1000 1
5,00,00,000 40,000 50,00,000
5,00,00,000 4,00,00,000 50,00,000
Grand Total
12,72,55,400 12.73 Crores
Cost per Kilometer
10.61 Crores
Phasing: The phasing of the canal front development is decided on the importance of the stretches and the first consideration to the options that shall generate revenue.
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Demography & Landuse
Description
Canal 1: Near Rajarhat Gopalpur area Canal 2: KestopurNear ward 29 Canal 3: BagjolaNear Jagatpur market Canal 4: KestopurNear ward 28
Priority of development
Total stretch length in kms
Per km cost in crs
Phase 1 stretch in kms
Phase 1 costing in crs
Phase 2 stretch in kms
Phase 2 costing in crs
low
1.29
0.42
0
0.00
1.29
0.54
medium
1.6
5.48
0.8
4.38
0.8
4.38
high
1.5
4.25
1.5
6.38
0
0.00
medium
1.2
10.61
0.6
6.37
0.6
6.37
Grand total cost phase 1
17.13
Grand total cost phase 2
11.29
Estimated Project duration: The estimated project duration is calculated considering simultaneous running of canal development projects.
Description Canal 1 : Near Rajarhat Gopalpur area Canal 2 : Kestopur : Near ward 29 Canal 3 : Bagjola: Near Jagatpur market Canal 4 : Kestopur : Near ward 28 Total timeline considering simultaneous projects running together
Phase 1 timeline in years
Phase 2 timeline in years
0 1.5 3 2
1 1.5
3
2
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Demography & Landuse 1.2.8 Demography Proposals 1.2.8.1 Objectives • To reduce the existing income disparity bridging the rich poor gap.
•
To improve the low sex ratio of Rajarhat Gopalpur locality.
•
To control and manage the rising issue of gentrification in Salt lake area.
1.2.8.2 Proposals and schemes • Minimum wages for unskilled workers according to government of West Bengal for constituent municipal corporations and other urban local bodies revised with effect from January 1, 2018 is INR 7661 per month, which is almost one fifth of the average household income of Bidhannagar according to the household survey. As other municipal corporations cannot be compared with those comprising mega cities like Kolkata, these minimum wage rates must be revised and should be higher for latter. In New Delhi, the wage rate for unskilled workers is INR 13896/- per month, which is much higher.
•
Water tax while not collected in Bidhannagar forms a major source of income for other municipal corporations. Therefore, it is proposed to collect the tax from households belonging to the higher & middle income group, exempting lower income group and economically weaker section.
Table 13 Proposed Water Tariff for BMC area
Slab-wise consumption of water (In liters)
Tariff / kiloliter
0-8,000 liters
Minimum of Rs 40 (at Rs 5 per kiloliter)
8,001-25,000
Rs 8
25,001-50,000
Rs 15
50,001-75,000
Rs 30
75,001 and above
Rs 35
Water Tariff for consumption of Bulk Domestic Consumers for High- Rise/ Multistoried Buildings/ Apartments/ Central and State Government Housing Complexes Villas/ Individual Group Housing
Rs 15
Table 14 Cost Benefit analysis from meter installation
No. of Per capita Avg. per HH HH, HIG consumption Consumption and MIG Rate (Avg.) (Monthly) (29%) 70815 180 lpcd 23274 (For 2031)
Monthly cost/HH
40 + (15.274*8) = 162
Total Revenue (Yearly)
Meter & Installation cost (per HH) 137664360 1000 + 200 = 1200
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Total Cost
84978000
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Demography & Landuse •
Low sex ratio in Bidhannagar may owe to migration of males only in search of jobs. Studies show that the entire state has poor share of working women in comparison with men.
Table 15 Analyzing causes of low sex ratio in BMC area
Reason for Low Sex Ratio Education Preference of Son
Indicator
Literacy Rate Child Sex Ratio
Health Migration
Female Deaths Male Migration Only
Infant Mortality Rate Maternal Mortality Rate Female Workforce Participation Rate
RajarhatGopalpur (Sex Ratio 891) 86.30%
Salt Lake (Sex Ratio - 969)
Inference
92.30%
958
990
No Significant Correlation No Significant Correlation No Significant Correlation No Significant Correlation Very Low – Possible Cause
26 (West Bengal), 6th in India 113 (West Bengal), 6th in India 12.85% (North 24 Paraganas, Urban)
Hence, in order to incentivize employability of females within construction sector discounts in registration fee, building permission fee etc. must be awarded to projects having more than 33% share of workers as women. On similar grounds, within commercial sector, discount on market tax, tehbazari etc. must be opted.
•
A holistic observation of Bidhannagar yields that most of the share of tax revenues is generated from employees working in the public sector. Hence, it can be inferred that a considerable percentage of income of private sector workers remains incognito. Therefore it is proposed that employer shall be required to maintain various payroll and payment records of their employee.
•
Gentrification in Salt lake area is mainly attributed to two primary causes. The locality was initially planned for the 70% MIG in planned houses, but at present it has been replaced by upper MIG and HIG individual houses. Secondly, the increasing tax rates and cost of living in the area has forced the weaker section to move outside. To control this change stabilization of tax rates for longer durations has been proposed. Also govt. schemes in the form of social housing and other supporting programs for economically weaker sections are required.
•
Ultimately, strict implementation of government policies and schemes regarding health and education is crucial for combating demographic issues. Similarly the initiative of minimum and equal wages for men and women should also be enforced.
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Demography & Landuse
Map P.1 TOD zone delineation
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Demography & Landuse
Map P.2 Existing landuse along MRT corridor
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Demography & Landuse
Map P.3 Proposed landuse along MRT corridor
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Demography & Landuse
Map P.5 Existing Landuse Map
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Demography & Landuse
Map P.7 Result for residential suitability Map P.6 Proposed Landuse Map
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2. ECONOMY
Economy
2.1 VISION OF ECONOMY 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION Employment is one of the most important drivers of development of a city or a region. It plays a major role in determining the attractiveness of the city and also helps to generate and maintain an economy that is more reliant on its own internal potentials and opportunities rather than depending on external areas for employment for the population and also for various facilities like commercial and service sector offerings. The purpose of this study is to estimate and quantify the number of employment that will generate in the Bidhannagar municipal corporation area in a detailed manner and also to analyse, understand and predict the trends and patterns in the employment sector.
2.1.2 AIM The aim is to keep the Bidhannagar municipal corporation as a pre-dominant residential zone with a supporting economy in terms of commercial and service sector facilities and jobs, rather than pushing forward for a booming industrial or economic hub. The vision for development of the area is to evolve the area into a liveable community, following along those lines the employment generation is aimed to make the area more liveable by creating job opportunities that are accessible to the major share of population and drawing focus from high pay, high scale jobs to semi-skilled and labour intensive job opportunities.
2.1.3 OBJECTIVE The main objective of the study is to understand the growth potentials and scope of economic development of the area. It aims to calculate the detailed statistics of the employment that is generated in each sector that is primary, secondary and tertiary, as a result of natural growth and past trends. It also aims to understand the employment pattern and workforce participation of both resident population and also the migrant population that moves into and out of the study area as a result of the interventions and planning proposals. The study also takes into account the number of jobs that are being created as well as to estimate the number of indirect and induced jobs along with the direct ones to draw out the clear picture of how the employment scenario is going to shape up during the planning period.
2.1.4PRESENT CONDITION OF JOBS The present scenario of jobs is as follows in the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area. Primary sector jobs are 4.08%, Secondary sector jobs are 18.21% and tertiary sector catering the maximum population of 77.21%.
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Economy 2.1.4.1 Future Vision for Job creation •
MSME industries are considered to create maximum employment opportunities for the youth in the state as the sector has maximum elasticity of labour output. Over last five years, there has been an increase in bank credit across the MSME sector, which has led to an increase in the investments as well as employment opportunities. Government of West Bengal proposed allocation of Rs.950 crores for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises & Textiles Department, under state budget 2018-19.
•
The natural resources, policy incentives and infrastructure in the state support investments in major sectors such as iron and steel, biotechnology, coal, leather, jute products, tea, IT, gems and jewellery. The state has 3,000 acres of land at its disposal to set up industries.
•
Logistics sector are also going to come up very rapidly. An estimated investment of 4300 crores to be taken place. It is likely to create 12,000 jobs. It will require 22 million sq. ft. Area in West Bengal. Rajarhat, being one of the well-connected areas is going to get extra edge.
•
IT sector giants like Wipro and Infosys are coming up in New Town that are expected to boost the economy of the neighbouring Rajarhat. An investment of 6000 crores is expected to create 6000 direct jobs in the 50acre campus. Right now they are doing 100 crore investment for the first phase.
•
Some primary sector activities can be seen in the northern part of the Rajarhat mostly agricultural and cultivation. These is going to get reduced and are expected to shift in the unorganised labours.
•
The West Bengal Government plans to create around 1 lakh new jobs in the field of cyber security annually.
2.1.5 MIGRATION Table 16: Percent of Decadal Job Migration in BMC. Job In-Migration Time Period 0-10 Years 11-20 Years 21-30 Years 31-40 Years 41-50 Years > 50 Years (Source: Primary Survey)
% of Decadal Job In-Migration 9.6% 4.9% 5.2% 2.8% 0.5% 0.8%
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
Average Rate of Job In-Migration
7.25% (Considering last 2 decadal job migration %)
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Economy
Average Rate of Job In-migration 12.00% 9.60%
10.00% 7.25%
8.00% 6.56%
6.73%
5.63%
6.00% 4.60% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% LAST 50 YRS
LAST 40 YRS
LAST 30 YRS
LAST 20 YRS
LAST 10 YRS
AVERAGE RATE OF JOB MIGRATION
(Source: Primary Survey)
Figure 46: Showing percentage of decadal job migration in BMC. •
Average rate of Job In-Migration over the last 5 decades, in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is 6.73%.
•
% share of people residing within the BMC area and is dependent on jobs outside BMC area is 11.04% (as per primary survey data).
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Economy
2.2JOB PROJECTIONS Employment status of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC) for the years 2001 & 2011 is shown in Table 17. Table 17: Employment status of BMC 2001
2011
Rajarhat Bidhannagar
Total
Rajarhat
Bidhannagar
Total
Total(1+2)
94001
62881
156882
148992
84589
233581
1.Main Workers
88459
59863
148322
139310
74938
214248
560
276
836
372
432
804
326
213
539
349
714
1063
1583
543
2126
2192
2044
4236
1.4 Other Workers
85990
58831
153381
136397
71784
208181
2.Marginal Workers
5542
3018
8560
9682
9651
19333
1.1 Cultivators 1.2 Agricultural Labourers 1.3 HH Industry Workers
Population
618315
WPR
37.77%
35.98%
(Source: District Statistical handbook 2001, District Census Handbook 2011)
We projected the growth of employment through the shift share method. We applied upon the Workforce Participation Ratio and projected it for the 2021 &2031. This is shown in table 3. Table 18: Workforce Participation Ratio
Population W.P.R. Employment
2001
2011
2021*
2031*
436026
618315
792081
1001175
35.98
37.77
39.56
41.35
156882
233581
313347
413986
*Projected Jobs (Source: - District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas 2001 & 2011)
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Economy
2.2.1PRIMARY SECTOR JOBS 2.2.1.1 Primary Sectors of Kolkata West Bengal is predominantly an agrarian State. Comprising of only 2.7% of India's geographical area, it supports nearly 8% of its population. There are 71.23 lakh farm families of whom 96% are small and marginal farmers. Some of the primary sectors in the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation are as follows: i.
Agriculture
ii.
Fishing
iii.
Dairy Farming/Animal Husbandry
Government of West Bengal is working in a mission mode for development of Agriculture and Allied sector in a holistic manner with the vision of doubling farmers’ income by 2020 by ensuring farmers' access to Skills, Technologies, Markets and Financial inclusion". But that will mostly affect the state primary sector.
2.2.1.2 National scenario about the different occupational sector 1. Labor force: 520.4 million (2017) 2. Labor force by occupation: Agriculture (Primary Sector): 47%, Industry: 22%, Services: 31% (FY 2014 est.) 3. Unemployment: 4.9% Urban, 5.1% Rural, 5.0% National. (Source: 2016, Labor Bureau)
2.2.1.3 State scenario about primary sector The contribution of the primary sector West Bengal has been declining. Its share has fallen from 32.9 percent in 2001-02 to 27.4 percent in 2006- 07. (Source: CMIE and CSO)
2001-02
32.92
2006-07
27.41
0
10
10.59
56.49
12.83
20
30
59.76
40 Primary
50 Secondary
60
70
80
90
100
Tertiary
Figure 47: Percentage Distribution of West Bengal (GSDP)
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Economy 2.2.1.4Economy of Kolkata As of 2001, around 0.81% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 83.69% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries). (Source: Census 2001) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
83.96
15.49 0.81 PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
Figure 48: Jobs (percentage) in different sectors Kolkata (Source: Census 2001)
The spatial pattern of urbanisation shows that Kolkata is approaching towards the eastern and the south-eastern parts of marshy land as a result, the fringe agricultural land and open spaces are being converted into settlement areas for human habitation and engulfed into urban fabric. The entire wetland ecosystem is now under critical threat through the eastward expansion of the city. The new Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation have already swallowed up over a quarter of the wetlands. Table 19: Percentage of Urban Population, Census of India, 1971-2011 Region
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
India
19.87
23.73
26.1
27.78
31.16
West Bengal
24.75
26.47
27.5
27.97
31.87
KMA
92.83
92.44
91.72
91.25
93.12
Kolkata City
100
100
100
100
100
Source: Land use Survey published by KMDA: ADB summary report Jan 2001.
Table 20: Pattern of Land Cover in KMC (1991-2001) Year
Total Area
Built up Area
Non Built up
Built up
Non Built up
(sq.km.)
Area (sq.km.)
( %)
( %)
1911
53.0
32.75
20.25
61.8
38.2
1963
104.0
77.85
26.14
74.86
25.14
1980
104.0
83.20
20.80
80
20
1990
187.33
159.04
28.29
84.9
15.10
2001
187.33
164.29
23.04
87.7
12.30
Source: Land use Survey published by KMDA: ADB summary report Jan 2001.
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Economy The reducing rate of the Non-Built up area is directly affect the primary sectors of economy. The growth of population in the recent years in KMC has been checked very much in last the two decades, particularly during 1991 and 2001. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
84.9
80
74.86
1200
87.7
1000
61.8
800 600
38.2 25.14
400
20
15.1
12.3
200 0
1911
1963
1980
Built-up
1990
1961
2001
Non Built-up
Built-up in sq. km.
1981
1990
Non Built-up in sq. km.
Figure 49: Built-Up and Non Built-Up relation in KMC (1911-2001) Source: Land use Survey published by KMDA: ADB summary report Jan 2001.
2.2.1.5 Findings of Primary Survey The present scenario of jobs is as follows in the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area. Primary sector jobs are 4.08%, Secondary sector jobs are 18.21% and tertiary sector catering the maximum population of 77.71%. 100 77.71
80 60 40 20
18.21 4.1
0 Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Figure 50: Jobs in different sectors based on Primary Survey
The total no. of jobs in different sectors based on the primary survey in the above mentioned sectors are given below: •
Primary sector-9,620 (04.08%)
•
Secondary Sector- 43,711 (18.21%)
•
Tertiary Sector- 1,86,669 (77.71%)
Total no. of Jobs = 2,40,000
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Economy Only 1.55% of the people in the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation are working in primary sector from the population of 6.18 lacs. The total employed person in all the sectors from Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation are around 38.8%.
2.2.1.6Expected Investment and Employment in Primary Sector Many upcoming investments in the primary sector will affect the jobs in that sector, some of the major investment (Bengal Summit, 2018) and projects are discussing here in brief with will all positive and negative affect on the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation with respect to its economy and employment.
2.2.1.7Job Projection based on Investment and Proposals BMC do not have much land so the growth in primary sectors will not affect much by the investments in the recent Bengal Summit 2018 and other investment by the state and local government. After seeing the growth pattern in primary sector and expected investment in the following sector the tentative jobs in these sectors will be as stated in Table 6.
2.2.1.8 Methodology The trends stated above were considered for projecting the jobs in primary sector. Trend extrapolation method was used for calculating the final projection of jobs in this sector. Table 21: Existing and Expected people involvement in Primary Sector Primary sectors
2001
2011
Employment
Primary Survey
2021*
2031*
Estimate
Workers
1375
1867
9620
2256
2650
% to W.P.
0.88%
0.80%
4.1%
0.72%
0.64%
*Projected Jobs in Primary Sector (Source: District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas 2001 & 2011)
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Economy
2.2.2SECONDARY SECTOR JOBS 2.2.2.1Analysis of Sector Supply Analysis: Production Advantage This method is to identify the products which have advantage in production in the state. This has been identified by calculating comparative production advantage at NIC two-digit- level for a state. The sectors in which the value of Production Advantage Index (PAI) is greater than one shows that the relative importance of such sectors in the state is more than that at the country-level and thus has a production advantage. This advantage may have resulted from higher productivity, existence of lowcost resources, skill availability, government policies etc.
Demand Analysis: Shift Share of Sales This method is to identify the potential commodities from the demand side using Shift Share analysis of sales data. The percentage net shift represents the percentage of the total gain or total loss of market share accounted for by each sector. The sector showing positive net shift are identified as potential sectors.
Result: Growth Trend of Manufacturing Sector The sub-sectors are distinguished in four different categories depending on their potential growth rates. Category 1: These include the sectors with consistent production advantage along with positive net shift of sales. These are the sectors that have an advantage and market demand is growing on an average more than other sectors. Sectors such as these can attract investment in the state. Tobacco and leather are very strong sectors in this category for the state while precision instruments also are a candidate for this category since its demand is growing at the average rate and its PAI>1. Category 2: These include sectors, which have low production advantage but positive net shift of sales. This implies that these sectors are witnessing strong gain in market share but has an overall weakness in production in such sectors. Automobiles, food processing, non-metallic materials and apparels are the products in this category. In non-metallic materials, we have some advantage, but in food processing, automobiles and apparels, we did not have any advantage at all. Investments in these sectors can move these to Category 1. Category 3: These include sectors, which do not have production advantage and where the net shift of sales is negative. These sectors should not be very attractive in terms of investment. Most of the products produced in West Bengal fall in this category including paper, rubber and plastic, transport
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Economy and equipment, office equipment, radio, television and communication, electrical machinery and machinery and equipment. Category 4: These include sectors having production but the net shift of sales is negative. In this category we see net shift of publishing and printing and wood and wood products is not very much negative, hence they may still have scope of expansion. However, for other sectors like petro products, metal, chemical, textile and basic metals, the demand growth is not high, although we have production advantage in them. Hence, investment in these sectors will be attractive only if one can find newer markets with higher demand growth.
2.2.2.2Projection of Jobs in Secondary Sector The Supply and Demand analysis of the sector is used for analyzing the growth trend and then prediction of jobs. The projected number of jobs under each sub-sectors in Table 7.
Table 22: Projection of jobs in Manufacturing Sector Manufacturing Industry SubSectors
No. of Employees
Employment Growth Rate*
No. of Employees (2011)
(Annually)
Projected No. of Employee (2021)
Projected No. of Employee (2031)
Manufacture of Food Products
3955
0.6
427
572
758
Manufacture of beverages
309
0.6
33
45
59
Manufacture of Tobacco Products
1344
0.6
145
194
257
Manufacture of Textiles
53016
-1.8
5719
6299
6828
Manufacture of wearing apparel
818
-1.8
88
97
105
Manufacture of leather and related products
1188
-0.9
128
153
179
Manufacture of wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
524
0
57
72
92
Manufacture of paper and paper products
2181
0
235
301
381
Printing and reproduction of recorded media
4046
0
436
559
707
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Economy 27
-1.4
3
3
4
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
4110
-1.4
443
506
569
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products
3746
-1.4
404
461
518
Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
3277
-1.4
353
404
454
Manufacture of other nonmetallic mineral products
970
-1.4
105
119
134
Manufacture of basic metals
5904
-1.9
637
695
747
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
3452
-1.9
372
406
436
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
1176
-1.9
127
138
149
Manufacture of electrical equipment
4215
-4.2
455
392
331
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n. e. c.*
4481
-4.2
483
416
351
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
256
-4.2
28
24
20
Manufacture of other transport equipment
6388
-4.2
689
594
501
Manufacture of furniture
97
0
10
13
17
Other manufacturing
324
0
35
45
57
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
313
-4.2
34
29
25
Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
1243
-4.2
134
116
97
Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
43
0
5
6
8
Warehousing and support activities for transportation
367
-4.2
40
34
29
Motion Picture, Video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities
284
0
31
39
50
Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
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Economy Repair of computers and personal and household goods
184
0
TOTAL
20
11675
25
12761
32
13894
(*Source: Directorate of Industries, Government of West Bengal)
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Economy 2.2.3TERTIARY SECTOR JOBS Tertiary sector jobs are projected by extracting the data from HDR report of North 24 Parganas 2009. The employment structures are divided in various categories. Table 23: Projected Jobs in Tertiary Sector 2011
2021*
2031*
Number
220944
296646
392252
% to W.P.
94.59
94.67
94.75
*Projected Jobs (Source: - Human Development Report North 24 Parganas 2009)
The different disaggregate level sectors are presented below. Table 24: Showing different types of Tertiary Sector jobs Bidhannagar 2011
2021
2031
3664 4630 Domestic Worker 2868 785 1003 1267 Street Vender 7841 10016 12659 Construction Worker 1144 1461 1847 Sanitation Worker 2051 2620 3311 Home Based Worker 4486 5731 7243 Transport Worker 2461 3144 3973 Shop Worker/Assistant 836 1068 1350 Electrician /Mechanic /Assembler 633 809 1022 Washer Man 47415 67772 94319 Other Worker Total 70520 97287 167807 (Source:Socio Economic Caste Census 2011)
Rajarhat
Total
2011
2021
2031
2011
2021
2031
4189 1371 26633
5351 1751 34022
6763 2214 42999
7057 2156 34474
9015 2754 44038
11394 3481 55659
659
842
1064
1803
2303
2911
4789
6118
7732
6840
8738
11043
11062
14131
17860
15548
19861
25102
9735
12436
15717
12196
15579
19691
2567
3279
4144
3403
4347
5494
762 88657 150424
973 120455 199357
1230 160905 260629
1395 136072 220944
1782 188227 296644
2252 255224 392251
2.2.3.1 Service Sector jobs All types of service sector jobs come under Other Worker section presented in table above. Some of the service sector jobs are being presented in detailed level. Table 25: Different Service Sector Jobs 2011
2021
2031
Police
1560
1083
1319
Post Office
144
168
204
Bank
500
607
739
Health
1100
1294
1575
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Economy Education
1000
1280
1560
State Govt. offices
1632
2936
4566
Total
5936
7368
9963
(Source: District census handbook North 24 Parganas 2013, Primary survey)
2.2.4CONCLUSION Table 26: Final Projected Jobs in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors Sectors
2011
2021*
2031*
Primary Sector
1867
2256
2650
Secondary Sector
11675
12761
13894
Tertiary Sector
220944
296644
392251
*Projected Jobs
2.3 COMMERCIAL LOCATION ALLOCATION The commercial allocation is structured in a hierarchy. The scope of development of commercial has been done ward wise, depending on various indices. The indices are normalized using TOPSIS method to come at final numbers. Development has been broadly framed within two factors- area required and nature of commercial development. The area of development assumed to be utilised for development in three phases, where each phases’ outcome will affect the intensity for next phase.
2.3.1 POLICY The findings from the surveys done in Ward 1to Ward 29 of Rajarhat area suggests that the roads in some of the ward are too narrow for future commercial proposal. Proposed commercial and office area will require augmented infrastructure according to the demand of future population and vehicular growth. Provision of new infrastructure will require land that is obtained with the help of conventional development and financial regulatory tools like TDR, Land Pooling, analysis and identifying of special assessment areas. Providing incentives like additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is one of the approaches to obtain land that will be required for provision of the projected infrastructure demand. This developmental right is given to the owner in the form of a Development Rights Certificate (DRC). The proposed commercial land use is located based on the propensity of the area to thrive as business district in the future and its vicinity to local, collector and arterial transit route is one of the most important decision factors. The land required for widening of road as well as development of other
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Economy infrastructure will be obtained from the proposed commercial land use area using up to 40 to 45 percent of the new plots area.
2.3.2 WARD WISE BRIEF PROPOSALS Ward 01 The area allocated for this ward for commercial development is relatively less. Therefore, the development is restricted to being a local market. The response to initial phase development will guide the nature and extent of the upcoming development. If its flourishing the area can be utilized for next hierarchy market, else it can be limited to being a local market.
Ward 02 In this ward, there has been a proposal for an upcoming bus terminus. In the coming few years, there will be demand of various supporting activities and establishments for a bus terminus. There is tremendous scope of offices and market simultaneously. Taking care of the upcoming needs, the proposal includes maximum number of shops for eateries and travel agents. The roads around this area needs to be upgraded and planned in a proper network to cater the upcoming surge of routine buses and supporting paratransit modes.
Ward 03 The ward is a low-density residential development with proposals to cater to the future population residential demand. Catering to this future population growth in the ward justifies proposal for a local fruit and vegetable as well as development of a local market with provision of services for daily needs.
Ward 04 The development is spread over the two roads that intersect at one common junction. The nature of development on both roads will have different character, retaining the present characteristics. One road is proposed to have commercial activities along the road. Other one is mix-use development, carrying forward the present trend on the road.
Ward 05 The ward is allotted large commercial development area in lieu of proposed hospital in the vicinity. The proposal will be of a big commercial hub. Hub will have a limited percentage of shops; focus lies with the commercial activities. Being adjacent to the hospital and part of a hub, there will be maximum need of pharmacies and eating joints. There can be provisions for special recreational activities such as game parlours. In addition, the supporting informal activities will increase in this area and provision of the same is allocated a proper space. City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Economy The presence of so many activities is going to create a kiosk of numerous activities. There will be large inflow and outflow of vehicles on daily basis. The road network needs to be upgraded accordingly.
Ward 06 The proposal of a new commercial hub is required. It will be part of a broad level TOD proposal on the main road passing through the ward. Being in context of TOD development, there will be proper road layout directly connecting main road with the commercial hub. As part of TOD development, there will be extra FAR provisions for the hub. There will be high-rise development with a mix of commercial activities, recreational activities and a market. There lies tremendous potential for the commercial hub at this specific location that can be utilised at best.
Ward 07 The commercial establishment that has come up due to its vicinity to the Airport have led to congestion near the junction and inside the ward. A comprehensive revitalisation plan is required to address the problem of overcrowding and mixed-use development with existing FAR by-law of 3.25 is proposed with due consideration for height restrictions.
Ward 08 The ward has underutilised local markets that needs to be upgraded by infill development, to cover the entire continuous stretch of market. The survey done in the ward found that the existing commercial facilities are not enough to cater to the demand of local population and residents feel the requirement of a proper marketplace for their daily and weekly needs.
Ward 09 The ward has two roads where there is potential of markets and already showing traces of shops along the road. Therefore, the proposal includes mixed land use along the two major collector roads in the ward. The ground floor is proposed shops catering to local needs and the upper floors will be residential. Prescribed setbacks of 0.5m to 2mbased on size of the plots before any future development of shops.
Ward 11 This is a ward with high-density development and thus revitalisation and upgradation is required and urban design proposals are given for the same, it also involves development of TOD corridor along Chinar Park
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Economy Ward 12 The proposal of commercial development for this ward is given in 3 phases it includes development of a new market with commercial establishments and offices, along with high-density development of mixed land use with high FAR. A new road link with the propensity of commercial establishments is proposed too that will cater to the local area.
Ward 13 & Ward 14 Regularisation of commercial land and mixed land use is required due scattered commercial establishments in the ward. Proposal for a new local market to cater to the need of future population and housing allocation. New market is located with consideration of good accessibility and availability of public transit around.
Ward 22 The lack of commercial activities led to the proposal for a new local market to address the needs and demands of the existing population and high residential density in the ward justifies the proposal of new market. However, upgradation of roads is required for better accessibility on site.
Ward 24 The market in this ward experience multilayer encroachments and thus encroachment control strategies needs to be undertaken. Revitalization of the commercial establishments is recommended with road widening by means of T.D.R. and control on building line. Setbacks of 1 to 1.5m from present building control line based on plot size and adherence to ground coverage by-laws should be checked.
Ward 25 Regularization of existing commercial area and market is required to address the issue of congestion and narrow roads. The land will be obtained by using financial and development tools like T.D.R. and contribute 40 % of the obtained land towards roads and other required physical infrastructure like parking and drains.
Ward 27 Ward 27 already has a commercial market and thus the augmentation of it is required into a commercial street. The land will be obtained by using financial and development tools like T.D.R. & Control on building line and contribute 20-40 % of the obtained land towards road and physical infrastructure.
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Economy Ward 28 The ward has many informal settlements and has and absence of prominent commercial area, but the need for the same exists as seen from the prior analysis. A local market with high FAR has been proposed with 2875 sq. m. in first phase, 3614 sq. m. in second phase and 4657 in third phase. The selected location of the market is because of absence of appropriate location for the same and is in the proximity of the proposed T.O.D. eateries.
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Economy
2.3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSED COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES Table 27. Classification of Proposed Commercial activities Ward no.
Hierarchy of Development
Prominent Activities/goods
01
Local
Everyday products
02
Sectoral
Diners and Transportation/Communication
03
Local
Fruits & Vegetables
04
Sectoral
Commercial activities and mix-use development
05
Regional
Commercial Hub
06
Regional
Commercial Hub
07
Sectoral
Mix-use development
08
Local
Local Market
09
Local & Sectoral
Local Market, Mixed Used Development
11
Sectoral
Mix-use development
12
Regional
Commercial Hub
13
Local
Fruits, Vegetables & Local Retail Centre
14
Local
Local Retail Centre
22
Local
Local Retail Centre
24
Local
Fruits & Vegetables Market
25
Sectoral
Commercial activities and mix-use development
27
Sectoral
Commercial activities and mix-use development
28
Local
Fruits & Vegetables Market
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Economy
2.4 PROJECTISATION Table 28. Ward wise Investment / Cost of development Ward no.
Cost of Development (in Cr.)
Cost of Development (in Cr.)
Priority
First Phase
Second Phase
01
8
12.4
Low
02
45
56.8
Medium
03
22
32.2
Medium
04
10
15
Medium
05
60
47
High
06
46
26
High
07
6.5
8.3
Medium
08
1.5
2.7
Low
09
6.5
8.8
Low
11
2.8
3.6
High
12
25.5
27.5
High
13
11
16
Low
14
5
7.3
Low
22
9.5
13.5
Medium
24
1.5
2.2
Low
25
5.5
8
Low
27
11.8
17.8
Low
28
9
13.6
Medium
Total
287.1
318.7
Note: The land cost ₹1300-₹2500/sq. ft. considered based on location of proposed land use. The construction cost is taken as ₹1500-₹2000/sq. ft.
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Economy
2.4 REVENUE GENERATION Table 29. Ward wise Detail of Revenue Generation Ward no.
Revenue Generated (in Cr.)
Revenue Generated (in Cr.)
First Phase
Second Phase
01
8.15
12.85
02
47.15
59.1
03
22.8
33.5
04
10.25
15.7
05
76.75
60.3
06
58.64
33.2
07
8.5
10.6
08
1.75
2.75
09
6.6
9.15
11
3.5
4.55
12
32.7
35.15
13
11.5
16.7
14
5.1
7.5
22
9.8
14
24
1.5
2.3
25
5.6
8.25
27
12.2
18.5
28
9.25
14.15
Total
331.75
358.25
Note: The Property/Real Estate cost ₹4000-₹5500/sq. ft. based on location of proposed land use
Table 30. Revenue after considering risk factor Phase
Revenue (fitted with risk factor) (in Cr.) 10%
20%
30%
40%
01
298.56
265.4
232.2
199
02
322.42
286.5
250.75
215
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Economy Table 31. Time required for Ward wise Execution of Project Ward no.
Execution Time (in months.)
Execution Time (in months.)
First Phase
Second Phase
01
4-5 Months
4-5 Months
02
8-9 Months
8-9 Months
03
5-6 Months
5-7 Months
04
4-5 Months
3-5 Months
05
10-12 Months
7-8 Months
06
7-9 Months
4-6 Months
07
4-5 Months
3-4 Months
08
3-4 Months
2-3 Months
09
4-5 Months
3-4 Months
11
3-4 Months
2-3 Months
12
5-7 Months
4-6 Months
13
4-5 Months
3-4 Months
14
3-4 Months
2-4 Months
22
4-5 Months
3-5 Months
24
2-3 Months
2-3 Months
25
3-4 Months
2-4 Months
27
4-5 Months
4-5 Months
28
4-5 Months
4-5 Months
Note: The time of design proposal –1 to 3 months based scale of project. For civil construction stage standard value of Average labor consumption rate (0.70 wh/m²), Average formwork ratio for the entire building (4.0 m²/m³), Average reinforcement ratio for the entire building (150.00 kg/m³), Maximum number of workers (38.00 wh/hr). Optimistic time and Pessimistic time are considered.
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Housing
3. HOUSING
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Housing
3.1 INTRODUCTION Shelter forms one of the three most basic requirements of a humans, other two being food and clothing. Whilst housing is linked with the economic foundation of a city, it affects the physical structure of a settlement. With rapid population surge in Indian cities as a result of industrialization and urbanization, housing deficit poses a critical challenge to the city managers. Although the concept affordable housing has already gained much attention in the housing market, it is crucial to improve housing availability for all the different income groups within society. Housing forecasts are dependent upon the forecast of the household structure based upon individual persons or families. While individual housing demand is determined by numerous economic factors, aggregate housing demand is determined by demographics. Housing demand is created upon by the rising population which itself is a function of natural increase and migration. The population size, age distribution, educational background, etc. are a few measures influencing housing demand. These also determine the type of housing for which demand has been created. Any change in housing demand is evident from the price changes for owned housing, or level of rents for rented housing in the market. Housing supply synchronizes with the demand through demolition or renovation of old structures, and construction of new ones. The evolution of housing demand determines size of housing stock required, and hence the number of new units which need to be constructed. The demand for housing can be broadly classified into three components: •
Number of new households adding due to natural growth or migration
•
Net resultant change in the housing units already lying vacant
•
Replacement of housing units lost as a result of catastrophes, demolition, deterioration, aging or obsolescence, etc. Hence, in order to project the levels of these components, assumptions regarding the future
scenario are to be made, which can either be regarding economy or demography. Housing demand predictions must be of long run sustainable demand. Whilst household growth is related with the population growth, the change in composition of adult population drives a change in number of households, and not change in the total population. Estimation of the replacement/reconfiguration demand is a component of assessing the overall housing demand. Towards this, the age of housing stock is a vital factor.
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Housing
3.2METHODOLOGY In the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Area, need for new housing both in terms of qualitative and quantitative aspect has been observed. The methodology that has been followed to calculate the housing demand in the area, after considering factors discussed as follows: •
To meet the current quantitative and qualitative housing shortages and fulfilling the need of future housing (newHH formation & demolition due to obsolescence) of upcoming population this includes natural population growth.
•
To identify areas of development for the new population by sector-wise proposals like group housing, affordable housing, and plotted development.
•
To frame policies and strategies for the development of new housing schemes and for informal settlements.
•
To allocate areas for housing demand and emphasis on lower income group housing.
•
To consider different household sizes for different phases of proposal for different types of households.
3.3 HOUSING DEMAND Housing demand estimation of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Area has been done on the basis of following factors: •
Housing Shortage: Quantitative and Qualitative shortage has been determined based on congestion factor and obsolescence factor.
•
Natural Growth: Varying household size has been used for different income group households.
Table 32 Total Housing Demand Year
Housing Stock Requirement
Current Housing Existing Housing Stock (till 2015) Backlog in 2018 Qualitative (Congestion factor -2.95%) Qualitative (Obsolescence factor -11.9%) Up gradation of serviceable Kutcha houses (-1.09%) Future Housing New Household Formation Requirement in Qualitative (Obsolescence 2025- Phase 1 factor – 4.66%) Future Housing New Household Formation
Total 153,661
4533+18285+1675= 24493
4533 18285 1675 57201 7168
64369
32340
39508
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Housing Requirement 2031- Phase 2 Total
(Obsolescence 7168 in Qualitative factor – 4.66%) 128370
It is crucial to analyse the housing demand as per different income groups, and according to the two different component neighbourhoods of Salt Lake City and Rajarhat. The percentage of households in different income groups has been assumed to remain same in2031. Hence, the dwelling units required for higher, medium, lower income groups and economically weaker section of the society have been calculated. Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation currently has almost two third populations belonging to LIG and EWS. The household size fluctuates between 3.9 and 4.5 for EWS and HIG respectively. Table 33 Income wise Housing Demand in Rajarhat-Phase 1 and Phase 2 Income Category
Household Size
Households
Households
Requirement- Phase 1
Requirement- Phase 2
HIG
4.55
3260
2185
MIG
4.07
5778
3874
LIG
4.21
10395
6969
EWS
3.9
12667
8492
32100
21520
Total
Table 34 Income wise Housing Demand in Salt Lake - Phase 1 and Phase 2 Income Category
Household Size
Households Demand-
Households Demand-
Phase 1
Phase 2
HIG
4.06
2957
1274
MIG
3.67
4948
2132
LIG
3.96
8363
3604
EWS
3.91
8829
3805
25098
10815
Total
3.4 HOUSING LOCATION ALLOCATION Major Parameters considered for the allocation of Housing units in different wards are Household Size and existing obsolescent buildings. Since, presence of vacant developable land and unutilized FAR in the area provides potential for the new Housing Stock. It has been considered that area required for the housing shortage will be provided from existing housing units. Excess housing units have been allocated to new annexed area of Ghuni.
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Housing
Table 35 Ward wise Proposed Density - Phase 1 and Phase 2 Ward
Existing Existing
Proposed
Proposed
Proposed
Proposed
Number
Populat
Net
Population-
Net
Population-
Net
ion
Density(pp
Phase 1
density-
Phase 2
density-
Phase 1
h)
Phase 2
1
12653
81
17332
112
20927
135
2
15167
92
20160
123
27166
166
3
15484
88
20310
117
25867
149
4
15234
103
20148
137
24280
165
5
14861
140
19667
186
28732
271
6
16813
164
21698
212
26521
259
7
17088
349
21885
448
21885
448
8
12959
239
17814
329
23082
426
9
16854
292
21905
380
28167
489
10
14762
199
19688
266
19688
266
11
12779
308
12870
311
12870
311
12
20003
150
27571
207
36610
275
13
18991
185
26448
259
40994
401
14
13212
122
29053
268
43733
404
15
12612
325
13863
358
13863
358
16
17052
537
18206
573
18206
573
17
16467
259
21351
336
21351
336
18
12448
295
17473
415
17473
415
19
12739
456
17963
643
17963
643
20
20981
400
20981
400
20981
400
21
15869
467
18220
537
18220
537
22
18306
339
23101
429
23101
429
23
11639
242
15021
313
15021
313
24
16232
273
25949
437
31493
530
25
15063
306
20179
411
25620
522
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
5|P a g e
Housing 26
14586
197
19450
263
28105
380
27
15749
117
20710
154
29516
220
28
19148
153
24144
193
29694
238
29
14101
107
18008
137
19692
150
30
13310
145
14956
163
15665
171
31
15164
82
18220
99
19537
106
32
13495
307
15768
359
16747
381
33
13740
120
16954
148
18339
161
34
15222
137
18436
166
19821
179
35
12481
170
13083
178
13343
182
37
17412
138
21128
167
22730
180
38
17080
580
17080
580
17080
580
39
16251
223
19673
271
20712
285
40
14035
185
22193
293
24527
324
41
18617
213
21292
244
22445
257
Re densification and New Development Restricted Development
3.5 STRATEGIES 3.5.1 RE DENSIFICATION Due to less availability of vacant land and unutilized FAR in many wards in Rajarhat and Salt Lake, re densification has been proposed. Housing Allocation has been done according to growth potential of the wards. Also, the net density of the wards varies from 150-580 pph. Phase 1 In Phase 1, re densification has been proposed in all wards with new development majorly in ward 1, 2, 12, 13 and 14. Phase 2
In Ward number 1-6, 8, 9, 12-14, 24-41, re-densification has been proposed according to the growth potential of respective wards.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
6|P a g e
Housing
3.5.2 RESTRICTIONS The Net Density in Ward number 7, 10, 11, 15-23, 38 has been restricted. No further development of these wards is proposed due to less availability of land for Phase 2.
3.5.3 F.A.R. Unutilized FAR has provided the potential in the wards to fulfil the Housing demand in the area. In Rajarhat, FAR has been kept as per the existing byelaws. While in Salt Lake, TOD has been proposed with modified FAR as discussed in Chapter 1. Table 36 Ward wise Housing Allocation and Proposals – Phase 1 Ward
H.H. allotted for Re-
H.H. allotted for
Type of Proposal for new
Number
densification
new development
development
1
1002
1081
2
280
1171
3
0
1127
4
313
1130
5
0
1115
6
1074
1136
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (65:35)
7
393
1110
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
8
2994
1130
9
449
1175
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
10
1910
1146
11
0
21
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
12
494
1748
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
13
0
1731
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
7|P a g e
Housing 14
0
3694
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
15
479
290
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (60:40)
16
664
269
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
17
564
1131
18
2375
1167
19
2133
1205
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
20
2023
0
21
0
552
22
0
1119
23
0
789
24
1225
2266
25
982
1180
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
26
1028
1138
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (60:40)
27
570
1157
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
28
0
1167
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (60:40)
29
1049
0
30
437
0
31
813
0
32
606
0
33
813
0
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
8|P a g e
Housing 34
813
0
35
157
0
36
0
0
37
956
0
38
0
0
39
882
0
40
2089
0
41
702
0
Table 37 Ward wise Housing Allocation and Proposals - Phase 2 Ward Number
1
H.H. allotted for
H.H. allotted for new
Type of Proposal for new
Re-densification
development
development
310
834
1-70% Affordable Housing, 2-30% MIG: HIG (65:35)
2
0
1657
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (65:35)
3
0
1308
1-70% Affordable Housing, 2-30% MIG: HIG (70:30)
4
0
957
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
5
0
2117
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
6
116
1130
7
155
0
8
1507
1236
1-60% Affordable Housing, 2-40% MIG: HIG (60:40)
9
172
1472
10
349
0
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
9|P a g e
Housing (60:40) 11
0
0
12
116
2103
13
0
3406
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (60:40)
14
0
3438
15
140
0
16
174
0
17
0
0
18
508
0
19
798
0
20
279
0
21
0
0
22
0
0
23
0
0
24
381
1304
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (60:40)
25
558
1270
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (65:35)
26
335
2040
1-70% Affordable Housing, 2-30% MIG: HIG (65:35)
27
0
2073
1-70% Affordable Housing, 2-30% MIG: HIG (65:35)
28
0
1307
1-65% Affordable Housing, 2-35% MIG: HIG (65:35)
29
452
0
30
189
0
31
350
0
32
261
0
33
351
0
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
10|P a g e
Housing 34
351
0
35
68
0
36
0
0
37
412
0
38
0
0
39
342
0
40
762
0
41
303
0
3.6HOUSING ALLOCATION IN GHUNI Table 38 Housing Allocated with area requirement in Ghuni Area Phase 1 Demand
from
Phase 2
8363 (LIG)
8829 (EWS)
3943 (LIG)
4412(EWS)
501780
397305
237780
198540
3
3
3
3
162260
132435
79260
66180
Salt Lake Total
Built-up
area (sq.m.) Proposed FAR Plot Area Req. (sq.m.) Total Land Required (sq. m.)
440135
3.7INFORMAL SETTLEMENT 3.7.1 SLUM EXISTING CONDITION Notified Slums Rajarhat has 180 notified slums. Bidhannagar has 26 notified slums. Slums in Bidhannagar Municipality are majorly in Ward 26, Ward 38 (Chingrihata) and Duttabad. Major Slum up gradation schemes Major slum upgradation schemes implemented in the area are as follows:
•
Basic Service for Urban Poor,
•
Housing for All,
•
Housing for Urban Poor. (Mahisbathan)
Government Scheme- Basic Service for Urban Poor
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
11|P a g e
Housing BSUP Scheme had been implemented during the period 2014-2015. Services provided under the scheme were: Housing, Infrastructure-Road, Drain and Lights. The scheme was implemented in 4 phases with the construction of around 6000 Dwelling Units. In Bidhannagar area housing demand is around 12000 dwelling units. 300 Dwelling Units are constructed till now. Currently, the development of slums in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is under ‘Housing for All’ Scheme.
Number of Dwellings
Number of Slums 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
30 32 34 36 38 40
Figure 51 Ward wise Informal Households
3.7.2 SLUM PROPOSALS Redevelopment of Slums under Housing for All Scheme is proposed in wards 26 and 38, to accommodate the demand of DU. Total DU demand is 11684. As per Housing for All Scheme: Slum/EWS housing (to 30 sq.m) - 600 to 900DUs/Ha
3.7.3 PROPOSED PHASED DEVELOPMENT This is the Phased-development proposal as per ‘Housing for All’ Scheme under PMAY. The total number of proposed dwelling units is 11684 which is divided in four wards: Ward 21- 613 DUs, Ward 23- 679 DUs, Ward 26- 5000 DUs and Ward 38- 5000 DUs. Two stages of Phased Development have been proposed. PHASE I: (2018-2024) and PHASE II: (2024-2031).
PHASE I: Period: 6 years (2018-2025) New developments have been proposed in ward numbers 21, 23 and 26 in Rajarhat area and ward 38 in Salt Lake area. • •
In-situ using land as a resource with private participation. Extra FAR/FSI of up to 3.25 is proposed (use TDR if required).
Stage 1 Ward 38- 2200 DUs, Ward 26- 2200 DUs •
Time duration- 5 years
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
12|P a g e
Housing Stage 2 Ward 21- 613 DUs, ward 23- 679 DUs •
Time duration- 1 year
PHASE II: Period: 6 years (2025-2031) New developments (6000 DUs) have been proposed in ward numbers 21, 23 and 26 in Rajarhat area and ward 38 in Salt Lake area. • •
In-situ using land as a resource with private participation. Extra FAR/FSI of up to 3.25 is proposed (use TDR if required).
Ward 38- 2800 DUs, Ward 26- 2800 DUs •
Time duration- 6 years
COST OF PROJECT The average cost of one dwelling unit under Housing for All Scheme is 3.68 lakh. Total cost: 3.68x12000 = 442 Cr. Equal allocation of funds of Rs. 221 crores in both the phases Funding Pattern: Sharing of Cost: DU
Table 39: Shows the Sharing of Cost in Different Sectors Govt. of India State Govt. Beneficiary
50% 30% 20%
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
221 Cr. 133 Cr. 88 Cr.
13|P a g e
Infrastructure
4. INFRASTRUCTURE
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
1|P a g e
Infrastructure
4.1 WATER SUPPLY 4.1.1 ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMAND Ward wise projected population for 2031 has been calculated as taking in consideration the natural growth as well as migration. Since there is no treated surface water supply system in RajarhatGopalpur area, a new network has been planned that would take water from the Newtown Water Treatment Plant which is going to be augmented to 100 MGD capacity. This treatment plant has intake point in Debendrabala Ghat, near Chitpur. Salt Lake has a well-designed water supply network which would not require any major intervention for future workability. Following table shows the ward wise water demand of Rajarhat-Gopalpur area.
Table 3.7.40: Ward wise estimation of water demand for 2031 Ward
Total
Water
Grosswater
Storage capacity
Overhead
population
demand
demand
(gallon) (assuming
Reservoir capacity
(Gallons/day)
twice a day supply)
1.2
2.4
MGD
MDG
(2031)
1
21758
4351688
1666912.734
833456.3672
7
2
16179
3235750
1239453.041
619726.5206
4
1
3
35123
7024673
2690798.687
1345399.344
7
2
4
53742
10748426
4117180.887
2058590.443
18
5
23672
4734477
1813539.734
906769.8671
7
6
34338
6867582
2630624.78
1315312.39
9
1
7
22023
4404624
1687189.854
843594.9268
6
1
8
23378
4675627
1790997.226
895498.6129
4
2
9
33020
6603961
2529644.943
1264822.471
11
10
17582
3516379
1346947.899
673473.9495
6
11
12885
2576940
987095.8705
493547.9352
4
12
86230
17245927
6606046.504
3303023.252
15
13
46934
9386782
3595603.743
1797801.871
12
14
28334
5666781
2170658.441
1085329.22
12
15
13567
2713440
1039382.357
519691.1787
5
16
18372
3674417
1407484.022
703742.0108
6
17
19209
3841706
1471564.104
735782.0519
6
18
12883
2576568
986953.3089
493476.6545
5
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
6
2|P a g e
Infrastructure 19
12872
2574308
986087.9047
493043.9524
2
20
20981
4196200
1607352.968
803676.4842
4
21
19381
3876168
1484764.682
742382.3411
2
2
22
25461
5092284
1950597.725
975298.8626
7
1
23
15316
3063129
1173330.467
586665.2335
6
24
67563
13512547
5175976.317
2587988.159
11
25
21669
4333757
1660044.16
830022.0801
9
26
21223
4244591
1625889.186
812944.593
7
27
32878
6575583
2518774.947
1259387.473
3
4
28
27014
5402862
2069564.5
1034782.25
3
4
2
Gross water demand has been calculated by multiplying 1.45 to the water demand (200 lpcd) that takes into consideration NRW (15%), reserve (20%) and meter loss (10%). Standard sizes of 450 kl (20 m high staging) and 900 kl (22 m high staging) (RDSO) capacity RCC reservoirshas been considered while locating Overhead reservoirs for fulfilling the storage capacity of each ward. After due reference to various Government tenders and BOQs, the rough estimates have been freezed. For projectisation the perception data obtained from primary survey has been used to prioritize the sequence of the projects. Following table shows the projectized proposals.
4.1.2
Guidelines for Rain Water Harvesting:
Due to the concretization of Rajarhat and Barasat, the ground water level has been depleting over the years. In order to stop its deterioration Rain Water Harvesting is to be done as per IS: 15797:2008,Manual on Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) (Ministry of Drinking water and sanitation) and extraction of ground water in wards with municipal connection should be subjected to permission from the BMC. Legal framework may be made so that RWH becomes an integral part of the building sanction process. The following guidelines may be followed: Table 3.7.41: Guidelines for RWH MIN. CATEGORY DECRIPTION Group A1
Residential (with floor area of 100 sq.m or more and plot area of 200 sq.m or more)
CAPACITY 25 litre/ m2
Group A2
Special Residential
25 litre/ m2
Group B
Educational
50litre/ m2
Group C
Medical/Hospital
50 litre/ m2
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
3|P a g e
Infrastructure Group D
Assembly
50 litre/ m2
Group E
Office/Business
50 litre/ m2
Group F
Mercantile/ Commercial
Nil
Industrial (only for workshops, assembly plants, Group G
laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, Gas 50 litre/ m2 plants refineries, diaries food processing units) Hazardous (Automobile wash stall, automobile Service Stations, Service Garages with repairing facilities and any other occupancies notified by the Government
Group H
from time to time); Provided that the floor area to be considered shall be the total floor area in all floors:
25 litre/ m2
Provided further that, the rainwater harvesting arrangement is not mandatory for thatched roofed buildings.
Among other benefits one benefit worth mentioning is that RWH may contribute in reducing water logging as it will collect most of the rain water in the storage tanks/ recharge pits.
4.1.3
Arsenic Contamination:
As the whole area of N 24 Parganas is affected by arsenic contamination of ground water, no extraction of ground water should be allowed for domestic purpose. For other purpose like construction, industry, garage etc. it should be allowed only after obtaining permission from the BMC which may be subjected to a separate tariff.
4.1.4 Proposals and Projectization:
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
4|P a g e
Infrastructure
Figure 4.1.1: Proposed locations of OHT
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
5|P a g e
Infrastructure 4.2 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM Sewage disposal is a major concern in Rajarhat – Gopalpur area since presently the area does not have a sewerage network and many households lack soak pit. As the area receives high amount of rainfall in monsoons and have 100 percent drainage network coverage, partially separated system is proposed. Drainage and sewerage network of Salt Lake area is currently well functioning and maintained. The sewerage network in Salt Lake has carrying capacity to serve more than twice the existing population. In case of drainage network, since the ground surface is mostly hardened and there are very few vacant plots, there will not be considerable increase in surface runoff in future.
4.1.4
Sewerage Network
4.2.1.1 Effluent estimation for Rajarhat area The wastewater system is designed for the expected wastewater flows in the design year based on the projected population. For Rajarhat area wastewater generated is calculated assuming 225 lpcd water supply rate and waste generated is assumed to be 80 % of the water supplied and infiltration is considered 5% of ward wise effluent as water table is little high i.e. around 10-12 meter. Similarly design flow is calculated by projecting present population for design year of 2031 by using population projection figures 725725 and applying assumed lpcd rate for projected population. And it is estimated that 162 MLD Effluent will be generated in Rajarhat area by 2031. Table 0.1: Sewage Calculation for Future population Effluent including 5% Zone Ward
Population 2031
effluent
infiltration
Zone Wise Effluent
(liter/day) ( Liter/Day)
1
21758
3916520
4112346 2.4E+07
2
16179
2912175
3057784 =24MLD
3
35123
6322206
6638316
4
53742
9673583
10157263
5
23672
4261029
4474081 3.9E+07
6
34338
6180823
6489865 =38.6MLD
11
12885
2319246
2435208
12
86230
15521335
16297401
13
46934
8448104
8870509
14
28334
5100103
5355108 7789964
18
12883
2318911
2434856 =7.8MLD
1
2
3
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
6|P a g e
Infrastructure 20
20981
3776580
3965409 7628387
21
19381
3488551
3662978 =7.6MLD
22
25461
4583056
4812209 4E+07
23
15316
2756816
2894657 =39.9MLD
24
67563
12161292
12769357
25
21669
3900381
4095400
26
21223
3820132
4011139
27
32878
5918025
6213926
28
27014
4862576
5105705
7
22023
3964162
4162370 2.2E+07
8
23378
4208064
4418467 =21.7MLD
9
33020
5943565
6240743
10
17582
3164741
3322978
17
19209
3457535
3630412
Ghuni
73617
13251060
4
5
6
7
13913613 13.9MLD
4.2.1.2 Sewerage network design For designing the sewer network Rajarhat area divided into 7 zones based on the availability of present and proposed wider roads more than 4 meter and slope. Also it is assured that zone boundaries are coincided with outer ward boundaries to avoid calculation errors.
4.2.1.3. Location of pumping station
Location of pumping station is identified based on gradient needed for laying the sewer line and vacant land availability, assuming the overall slope of area is negligible maximum depth for sewer is considered 4.5 meter including the 90cm cover soil.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
7|P a g e
Infrastructure
Figure 4.2.1: Proposed STP locations
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
8|P a g e
Infrastructure 4.2.1.4 Capacity and location of STP For effluent treatment of Rajarhat area sequential batch reactor (SBR) method is selected as area requirement through this method is less e.g. .05ha.per MLD in comparison with other methods of treatment. Total of 148.1MLD effluent need to be treated through 3 new STPs and one existing STP with increased capacity. For sewage form zone one STP of capacity 24 MLD is needed for that1.2 Ha. Area required, similarly for zones 2, 3, 4, and 7(Guni area) STP of capacity 67.9 MLD and area 3.39 Ha, and for zone 6 STP of capacity 13.9 MLD required which is to be integrated with existing STP in Prafulla kanan. Location of STPs is selected considering the factors like nearness to discharge point, away from the settlements and airport.
Figure 3.2.1: Location of STP for Zone 5
Figure 4.2.5: Location of STP for Zone
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
9|P a g e
Infrastructure
Figure 3.2.3: Location of STP for Zone 2, 3, 4 and Guni area
Project
Zones Zone Wise STP Capacity Requireme
Area Requireme nt
Cost Of Constructio n Of St (I Annual Operation And
Land Acquisition Cost In Lakh Length Of Trunk In Meter
Cost Of Pump
Cost Of Trunk Instalation
Total Cost In Lakh (Excluding O&M)
4.2.2 Costing and phasing
PHASE
5
1.995
4588.5
29.8053
177
31.431
4795.305
39.9
365.46
7780
9
1 6
21.7
1.085
2495.5
2
184.66
3821
177
7
15.436
2510.937
84
PHASE
1
24
1.2
2760
230.16
17.928
3750
177
15.15
2793.078
2
2,3,
67.9
3.785
7808.5
603.74
56.5479
3400
177
13.736
7878.784
4,G
9
hun i
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
10|P a g e
Infrastructure
4.2.3 Network For runoff calculation Rajarhat area is divided into different zone based on based on the slopes, catchment and outfall of drainage into different canals. Catchments are subdivided into smaller
Figure 3.2.4: Catchment of each Canal is divided into smaller catchments City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
11|P a g e
Infrastructure catchment areas of different roads for calculation
Figure 3.2.5: Possible major roads for directing storm water and its direction
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
12|P a g e
Infrastructure
Table 3.2.2: Surface Runoff Calculation for each Catchment Catchment
canal
Area(sq.m)
Area(hectares)
Q(cu.m/sec)
1 NOAL
336605.27
33.66052667
0.5301
2 NOAL
215689.36
21.56893599
0.3397
3 NOAL
10698060.51
1069.806051
16.8480
4 NOAL
556912.26
55.69122604
0.8771
5 NOAL
555375.56
55.53755628
0.8746
6 NOAL
424955.01
42.49550059
0.6692
7 NOAL
486039.14
48.60391428
0.7654
8 NOAL
552959.38
55.29593829
0.8708
9 NOAL
250204.53
25.02045304
0.3940
10 NOAL
446966.45
44.69664479
0.7039
11 NOAL
89508.44
8.950843718
0.1410
12 NOAL
321438.24
32.14382448
0.5062
13 NOAL
956636.20
95.66361972
1.5066
14 NOAL
361026.01
36.10260145
0.5686
15 NOAL
394154.07
39.41540663
0.6207
16 NOAL
165957.47
16.5957475
0.2614
17 NOAL
422774.79
42.27747895
0.6658
18 NOAL
234583.67
23.45836749
0.3694
19 HIDCO
452445.87
45.2445868
0.7125
20 HIDCO
186700.90
18.67009001
0.2940
21 HIDCO
480230.33
48.02303268
0.7563
22 HIDCO
475196.12
47.51961159
0.7484
23 HIDCO
282342.12
28.23421176
0.4446
24 HIDCO
126065.67
12.60656725
0.1985
25 HIDCO
255282.53
25.52825293
0.4020
26 HIDCO
261141.07
26.11410697
0.4113
204272.07
20.42720733
0.3217
DUM DUM 27 CENT.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
13|P a g e
Infrastructure DUM DUM 28 CENT.
488294.77
48.82947698
0.7690
190194.50
19.01944957
0.2995
150198.81
15.01988074
0.2365
291322.62
29.13226191
0.4588
283726.88
28.37268769
0.4468
255594.76
25.55947573
0.4025
107659.85
10.76598483
0.1695
96983.02
9.698301982
0.1527
547462.69
54.74626884
0.8622
282425.42
28.24254183
0.4448
178930.06
17.89300597
0.2818
201312.47
20.13124741
0.3170
40 CENT.
317285.46
31.72854605
0.4997
41 BAGJOLA
291971.45
29.19714509
0.4598
42 BAGJOLA
256825.97
25.68259725
0.4045
43 BAGJOLA
240425.50
24.04254992
0.3786
44 BAGJOLA
324706.59
32.47065873
0.5114
45 BAGJOLA
461045.63
46.10456344
0.7261
46 BAGJOLA
160035.38
16.00353835
0.2520
47 BAGJOLA
243600.51
24.36005074
0.3836
175495.01
17.54950133
0.2764
DUM DUM 29 CENT. DUM DUM 30 CENT. DUM DUM 31 CENT. DUM DUM 32 CENT. DUM DUM 33 CENT. DUM DUM 34 CENT. DUM DUM 35 CENT. DUM DUM 36 CENT. DUM DUM 37 CENT. DUM DUM 38 CENT. DUM DUM 39 CENT. DUM DUM
DUM DUM 48 CENT.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
14|P a g e
Infrastructure 49 BAGJOLA
271011.61
27.10116138
0.4268
50 BAGJOLA
199685.96
19.96859608
0.3145
51 BAGJOLA
235695.76
23.56957552
0.3712
52 BAGJOLA
273055.56
27.30555561
0.4300
53 BAGJOLA
325836.99
32.58369857
0.5131
54 BAGJOLA
184948.27
18.49482675
0.2913
55 BAGJOLA
167640.72
16.76407183
0.2640
56 BAGJOLA
234103.03
23.41030328
0.3687
57 BAGJOLA
214001.12
21.40011216
0.3370
58 KESTOPUR
896962.01
89.69620099
1.4126
59 KESTOPUR
195215.80
19.52158015
0.3074
60 KESTOPUR
155463.94
15.54639444
0.2448
61 KESTOPUR
265037.91
26.5037909
0.4130
62 KESTOPUR
441491.13
44.14911348
0.6880
63 KESTOPUR
620686.27
62.06862668
0.9672
64 KESTOPUR
227683.04
22.76830447
0.3548
65 KESTOPUR
370752.80
37.07528037
0.5778
66 KESTOPUR
506632.43
50.66324269
0.7895
67
KESTOPUR
297091.93
29.70919324
0.4630
68
KESTOPUR
418589.23
41.85892318
0.6523
69
KESTOPUR
1585.28
0.158528035
0.0025
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
15|P a g e
Infrastructure
Figure 4.2.3: Proposed drainage network
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
16|P a g e
Infrastructure
4.2.4 Phasing of drainage project Total length of sub surface drain: 96040.37 meters Phase
Priority area
Drainage length (m.)
Phase 1
High priority area
13067
Medium priority
11834
High priority
13067.65
Low priority
48673
Phase 2
PHASE 1: HIGH PRIORITY MEDIUM PRIORITY
PHASE 2: :
HIGH
PRIORITY MEDIUM PRIORITY LOW PRIORITY
Figure 4.2.4: Prioritization of Phases.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
17|P a g e
Infrastructure 4.2.5
Sanitation in Informal Settlements
Duttabad and Mahishbadhan are two major informal settlement areas in Bidhannagar Corporation. Duttabad covers ward 38 and some areas of ward 39 while Mahishbadhan covers some portion of wards 27 and 28. Duttabad is densely populated area having water bodies in between. Mahishbadhan spreads along Kestopur canal.
Figure 3.2.6: Informal settlements
Figure 3.2.7: Informal settlements in
in Duttabad
Mahishbadhan
According to primary survey, around 88 percent of households in Duttabad are using community toilets but in Mahishbadhan around 78.6 percent of households are having individual toilets.
In Duttabad, there is huge gap between present number of toilets and number of toilets required. According to the guidelines by Ministry of Urban Development, for the population in Duttabad the Mahishbadhan
Duttabad
12% 21%
Community toilet(%)
IHHL(%)
IHHL(%) 88%
Community toilet(%)
79%
Figure 3.2.8: Percent of community and
Figure 3.2.9: Percent of
individual toilets in Duttabad
community and individual
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
18|P a g e
Infrastructure ideal number of community toilets is 599 since it is high density area. And the present number of community toilets in Duttabad is 92 and desired number is 146. In case of Mahishbadhan, the gap between toilet requirement and present number of toilets is considerably low compared with Duttabad. The area is less dense and number of toilets required is 40. Present number of toilets in Mahishbadhan is 22 and the desired number according to primary survey is 30.
Community toilets in Duttabad
Community toilets in Mahishbadhan
700 600
50
500
40
400
30
300
20
200
10
100 0 Toilet required
Present no.
0
Desired
Toilet required
Present no.
Desired
Figure 3.2.10: Community toilets
Figure 3.2.11: Community toilets in
in Duttabad
Mahishbadhan
6
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 Location Number of Disposal toilets system
Space within toilet
Location Number of Disposal toilets system
Degree of importance
Space within toilet
Degree of importance
Figure 3.2.12: Degree of importance -
Figure 3.2.13: Degree of importance
Duttabad
- Mahishbathan
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
19|P a g e
Infrastructure For the people in both areas, location and number of toilets are more prior to disposal of sewage. The presence of water bodies in both areas further worsens the situation. Most of the individual household toilets and community toilets have septic tanks but they are directed towards nearby water body. Some portion of Mahishbadhan area has underground sewer line laid 10 years ago. But it is not functioning and none of the households have connected their toilet pipes to it.
Figure 3.2.14: Existing underground sewer line in Mahishbadhan People are willing to contribute for the construction of new toilets but slightly more than 50 percent showed interest in giving their contribution in the form of time and work.
Willingness to pay
Willingness to pay Money
Money
Time and Work
47%
50%
53%
Figure 3.2.15: Willingness to pay -
Time and Work
50%
Figure 3.2.16: Willingness to pay Mahishbadhan
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
20|P a g e
Infrastructure
4.2.6 Proposals and costing •
In Mahishbadhan, gap between requirement and present no. of toilets can be eliminated by constructing 18 toilets. But in Duttabad, since there is severe space constraints it is not possible to supply ideal number of toilets. So present community toilets can be augmented to reach desired number of toilets.
•
Direct disposal of sewage to nearby water bodies should be strictly prohibited and new sewer line connecting community toilets in Duttabad area is recommended. In Mahishbadhan, existing underground sewer line can be connected to proposed new sewer line.
•
Since more number of people are willing to give their contribution in the form of time and work, community level sanitation programs are possible.
Cost for toilet calculated based on MoUD rates Rs. 98000 per seat Phase
Unit
Cost (Rs.)
Phase 1
18
1764000
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
21|P a g e
Infrastructure
4.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 4.3.1 Introduction Bidhannagar as in any major city faces difficulty in managing its solid waste. For achieving the vision of Bidhannagar as a liveable commune an integrated solid waste management system has to be in place, which would not only address the issues with collection and disposal but also better practices like waste reduction, zero waste and lessening the dependence on landfills.
This includes
participation of the citizens, co-ordination between various governmental, non-governmental and private organisations and some policy interventions.
4.3.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management Integrated Waste Management is a concept for designing and implementing new waste management systems and for analysing and optimizing existing systems. Both technical and non-technical components of management system are involved like policies, regulations and public engagement and education. This is the need of the hour as each day the carrying capacity of the land is being challenged by the amount of waste that is generated by the urban centres. Landfilling is unavoidable but the level of sustainability targeted and achieved in other aspects would determine the quantity reaching the landfills. (Selvam & Wong, 2016)
4.3.3 Waste Generation Projections There is a strong correlation between the GDP and per capita waste generation and current trend indicates that rate of waste generation is estimated to grow at an exponential rate of 1.41 per cent per annum. (Dr Varma, 2007). This is used to calculate the per capita standards for the years 2025 and 2031 and the total waste generated in each ward is calculated based on the population and housing projections. Table 3.4.3.1: Waste generation for different sector in 2025 Ward
Total
HH Waste
Street
Commercial waste
Institutional
Total waste/ward
No.
Population
generation/da
Sweeping
generation/day (kg)
Waste
(kg/day)
2031
y (kg)
generation/da
generation/day
y (kg)
(kg)
1
17332
11318
1907
1811
1907
34274
2
20160
13164
2218
2106
2218
39866
3
20310
13262
2234
2122
2234
40162
4
20148
13157
2216
2105
2216
39842
5
19667
12843
2163
2055
2163
38891
6
21698
14169
2387
2267
2387
42907
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
22|P a g e
Infrastructure 7
21885
14291
2407
2287
2407
43276
8
17814
11633
1960
1861
1960
35228
9
21905
14304
2410
2289
2410
43317
10
19688
12856
2166
2057
2166
38932
11
12870
8404
1416
1345
1416
25450
12
27571
18004
3033
2881
3033
54521
13
26448
17270
2909
2763
2909
52300
14
29053
18971
3196
3035
3196
57451
15
13863
9052
1525
1448
1525
27413
16
18206
11888
2003
1902
2003
36002
17
21351
13942
2349
2231
2349
42221
18
17473
11410
1922
1826
1922
34553
19
17963
11730
1976
1877
1976
35522
20
20981
13701
2308
2192
2308
41490
21
18220
11898
2004
1904
2004
36030
22
23101
15085
2541
2414
2541
45682
23
15021
9808
1652
1569
1652
29703
24
25949
16945
2854
2711
2854
51314
25
20179
13177
2220
2108
2220
39903
26
19450
12701
2139
2032
2139
38461
27
20710
13524
2278
2164
2278
40953
28
24144
15766
2656
2523
2656
47744
29
18008
11759
1981
1881
1981
35610
30
14956
9766
1645
1563
1645
29575
31
18220
11898
2004
1904
2004
36030
32
15768
10296
1734
1647
1734
31181
33
16954
11071
1865
1771
1865
33526
34
18436
12039
2028
1926
2028
36457
35
13083
8543
1439
1367
1439
25872
37
13083
8543
1439
1367
1439
25871
38
21128
13797
2324
2207
2324
41781
39
17080
11153
1879
1785
1879
33775
40
19673
12847
2164
2055
2164
38903
41
22193
14492
2441
2319
2441
43887
Total
1545875
Table 3.4.3.2: Composition of waste in 2025 Ward
Hazardous waste (3%)
Biodegradable waste (48%)
Recyclable
(29%)
Non recyclable
1
1028.23
16451.71
9939.57
6854.88
2
1195.98
19135.70
11561.15
7973.21
(20%)
No.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
23|P a g e
Infrastructure 3
1204.86
19277.73
11646.96
8032.39
4
1195.26
19124.09
11554.14
7968.37
5
1166.74
18667.79
11278.46
7778.25
6
1287.22
20595.50
12443.12
8581.46
7
1298.29
20772.69
12550.17
8655.29
8
1056.83
16909.22
10215.99
7045.51
9
1299.52
20792.35
12562.05
8663.48
10
1167.95
18687.23
11290.20
7786.34
11
763.50
12215.99
7380.49
5089.99
12
1635.62
26169.90
15810.98
10904.13
13
1569.00
25103.99
15166.99
10459.99
14
1723.53
27576.45
16660.77
11490.19
15
822.39
13158.25
7949.77
5482.60
16
1080.05
17280.87
10440.52
7200.36
17
1266.63
20266.05
12244.07
8444.19
18
1036.58
16585.21
10020.23
6910.50
19
1065.65
17050.37
10301.26
7104.32
20
1244.69
19914.96
12031.96
8297.90
21
1080.89
17294.25
10448.61
7205.94
22
1370.46
21927.35
13247.78
9136.40
23
891.08
14257.31
8613.79
5940.55
24
1539.42
24630.72
14881.06
10262.80
25
1197.08
19153.26
11571.76
7980.52
26
1153.83
18461.35
11153.73
7692.23
27
1228.60
19657.68
11876.51
8190.70
28
1432.32
22917.15
13845.78
9548.81
29
1068.31
17093.02
10327.03
7122.09
30
887.24
14195.77
8576.61
5914.90
31
1080.90
17294.47
10448.74
7206.03
32
935.42
14966.67
9042.36
6236.11
33
1005.79
16092.63
9722.63
6705.26
34
1093.71
17499.33
10572.51
7291.39
35
776.15
12418.32
7502.74
5174.30
36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
37
776.14
12418.26
7502.70
5174.27
38
1253.42
20054.74
12116.41
8356.14
39
1013.26
16212.17
9794.85
6755.07
40
1167.10
18673.58
11281.96
7780.66
41
1316.61
21065.70
12727.20
8777.38
Ghuni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total
46376
742020
448304
309175
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
24|P a g e
Infrastructure Table 3.4.3.3: Waste Generation in different sectors in 2031 Street
Commercial
Institutional
Total
Sweeping
waste
Waste
waste/ward
generation
generation/ day
generation/ day
(kg/day)
/day (kg)
(kg)
(kg)
15352
2595
3892.00
2595
46055
16989
12062
2039
3057.99
2039
36186
3
32106
22795
3853
5779.14
3853
68386
4
51760
36749
6211
9316.75
6211
110248
5
21660
15379
2599
3898.89
2599
46137
6
36509
25922
4381
6571.66
4381
77765
7
22082
15678
2650
3974.79
2650
47035
8
33477
23768
4017
6025.79
4017
71305
9
29953
21266
3594
5391.47
3594
63799
10
21138
15008
2537
3804.80
2537
45023
11
12885
9148
1546
2319.28
1546
27445
12
79890
56722
9587
14380.16
9587
170165
13
43565
30931
5228
7841.75
5228
92794
14
27892
19803
3347
5020.49
3347
59409
15
15141
10750
1817
2725.35
1817
32250
16
19373
13755
2325
3487.06
2325
41264
17
18731
13299
2248
3371.59
2248
39897
18
17113
12151
2054
3080.42
2054
36452
19
19275
13686
2313
3469.58
2313
41057
20
20981
14897
2518
3776.58
2518
44690
21
19429
13795
2332
3497.30
2332
41385
22
27002
19172
3240
4860.44
3240
57515
23
16755
11896
2011
3015.93
2011
35688
24
24400
17324
2928
4392.01
2928
51972
25
25773
18299
3093
4639.15
3093
54897
26
29687
21077
3562
5343.58
3562
63232
27
32514
23085
3902
5852.58
3902
69255
28
25441
18063
3053
4579.31
3053
54189
29
18932
13442
2272
3407.84
2272
40326
30
21022
14925
2523
3783.89
2523
44776
31
23707
16832
2845
4267.25
2845
50496
32
18339
13021
2201
3301.10
2201
39063
33
18570
13184
2228
3342.54
2228
39553
34
20059
14242
2407
3610.55
2407
42725
35
17330
12304
2080
3119.34
2080
36912
36
15458
10975
1855
2782.44
1855
32926
Total
HH Waste
Population
generation/day
2031
(kg)
1
21622
2
Ward No.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
25|P a g e
Infrastructure 37
26014
18470
3122
4682.55
3122
55410
38
17080
12127
2050
3074.40
2050
36380
39
21100
14981
2532
3797.94
2532
44942
40
18879
13404
2265
3398.21
2265
40212
41
23441
16643
2813
4219.36
2813
49929
Ghuni
155257
110232
18631
27946.20
18631
330697
Total
2509843
Table 3.4.3.4: Composition of the waste for 2031 Ward No.
Hazardous waste
Biodegradable waste (48%)
Recyclable
generated (3%)
Non recyclable (20%)
(29%)
1
1381.66
22106.58
13356.06
9211.08
2
1085.58
17369.36
10493.99
7237.23
3
2051.59
32825.52
19832.08
13677.30
4
3307.45
52919.16
31971.99
22049.65
5
1384.11
22145.69
13379.69
9227.37
6
2332.94
37327.05
22551.76
15552.94
7
1411.05
22576.79
13640.14
9406.99
8
2139.16
34226.49
20678.51
14261.04
9
1913.97
30623.56
18501.73
12759.82
10
1350.70
21611.26
13056.80
9004.69
11
823.34
13173.48
7958.98
5488.95
12
5104.96
81679.32
49347.92
34033.05
13
2783.82
44541.14
26910.27
18558.81
14
1782.27
28516.40
17228.66
11881.83
15
967.50
15480.00
9352.50
6450.00
16
1237.91
19806.53
11966.44
8252.72
17
1196.91
19150.63
11570.17
7979.43
18
1093.55
17496.81
10570.99
7290.34
19
1231.70
19707.20
11906.43
8211.33
20
1340.69
21450.97
12959.96
8937.91
21
1241.54
19864.66
12001.57
8276.94
22
1725.46
27607.29
16679.40
11503.04
23
1070.65
17130.48
10349.66
7137.70
24
1559.16
24946.59
15071.90
10394.41
25
1646.90
26350.38
15920.02
10979.32
26
1896.97
30351.53
18337.38
12646.47
27
2077.66
33242.63
20084.09
13851.09
28
1625.66
26010.50
15714.68
10837.71
29
1209.78
19356.52
11694.56
8065.21
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Infrastructure 30
1343.28
21492.48
12985.04
8955.20
31
1514.87
24237.97
14643.78
10099.16
32
1171.89
18750.23
11328.26
7812.59
33
1186.60
18985.63
11470.49
7910.68
34
1281.75
20507.93
12390.21
8544.97
35
1107.36
17717.83
10704.52
7382.43
36
987.77
15804.26
9548.41
6585.11
37
1662.31
26596.90
16068.96
11082.04
38
1091.41
17462.59
10550.32
7276.08
39
1348.27
21572.28
13033.25
8988.45
40
1206.36
19301.83
11661.52
8042.43
41
1497.87
23965.98
14479.45
9985.83
Ghuni
9920.90
158734.44
95902.06
66139.35
Total
75295
1204725
727855
501969
Table 3.4.3.5: Waste generated by hospitals Year
No. of
Total Waste
Beds
generated
Biomedical waste generated Hazardous
Non
MSW Biodegradable
Hazardous
Non Biodegradable (Recyclable)
Non Biodegradable (Non Recyclable)
10%
20%
34%
20%
15%
2025
1302
1953
195.3
39.06
13.2804
2.65608
0.398412
2031
1992
2988
298.8
59.76
20.3184
4.06368
0.609552
4.4 Primary Collection 4.4.1 Segregation Source separation of MSW is an integral component of an Integrated Waste Management system. It is a perquisite for efficient waste recycling and is critical in reducing waste quanitities, returning resources back to use and optimizing the financial and environmental burden of waste management. BMC has already enacted a source segregation scheme but has not been efficient in enforcing it. This is mainly because the collection has not been done separately for the segregated waste. Dry and recyclable wastes can be collected once in a week while wet waste (food waste) can be collected every day. Collectors have to be trained not to take in non-biodegradable waste on all the other days. The hazardous and non hazardous waste from health care facilities will have to be stored as detailed in the following table and can be handed over to the Private Common Biomedical Treatment facility serving the area. Other non hazardous dry and wet waste will be stored in separate storage containers.
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Infrastructure Table 3.4.3.6: Segregation for hospital waste Category
Type of waste Human
Storage
Anatomical
Waste,
Animal
Yellow coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags
Anatomical Waste, Soiled waste Expired or Discarded Medicines
Yellow coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers
Chemical Waste
Yellow coloured containers or non-chlorinated plastic bags
Yellow Chemical Liquid Waste
Separate collection system leading to effluent treatment system
Discarded
linen,
mattresses,
beddings
contaminated with blood or body fluid. Microbiology,
Biotechnology
and
Non-chlorinated yellow plastic bags or suitable packing material
other
Autoclave safe plastic bags or containers
clinical laboratory waste Red White
Contaminated Waste (Recyclable)
Red coloured non-chlorinated plastic bags or containers
Waste sharps including Metals
Puncture proof, Leak proof, tamper proof containers
Glassware
Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking
Metallic Body Implants
Cardboard boxes with blue colored marking
(Translucent) Blue
(BMW Rules, 2016)
4.4.2 Zones For primary collection, there shall be two types of services- door to door services for the largely plotted residential areas and community bins for group housing, commercial and institutional areas. Accordingly Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area has been divided into various zones for primary door- to door collection services. Based on the proposed residential density in each ward as well as speed and capacity of the collection vehicles 16 zones have been identified. For door-to-door collection, each labourer may be given a handcart or pedal tricycle having six detachable containers of 25-30 litres capacity each and provided with a bell or whistle. The wards predominantly characterised by low income neighbourhoods and slums will be considered as a separate zone.
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Infrastructure
Figure 3.4.3.1: Zone for primary collection
4.4.4
Infrastructure Requirements
4.4.4.1 Residential Gated communities and group housings where door to door services will be time consuming, will be served by central bins (100 litres capacity) or through community bins (3.0 to 4.5 cum capacity) provided at 1 bin per 20-30 households. In general, waste storage containers should be covered health and environmental harm. It is necessary to wash community bins at regular intervals to ensure a healthy and hygienic environment for users and workers. (MSWM, 2016).
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Infrastructure 4.4.4.2 Commercial Each market areas shall be provided with separate collection bins for wet, dry and hazardous waste. An additional two labourers shall be assigned to each market areas to segregate the wastes from the market areas for which extra charge maybe levied. 4.4.4.3 Institutional Different institutions will store the waste generated in a segregated manner to facilitate collection. Daily collection will be involved. Typically, four-wheeled, HDPE, injection or roto molded, international standard, UV tested bins or metal bins of different capacities—e.g., for 240 l (96 kg), 600 l (270–280 kg), 770 l (315–350 kg), 1,100 l (449–495 kg)—may be used for bulk waste (MSWM, 2016). These bins should be compatible with auto lifting by standard universal bin lifting devices on mobile compactors and other vehicles. Educational and Health care facilities will follow the above method of storage.
4.4.5
Recycling Services
Recycling is an important part of an integrated waste management system and is especially unavoidable in the current scenario. While there is recycling happening in the planning area, it is through the informal sector and somewhat unorganized. Informal rag-pickers scavenge in the dump yards to collect recyclable materials. This is unhealthy as well as inefficient. To encourage more and better recycling, a door to door collection system can be proposed in the planning area. The collection drive would happen once a week and the informal rag-pickers can be employed to do this. BMC can buy the recyclable waste from the people and resell it to the recycling industries at a slightly higher rate. This can counteract the expense required for the service or even be a source of income for the municipal body. The advantages of such a system are that it would encourage the residents to practice segregation as there is a financial incentive and since recyclable waste is collected only on a particular day. The door to door service rather than a recycling centre also increases the enthusiasm for recycling. It also reduces the health hazards associated with scavenging through waste and provides better opportunities for rag-pickers. Since there are more number of primary collection vehicles with the BMC that is required, there wouldn’t be any need for additional vehicles for the recycling service.
4.4.6
Composting
Composting is one of the most minimal impact organic waste disposal methods. It also produces usable products which can be a source of income for those producing it. Decentralized composting at community level can be an efficient tool in reducing the waste reaching landfills. It also reduces costs associated with secondary transportation if it is disposed at community level itself.
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Infrastructure Community compost bins can be setup in the low income neighbourhoods and slums where primary collection is often very inefficient. BMC can assist in setting up of the system and train the inhabitants in maintaining the system. The compost can be sold by community itself or through government bodies. Markets for compost can be various government run agricultural and forest research institutions, nurseries, farms etc. This will provide additional income opportunities for the communities. This can be a pilot project in the slum areas. The practice if successful can be encouraged at other communities too. Composting can be done in 4 ft x 4 ft x 4 ft ferro-cement or bricks bins with smooth air flow through the gaps on the sides. It should be kept covered from. A layer of fresh cow dung or slurry from the biogas plants is put at the bottom of the tank to generate microbes for composting. The temperature inside the tank can go up to 750C which prevents mosquitoes and flies from entering inside. The biodegradable waste is spread over a 6-inch layer of dry leaves which have inoculums cultured from cow dung is sprinkled before the waste is spread. Each bin will have a capacity to convert two tons of waste into compost within three months. Each unit will have several bins depending up on the locality and the number of households. This is a minimal area and easy to construct setup developed by the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University.
Figure 3.4.3.2: A model of the community composting unit
4.4.7
Vehicles and Manpower
Table 3.4.3.7: Showing the vehicles and manpower for primary collection and sweeping different years Total no: Ward
No: of vehicles
Zone
of vehicles
No: of labourers
Total no: of vehicles
2019 1
14
3
17
2
17
Zone 1 Zone 2
11 13 13
No: of labourers
Total no: of vehicles
2025 48 50
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
13 15 14
No: of labourers 2031
56 56
14 17 17
62 64
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Infrastructure 4
15
12
6
13
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
6
15
6
16
6
5
14
12
18
13
16
14
17
10
10
17
9
18
7
19
6
20
8
21
6
23
7
24
11
25
9
7
8
9
26
11
9
10
11
22
9
27
16
12
13
16
29
14
16
13
14
30
10
32
7
31
16
40
12
39
10
41
12
33
12
34
13
37
14
13
14
14
35
8
11
8
8
38
6
28
15
Zone 3
Zone 4
9 7 9 6
14 33
30
8 Zone 5
7
Zone 7
Zone 8
Zone 9
Zone 10
13 12 8 9 8 8 6 5 8 6
37
Zone 12
Zone 13
6
6
10
52
34
33
21
28
Zone 15
14 8 8 9
45
53
93
Zone 17
11
6
6
11 15 13 14 10 9 7 6 8 6
10
9
10
46
34
16 11 10 12
35
30
12
6
8 9 10
6
54
54
38
25
29
14 18 16 17 10 9 7 6 8 6
49
63
92
11
9
10
54
44
16 12 10 12
63
67
38
25
29
53
72
95
56
45
12 76
30
13
6 15
Total
363
412
446
10% standby vehicles
36
41
45
If 25% gets obsolete each year
91
103
112
TOTAL
490
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
35
7
14
560
38
7
9
732
43
6
12 67
13
6
7
10 Zone 16
9
34
7
6 Zone 14
8
6
9 Zone 11
8
40
6
4 Zone 6
12
15
829
600
79
30
895
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Infrastructure
4.4.8
Transfer Stations
Each zone shall have one transfer station which will have a sorting facility to ensure correct segregation of waste. It will have to be centrally located in the zone to minimise the efforts in collection. There shall be separate storage for different categories of waste. Each transfer station shall also have a compactor unit.
Ward
1 3 2 4 6 7 5 12
Zone
Capacity MT/day
No. of Transfer station
Priority
160
1
High
174
1
High
133
1
Medium
142
1
High
Zone 9
134
1
Medium
Zone 7
121
1
Medium
Zone 10
133
1
Medium
Zone 11
130
1
High
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 6
11 15
Zone 5
16 8 9 10 17 18 19 13 14 20 21
Zone 4
Zone 8
23 24 25
Table 3.4.3.8: Transfer station requirements Zone
Total storage (cu.m)
Area (sq.m)
Zone 1
230
153
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
Composted Waste 50% (MT/day) 27.61
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Infrastructure Zone 2
296
197
35.52
Zone 3
250
167
29.98
Zone 4
268
179
32.16
Zone 5
201
134
24.17
Zone 6
433
289
52.02
Zone 7
304
203
36.46
Zone 8
242
162
29.08
Zone 9
246
164
29.53
Zone 10
174
116
20.88
Zone 11
304
203
36.45
Zone 12
363
242
43.53
Zone 13
253
169
30.39
Zone 14
280
187
33.60
Zone 15
274
183
32.90
Zone 16
288
192
34.52
Zone 17
261
174
31.33
4.4.9 Secondary Collection Secondary collection from the transfer stations to the disposal site shall be done through covered trucks 10 cu.m capacity. Based on the volume of waste to be transported and proximity to the disposal site, the approximate number of vehicles required for secondary transportation is calculated. For zones 11 to 15 lesser number of trucks is given as they are nearer to the landfill site and have more trips while zones 1 to 4 are given more to reduce the number of trips. Table 3.4.3.9: Vehicles and manpower required for secondary transportation for 2031 Zone
No: of trucks (capacity 10 cu.m)
No: of employees
No: of trucks trips
4
8
4
4
8
4
Zone 5
1
2
6
Zone 6
2
4
7
Zone 7
2
4
5
3
6
5
Zone 10
1
2
6
Zone 11
1
2
10
Zone 12
1
2
12
4
13
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
Zone 8 Zone 9
Zone 13 Zone 14
2
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Infrastructure Zone 15 Zone 16
2
Zone 17
4
9
Total number of secondary collection vehicles required (including standby): 26 Total manpower required (driver + loading personnel): 46
4.4.10 Disposal 4.4.10.1 Waste to Energy Plants Thermal technologies are essential components of integrated solid waste management system and can dispose different types of solid waste, particularly the unsorted residual MSW. Their main benefits are: •
Significant reduction in the volume (about 80-90%) and mass (about 70-80%) of waste.
•
Short processing time.
•
Waste-to-energy was shown to have less environmental impact than almost any other source of electricity. (Arena, 2012)
Waste-to-energy plants which use gasification method are found to be the best for MSW in India. Gasification is a process where MSW (feedstock) is heated in the presence of controlled quantities of oxygen and the biogas is generated due to the thermal breakdown of the organic matter. This biogas can then be used to generate electricity or as an energy carrier for other applications. 4.4.10.2 Pre-treatment Wet waste would be dried with blowers to remove moisture and reduce its weight by 50%. The waste would then be sieved, shredded and subjected to a thermal process to create syngas which would be used to generate electricity. The by-products from the waste gasification process can be either used for creating 'eco-bricks' or dumped in the landfill. 4.4.10.3 Capacity The MSW left after recycling and composting can be disposed using this method. 100 tonnes of daily MSW can produce about 1 KW of electricity. Therefore in the first phase a 1 KW plant can be developed if 50% of the remaining waste is used which would amount to 120 tonnes per day. The capacity can be increased to 2.5 KW in the second phase if the project is successful.
4.4.10.3
Location and area requirements
The plant can be located at the landfill site itself since land is available there and extra transportation charges can be avoided. This would also make the disposal of the by-products easier. The area requirement for the plant is about 17 acres per KW capacity. In the second phase extra 25 acres maybe provided if upgraded.
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Infrastructure 4.4.11 Landfill Landfill will handle all the non recyclable and non bio degradable waste that is left after incineration. It will depend upon the amount of recycling, composting and incineration that can be achieved by the system. Three scenarios are considered here: Table 3.4.3.10: Scenarios in waste management
If BD
Recyclable
Non-Recyclable
Waste that goes
Landfill area
(% composted)
(% recycled)
(% incinerated)
into landfill in
required
2031
(acres)
75
75
50
267959.49
77
50
50
50
444309.59
128
25
25
20
675625.33
195
4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
Considering scenario 2 as most possible scenario, landfill requirements can be calculated as follows:
Table 3.4.3.11: Calculation for Sanitary landfill
Projected Amount of waste after 12 years
3922260.95
ton
Projected Volume( D=850kg/cu.m)
7844522
cu. m
Adjustment
9021200
cu. m
784452.19
cu. m
Volume of Liner and Cover Systems
1127650.023
cu. m
Volume reduction due to settlement
451060.0092
cu. m
First Estimate of Landfill Volume
1461042.204
cu. m
Required area(ht=20)
451060
sq. m
Including other facilities
0.5187
sq. km
Total area required
128
acres
Volume of Daily Cover
There would be six phases of two years duration Table 3.4.3.12: Phase calculation Volume of one phase
243507
cu. m
Area of each phase
12175
sq. m
3
acres
334
cu. m
Volume of one cell
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Infrastructure
The existing dumpyard at Mollar Bheri will be converted into a sanitary landfill and used to meet the future requirements. Mollar Bheri has an area of 988 acres left unused and will be sufficient to meet landfill requirements even in the case of scenario 3.
4.4.12 Policy Interventions Waste reduction Certain types of waste can be completely banned like the plastic carry bags and alternatives promoted.
Financial Incentives Segregation Various financial incentives can be provided to encourage segregation of waste at source. This includes reduction in the solid waste collection component of the property tax to those practising segregation and additional fees from those not willing to segregate. This can finance the extra labour needed to sort the waste at kerbside. Subsidies ncentives can also be provided to encourage installation of household biogas plants. The biogas plants can be sold at a subsidised rate for households willing to install it. Taxation Taxation can be done on incineration and landfilling to encourage better practices such as composting and recycling. Communities which are setting up compost plants and joining in recycling can be eligible for tax redemptions. This also encourages segregation indirectly. Waste-to-Energy Plants To be able to make waste to energy projects financially viable, the municipality needs to offer financial incentives to developers (to cover the latter’s risk) who relieve them of the responsibility to deal with a city’s MSW. In most successful cases across the world, this financial incentive is known as a “tipping fee” – a sum of money provided by the municipality to a developer per tonne of MSW handled. This fee usually ranges between Rs 300-600 per ton of MSW.
Public Participation •
Awareness among the general public about the practices in waste management is a vital in encouraging participation solid waste management system. There has to be regular awareness programmes to be conducted regarding reduction in waste, recycling and segregation practices. This can be done at educational institutions and by various community organisations, NGOs in coordination with Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation.
•
Communities can also be trained in setting up and maintenance of technologies like compost and biogas plants.
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Infrastructure •
Good practices and efforts can be recognised and rewarded.
•
Monitoring of littering and dumping at vacant lands by communities.
Empowering Waste Management Employees Occupational hazard is very high to those employed in the conservancy sector. The municipal body should take measures to provide safety gears to workers handling solid waste as well as provide them with other benefits such as medical insurance due to the vulnerability to health hazards. The role of the waste-picker is currently confined to the informal economy. They are socially shunned as a community, because of the nature of their jobs. This often makes them helpless to improve their livelihood and the lives of their families. The new system needs to empower waste-pickers by engaging them in formal relationships with various social and government institutions, thereby, validating their services to municipalities.
The recycling project which has proposed to include
the rag-pickers is one such initiative.
Use of Technology Technology can be a useful tool in waste management and is something that is yet to be explored but has good potential. Smartphone applications can be developed by BMC to coordinate the door-to-door recycling drive which can then be a demand based system, thereby saving time and labour. This is successfully practised in European countries.
4.4.13 Expenditure and Funding 4.4.13.1 Collection and Transfer Table 3.4.3.13: Purchase cost for different phases Purchase
Phase 1
Phase 2
Item
Qty
Rate
Expenditure
Qty
Rate
Expenditure
Tricycle with 8 bins
653
19500
1,27,42,428
690
19500
8,06,79,271
Ashok Leyland Tippers
3
1400000
2,52,00,000
3
1400000
2,52,00,000
Transfer stations with Compactors
8
10000000
8,00,00,000
4
10000000
4,00,00,000
Total
11,79,42,428
14,58,79,271
(INR)
Table 3.4.3.14: Operation and Maintenance cost for different phases O& M
Phase 1
Phase 2 Working
Labourers
No:
Wage
Working days
Expenditure
No:
Wage
days
Expenditure
751
400
2040
612674710
832
600
2040
1018675061
Primary Collection
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Infrastructure Transfer Stations
32
400
2040
26112000
48
600
2040
58752000
34
450
2040
31212000
46
650
2040
60996000
Fuel
Working
Qty
charge
days
23
75
2040
Secondary Collection
Fuel Vehicles
Qty
charge
Working days
17
70
2040
Secondary Collection
2427600 67,24,26,310
Total (INR)
4.4.13.2
3519000 1,14,19,42,061
Waste-to-Energy Plant
Cost of setting up plant is about Rs 15 crore per KW capacity. Table 3.4.3.15: Phasing and cost of WTE plant Year
2019-
Phase
Capacity
Cost
(KW)
(INR)
1
1
15 Cr
2
2.5
23 Cr
2025 20252031
4.4.14 Sanitary Landfill Table 3.4.3.16: Expenditure for Landfill including O&M Year
Phase
Cost (INR)
2019-
1
2025 20252031
6.91 Cr
2
3.74 Cr
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Infrastructure
4.5
Electric Supply
4.5.1 Sources of Electricity Thermal power is the main source of energy in West Bengal, contributing nearly 65% of the electricity, compared to other sources.WBSETCL is responsible for transmitting electricity from generating sources to load centres through a transmission network operating at 400kV, 220kV, 132kV and 66kV spread across West Bengal. The other hand, WBSEDCL is responsible for distributing power at 33 kV level and below. WBSEDCL is a major power utility of the state with consumer strength over 1.65 crore. WBSEDCL is divided into 5 zones - Kolkata, Burdwan, Midnapore, Berhampore and Siliguri. Present planning area i.e.Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area and other surrounding areas are covered under kolkata zone jurisdiction.
4.5.2
Sector wise electricity consumption – existing scenario
All basis of calculation is done only considering the data from Bidhannagar Division-I2016 -2017 data because of shortage of data provided by the respective divisional departments. Average monthly electricity consumption of all sectors is 33 lakhs units, calculated from the total electricity consumption statements of year 2017 given by WBSEDCL divisional office, Salt Lake.Further sector wise electricity consumption share is calculated shown in table 1. Domestic sector shows highest share of electricity consumption with 62% followed by commercial sector with 34%. Table 1. Sector wise electricity consumption
SECTOR
Average monthly demand in lakhs (w)
Average No. of Electric Metres per month
Average monthly demand in lakhs per meter in lakhs (w)
sector wise % share
Domestic
4150.208667
17910
0.231725777
62%
Commercial Institution Industry Construction Street light Temporary connection TOTAL
2278.391 10.67533333 26.60366667 35.412 163.3323333 10.762 6675.385
2374 8 20 66 11 11
0.959726622 1.334416667 1.330183333 0.536545455 14.84839394 0.978363636
34% 0.16% 0.40% 0.50% 2.50% 0.20% 100%
Source: secondary Survey data
The existing monthly growth rate of electricity demand calculated for every sector is shown in table 2. Calculated on the basis of electricity demand of 2016 and 2017. The commercial sector shows the highest annual growth rate of 10% followed by domestic sector with 6%. The industrial sector, street light and temporary connections shows decrease in monthly demand in electricity.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Infrastructure
Table 2. Sector wise monthly electricity growth rate
Sector
Average monthly demand in lakhs (w) in 2017
Average monthly demand in lakhs (w) in 2016
Existing Monthly growth rate of power demand
domestic
12450.626
11,731
6.00%
commercial
6835.173
6,192
10.00%
institution
32.026
29.602
0.50%
industry
79.811
80.04952811
-0.03%
construction
106.236
78.29972953
0.70%
street light temporary connection
489.997 32.286
426.5650611 35.5533485
-0.01% -0.10%
TOTAL
20026.155
18,573
Source: secondary Survey data
4.5.3 Sector wise electricity consumption – projected Taking the averagemonthly electricitydemand per unit of meter and the projected units in each sector the average monthlydemand unit is projected in table 5 below.The projection for Industrial sector, construction and temporary connection sector is based on the existing sectorial electricity demand share. The demand in street light units are calculated on the basis of Indian standards for spacing, mounting height, placement pattern etc. for both new roads and existing roads without street lights. Table 5. Projected Sector wise electricity demand 2025
SECTOR
Average Monthly demand per meter in lakhs (w)
2031
Monthly projected additional electric meters
projected Average Monthly demand in lakhs (w)
Monthly projected additional electric meters
projected Average Monthly demand in lakhs (w)
domestic
0.231725777
62,225
14419.13648
37392.28046
8664.755246
commercial
0.959726622
5978
5737.245745
5288
5075.034376
institution
1.334416667
628
838.0136667
802
1070.202167
industry
1.330183333
0.4% share
93.02668694
0.4% share
55.90164675
construction street light temporary connection
0.536545455 14.84839394 0.978363636
0.5% share
116.2833587 7.781691591 46.51334347
0.5% share
69.87705843 2.979004621 27.95082337
Total
2.5% share
21258.00097
2.5% share
14966.70032
Source: secondary Survey data
The total projected monthly electricity demand for phase I is 2,125.800097MW and that of phase II is 1,496.670032 MW.
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Infrastructure
4.6 Healthcare facilities West Bengal has an extensive network of Government provided health care facilities but there is disparity in the level of distribution and accessibility of government provided health care facilities in Rajarhat and Bidhannagar area. Though most wards of Bidhannagar municipal corporation area is well served in terms of emergency healthcare facilities i.e. when both government and private facilities are considered, there is lack of government provided health care facility. In order to analyze the condition of public health service, the present population as well as population of 2025 and 2031 is considered Table 0.1. Population Projection 2025 &2031
2031
2025
4.6.1
Salt Lake
Rajarhat
Salt lake
Rajarhat
2,94,291
5,74,643
3,34,358
6,66,816
EXISTING SCENARIO OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN BIDHANNAGAR MC AREA Table 0.2.Total number: of Heath care facilities
Healthcare facilities
Government
Private (Hospitals, Clinics, Nursing home )
14
Number
54
Source: (Primary Survey)
Table 0.3. Existing scenario of Government Healthcare Facilities Sl. No.
Category
Location
1 2 3 4 5
Sub divisional Hospital MatriSadan hospital Vidyasagar MatriSadan Deshbandhu Nagar hospital Urban Primary Health Centre
Salt lake Saltlake Narayanpur Rajarhat Khashmahal
Total Number 1 1 1 1 1
Naobhanga
1
Mahishbathan
1
DA Park
1
Bablatola Jhawtala
1 1
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Infrastructure Aswininagar
1
Kestopur
1
Saradapally Jyotinagar
1 1
Source: (BMC)
Where, as per the population, the healthcare facilities moderately satisfies the requirement, but as the population will grow the condition will be severe, leading to deficit in services. 4.6.2 DEFICIT IN HEALTH CARE FACILITY AS PER URDPFI STANDARDS Table 0.4.Existing & Deficit in Healthcare facilities in BMC area Category
Population served
Required no. as per URDPFI standards
Existing no: of facilities
Deficit
Clinic
45,0000-1 lakh
6
19
0
Nursing home, child welfare and maternity centre
45,0000-1 lakh
6
Intermediate Hospital
1 lakh
6
6
0
Intermediate Hospital
1 lakh
6
3
3
General Hospital
2.5 lakh
3
Diagnostic Centre
50,0000
12
14
0
Veterinary hospital for pet animals and birds
5 lakh
1
0
1
18
0
0
3
Source: (Primary Survey), (URDPFI)
4.6.3
PHASE WISE REQUIRED NO: OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES BASED ON POPULATION
Table 4.6.3.1. Phase wise required number and facilities in health care No.
Category
2018
2025
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Infrastructure Requirement Deficit Requirement Deficit Requirement Deficit 1
Nursing home, child 6 welfare
0
9
0
10
0
and
maternity centre 2
Clinic
6
0
9
0
10
0
3
Intermediate
6
0
9
3
10
4
6
3
9
6
10
8
Hospital(Category B) 4
Intermediate Hospital(Category A)
5
General Hospital
3
3
3
3
4
4
7
Diagnostic Centre
12
0
18
4
20
6
8
Veterinary hospital 1
1
1
1
1
1
for pet animals and birds Source: (Primary Survey), (URDPFI)
In order to avoid the deficit of healthcare facilities in the planning region in near future the projected estimation of required number of healthcare facilities has been done in intervals of ten years resulting it into two major phases as shown below Table 4.6.3.2. Phase wise area requirement for heath care facilities Sl.No. Category
2018
2025
2031
Requirement Deficit Requirement Deficit Requirement Deficit (ha) 1
Nursing child
home, 3.6
(ha)
(ha)
(ha)
(ha)
(ha)
0
3.6
0
3.6
0
welfareand
maternity centre 2
Clinic
3.8
0
3.8
0
3.8
0
3
Intermediate
6
0.8
8
2
10
4
11.1
0.6
29.6
18.5
37
29.6
18
18
18
18
24
24
Hospital(Category B) 4
Intermediate Hospital(Category A)
5
General Hospital
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Infrastructure 7
Diagnostic Centre
0.7
0.21
0.8
0.1
1
0.3
8
Veterinary
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Hospital
for
petsand animals Source: (Primary Survey), (URDPFI)
REQUIREMENT OF BEDS IN BIDHANNAGAR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AREA PHASE ONE REQUIREMENT 2025 • •
No. of bed days per year: (9,01,156 x 1/50) x 5 = 90115.6 No. of beds required with 100% occupancy: 90115.6/ 365 = 245
PHASE TWO REQUIREMENT 2031 • • 4.6.4
No. of bed days per year: (10, 01,175x 1/50) x 5 = 100117.5 No. of beds required with 100% occupancy: 100118/365= 275
INFERENCES
Wards which lack healthcare facilities It is observed that healthcare facility is not present in ward 1, ward 5, ward 8, ward 13, ward 17, ward 19, ward 20, ward 21, and ward 22, ward 25, ward 26 and ward 30. The lack of healthcare facility in these wards results in people from these wards depending on nearby wards for their healthcare needs. Poor accessibility of wards from the point of healthcare facilities can be improved by better health cover schemes and government policies as well as providing new urban primary healthcare facility to address the health concerns at underserved areas. Of the wards which do lack healthcare facility, ward 1, ward5, ward 13, ward 20, ward 22, ward 25 and Ward 26 need immediate addressal by provision of Urban primary health centre (UPHC), other wards have their areas covered by the service catchment area of healthcare facility from nearby wards. Providing a healthcare facility in ward 2, ward 7 where there is land availability can also cater to the demands of nearby wards which lack it. Functioning of existing Government healthcare facility Of the three Matrisadan in Bidhannagar Municipal corporation area, The Matrisadan in Saltlake is not functional in terms of its indoor patient treatment unit. The Vidyasagar matrisadanNagar Hospital lacks facility in terms of adequate number paramedical staff. The Deshbandhu Nagar Hospital lacks facility in terms of both doctors and paramedical staff. According to IPHS 2012, there is a compulsory need to have an anesthetist, public Health Specialist, in addition to the available specialists, namely, Surgery, Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics. Taking into account the demand of healthcare facility needed as per population demands as well as the present service catchment area of the hospital along with its potential to cater to a larger area, it has been proposed that the number of
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Infrastructure beds in Vidyasagar Matrisadan can be increased to 80 from 50, thus shifting it to the next tier i.e. Intermediate hospital (category B )In order to manage the healthcare needs of the people of Bidhannagar municipal corporation area, there is a need for capacity augmentation of existing facility and providing mobile healthcare facility which also looks into women and child health ( with Gynecologists and Pediatric services included ,)along with awareness creation of various health issues focusing on Rajarhat area is needed. Accessibility score to emergency healthcare facilities When we analyze the wards based on the accessibility score to emergency healthcare facilities,it is observed that ward 22 has the least score followed by wards 25, 26, 27. It is identified that there is a need to have a new healthcare facility in terms of a hospital to cater to all these wards and it is preferable to locate the hospitals taking into account these ward proximity as well Accessibility and coverage of government hospitals: It is observed that almost all wards fall in the domain of the service catchment area of hospitals except parts of ward 12 and 13. The proposed new hospital location can be determined by considering proximity to these wards as well. Prevalence of diseases Of the total health issues reported, it has been found that 66 % had acute diseases and 34 % had chronic diseases. There is a need to bring more people under health cover scheme as only about 20% of household surveyed reported having access to health cover schemes. The main issue that was reported was dengue and it was found that Kestopur and Mahisbathanhad reported a significant number of dengue cases. The lack of proper infrastructure facilities pertaining to solid waste management and clogged drains adds on to the deteriorating slum conditions thus making it a vulnerable dengue zone.Ward 19, ward 22, ward 24, ward 25,ward 26.ward 27,ward 28 and ward 29 are the main areas that had fallen prey to dengue attcks. These are the wards that lie along the kestopur canal areas .There is a need to address this growing number of dengue outbreaks in these areas . It has been found that provision of UPHC in those wards which lack the facility in terms of accessibility along with thrust on hygeneic conditions in slum areas need immediate focus.The identified vulnerable zone need to given immediate thrust in terms of developing physical infrastructure facilities along with necessary measure to address issues of Kestopur canal. Solidwaste management plan,proper drainage cleaning and facilities play a crucial role in addressing the dengue issue of these wards. There is a need to develop a dengue emergency response plan to reduce the risk of dengue epidemics and to strengthen control measures for any future epidemics – thereby minimizing the clinical, social and economic impact of the disease.The dengue emergency response plan should clearly articulate its aims, objectives and scope, the lead (coordinating) agency, the organizational links with other agencies that have direct responsibility for implementing aspects of the
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Infrastructure plan. Since the emergency response is usually multi-sectoral, it has to be made sure that all involved partners are clear about their roles. There is a need to ensure the availability of the human resources, equipment and supplies needed for a rapid emergency response. The hospitals and government UPHC need to provided necessary awareness and should be equipped with the laboratory testing facility in order to combat the start of dengue threats. Lack of physical infrastructure facilities Lack of proper physical infrastructural facilities are one of the main causes of epidemic diseases in Bidhannagar municipal corporation area. The drains are open and blocked with waste products, plastics and lumps of mud. In these areas due to increasing level of pollution, water borne diseases as well as mosquito borne diseases were noted. The maintenance and provision of proper physical infrastructure is highly required
4.6.5 .PROPOSAL By taking into account the required number of facilities as per URDPFI guidelines and analyzing it with the inferences drawn from wards which lack healthcare facilities,functioning of
existing
Government healthcare facility,accessibility to emergency healthcare facilities ,service catchment area of existing government run hospital facilities along with due consideration of the other private medical healthcare facilities,prevalence of diseases and lack of physical infrastructure facilities, The future proposals are as follows: 4.6.5.1 Capacity augmentation of existing facilities of government hospitals There is a need to go for capacity augmentation of existing facilities to address the need of future population growth. Table 4.6.3.3.Capacity augmentation of exisiting facility
Hospital Vidyasagar Hospital
Location Matrisadan Ward 3
Capacity proposed
augmentation
Bed number to be increased to 80 from 50 (thus shifting it to tier of intermediate hospital category B ) Requirement of : - Doctors - Paramedical staff - Proper space for outpatients (waiting rooms)
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Infrastructure
Bidhannagar Hospital
Matrisadan Ward 32
To
re-open
department
the
inpatient
and facilities.(Thus
making the 50 bedded hospital facility available to the public)
4.6.5.1 Proposing new location for allocation of facilities The new facilities are to be developed in phase wise order of priority. The total proposal of new healthcare facility is divided into two phases Phase I involves priority wise development of UPHC and Intermediate hospital of Category A . Phase II is linked with the development of General hospital and Intermediate hospital of category B. The ideal locations for the same along with the total requirement of area required are listed Table 4.6.3.4.Allocation of new facility FACILITY PHASE- I
UPHC
(Priority I)
PHASE –I (Priority II)
PHASEII
Intermediate hospital (A) (No: of beds :200 ) General hospital (No : of beds : 500 )
WARD
AREA (per unit )
Ward 1, ward 2, ward 5, ward 7, 0.05 Ha ward 13, ward 20, ward 22 ,ward 25, ward 26 Ward 12 3.7 Ha
Ghuni area
6 Ha
(Priority I)
PHASE - Intermediate hospital (B) (No : of beds : 80 ) II
Ward 25
1
ha
(Priority II)
4.6.6 Policy recommendations • •
Identification of targeted and vulnerable groups through distribution of family or individual health Suraksha cards To bring about public-private partnership through an organized process of empanelment of both public and private health providers so as to create a provision for both preventive as well as curative care of treatment.
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Infrastructure •
• •
•
•
•
The identified Dengue vulnerable zone (Ward 19, ward 22, ward 24, ward 25,ward 26.ward 27,ward 28 and ward 29) to be made the priority and developing physical infrastructure, capacity building and awarness program in the area Formulation of Dengue emergency plan, by bringing in different stake holders, delineating their duties and preparing to both evade and react during an emergency. In the wake of outbreaks of dengue and other diseases there is a need for capacity building of the community organizations to actively monitor and intervene in the maintenance of their surroundings and to do timely action to ensure hygiene of their area. This needs to be carried out with due assistance of health department. To bring in the facility of mobile health centres (ensuring service of Gynecologist and Pediatrician is integrated) in Rajarhat area to act as a supplement to the health care needs of the area. As the role of lack of proper physical infrastructure like solid waste collection, drainage, quality of drinking water has a direct link to the outburst of diseases, emphasis to be given on developing the same and bridging the gap. Kestopur areas and Mahishbathan area to be prioritized. Regular conduction of health camps and heath awareness drives.
4.6.7. Funds required for enhancing the healthcare facilities in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Area •
Under National Urban Health Mission, Primary Health Centres should be allocated untied funds of Rs.25,000/- and maintenance grant of Rs. 50,000/- per year and General Hospitals/District Hospitals/Speciality Hospitals should be allocated untied funds of Rs.5,00,000/- per year. Table 4.6.3.5. Allocation of funds for up gradation of existing healthcare facilities United funds (Rs. per year)
Annual
maintenance
grant
(Rs.) Primary Health Centre General
Hospital,
25,000/ institution
50,000/ institution
District 5,00,000/ institution
NA
Hospital, Speciality Hospital Source: (Welfare, 2013)
•
Procurement of drugs and commodities supply by Procurement Division under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP),Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), Reproductive Child Health (RCH) and ImmunisationProgrammes requires annual release of 400 crore/state by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Table 4.6.3.6. Funds required for procurement of drugs and vaccines
Drugs/Commodities
Value (Rs. In crores)
Anti-Malarial Drugs
146
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Infrastructure Anti-TB Drugs
112
RCH supplies
42
Polio supplies
100
Total
400
Source: (Welfare, 2013)
• •
Funds are being provided every year as requested by the States in their Programme Implementation Plan under NUHM to strengthen CHCs as per IPHS standards The government has different criteria and schemes for releasing funds for different types of healthcare facilities. It also depends on the severity and necessity of a particular type healthcare facility for a respective region. Sometimes the funds are also released on demand for a particular region
Table 4.6.3.7. Required funds for new projects FACILITY PHASE- I (Priority-High)
FUNDS REQUIRED (INR in cr)
UPHC
36 (4 cr/unit)
PHASE –I (PriorityMedium) PHASE- II (Priority-High)
Intermediate hospital (A) (No: of beds :200 )
180 (180 cr/unit)
Intermediate hospital (B) (No : of beds : 80 )
80(80 cr/unit)
PHASE –II (Prioritymedium)
General hospital (No : of beds : 500 )
450(450cr/unit)
Source: (India, 2015)
Table 4.6.3.8. Project phasing PHASE
PROJECTS
No: OF UNITS
TIME REQUIRED TOTAL NO : FOR EXECUTION OF YEARS
PHASE I
UPHC (If three UPHC construction can be started simultaneously)
9
1 year
3years (2019-2022)
PHASE I
Intermediate hospital 1 (A)
2.5 years
PHASE II
Intermediate hospital 1 (B)
2 years
2.5 years (2022- to be finished by 2025) 2 years (2025-2027)
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Infrastructure PHASE III
General hospital
1
3 years
3 years (20272031)
4.7 Educational facilities The School Education system has a dual control. The Syllabus and Curriculum as well as final evaluation are administered by the West Bengal Board of Primary Education, West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, West Bengal Council for Higher Secondary Education & West Bengal Council of Rabindra Open Schooling in their respective areas. The recognition and affiliation parts are also looked after by the said autonomous bodies under the overall guidance of the School Education Department. The general administration as well as monitoring and supervision are done by the District Inspectorate of Primary and Secondary Education under the control of the Directorate of School Education. The financial aspects as well as the service benefits of the teachers and staff are being administered by the Department of School Education through its Directorate / Inspectorate / DPSC. The School Education Department also gives much importance to new recognition of schools, setting up of new schools, upgradation of schools and also setting up of Anglo-Indian Schools. BMC area has an extensive network of Government Schools and Colleges but there is disparity in the level of distribution and accessibility of these educational institutions in the area. Though most wards of Bidhannagar municipal corporation area is well served in terms of primary and secondary schools, there is a dearth of kindergarten in most of the wards and of higher level schools in some of them. Consideringboth government and private facilities, there is lack of schools in the accessible distances in many of the neighbourhoods. In order to analyze the condition of Educational Institutions, the present population as well as populations of 2021 and 2031 is considered: Table 4.7.1: Population Projection 2021 &2031
2011
2031
2021
Salt lake
215,514
Rajarhat
Salt Lake
Rajarhat
Salt lake
Rajarhat
402,844
2,69,877
522204
3,34,358
666816
Source: (census)
4.7.1
EXISTING SCENARIO OF EDUCATIONALFACILITIES IN BIDHANNAGAR MC AREA
Table 4.7.2: Total no. of Educational facilities Educational facilities
Government
Semi Public
Private
Number
62
11
40
Source: primary survey
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DEFICIT IN EDUCATIONAL FACILITY AS PER URDPFI STANDARDS As per the population, the educational facilities nearly satisfies the requirement, but as the population will grow it’ll lead to deficit in services and more number of institutions will be required to serve the population. Table 3: Existing & Deficit in Educational Sr.
Category
No.
Pre
1.
Primary,
Nursery School Primary School ( I
2.
to V) Senior
3.
Secondary
School (VI to XII) Integrated
4.
School
(Class I-XII)
5.
College Vocational
6.
Institutes
7.
ITI’s
Teacher
Existi ng no.
Required
Required
Deficit
Deficit
Student
Population
Strength
Served
250
2500
1:30
6
303
297
354
57
500
5000
1:30
26
151
125
177
52
1000
7500
1:30
24
101
77
118
41
1:30
58
8
-
9
-
1:50
8 nos
1
-
-
-
1:50
-
1
1
-
-
1:50
-
1
1
-
-
1500
1500
400
2000
1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000
Student Ratio
no. as per
no. as per
URPFI
URPFI
Table 4: Requirement of Educational Facilities for 2025 Ward Projected No.
Kindergarten
Numbers
Primary
Secondary
Higher
Schools
Schools
Secondary Schools
1
12
7
3
2
0.2
2
14
8
4
3
0.2
3
14
8
4
3
0.2
4
14
8
4
3
0.2
5
14
8
4
3
0.2
6
15
8
4
3
0.2
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Infrastructure 7
16
8
4
3
0.2
8
13
7
3
2
0.2
9
16
8
4
3
0.2
10
14
8
4
3
0.2
11
9
5
2
2
0.1
12
20
11
5
4
0.3
13
19
10
5
3
0.3
14
21
11
6
4
0.3
15
10
5
3
2
0.1
16
13
7
3
2
0.2
17
15
8
4
3
0.2
18
12
7
3
2
0.2
19
13
7
3
2
0.2
20
15
8
4
3
0.2
21
13
7
3
2
0.2
22
16
9
4
3
0.2
23
11
6
3
2
0.1
24
18
10
5
3
0.2
25
14
8
4
3
0.2
26
14
7
4
2
0.2
27
15
8
4
3
0.2
28
17
9
5
3
0.2
29
13
7
3
2
0.2
30
11
6
3
2
0.1
31
13
7
3
2
0.2
32
11
6
3
2
0.2
33
12
7
3
2
0.2
34
13
7
4
2
0.2
35
9
5
3
2
0.1
36
0
0
0
0
0.0
37
15
8
4
3
0.2
38
12
7
3
2
0.2
39
14
8
4
3
0.2
40
16
9
4
3
0.2
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Infrastructure 41
15
8
4
3
0.2
total
562
303
151
101
8
Table 5: Requirement of Educational Facilities for 2031 Ward Projected No.
Kindergarten
Numbers
Primary
Secondary
Higher
Schools
Schools
Secondary Schools
1
15
8
4
3
0.2
2
19
10
5
3
0.3
3
18
10
5
3
0.2
4
17
9
5
3
0.2
5
20
11
6
4
0.3
6
19
10
5
3
0.3
7
16
8
4
3
0.2
8
16
9
4
3
0.2
9
20
11
5
4
0.3
10
14
8
4
3
0.2
11
9
5
2
2
0.1
12
26
14
7
5
0.4
13
29
16
8
5
0.4
14
31
17
8
6
0.4
15
10
5
3
2
0.1
16
13
7
3
2
0.2
17
15
8
4
3
0.2
18
12
7
3
2
0.2
19
13
7
3
2
0.2
20
15
8
4
3
0.2
21
13
7
3
2
0.2
22
16
9
4
3
0.2
23
11
6
3
2
0.1
24
22
12
6
4
0.3
25
18
10
5
3
0.2
26
20
11
5
4
0.3
27
21
11
6
4
0.3
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Infrastructure 28
21
11
6
4
0.3
29
14
8
4
3
0.2
30
11
6
3
2
0.2
31
14
8
4
3
0.2
32
12
6
3
2
0.2
33
13
7
4
2
0.2
34
14
8
4
3
0.2
35
9
5
3
2
0.1
36
0
0
0
0
0.0
37
16
9
4
3
0.2
38
12
7
3
2
0.2
39
15
8
4
3
0.2
40
17
9
5
3
0.2
41
16
9
4
3
0.2
total
656
354
177
118
9
Provision of School for 13 physically Challenged and 1 School for Mentally Challenged also needs to be given. Due to scarcity of land only 5 schools for Physically Challenged can be provided in the BMC area so as to serve larger population rather than 45000 for one as suggested in URDPFI. More than Sufficient number of colleges and Vocational Institutes are there in the Salt Lake area which also serves the population of the Rajarhat area. Moreover due to the problem traffic Congestion and scarcities of large plots of land in the Rajarhat area, no large institutions are being proposed there.
4.7.2 Finance The West Bengal government has released Rs. 50 crore for developing infrastructure and improving facilities in government and government-aided schools. Of the total allotment, over Rs. 45 crore would be used to build classrooms at 528 schools in Kolkata and 18 districts of the state, including Howrah, Hooghly, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar, Cooch Behar and Malda. The rest of the money would be utilised to install safe drinking water systems at 120 primary, 130 upper-primary and around 100 higher-secondary schools. The cost of construction of a Higher Secondary School is varies from 8.48 to 8.93 million and can go upto 14.46 million, while construction a secondary schools costs around 7.467 million.construction a primary scool costs 1.41 millionand can go upto2.49 to2.95 million.
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4.7 Social Infrastructure
4.7.1
PROPOSALS (a) Service Level Gap - 2011
(b) Proposals- 2025 & 2031 *EXISTING POPULATION - 817691
FACILITIES
2011 EXISTING SHORTAGE REQUIREMENT
Police station
1 per 90000 population
7
2
9
Police Outpost
1 per 50000 population
5
11
16
Open spaces
Housing area parks
-
-
164
Neighbourhood parks
26
29
55
Community parks
1
7
8.2
District park
1
1
1.64
Religious facilities
1 per 5000 population
43
-
164
Community center
1 per 5000 population
18
37
55
Bank
1 per 5000 population
44
-
164
Library
1 per 15000 population
-
-
55
Post office
Post office - 1 per 15000 population
7
-
55
Burial Ground
1 per 5 Lakh ppl
2
0
1.64
Old age home
1 per 5 Lakh ppl
4
0
2
Fire station
1 per 2 Lakh population
1
3
4
Aanganwari
1 per 5000 population
-
-
164
PROJECTED POPULATION FACILITIES
901156
1040733
2025
2031
REQUIREMENT PROPOSED REQUIREMENT Police station
1 per 90000 population
10
5
12
Police Outpost
1 per 50000 population
18
-
21
Open spaces
Housing area parks
180
-
208
Neighbourhood parks
60
43
69
Community parks
9
9
10
District park
2
1
2
Religious facilities
1 per 5000 population
180
-
208
Community center
1 per 5000 population
60
-
69
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Infrastructure Bank
1 per 5000 population
180
-
208 Library
1 per 15000 population
60
-
69 Post office
Post office-1 per 15000 population
60
6
69
Burial Ground
1 per 5 Lakh ppl
1.6
-
2 Old age home
1 per 5 Lakh ppl
2
-
2 Fire station
1 per 2 Lakh population
4.5
4
5 Aanganwari
1 per 5000 population
180
-
-
Weightage ward-1 ward-2 ward-3 ward-4 ward-5 ward-6 ward-7 ward-8 ward-9 ward-10 ward-11 ward-12 ward-13 ward-14 ward-15 ward-16 ward-17 ward-18 ward-19 ward-20 ward-21 ward-22 ward-23 ward-24 ward-25 ward-26 ward-27 ward-28 ward-29 ward-30 ward-31 ward-32 ward-33 ward-34 ward-35 ward-36 ward-37 ward-38 ward-39 ward-40 2
Police station 0.2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 4
Open spaces 0.2 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 3 5 3 4 4 2 3 5 2 4 3 1
Religious facilities 0.15 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
2
Community center 0.15 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 4 4 3
2
Bank 0.05 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 3 3 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4
2
Library 0.05 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 3 2 3 3
3
Post office 0.05 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4
4
Burial Ground 0.05 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2
old age home 0.05 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 2
AVERAGE WARD INDEX =
4
fire station 0.05 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2.62195122
2.5
2.45 2.65 3.05 3.2 3.15 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.3 2.55 2.45 2.4 2.8 2.75 2.55 2.9 2.8 3.05 2.85 3.15 2.95 2.85 2.65 3.2 3.4 3.15 2.85 3.45 2.85 3.1 3 3 3.15 2.7 2.65 2.95 2.8 3.1 2.8
WARD FINAL INDEX
2.45 2.65 3.05 3.2 3.15 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.3 2.55 2.45 2.4 2.8 2.75 2.55 2.9 2.8 3.05 2.85 3.15 2.95 2.85 2.65 3.2 3.4 3.15 2.85 3.45 2.85 3.1 3 3 3.15 2.7 2.65 2.95 2.8 3.1 2.8 ward-41
WARD FINAL INDEX
2.5
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City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
115% 110% GROWTH RATE
Table 1.10:Social Infrastructure-Ward Attractiveness Index
Infrastructure
4.7.2 PHASE WISE PROPOSALS: By taking into account the required number of facilities as per URDPFI guidelines and analyzing it with the conclusions drawn from Ward attractiveness index and accessibility to existing social infrastructure facilities ,vacant land for new proposal have been allocated for various social infrastructure considering the households priority and issues of concern from primary survey data, the future proposals are as follows: PHASE I- 2025(To meet the future requirements till 2025)
Police Stations - 3(Area Requirement :1.5 ha) Police Outpost -8 (Area Requirement :0.16 ha) Fire Stations –2(Area Requirement :1 ha) Post Offices39(Area Requirement :750 sq.m-2500 sq.m) Community club/ Centers – 26(Area Requirement :750 sq.m-2000 sq.m) Open spaces – • Housing area parks –104(Area Requirement :0.5 ha) • Neighbourhood parks- 22 (Area Requirement :1 ha) • Community parks –4(Area Requirement :5 ha) • District park- 1(Area Requirement :25 ha)
PHASE II- 2031 (To meet the future requirements till 2031)
Police Stations - 2 Police Outpost - 8 Fire Stations -3 Community Centers –25 Post Offices30 Open spaces – • Housing area parks - 104 • Neighbourhood parks-21 • Community parks - 5 • District park- 1 (Source: UDPFI Guidelines)
WARD WISE PROPOSALS: •
WARD-1,2 –proposal for a district parkto preserve not only the existing vacant open spaces as bidhannagar has a space crunch for development but it also helps in minimizing the urban heat island effect thus improving the microclimate of the city, purify the air, and offer an ideal space for recreation and gaining health.
•
WARD-2 , 6, 12, 13, 23, 27, Ghuni town – proposal for Neighbourhood level parks to increase the recreational green spaces in BMC.
•
WARD- 1,2,3, 4,6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 26, 27, Ghuni Town- proposal for communitylevel parks as smaller level parks and playground for recreation.
•
WARD- 4, 9, 38- proposal for fire station near Dattabaad, 1 firestationnear baguiati junction and another one in ward 4 tocater to the northern most part of rajarhat.
4.7.4 PROJECTISATION:
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Infrastructure Table 1.11:Proposed Social Infrastructure- Phase wise Establishment cost Social
Phase
Establishment
Phase –
Establishment
Project
Project
Infrastructure
– 2025
Cost (In Crores)
2031
Cost (In Crores)
Prioritisation
Duration
Facilities Recreational Facilities District Park
0
0
1
5 cr
Low
1 year
Community Park
4
8cr
5
10cr
High
9-12 months
Neighbourhood
22
11cr
21
10.5cr
Medium
6-9 months
104
27cr
104
27cr
High
4-6 months
Park Housing Area Park (Tot-Lots) Socio-Cultural Facilities Community Club
26
6.5cr
25
6.25cr
High
1 year
Post Offices
39
19.5cr
30
15 cr
Low
6-9 months
Safety & Security Police Stations
3
7.5cr
2
5cr
Low
6-9 months
Police Outposts
8
12cr
8
12cr
Medium
6-9 months
Fire Station
2
10cr
3
15cr
High
9-12 months
Including O&M
Total (Phase-I)
Total (Phase-II)
101.5 Crore
106 Crore
111.6 crores
116.6 crores
(Operation &Maintainence) Cost (Source: Primary Survey)
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Infrastructure
Projects
Project Duration
Predecessors
Time Duration
Remarks
Phase-I (7 Years) Start Community Club
1 year
1
1st year
Community Park
9-12 months
1
2nd year
Housing Area Park (Tot-
4-6 months
1
2nd year 6 months
Fire Station
9-12 months
2
3rd year 6 months
Neighbourhood Park
6-9 months
2
4th year 3 months
Police Outposts
6-9 months
2
5th year
Post Offices
6-9 months
3
5th year 9 months
Police Stations
6-9 months
3
6th year 6 months
District Park
1 year
3
7th year
Lots) 50% complete
Finish Phase-II (6 Years) Start Community Club
1 year
1
1st year
Community Park
9-12 months
1
2nd year
Housing Area Park (Tot-
4-6 months
1
Fire Station
9-12 months
2
3rd year 1 months
Neighbourhood Park
6-9 months
2
3rd year 7 months
Police Outposts
6-9 months
2
4th year 1 months
Post Offices
6-9 months
3
4th year 7 months
Police Stations
6-9 months
3
5th year 3 months
District Park
1 year
3
6th year
2nd year 4months
Lots) 50% complete
Finish
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Infrastructure
PROJECTS
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Remarks
Community
50%
50%
Club Community
50%
50%
Park Housing Area
50%
50%
Park (TotLots) Fire Station
50%
Neighbourhoo
50%
50%
d Park Police
50%
50%
Outposts Post Offices
50%
Police
50%
Stations District Park
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Infrastructure
Map 1.5: Map showing proposed social infrastructure Area Allocation Map (Source: Primary Survey)
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5. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT
Traffic & Transportation
5.1 INTRODUCTION Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is comprised of two distinct areas, one is a planned city (Salt Lake) and on the other hand other area is deprived of basic services like abutting drains, feeder services, Para-transit; given the different requirements both are treated separately as per physical and Socio-economic conditions of the area. It is observed through the primary survey, that the current condition of the transportation network is up to the current requirement on some part of Network and the other is performing worse. In any, such case there are aspects which need immediate intervention as there are raising incidences of inadequacy of current infrastructure. The evident areas of concern include: congestion at network nodes, lack of public transit, insufficient infrastructure for pedestrians; lack of supporting infrastructure for bicyclers, insufficient traffic management; non-availability of parking spaces in the central business area; uncontrolled freight traffic.
5.2 VISION The vision for the city of Bias to encourage integrated development through an accessible system of transport that responds to the infrastructural needs of the people as well as the city.
5.3.1 OBJECTIVE 1. Improvement of accessibility to wards with connectivity to the major roads. 2. Widening of roads to reduce the load on the road and to avoid congestion. 3. Proposals for new links. 4. Measures to reduce the spill over of the commercial activities on to the roads. 5. Geometry correction of intersections to improve the visibility and traffic flow. 6. Provision and organizing formal parking spaces and measures to control and regulate on street parking to reduce traffic choking points. 7. Identifications of areas lacking in public and Para transit facilities. 8. Freight corridors defined with proper scheduling and parking facilities to reduce the traffic overload on the main corridors. All these objectives have been conceptualized in two phases:
5.3.2 PHASE 1 FOR YEAR 2025 This is Phase of development of new roads in city area to decongest the traffic as well as the aforementioned upcoming challenges have to be mitigated before they show a negative impact on the Functioning of the city. 1. Improvement of existing roads is to be undertaken at the earliest to ensure unhindered vehicular movement. 2. Improvement of intersections through channelization and signalization.
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Traffic & Transportation 3. Creation of new links to decongest traffic on existing roads.
5.3.3 PHASE 2 FOR YEAR 2031 This is the development phase of the plan period in which the major emphasis will be on preparing the city’s infrastructure to meet future demand and to establish systems that will enable an intelligent functioning of the transportation system. 1.
Widening of existing roads is to be undertaken to ensure efficient vehicular movement.
2. Setting up of logistic hub outside the main city area for handling of freight. 3. Setting up of other related infrastructures.
5.3 TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING 5.3.1 TRIP GENERATION 5.3.1.1 TRIP PRODUCTION 450 households are surveyed in BMC, with an average sample size of 10 per ward across Rajarhat and Salt Lake. The survey is carried out by creating a tour diary of each household, i.e., activities performed by each member of the household throughout the day. The mode used, time taken and cost incurred or their combination is listed alongside the activity. These activities are out in four broad categories, work trips, educational trips, shopping trips and other trips. Trips generated in each category in the sample area listed along with the residential area of the ward from where the trips area originating. Therefore, total trips in the ward to the total sample trips are multiplied with the residential share of the ward out of the total area of BMC. Thus trips/1000 sq. ft. of residential area is calculated in each ward. Using a whole-to-part approach the total trip produced in BMC is estimated from the sample. Refer Annexure for calculations and trips in each category
5.3.1.2 TRIP ATTRACTION Attraction in the wards are calculated based on -No. of Shops and Customers -Offices -Schools and Hospitals This data is listed against the area share of commercial & 25% of mixed use, offices, educational and health infrastructure of each ward. In this manner trips attracted per 1000 sq. ft. of respective area is calculated.
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Traffic & Transportation Refer Annexure for calculations and trips in each category. Table 3 : Ward wise Trip Production and Attraction in 2018 WARD
PRODUCTION
NO
ATTRACTION
WORK
EDU.
SHOPPING
OTHER
WORK
EDU.
SHOPPING
OTHER
TRIPS
TRIPS
TRIPS
TRIPS
TRIPS
TRIPS
TRIPS
TRIPS
Ward 1
3253
1634
588
526
68
4000
50
0
Ward 2
6105
3066
1104
987
1350
1200
375
100
Ward 3
2288
1149
414
370
960
1200
550
50
Ward 4
11640
5845
2105
1881
790
2000
200
105
Ward 5
8041
4038
1454
1300
930
150
300
0
Ward 6
10964
5506
1983
1772
630
1100
1475
729
Ward 7
6613
3321
1196
1069
533
525
1020
10
Ward 8
3496
1756
632
565
350
450
1800
0
Ward 9
4992
2507
903
807
450
90
9666
0
Ward 10
10938
5493
1978
1768
1050
7700
1750
270
Ward 11
3927
1972
710
635
781
160
3625
270
Ward 12
7006
3518
1267
1132
740
550
4575
115
Ward 13
5524
2774
999
893
1300
2461
6583
0
Ward 14
5979
3002
1081
966
1026
55
1360
20
Ward 15
4007
2012
725
648
1620
1806
4500
45
Ward 16
5440
2732
984
879
394
650
860
180
Ward 17
9524
4783
1723
1539
3150
0
1350
0
Ward 18
4157
2088
752
672
1486
2550
6558
35
Ward 19
6433
3231
1164
1040
1103
60
2991
0
Ward 20
3915
1966
708
633
3100
100
11770
0
Ward 21
1669
838
302
270
1400
250
5416
0
Ward 22
3098
1556
560
501
568
500
2325
0
Ward 23
18458
9269
3339
2983
1600
3230
3125
0
Ward 24
4897
2459
886
791
900
1650
5291
25
Ward 25
2223
1116
402
359
200
0
233
0
Ward 26
7199
3615
1302
1164
950
150
5416
0
Ward 27
3750
1883
678
606
1091
1720
3408
25
Ward 28
1050
475
174
177
1035
1568
112
40
Ward 29
4852
2195
804
818
700
3500
1125
260
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Traffic & Transportation Ward 30
3043
1377
505
513
1250
2000
1562
0
Ward 31
10613
4801
1760
1790
3150
0
4166
77
Ward 32
4998
2261
829
843
220
0
212
190
Ward 33
6339
2868
1051
1069
715
4000
2416
45
Ward 34
1561
706
259
263
1142
0
1625
1450
Ward 35
2751
1245
456
464
130
400
423
0
Ward 36
680
308
113
115
470
2900
283
50
Ward 37
4827
2184
800
814
1820
3000
666
37
Ward 38
631
286
105
106
48
0
113
0
Ward 39
2498
1130
414
421
593
3000
1021
75
Ward 40
2025
916
336
341
3133
5000
7067
830
Ward 41
6294
2848
1044
1062
495
750
716
65
(Source: primary survey) The calculated number of trips are then corrected on the basis of expected number of trips considering the projected work force participation and number of students enrolled in educational institutes.
Table 4 : Ward wise Trip Production and attraction for 2021and 2031 TRIP PRODUCTION
TRIP ATTRACTION
2018
2021
2031
2018
2021
2031
Ward 1
6001
7987
15974
4731
6296
12593
Ward 2
11261 14989 29977
5880
7826
15652
Ward 3
4221
11237
10130 13482 26965
Ward 4
21472 28579 57159
11520 15332 30665
Ward 5
14833 19742 39484
15205 20237 40475
Ward 6
20224 26919 53837
17113 22777 45555
Ward 7
12200 16238 32475
4733
6300
12600
Ward 8
6450
8585
6219
8277
16555
Ward 9
9208
12256 24512
12501 16638 33277
Ward 10 20176 26855 53709
17166 22847 45694
Ward 11 7243
19281
16436 21876 43753
Ward 12 12924 17201 34403
23422 31175 62350
Ward 13 10190 13563 27126
8861
11793 23586
Ward 14 11029 14680 29359
6047
8048
5618
9641
17169
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Traffic & Transportation Ward 15 7392
9839
19678
8143
10838 21677
Ward 16 10035 13356 26712
8391
11169 22338
Ward 17 17569 23385 46770
10817 14397 28794
Ward 18 7669
10207 20414
19995 26613 53226
Ward 19 11867 15795 31591
11231 14948 29897
Ward 20 7222
9612
19224
6519
8676
17353
Ward 21 3079
4098
8197
3996
5318
10636
Ward 22 5715
7607
15214
4582
6098
12196
Ward 23 34049 45319 90638
4555
6062
12124
Ward 24 9033
12022 24045
13860 18447 36894
Ward 25 4101
5458
10917
3591
4780
9560
Ward 26 13280 17676 35352
4667
6211
12422
Ward 27 6917
9207
18414
2049
2726
5453
Ward 28 1876
2497
4994
2231
2969
5938
Ward 29 8670
11540 23080
9556
12718 25436
Ward 30 5438
7238
14476
12323 16401 32802
Ward 31 18963 25240 50481
15845 21090 42180
Ward 32 8930
10406 13850 27700
11886 23772
Ward 33 11327 15076 30152
9088
12096 24192
Ward 34 2790
3713
7426
9293
12368 24737
Ward 35 4916
6544
13087
2493
3318
6636
Ward 36 1215
1618
3235
968
1288
2577
Ward 37 8625
11479 22959
18184 24203 48406
Ward 38 1128
1501
3002
1650
2196
Ward 39 4464
5942
11883
9040
12032 24064
Ward 40 3618
4816
9631
23746 31605 63211
Ward 41 11247 14970 29940
4392
11387 15155 30311
(Source: Calculation based on primary survey)
5.3.2 TRIP DISTRIBUTION The travel demand for Bidhan Nagar is based on the gravity model, where the number of trips taking place between two zones is directly proportional to the trips being generated at the origin and terminating at the destination location, and inversely proportional to the distance separating the two zones.
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Traffic & Transportation
Figure P 1: Tri Distribution for 2018(primary survey)
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Traffic & Transportation
Figure P 2 : Trip distribution for 2021 (based on Primary survey)
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Traffic & Transportation
5.4 EXTENSION OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 5.4.1 NEW ROAD LINKS Proposal of new regional link in the northern part of BMC is to provide better accessibility to the wards which do not have good connectivity to the sub-arterial and arterial roads. Hence, a30-meter-wide road with service lane is proposed in this region so that it can connect the New-town junction with the Barasat junction in the north while providing better connectivity to the wards 1-4 in the Narayanpur region (fig 5.4 1). The road link proposed for de-congestion of the wards 15 to 27 connects the Chinar park main road and the Salt Lake MRTS via Adarshapally road. This road link will act as a sub arterial road that collects the traffic from collector roads of Hatiara, Jagatpur, Sukantapally, Kestopur, Krishnapur etc. and connects them with the nearby MRTS (under construction,2018) via Ghuni (panchayat area). Hence, the accessibility between two important metro junctions i.e. Chinar park and Salt Lake, is taken care providing opportunities for better accessibility to these wards (fig 5.4 1) There are other new road links that has been proposed to cater the increased traffic and footfall within wards where there would be new residential and commercial establishments coming up in the near future based on the demand. These links could be seen in wards 6-12 (fig 5.4 1)
5.4.2 WIDENING OF ROAD LINKS Increase in the demand for new residential and commercial establishment in wards that have high density increases the traffic and footfall in that region which could not be catered by the existing infrastructure facilities in each ward. Hence, widening of roads by various techniques is proposed in places where there is opportunity to widen (fig 5.4 1).
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Traffic & Transportation
Figure P 3 : Extension of road infrastructure(Source: primary survey)
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Traffic & Transportation
5.5 VOLUME/CAPACITY RATIO ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD LINKS AND INTERSECTIONS 5.5.1 VEHICLE PROJECTION The present AAGR (Average Annual Growth Rate) of fast motorized vehicles in BMC is 8.64%. Due to the growing traffic, the roads are getting saturated. In future, the effort would be to encourage usage of various modes of public transportation which would decrease the growth of personal vehicles, decongest the city and help in managing the environmental degradation. Substantial improvement program of the level of service offered by the Metro with an outreach program, buses and other modes of public transportation would reduce the dependency on private vehicles. Thus, it is projected that the motorized vehicles are likely to grow at a rate of 5 per cent per annum. Table 5 : Number of Personal Vehicles Year
Personal Vehicles (in lakhs)
2009-10
23
2014-15
29.3
2019-20
37.4
2024-25
47.8
2029-30
61.0 Vehicular Growth Rate is 8.64% (2009) Predicted Future Growth Rate is 5% Source: Comprehensive Mobility Plan, Kolkata (2008)
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Traffic & Transportation
5.5.2 CHANNELIZATION AND SIGNALING INTERSECTIONS TRAFFIC FLOW AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS Improvement strategies for intersections can be categorized at three levels. First is channelling of the traffic using signage or minor diversion of the traffic flow. For greater degree of intervention, signalization of intersection is practiced. In cases where these methods fail to provide adequate optimization of traffic, grade separated intersections are designed for traffic management. Through the primary survey of BMC, some important road intersections were identified, that require traffic management. Principle followed: Webster’s delay model The components of signalizing of intersections can be enumerated as: 1. Development of a phase plan and sequence 2. Timing of yellow and all-red intervals for each phase. 3. Determination of cycle length. 4. Green time distribution. The appropriate cycle length can be estimated by Webster’s Formula:
Where, C= OptimalCycleLengthinseconds
đ??‚đ??‚ =
đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;?. đ?&#x;“đ?&#x;“ ∗ đ??‹đ??‹ + đ?&#x;“đ?&#x;“ đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;? − ∑đ??‚đ??‚đ??‚đ??‚
L= TotalLostTimeduringacycle CS= SumoflowratiosofCriticalmovements From the primary survey data analysis, it is found that most of the roads or road stretches are adequate with respect to its volume by capacity ratio. But after taking into consideration the future growth of traffic and the future projection of travel demand, it is obtained that there is a requirement for signalization in some of the intersections. The details of signalizations are described hereafter. The proposed interventions for these road intersections are shown in the figures on subsequent pages.
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Traffic & Transportation
Figure P 4 : Traffic Signal Timing Optimization: Chinar Park Intersection (Source: primary survey)
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Figure P 5 : Traffic signal timing optimization: Noapara Intersection(Source: primary survey)
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Figure P 6 : Traffic Signal Timing Optimization: Kaikhali Intersection(Source: primary survey)
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Figure P 7 : Traffic signal timing optimization at intersections(Source: primary survey)
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Figure P 8 : Traffic signal timing optimization at intersections(Source: primary survey)
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Figure P 9 : Traffic signal timing optimization: MAR-Rajarhat Road Intersection (Source: primary survey)
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Figure P 10 : Traffic signal timing optimization: EM BYEPASS Intersection(Source: primary survey)
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5.5.3 ROAD SECTIONS FOR PROPOSED IMPROVED AND NEW ROADS Figure P 11 : Proposed Road Section, Near ward 1&2, 40m wide (L) Canal Side; 42 m wide ROW (R)
Figure P 12 : : Proposed Road Section, 24m wide ROW
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Figure P 13 : Proposed Road Section, Residential, 15 m wide ROW
Figure P 14 : : Proposed Road Section, Residential, 9m wide ROW
5.6 NON MOTORISED TRANSIT NMT in this region mainly comprises of cycles and cycle rickshaws. There is a dire need for exclusive NMT infrastructure to tackle congestion issues and accidents. Apart from meeting the
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Traffic and Transportaion exiting demands of users, proper infrastructure will also provide incentives to residents to shift to cycles for complete or part of the trip. Two primary factors are used to determine the location and extent of NMT corridors. Firstly, top five junctions are identified with the highest cycle riders in peak hour. These are Kaikhali (Ward), Chinar Park (Ward), Clock Tower (Ward), Karunamoyee (Ward) and Duttabad Junction (Ward). Secondly, those corridors are identified where Metro Stations exist or will come up as a part of the KMRC proposal, since the presence of bicycle tracks in those regions will help to enhance use of cycles as last mile connecters. The cycle tracks fall in two categories, i.e. •
A lane is allotted and demarcated, out of the existing vehicular lanes, this is the prototype for the corridors in Salt Lake, while
•
A separate, raised track is constructed either in the ROW of existing road by removing encroachment or acquiring private lane, for Rajarhat area.
The tracks need to be supported by allied infrastructure, these include, Bicycle Parking, Bike Sharing System and Information Kiosk. For the ease of execution, the proposal is divide into 2 phases, such that, PHASE 1: Chinar Park, Kaikhali and Karunamoyee, along the periphery of the Central Park, Broadway Road and road parallel to Salt Lake Bypass on the eastern flank of Salt Lake. PHASE 2: Along E. M. Bypass, 3rd, 4th and 5th Cross Road, VIP Road, Adarshpally Road along Kestopur Khal, Canal Side Road along Kestopur Canal Phasing is done on with priority to those corridors that will cater to metro station in Salt Lake and Northern region, Phase 2 will help to establish an integrated NMT corridor network across BMC. Electricity board, Bera –Berijunction, Titumir, NewRamMandir Road near to Bashudev football ground, Narayanbhandar near to Adarshapally road.
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Figure P 15 :Proposal for NMT Corridor in 2021 and 2031(Source: Primary Survey)
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5.6.1 TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT 5.6.1.1 TRIP FOR TOD IN KOLKATA The recent development in the public transport system in Kolkata which include planned Metro system and Bus Transit Services, in spite of that the level of services in Kolkata has been unable to deliver efficient, comfortable and affordable mobility options to its citizens. The current lack of connectivity to and from Metro stations, abundant subsidized car and bicycle parking options as well as a lack of safety for walkers, cyclists and women in the city has resulted in public transportation being relegated to second or even last choice of travel, which has led to significant Road Congestion and heavy pollution along the Transit Corridors. The problem has become a so prominent that it is feared that it might have an irreversible damage on Environment and Physical Infrastructure of the City.
5.6.1.2DEFINITION OFTRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT: Transit Oriented Development is essentially any development, macro or micro that is focused around a transit node, and facilitates complete ease of access to the transit facility thereby inducing people to prefer to walk and use public transportation over personal modes of transport. The Primary Goals of TOD are to: i.
Reduce/ discourage dependency on private vehicles and promote public transportation usage– through Infrastructure design, policy measures & enforcement.
ii.
Provide easy access to public transport such that maximum number of people within commutable distance – through densification and enhanced connectivity.
5.6.1.3GOALS AND BENEFITS OF TOD IN Kolkata: “Synergy between Transport and Land Use” states that “The concept of the Master Plan for Kolkata 1979 was based on a poly-nodal, polycentric, distribution of work centres, largely based on road transport nodes. A major fall-out of this has been distortion between infrastructure, transport and land use. To achieve spatial balance, development should take place according to new Transit corridors of mass movement. This has implications in terms of land use planning along major transport corridors and the Mass Rapid Transport / Transit System. This would not only help to solve, to some extent, the enormous problems of mass transportation, but would also generate a dynamic potential for growth and employment. TOD shall provide the following benefits to Kolkata (BMC area): •
Mobility Options for all
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Better Quality of Life for All
•
Give Everyone a Home
•
Market Participates in Better City
•
Self-Sufficiency
•
Cheaper Public Transport
•
Reduce Environmental Degradation
•
Save Public Money
•
Multi-disciplinary Multi-Departmental Approach
Application of TOD Influence Zones •
500 M influence zone of all MRTS Stations
•
800m* (10-min walking) influence zone of Regional Interchange Station (i.e. Rail MRTS, or two MRTS lines.)
Figure P 16 : Images showing Road sections in front of City Centre
Figure P 17 : Images showing City Centre and Road section in front of City Centre
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Figure P 18 : Influence Zone for TOD Corridor(Source: Primary Survey)
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5.6.1.4INFLUENCE ZONE PLAN: A Detailed Influence Zone Plan is a document that provides a framework and vision for future TOD development for a single or a set of MRTS stations. Any public or private development within the Influence Zone Plan Areas must adhere to the overall strategies, framework and benchmarks provided by the Plan. The Plan shall be prepared or be approved by the competent Planning Authority for each influence zone area in a phased manner, customized to site characteristics and context. The plan shall include the following components: A. Urban Design Framework – This would include: •
Higher ease-of –use bicycle infrastructure
•
Street Network Plan indicating street hierarchy and character
•
Landscape and Open Space Structure indicating type of open spaces and distribution of play areas. To include planting strategy for all street trees.
•
Net FAR and residential densities for each block within the Influence Zone
•
Vertical mix of uses for each TOD parcel indicating location of civic amenities within mixed –use blocks. To include location of ‘unbundled’ parking sites for shared use.
•
Three-dimensional site briefs for each block within the Influence Zone indicating recommended massing and organization of uses.
•
Location and numbers of short and long term parking spaces
Transport Impact Assessment & Mitigation Strategies: This would include strategies for: •
Achieving the desired modal shift, in particular mode shift for short trips
•
Street network improvement through assessment of existing capacity and augmentation of network as required through new linkages, alternate routes, junction designs etc. for all modes with priority for public transport, pedestrians, cyclists / NMT.
•
Integrated strategy for Public transport, Pedestrian and Cycle access
•
Determining the optimum mix of uses to mitigate negative impact on surrounding land uses and transport networks
•
Parking Strategy as a Demand Management Tool
•
Mitigation strategies for traffic noise and vibration
TOD Policy and development control norms: Each TOD must have the following components:
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Pedestrian & Cycle/ Cycle-Rickshaw Friendly Environment
•
Connectivity: Create dense networks of streets and paths for all modes.
•
Multi-modal Interchange: Mass transportation modes servicing the area should be well integrated to afford rapid and comfortable modal transfers.
•
Modal Shift Measures: Shift to Sustainable Modes by Using Design, Technology, Road Use Regulation, Mixed-Use, Parking Policy and Fiscal Measures
•
Place making and Safety: Urban places should be designed for enjoyment, relaxation and equity.
•
High Density, Mixed-Income Development: Compact Neighbourhoods for Shorter Commutes and Equity for All Sections of Society.
Figure P 19 : Proposed Road Section, near metro line; 42 m wide ROW (R)
Figure P 20 : Proposed Road Section, Salt Lake, 20 m wide ROW
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Figure P 21 : Proposed Road Section, Salt Lake, 26 m wide ROW
5.7 PARKING Parking is one of the major problems in the transportation sector in the BMC area. The root cause for a large number of other problems such as traffic congestion points, safety risks, accidents etc. can be attributed to the improper or absence of proper parking facilities and regulations. The proposals for negating the issue can be classified into physical solutions, which include dedicated parking facilities and proper demarcation of on road parking areas and also policy level interventions such as parking restricted and parking banned areas depending on the condition and also regulation regarding owning and operating parking facilities in the private sector.
5.7.1 CONSIDERATIONS At present, there are only 4 formal parking areas under the BMC, which is clearly lesser than the required number. While considering locations for the proposed parking facilities, the major considerations where, location of current informal parking areas, current commercial and institutional facilities, future land use proposal and direction of growth, proposed commercial and institutional areas. A hierarchy of parking facilities has been formed and the type and level of facilities to be provided at each chosen point is determined after considering facts like, the number of commercial entities, expected footfall, adequacy of current facilities and scope of augmentation of the existing facilities etc.
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5.7.2 PARKING FACILITIES 5.7.2.1
SMALL SCALE FACILITY
These are facilities that have capacity of holding 5-10 vehicles at a time, they are proposed to be in areas with lesser concentration of commercial entities and social infrastructure provisions such as hospitals or higher order recreational facilities such as regional parks. They are aimed to serve the local community level parking needs such as the parked vehicles in front of a temple or a small-scale club or park. The locations are identified based on these factors. The area required for a facility would range from 75 sqm to 150 sqm for the proposed capacity on ground. These small-scale facilities are proposed to be at ground level as the scale is not large enough to justify the cost of a multilevel parking facility. 7 new small parking facilities are proposed and locations are indicated in figure 6.2.1 5.7.2.2
LARGE SCALE FACILITY
These are facilities that have capacity of up to 30 vehicles. They are proposed in areas with high activity such as market areas and social infrastructure facilities such as schools, hospitals, parks etc. The area required will be around 300 sqm at ground level, which will be reduced in case of multilevel parking facilities. Multilevel parking is a plausible option as the area is already densely developed and the search for land would be hard and tedious. These facilities could also integrate services like maintenance and repairs of automobiles to improve their attractiveness and also to increase the income generated from the facility.
5 new large-scale parking facilities are proposed and locations
are indicated in figure 6.2.1
5.7.3 ON STREET PARKING It is one of the major problems of the area. It needs to be addressed in a proper manner along with sufficient overhead, in terms of human resource and economy, for the proper enforcement of these proposals. Only roads with sufficient width should be allowed to have on street parking and on other roads they should be shifted to the proposed facilities. Parking structure/shed should be made mandatory for sanctioning new building permits in the area to reduce the number of vehicles parked on the narrow roads in the residential zones. These should be properly enforced and checked upon issuing the completion certificate for the structure by the authorities. Proposed routes with permitted on street parking is marked in fig 6.3.1 attached below. 5.7.3.1
•
PARKING RESTRICTIONS There should be clear demarcation of the area assigned for on street parking along roads with sufficient width.
•
Along other roads, on street parking should be restricted, unless it is for a short period less than 10 minutes.
•
On local or residential roads parking should not be allowed.
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Traffic and Transportaion On violation of the above said regulations, the user could be fined an amount proportional to the violation resulting in an additional source of income for the BMC that can be used for the operation and maintenance of the parking facilities.
Figure P 22 : Proposal for Off-street parking(Source: Primary Survey)
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5.7.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE The facilities can either be on public sector built owned and operated by the BMC or it can be built and owned by the BMC but is operated and maintained by private entities on contract basis paying the BMC an annual sum as the rent. Or it can be entirely in private sector, but they need to get permission from BMC after paying a sum as the fee and also BMC should oversee and make sure that all standards are followed and all the services offered are up to par. A part of the expense can also be recouped by making and lending out area for advertisements within these facilities under the supervision of BMC.
5.7.5 FUNDING Initial funding for the project can be either from the BMC’s budgetary allocation for improvement of infrastructure or the project can be envisioned under the local development fund of the elected representative that is the Member of Parliament or member of Legislative Assembly. The amount needed will depend on the number of facilities proposed and the scale of the projects. 5.7.5.1
PHASING
The entire proposal has been divided into two phases, PHASE I- FROM 2019-2025 This phase will have; •
Implementation of parking regulations.
•
Modification of the building sanction process.
•
Construction and operations of small scale parking facilities where land is readily available in public domain.
•
Tendering and processing of private partners for the large-scale parking facilities.
PHASE II- FROM 2025-2031 This phase will have; •
Construction and operation of large scale facilities.
•
Construction and operation of the rest of the small-scale facilities.
•
Transfer of operation to private entities of already constructed facilities.
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Figure P 23 : Proposal for Off-street parking (Source: Primary Survey)
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5.8 BUS ROUTES 5.8.1 PROPOSED BUS SERVICE TILL 2031 The Bidhannagar municipal corporation comprises of two parts one is Salt Lake area and other is northern part. In the salt area there is no need to add the new route and links for the future growth. But in the northern part lacks with the intra city bus transit system. A new bus transit route (route 1) can be developed or proposed to improve the accessibility of the area. The routes (route 2) have been decided to reduce the load or to decongest the market areas where most of the people choice is to use paratransit instead of public transport as it takes more time due to narrow width of the road and on street parking due to lack of parking areas. Route (3) has been decided for the direct connection of the northern part to Salt Lake area or Karunamoyee bus terminal. The details of the bus routes enumerated below. 5.8.1.1 ROUTE1: EXTENSION OF BUS ROUTE FROM NARAYANPUR MARKET TO SARADAPALLY 3.3 KM. The development proposed in this region requires demand of public transport to increase the accessibility in the area. So, in this case there is a need for public transport. All the buses which stopped over there in Narayanpur market as the last stoppage area will not stop over there but continue till Saradapally and in future this road may connects with the Barasat area. Bus stops in this route are at near Shishu Udyan, the Narkel Bagan playground, near to church area, Khadihati, Kalinath, Mukherjee High School and near Kali Temple. 5.8.1.2 ROUTE2: CHANGE OF BUS ROUTE FROM RAVINDRAPALLY MARKET AREA TO ADARSHAPALLY ROAD (4.5KM) In this area people use paratransit over public transport as a feeder service. Due to the congestion and narrow roads some of the bus routes can be divert from Ravindrapally market area to Adarshpally road to reduce the congestion due to the transit service and it will help to reduce the time of commuters who used this route. Bus stops in this route are at Jagatpur Bridge, Shiv Kali Mandir, Mridha Market Bridge, Gaurangnagartoto stand. 5.8.1.3 ROUTE 3: SARADAPALLY TO KARUNAMOYEE BUS STAND VIA BERA BERI GHOS PARA, HATIARA (10KM) There is a need to propose a new public transport route which connects the upper northern part with Salt Lake area and other major part of nearby city via Hatiara area to improve the accessibility in that area as a new road is already proposed over there. The routes have been decided as per the requirement of new routes to reduce the load on the VIP route. The frequency and ridership are planned accordingly. Bus stops in this route are at shitlamandirGhos para, Narayanpur Vivekananda
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Traffic and Transportaion Vidyalaya, west Bengal state. Electricity board, Bera –Berijunction,Titumir, NewRamMandir Road near to Bashudev football ground,Narayanbhandar near to Adarshapally road.
Figure P 24 : Existing Bus Routes (Source: Primary Survey)
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Figure P 25 : Proposed Bus Route(Source: Primary Survey)
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Figure P 26 : : Proposed Bus Stops (Source Primary Survey)
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5.9 URBAN FREIGHT MANAGEMENT 5.9.1 REGULATED TIMINGS The existing time of restriction can be followed as they tend to reduce the congestion due to freight traffic during the peak hours of the day. The goods inflow for industrial purpose is mostly after 9 pm as they are restricted between 8 am to 8 pm into the city area. There are cases where the goods are delivered during the restricted timings with the help of LCVs. The goods inflow for commercial purpose is restricted between 8am to noon and from 4pm to 8pm. The freight traffic is high during the early morning hours than the late evening hours due to the demand for goods that are to be received by various shops and market within the city limit.
5.9.2 PROPOSED FREIGHT CORRIDORS AND TRUCK TERMINAL The existing freight corridors are catering to the current demand of goods and services although there is congestion due to freight movement in the city area right after 9 pm especially at Kaikhali junction. The new road that has been proposed near the airport boundary in ward 6 is for catering the industrial goods movement in that region so that reduces the traffic congestion on the Narayanpur road. The new regional link that has been proposed between Barasat and New Town via Narayanpur will reduce the freight traffic that enters Kaikhali junction. Similarly, the new sub-arterial connecting Chinar Park and Salt Lake will reduce the freight traffic plying on VIP road as shown in map 6.9.1. As the demand increases for commercial establishments, there are links that are widened to accommodate the demand for freight movement in these wards. The truck terminal is proposed in the northern part of the municipality area i.e. the Narayanpur area where most of the freight traffic has an access through (map 6.9.1). This will act as a major hub for transaction of goods from HCVs to LCVs for further distribution into the city areas during the restricted hours.
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Figure P 27 : Major Freight Corridor
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5.10 PROJECTISATION 5.10.1 NEW LINKS The phasing for the new links is done on the basis of priority of accessibility to those wards and requirement for new links based on new residential and commercial establishments. The total amount for new links adds up to Rs. 418 crores along with land acquisition and construction of roads. The breakup for each ward is shown in Table 5.10.1 Table 6 : Phase Developments New Links
5.10.2 WIDENING OF ROADS The phasing for the widening of roads is done on the basis of priority of accessibility to those wards and as per the requirement for infrastructure development. The total amount for widening of roads adds up to Rs. 4 crores. The breakup for each ward is shown in Table 5.10.2
Table 7 : Phase Development: Widening of Roads
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5.11 APPENDIX 5.12
Table 8 : Signal Time Optimization for Traffic Management Table
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Table 9: Phasing and Budget For NMT and TOD
Phase 1
Phase 2
Demarcated track with Separate raised track
Parking
Total cost of
no lvl change
(cement)
infrastructure
construction
12.46 km
8.02 km@ 142=
11 nos. @ 2.5
Rs. 11,66,34,000
Rs. 1,38,84,000
=Rs27,50,000
4.67 km@ 142=
7 nos. @ 2.5
Rs. 6,63,14,000
=Rs. 7,50,000
8.88 km
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Rs. 6,80,64,000
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Traffic and Transportaion Table 10 : Cost Analysis of Road Infrastructure and Bus Route Proposals
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Environment
6. ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM
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Environment
6.1 URBAN GREENING STRATEGIES 6.1.1 Plantation along Major Roads Plantation is a major way to reduce urban temperature level. Plantation along dividers can curb dust, pollution and restore aesthetic looks of the transit corridor. Planned plantation needs to be included with a choice of air/ noise pollution resistant tree species in order to minimize ambient air/ noise pollution. Evergreen plants are recommended for roads. Tall trees are not suitable as they interfere with electric and telephone lines and moreover are safety hazards on the road. Medium trees are ideal for screening. Near market places and congested areas, the trees known for behaving as 'pollution sink' are proposed. Trees are selected based on their properties of absorbing the pollutants, filtering the air from pollutants, and acting as noise barrier. Near sensitive areas like schools and hospitals, tall trees with thick canopies can create a wind screen through which the air can be filtered and the noise levels be considerably reduced.
6.1.1.1 Location of Plantation Major roads selected are VIP Road, road
CHINAR
leading to CC2 from Chinar Park, Road along CC1 Area, Road along Kestopur Canal and Road along Technopolis. Plantation along these major roads will
VIP
help in enhancing Air quality and Noise quality of the areas around these congested networks. A row of deciduous trees needs to be planned along entire stretch of the VIP Road where the width of median is more
TECHNOPO CC1 AREA
than 5m. The spacing between tress is considered as 12m based on their shape and foliage. 333 trees are to be provided for every 1km distance.
BENGAL CHEMICALS
Only two rows of shrubs will be planted on median with width less than 5m. The plants will be at a spacing of 1.5 m from the inner edge of the median. 666 trees are to be provided for every 1km distance.
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Environment Only one row of shrubs will be planned on median with width less than 3m.
6.1.1.2 Road Sections These are some of the proposed road sections for BMC area
:Figure 55 Proposed VIP Road section
Figure 56: Proposed Road section along Bengal Chemicals
Roadside avenues can be planted up by following: entire transplant, seedlings in polybags and cuttings. The advantage of transplantation is that very tall sized plants [up to 3m] can be directly planted on the roads and within a short period [2 - 3 years] a good avenue can be developed.
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Environment Figure 57: Proposed Typical Road section Table 11: Estimate of Plantation S. No.
PARTICULARS
LOCATION
STRETCH
MATERIAL
(IN M)
UNIT
RATE
QUANTITY
TOTAL COST
(IN RS.) 1
Roadside
VIP Road
4570
nos.
200
384
76,776.00
plantation
Chinar park
1772
nos.
80
590
47,206.08
CC1 area
2000
nos.
80
666
53,280.00
Technopolis area
1171
nos.
80
390
31,195.44
Bengal Chemicals
7135
nos.
80
2376
1,90,076.40
(Median)
2
Roadside plantation (Roadside)
3,98,533.92
Table 12: Estimate of Plantation Labor Cost S.
PARTICULARS
No.
LABOUR LOCATION
UNIT
RATE
QUANTITY
(IN RS.) 1
COST
Roadside
VIP Road
Rs/manpower/day
407
2
968.68
plantation
Chinar park
Rs/manpower/day
407
4
1,489.00
CC1 area
Rs/manpower/day
407
4
1,680.58
Technopolis area
Rs/manpower/day
407
2
983.98
Roadside
Bengal
Rs/manpower/day
407
15
5,995.48
plantation
Chemicals
Subtotal
11173.73
(Median)
2
TOTAL
(Roadside) 3 4
TOTAL COST
4,09,651.65
5
40% other services (site clearing, earthwork, preparation of seeds, instrument
167,957.18
cost) 6
Total
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577,608.83
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Environment Table 13: Estimate of Maintenance of Plantation S.
DETAI
No.
LS
LOCATION
DESCRIPTI
UNIT
ON
MATERIAL UNIT
(In meters) 1
Waterin
VIP Road
RATE
(IN
AREA
RS.)
4570
m
g,
Rs./500
TOTAL COST
1100.00
22850
20,108.00
1100.00
4430
3,898.40
1100.00
5000
4,400.00
1100.00
2928
2,576.20
1100.00
17838
15,697.00
0 lts.
Pruning
Chinar park
1772
m
of
Rs./500 0 lts.
Roadsid
CC1 area
2000
m
e
Rs./500 0 lts.
Plantatio
Technopolis
n
area
1171
m
Rs./500 0 lts.
Bengal
7135
m
Chemicals
Rs./500 0 lts.
46679.60
Table 14 S.
DETAILS
No.
LABOUR LOCATION
UNIT
RATE
QUANTITY
TOTAL COST
(IN RS.) 1
Watering,
VIP Road
Rs/manpower/day
407
2
2,562.32
Pruning of
Chinar park
Rs/manpower/day
407
2
3,938.64
roadside
CC1 area
Rs/manpower/day
407
3
4,445.42
plantation
Technopolis area
Rs/manpower/day
407
1
1,628.00
(4 times a
Bengal Chemicals
Rs/manpower/day
407
1
1,628.00
month)
Table 15: Total Plantation Estimates Details Total Plantation Cost
Cost 77,608.83
Total Maintenance cost/ month
60,881.98
Total annual maintenance cost
7,30,583.74
Total Plantation Cost for Phase I
577,608.83
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Environment Recurring Cost for Phase I
3,04,414.89
Total Plantation Cost for Phase II
0
Recurring Cost for Phase I
3,65,296.87
6.1.1.3 List of Plant Species Plantation is one of the most important constituent of environment. Trees and shrubs have been used to enhance the natural ambient temperature, air and noise pollution along the highly congested corridors. The planting species are decided based on the physical growth characteristics of trees, like form and shape, foliage pattern, growth rate, branching pattern, etc. While selecting the species of trees for landscaping a great care has been taken to choose from the already existing indigenous species along the project corridor. The selection of plant types and planting arrangement has been based on the exogenous properties of plants to reduce levels of SO2, NO2, CO and PM in air and provide noise buffer to the surrounding region. Error! Reference source not found. enlists the species as per their availability in the region and their properties.
Table 16: Species of Trees Trees Improving Air Quality Commonly
Trees for
Commonly
NO2
PM
CO
Noise
found
reduction
reduction
reduction
Buffering
Shrubs
Fraxinusc
Ailianthuse
Liriodendron
Alstoniasch
Calotropisgi
hinensis
xcelsa
tulipifera
olaris
gantia
Cinnamomiuncamp
Fagausgra
Juglansregi
Azadiracht
Sachharum
hora
ndiflora
a
aindica
munja
Meliaazeda
Inga dulcis
SO2 reduction
found Evergreen Trees Pithecolobiumdul
Morus alba
ce Ficusbenghalensis
Polyathialongifoli
Populusdeltoides
a Terminaliaarjuna
Leucanaleucoceph
rach Fraxinuschinensis
Plumeriarubra
ala
Buteamono
Neriumorod
sperma
rum
Grevilleapt
Nyctanthusa
eridifolia
rbortistrics Ipomeasps
Eucalyptus
Magnolia
Grevillearo
Citrodara
grandiflora
busta
Acacia Arabica
Celtissinensi
Tamarindu
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Environment sindica Mangiferaindica
Livistonachinensis
Terminalia arjuna
Annonasquamosa
Fagausgrandi flora
Casuarinaequiseti folia
6.1.2 Green Roofs In order to curb the growing heat island effects in the city, to provide a good microclimate at the building level as well as helping to reduce air pollution; Green roofs is one the efficient and easy techniques. They can be effectively installed on the roofs of institutional and government buildings of Rajarhat-Gopalpur area of 4 floors and above. Incentives and subsidies can be provided to organisations taking up the initiative on electricity bills. Table 17: Cost Estimation of Green Roofs Heads
Unit Cost
Required
Cost
Grass Blocks
2300/ sq.m
480
110400
Installation
15/ sq.m
480
7200
Maintenance
120/ sq.m
480
57600
(3 times a year) Contingencies
10%
116980
TOTAL
1286780 Energy savings per sq.m = 550 units
 
Capital Cost : Rs. 117600 Recurring Cost :Rs. 174680 Green roofs would also be a highly viable option for the existing and proposed metro stations.
As the construction is already complete, a retrofitting of the metro roofs need to be done by using a green turf/ sheets. Table 18: Cost Estimates for Metro Station Green Roofing Heads
Units
Area
Cost (Rs.)
Area Required
Units
Total Costs
(sq.ft)
Required
(Rs.)
6765
21
270600
(sq.ft.) PHASE
Green Roof
1
Turf
1
320
12800
Installation
45
304425
Maintenan
65
439725
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Environment ce Total PHASE
Green Roof
2
Turf
1014750 1
320
12800
4510
180400
Installation
45
202950
Maintenan
65
293150
ce Total TOTAL
676500 (25 years lifetime)
1691250
First Phase
Capital Cost : Rs. 575025 Recurring Cost : Rs. 439725 Second Phase
Capital Cost : Rs. 383350 Recurring Cost : Rs. 293150
6.1.3 Vertical Greening on Metro Pillars With the increased expansion of city boundaries and the dense urban growth there is a gradual deterioration of the existing microclimate due to high air pollution, noise pollution, rising urban temperatures are few phenomena accompanied. The rapid growth in land requirement has led to massive deforestation. Within the urban areas there is hardly any green patch left. The cities have lost their carbon sinks. With the realization of the need of green areas, a lot of research is being undertaken in this sector. In this context, the subject of green walls also known as vertical gardens subscribes to the notion of sustainable design and its growing popularity manifests the unbreakable bond between man and nature. It is the growing of plants by expansion of the plantation area vertically into space rather than the conventional gardening on land. The system can be a tower of stacked containers or a multilevel of growing troughs.
6.1.3.1 Requirements of Vertical Garden The vertical garden utilizes the survival of plants based on light, carbon dioxide, suitable temperature, water and minerals. It does not necessitate the requirement of soil. To ensure the security
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Environment of the structure for vertical garden, it is necessary to make a supporting construction and plan watering and nutrition systems.
6.1.3.2 Structural Requirements The vertical garden as authored by Patrick Blanc consists of three parts: a supporting construction, waterproof layer and a vegetation layer where plants take root. The watering system is placed between layers of felt. Each of the layers can be structured into any shape. The supporting construction usually is generally a light metal frame. The waterproof layer is a standard 1 cm thick PCV sheet; this layer protects the structure against water and also brings stiffness to it. As the substrate, on which plants can take root, a thick felt layer is used. The felt made from polyamide is resistant to biodegradation and it also provides retention and distribution of water and microelements. The watering system should provide continuous water circulation. The watering process begins from the top of the structure. Then water is supplied successively to the roots of plants planted below. Unused water flows down on the felt layer and is collected on the bottom and pumped to the top to be re-used.the watering system can be programmed automatically which makes the system more efficient, reduces the labour manpower required and the mixture of nutrients can be adjusted in accordance with plants’ needs in a given part of the day. The pillars are covered by a mesh like frame, on which small pots with plants are mounted. The closely fitted rows of potted plants rise up, giving the pillars the look of vertical gardens as done in case of Delhi or the coir mesh being used in Kochi metro pillars. With an automated drip irrigation system installed within the garden, the plants will get their daily dose of 100 ml of water.
6.1.3.3 Benefits of Vertical Gardens All plants act as natural air filters which enrich the air with oxygen, and plants in vertical gardens are no exceptions. They reduce smog, pollutants, Volatile Organic Compounds, toxins such as benzene and formaldehyde, and dust. Vertical Walls also form effective sound barriers, reducing the impact of sound pollution. It also helps in reducing the urban heat island effect and makes city cooler.All these factors contribute to reducing the carbon footprint.studies have shown a dramatic increase in biodiversity around urban farms, and vertical gardens fulfil a similar role by providing a comfortable environment for small birds and beneficial insects.
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Environment
Figure 6 Vertical Garden in Bengaluru Metro Pillar
6.1.3.4 Costs and Estimations for Vertical Greening
Table 19:Metro line details in BMC Kolkata Metro Rail (in metres) Total length of coverage in BMC
6600
No. Of pillars
550 (in metres)
Average height
9
Height of green cover
5
Table 20: Surface Area of Metro Pillars Surface Area Details
(in sq. M)
(in sq. Ft)
Average surface area of pillars
42.39
456.282
Average surface area of pillars for green
23.55
253.49
Average surface area of pillars for hoarding Total surface area available
202.792 250955.1
Table 21: Surface area for vertical greening and hoarding
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Environment If we consider vertical green for every 5th pillar Total surface area for vertical green(in sq. Ft)
27883.9
Total number of pillars in influential areas
83
Total surface area for hoarding (in sq. Ft)
16831.736
Hoardings are provided only in the most influential areas otherwise the space may not be rented for advertisement and there may be an overestimation of revenue generation.
Figure 7 Map indicating the metro corridor where hoarding is proposed for The green line in the above map indicates the corridor where the hoarding in the metro pillars will charged for revenue generation. Table 22: Costing of greening per sqft
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Environment Costs
(in /sqft)
Cost of vertical green
2050
Rates of putting hoardings (for revenue )
660
Mali
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
1.4sqm/month
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Environment Table 23: Total Cost Estimation for vertical greening of metro pillars Final Cost Estimates
(in Rs.)
For vertical green
5,71,61,995
Requirement of manpower
1
Labour cost (per pruning)
3648
Annual labour cost
1,75,104
Annual maintenance cost for vertical green(Rs/sqft) Total maintenance (annual cost)
1170 3,26,24,163
Table 24: Revenue generation from metro pillars Revenue Generation From hoarding
1,11,08,945.76
6.2 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT 6.2.1 Arsenic Pollution Among the 42 wards under BMC, 23 of them have significantly higher levels of arsenic problems, especially in northern BMC (Hatiara, Gopalpur etc.) with 20% of the taps having contamination of more than 50 microgram/litre (Indian standard) and about 40% more than 10 microgram/litre (WHO standards). The arsenic contamination threat in Kolkata has changed alarmingly since 2009; threat have increased in number, that this increase in contamination isn’t just related to the increase in population, but also dependent on the “lack of groundwater replenishment in certain regions. The area has jumped into the red zone. In order to curb the problem, dependency on groundwater needs to be reduced. As per the new Master Plan, water supply lines are being proposed and networked throughout BMC. In parts where the water supply network cannot be extended to, needs to be Figure 60: Areas Requiring Arsenic Filter City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur Installation 13|P a g e
Environment provided with filters at the community taps and tube-wells which clears the water of arsenic. These filters or SONO-filters are cheap in cost and also easy to install at the location of the tube-wells and connected to it.
Table 25: Number of Filters Required Required
Defunct
> 50 microgram/litre
10 microgram/litre
210
32%
20%
40%
13 (1st phase)
27 (2nd phase)
40
Table 26: Cost Estimation for Arsenic Filters Filter
SONO Filters
Unit
Installation
Capital
R&D
Maintenance
Cost
Costs Unit
Costs
Costs
for 12 years
2300
10000
309120
27300
720
(1st Phase) SONO Filters
337140
(Rs. 5/month) 2300
10000
618240
22100
(2nd Phase)
720
641060
(Rs. 5/month)
TOTAL
978200
First Phase Capital Cost
Total Costs
Second Phase : Rs. 336420
Recurring Cost:Rs. 8640
Capital Cost
: Rs. 640340
Recurring Cost:Rs. 8640
6.2.2 Preservation of Water Bodies Ponds are an integral component of the hydrological system; and perform diverse roles in the biosphere. Ponds are an important freshwater habitat which, at landscape level, play critical role in maintaining biodiversity. However, they are also vulnerable to degradation. With proper planning ponds can bring major benefits in terms of biodiversity, pollution alleviation, flood relief and climate change. At micro level they are remarkably cheap, and easy to make, manage and protect. Moreover, the pond’s ecosystem connects directly with the community people. Ponds, which maintain cultural and economic resources, are increasingly becoming threatened freshwater habitat. Dumping of
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Environment wastes subsequently make the water bodies natural breeding grounds for mosquitoes spreading diseases such as dengue. To curb the spread of diseases like dengue it is necessary to fence the city ponds to check the waste dumping activities in ponds. This can also be done by planting aquatic plants which reduce nuisance and are aesthetically appealing and may lead to seized dumping activities. It is a cost efficient alternative which requires minimum attention and maintenance. This project is carried out in 2 phases, 2019-2015 ns 2026-2030. First phase targets all the waterbodies surrounded by residential development to retain the quality of life of the people. Second phase targets at the beautification of ponds in northern areas where development is comparatively less.
Figure 9: Map Identifying targeted Waterbodies for Beautification in Phase I
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Environment
Figure 10: Map Identifying targeted Waterbodies for Beautification in Phase II The map shown in Figure 9Figure 9: Map Identifying
targeted
Waterbodies
for
Beautification in Phase I identifies the ponds which are surrounded be dense development as red. These need to be cleaned and then aquatic plants are to be planted. Mosquito menace could be effectively tackled using the mosquito fish, which primarily feeds on the mosquito larvae. The green hatch in the map shows the areas which ensure beautification of water bodies by creating parks and recreational activities. This
encourages
citizen’s
contribution
towards maintenance of neighbourhood parks and waterbodies.
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Environment Figure 11: Beautification of ponds with Park development
6.2.2.1 Estimate of Pond Beautification 6.2.2.1.1 Phase I Table 27: Beautification of Ponds in dense areas DESCRIPTION
DIMENSI
UNI
ON
T
cleaning (manual)
47525
sqm
earthwork
3135
m
MATERIAL UNIT
Rs/cu
RATE (IN
QUANTIT
TOTAL
RS.)
Y
COST
162.65
940.5
1,52,972.33
6.4
564.3
3,611.52
m gravels
along
3135
m
perimeter
Rs/cu m
plantation
along
3135
m
nos.
80
1044
83,516.40
47525
sqm
Rs/fis
5
142575
7,12,875.00
perimeter Fishes for Pond
h Total
9,52,975.25
Table 28: Labor Costs of Beautification of Ponds DESCRIPTION
LABOUR UNIT
RATE (IN
QUANTITY
RS.)
TOTAL COST
cleaning (manual)
Rs/manpower/day
300
528
1,58,416.67
earthwork
Rs/manpower/cum
300
40
12,000.00
along Rs/manpower/cum
300
20
6,000.00
along Rs/manpower/day
407
180
73,260.00
407
884
3,69,773.76
gravels perimeter plantation perimeter
Fishes for Ponds
Rs/manpower/day
Total
6,09,450.42
Table 29: Beautification of Ponds with Park development Water Body
DESCRIPTION
UNI
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
MATERIAL
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Environment Buffer
T
cleaning
16560
sqm
earthwork
1092
m
UNIT
RATE (IN
QUANTIT
TOTAL
RS.)
Y
COST
162.65
327.6
53,284.14
6.4
196.56
1,257.99
Rs/cu m
gravels
along
1092
m
Rs/cu
perimeter
m
plantation along
1092
m
nos.
80
364
29,090.88
Fishes for Pond
16560
sqm
Rs/fish
5
49680
2,48,400.00
Park
66000
sqm
Rs/sq
80
21978
17,58,240
perimeter
development
m
Subtotal
20,90,273.0 0
DESCRIPTIO
LABOUR
N
UNIT
cleaning
RATE
QUANTIT
TOTAL COST
(IN RS.)
Y
Rs/manpower/day
300
528
1,58,416.67
Rs/manpower/cu
300
10
3,000
300
5
1,500
407
40
16,280.00
(manual) earthwork
m gravels
along Rs/manpower/cu
perimeter
m
plantation along Rs/manpower/day perimeter Fishes for Ponds
Rs/manpower/day
407
308
1,25,362.51
Park
Rs/manpower/day
407
5
2,035
development Subtotal
2,03,377.51
Total Beautification Cost
37,78,061.18
25% other services (site clearing, 9,44,515.30 preparation of seeds, instrument cost) Total Cost
47,72,576.48
Table 30: Maintenance cost of Ponds
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Environment PARTICULARS
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
LABOUR UNIT
RATE (IN
QUANTITY
TOTAL
RS.)
Pond Cleaning
64085
sqm
Rs/manpower/day
COST
300
20
6000.00 6000.00
6.2.2.1.2 Phase II Table 31: Beautification of Ponds in dense areas DESCRIPTION
DIMENSION UNIT
MATERIAL UNIT
RATE(IN QUANTITY
TOTAL
RS.)
COST
cleaning (manual)
55516
sqm
earthwork
3663
m
Rs/cum
162.65
1098.9
1,78,736.09
along
3663
m
Rs/cum
6.4
659.34
4,219.77
along
3663
m
nos.
80
1220
97,5822.32
55516
sqm
Rs/fish
5
166548
832740.00
gravels perimeter plantation perimeter
Fishes for Ponds Total
11,13,278.18
DESCRIPTION
LABOUR UNIT
RATE(IN RS.)
QUANTITY
TOTAL COST
cleaning (manual)
Rs/manpower/day
300
617
1,85,053.33
earthwork
Rs/manpower/cum
300
40
12,000.00
along Rs/manpower/cum
300
20
6,000.00
along Rs/manpower/day
407
180
73,260.00
407
1033
4,20,267.22
gravels perimeter plantation perimeter
Fishes for Ponds
Rs/manpower/day
Total
6,96,580.56
Table 32: Beautification of Ponds with Park development Water Body Buffer
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
MATERIAL UNIT
RATE (IN RS.)
QUANTITY
TOTAL COST
cleaning
38521
sqm
earthwork
2952
m
Rs/cum
162.65
885.6
1,44,042.84
gravels along perimeter
2952
m
Rs/cum
6.4
531.36
3,400.70
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
19|P a g e
Environment plantation along perimeter
2952
m
nos.
80
983
78,641.28
Fishes for Ponds
38521
sqm
Rs/fish
5
115563
5,77,815.00
Park development
53500
sqm
Rs/sqm
80
17816
14,25,240
Total
22,29,139.83
DESCRIPTION
LABOUR UNIT
RATE(IN RS.)
QUANTITY
TOTAL COST
cleaning (manual)
Rs/manpower/day
300
428
1,28,403.33
earthwork
Rs/manpower/cum
300
10
3,000
gravels along perimeter
Rs/manpower/cum
300
5
1,500
plantation along perimeter
Rs/manpower/day
407
40
16,280.00
Fishes for Ponds
Rs/manpower/day
407
716
2,91,611.67
Park development
Rs/manpower/day
407
5
2,035
Subtotal
4,42,830.01
Total Beautification Cost
44,81,828.58
25% other services (site clearing, preparation of seeds, instrument cost)
11,20,457.58
Total Cost
56,02,285.73
Table 33: Maintenance cost of Ponds PARTICULARS DESCRIPTION UNIT
LABOUR UNIT
RATE QUANTITY (IN
TOTAL COST
RS.) Pond Cleaning
1,58,122
sqm
Rs/manpower/day
300
40
Total
12000.00 12000.00
Table 34: Total Cost In Phases Beautification Cost in Phase I
47,22,576.48
Annual Recurring Cost in Phase I
6,000.00
Total Cost in Phase II
56,02,285.73
Annual Recurring Cost in Phase II
12,000.00
6.3 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT The variety of hazardous pollutants that can occur in air or water also leads to many different interventions. Interventions pertaining to environmental hazards are often more sustainable if they address the driving forces behind the pollution at the community level rather than attempt to deal with specific exposures at the individual level.An individual can help in controlling air pollution by using alternate means of transportation. Minimizing the need to travel helps to reduce the number of vehicles on road resulting in minimizing air pollutants and decreasing travel time. The municipality
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Environment has to encouraging e-governancethat can help avoid physical travelling. Also, a number of crossing points inside the city increase the congestion and air pollutants. There is a need to identify the possibilities to develop flyover bridges and alternate routes within the city area in order to improve the mobility. Use of lower emission vehicles, such as vehicles meeting specified Bharat emission standards should be promoted. Alternative fuels such as CNG, LPG, biogas should be considered to rum public transport vehicles as a start. Proper permissions should be given to construction activities and measures should be taken to avoid excessive dust in the surround area. Thus, on study and analysis of the various causes and trajectories of events the following proposals have been considered to address the environmental concerns of the area.
6.3.1 Proposal for Cleaning and Washing of Major Road Stretches Non-exhaust emissions from road vehicles are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. These emissions come from several sources including the wear of vehicle parts, such as tyres and brakes, and the road surface, and the resuspension of dust deposited on the road surface. Non-exhaust PM is deposited on the road surface and can become suspended (or resuspended) in the air through the action of vehicle tyres, vehicle induced turbulence and wind blow. This road dust contributes towards the exceedance of air pollutant limit values for PM10. Dust builds up on paved road surfaces from a wide range of sources including track-out from unpaved areas such as construction and industrial sites and parking lots, spills from lorries, and transport of dirt collected on vehicle undercarriages and atmospheric deposition. In recent years there have been a number of trials to determine the most effective means of controlling these emissions. This lead to the focus on the potential role to reduce ambient PM10 concentrations by street cleaning, i.e. the sweeping and washing of street surfaces. Flushing is the term often used to describe the spraying of high pressure water onto a road surface to wash dust into the drains. Table 35: Comparison of Sweeping Systems Pollution Management Efficiency
Mechanical
Air Vacuum
Sweeper
Sweeper
Swept 2x a month
23%
42%
Swept 4x a month
52%
71%
Avg PM10 Reduction in Âľg/cu.m
71
93
Efficiency in %
55
90
Table 36: Sweeping System Specifications
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Environment Unit Details
Mechanical Sweeper
Air Vacuum Sweeper
Cost of 1 Unit in lakhs
25-27 Lakhs
40-45 Lakhs
Hopper capacity in cu.m
5
7
Sweeping Capacity (sq.m/hr)
12000
20000
Sweep Width
2-2.4
2.7
Diesel Consumption in kmpl
1.7
1.7
Sweep Speed in kmph
5 to 7
5 to 12
Table 37: Cost of Equipment Maintenance Costs(every 3 yrs.)
Rs
Cost of horizontal brush
11000
Cost of 2 rotary brushes
2400
Table 38: Comparative Estimates of Road Sweeping Mechanical
Mechanical
Vacuum
Mechanical+Manual
Sweeper (1 unit)
Sweeper (2 units)
Sweeper
Sweeper Truck
2700000
5400000
4500000
2700000
Assuming 10 yrs
22500
45000
37500
22500
91.2
91.2
91.2
91.2
8
8
8
8
Width of sweep
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.4
Total Length to be
304
304
270
304
40
40
56
40
8
4
5
8
Sweeps per month
3
4
4
4
Average distance to
6
6
6
6
2
1
1
1
Capital Costs
service life Length of roads in kms Average width of roads
covered Distance per day(8 hrs) No. of days required
unloading No. of unloading
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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Environment per day Area Cover based
96000
48000
151200
96000
96000
96000
160000
96000
Driver
20000
40000
20000
20000
Sweepers
0
0
0
Fuel Costs
35944
47925
42600
47925
Total
55944
87925
62600
67925
on distance Area coverable based on capacity
Table 39: Maintenance cost of Street sweeping machinery Maintenance Costs
Mechanical Sweeper
Mechanical
Vacuum
Mechanical+Ma
(Monthly)
(1 unit)
Sweeper (2 units)
Sweeper
nual
Horizontal Brush
306
611
306
306
Rotary Brushes(2)
67
133
67
67
Vehicle Servicing
1000
2000
1000
1000
1372
2744
1372
1372
Total Annual Cost
957789
1628030
1217664
1101563
Pollutant Reduction
37%
52%
71%
Based on the above estimates, the option of Vacuum Sweeper is most viable. Table 40: Estimate for Washing of Roads with Pressurized Water Length of road in kms
91.2
Speed of vehicle (kmph)
12
Cost for 5000 lits
726.3
Volume reqd per sq.m (Lts)
0.35
Total area to be washed (sq.m)
729600
Total Volume of water reqd(in lts)
255360
No. of Tankers reqd(10000 lts)
25.536
Recommended Time
5-7 am
No. of kms in 1 day( 8kmph), 3 hrs
24.00
No. of days for 1 cycle
4
Operation Costs per Wash Fuel Cost(4.7 kmpl)
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Environment Labour Cost (1+1)
3600
Total/month (for 4 washes)
168477
Annual Cost
2021718
Figure 12: Road Stretches considered for Sweeping
6.3.2 Improvement in Public Transportation - Existing Proposal of e-Buses Kolkata received the approval for the procurement of 40 electric buses. The tender was released by West Bengal Transport Corporation Limited (WBTCL) for the procurement of 20 AC midi e-buses and 20 AC standard e-buses, with 7 years of warranty. The seating capacity of 26 and 31 passengers was fixed for midi and standard bus respectively. The authority asked for the Supply, installation and commissioning of 30 slow charging and 10 fast charging facilities stations for midi and standard buses. Minimum range of the vehicle with battery should not be less than 150km per charge. The price includes the FAME Subsidy component. Centre will provide for 60 per cent of the cost of the buses while the state government will put in the rest. This was undertaken as an attempt to check pollution as the prime reason for air pollution is emission from vehicles. The department is looking into the implementation of Bharat Stage IV emission norms and following that the proposal for battery operated buses to replace diesel buses was considered. These electric buses would run on rechargeable batteries. The cost of these buses is comparatively higher than the normal ones but the running and maintenance cost is considerably low and also contributes to reduction in noise levels.
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Environment
6.4 SOLAR POTENTIAL OF SALTLAKE Considering the Solar Potential for Salt Lake of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation various schemes and methods has been formulated. Average solar irradiation in West Bengal is 1156.39 W/sq.m. 1kW solar rooftop plant will generate on an average over the year 4.6 kWh of electricity/day (considering 5.5 hours of sunshine)
6.4.1 MNRE Subsidy The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) provides Central Financial Assistance through capital and/or interest subsidy (depending on the nature of the applicant). The summary of the subsidy scheme is provided in the table below. The benchmark cost for setting up a solar PV plant is Rs. 170/W (With battery providing 6 hours of autonomy) and Rs. 100 per W (without battery) i.e. if the actual project cost exceeds this amount then project cost will be deemed to be the benchmark cost for calculating the subsidy. Benchmark costs are for systems with 5- year warranty for all components (inverters, batteries, switchgear, etc.) other than PV modules which are warranted for 90% of output at end of year 10 and 80% at end of year 25. PV modules have to be made in India to avail subsidy.
6.4.2 Component Costs A rooftop solar PV system costs approximately Rs. 1,00,000 per kW including installation charges but without batteries and without considering incentives (which are discussed further down). The cost breakup for a 1kW system is given in Error! Reference source not found.: Table 41: Component Costs of Rooftop Solar Installations COMPONENT
RUPEES
%
PV Modules
52000
52
Inverters
23000
23
System Cables
17000
17
Installation Charges
8000
8
TOTAL
1,00,000
100
Note: The above prices are for components from Tier 1 manufacturers with 5-year manufacturer’s warranty. In addition, the PV modules have output warranty of 90% of rated capacity for the first 10 years and 80% of rated capacity for the next 15 years. Battery backup is not considered here, as that can alter the economics significantly depending on the extent of battery backup (autonomy) required. Not only do batteries add to the initial cost, recurring maintenance, and replacement expenditure, the energy loss on charging and drawing from the battery also adds to the cost of power. A battery backup would add about Rs. 25,000 to the cost of the above system.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
25|P a g e
Environment Thin-Film modules are not considered here, as they require more installation area for the same capacity as crystalline modules and are therefore not preferred for rooftop installations where space is usually a constraint.
6.4.3 Accelerated Depreciation Accelerated depreciation of 80% is available under the Income Tax act for rooftop solar PV systems. This can provide significant savings to a solar plant developer who is a taxable assets and has sufficient profits against which the depreciation can be charged, which is illustrated in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 42: Profits due to Accelerated Depreciation ITEM
RUPEES
Cost of 100kW Rooftop Solar
1,00,000
Installation Accelerated Depreciation @80%
80,000
Corporate Tax Rate
35%
Tax Saved through Depreciation
28,000
NET COST OF ROOFTOP SOLAR
72,000
PLANT
6.4.4 Variations in Pricing Prices of solar PV systems offered by various vendors can differ significantly. There can be several reasons for the variations in price, such as: Overstatement of capacity – Some vendors advertise a rooftop system with 1 KW modules (solar panels) and a 5 kW inverter as a 5 KW system. As the electricity is generated by the modules this system only has a 1 kW capacity and the price offered. Brands – Products from Tier I manufacturers are typically more expensive but offer much better performance and reliability Certifications/Standards – Products that are certified and meet quality standards are more expensive. Warranties – The price of the system can depend on the warranties offered. PV Panels – Industry standard warranty is 5-year manufacturer warranty 0-10 years for 90% of the rated output power 10-25 years for 80% of the rated output power. Other systems – Inverters, mounting structures, cables, junction boxes, etc. typically come with a 1year manufacturer warranty which can be extended to 5 years. Subsidy calculation is detailed in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 43: Subsidy Calculation Category
Max.
System with Battery
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
System Without Battery
Interest
26|P a g e
Environment Capacity
Backup
Backup
Subsidy
1 kW
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or 30% of
Soft
project cost whichever is
project cost whichever is
Loans
less
less
@5%p.a.
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or 30% of
Soft
community drinking
project cost whichever is
project cost whichever is
Loans
applications
less
less
@5%p.a.
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or 30% of
Soft
Commercial/ Industrial
project cost whichever is
project cost whichever is
Loans
Applications
less
less
@5%p.a.
All applications
Irrigation &
5 kW
Non-commercial/
100 kW
6.4.5 Solar Rooftop Capacity and Calculation of Salt Lake As per MNRE regulations, grid connected rooftop solar installation is possible on all government and institutional buildings, of five floors and above. The a standard generation of 1kW rooftop solar installation and its associated costs, subsidies, and benefits are discussed in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 44: Details of 1kW Rooftop Solar Installation CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
1
kWh
- MNRE current benchmark cost
70000
Rs/kW
- Without Subsidy
70000
Rs/kW
- With 30% Subsidy
49000
Rs/kW
- Annual
1380
kW
- Lifetime (25 years)
34500
kW
- Monthly
474
Rs.
- Annually
5685.6
Rs.
- Lifetime (25 years)
142140
Rs.
CO2 emissions mitigated
28
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
45
Teak trees
Subsidy
30
%
Size of Power Plant Cost of Plant
Total Electricity Generation
Tariff@ Rs. 4.73/kWh (No increase assumed)
Debt-Equity Ratio
70:30
Down Payment
21000
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
Rs./kW
27|P a g e
Environment Loan Amount Loan Interest Rate
49000
Rs./kW
8.45
%
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 606/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 375/month
Further, as per the availability of rooftop area of the buildings, as specified above, has been calculated for government and institutional buildings separately In the Government sector the total available rooftop area is 595 sq.m, which is capable of generating 11.9kWh of power and 16422kW electricity annually, at the cost of Rs. 773500. The monthly instalment to repay the loan would be Rs.9570 per month for a period of 10 years or Rs. 6202 per month if the repayment would be over the entire lifetime of installation. In the Institutional sector the total available rooftop area is 943 sq.m, which is capable of generating 18.9kWh of power and 26082kW electricity annually, at the cost of Rs. 352800. The monthly instalment to repay the loan would be Rs.10639 per month for a period of 10 years or Rs. 6896 per month if the repayment would be over the entire lifetime of installation. The cost of the installation formulates to be approximately 11,26,000 lakhs/kW and the total cost of 9.3kWh is approximately Rs. 3,46,90,040(3.5crore), which could be phased over five years, with the joint effort of MNRE (25.2%), Municipal Corporation (15.11%), and Private sector (59.69%).
Table 45: Details of Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Government Buildings CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
595.09
sq.m
11.9
kWh
- MNRE current benchmark cost
65000
Rs/kW
- Without Subsidy
773500
Rs/kW
- With 0% Subsidy
773500
Rs/kW
16422
kW
Area of Rooftop Area Size of Power Plant Cost of Plant
Total Electricity Generation -Annual
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
28|P a g e
Environment 410550
kW
5638
Rs.
- Annually
67658.64
Rs.
- Lifetime (25 years)
1691466
Rs.
CO2 emissions mitigated
337
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
539
Teak trees
Loan Interest Rate
8.45
%
- Lifetime (25 years) Tariff@ Rs. 4.73/kWh (No increase assumed) - Monthly
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs.9570/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 6202/month
Table 46: Details for Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Institutional Buildings CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
Area of Rooftop Area
942.7
sq.m
Size of Power Plant
18.9
kWh
Cost of Plant
65000
- MNRE current benchmark cost
1228500
Rs/kW
- Without Subsidy
859950
Rs/kW
- With 30% Subsidy
352800
Rs/kW
- Annual
26082
kW
- Lifetime (25 years)
652050
kW
- Monthly
8955
Rs.
- Annually
107457.84
Rs.
2686446
Rs.
CO2 emissions mitigated
535
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
855
Teak trees
Subsidy
30
%
Total Electricity Generation
Tariff@ Rs. 4.73/kWh (No increase assumed)
- Lifetime (25 years)
Debt-Equity Ratio
70:30
Down Payment
368550
Rs./kW
Loan Amount
352800
Rs./kW
8.45
%
Loan Interest Rate
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 10639/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 6896/month
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
29|P a g e
Environment
6.4.5 Solar Street Lights in Salt Lake The major thoroughfares in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation i.e. VIP road, Rajarhat road and Beliaghata- Karunamoyee connector, have high potential to install solar street lights. The standard cost, benefits and subsidies of 10 streetlights is shown in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 47: Solar Street Light Installation Calculation CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
10
-
9.12
Wh
2000
Rs/Wh
- Annual
12420
W
- Lifetime (25 years)
310500
W
CO2 emissions mitigated
250
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
407
Teak trees
Loan Amount
2000
Rs./Wh
Loan Interest Rate
8.45
%
No. of Streetlights Power of Streetlights Cost of 10 Streetlight - MNRE current benchmark cost Total Electricity Generation
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 7795/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 5052/month The total number of street lights convertible to solar lights is 912, which is capable of generating 9.12Wh of power and 12420W electricity annually per 10 street lights. The total power thus generated is approximately 8300Wh.
6.4.6 Energy Efficiency Measures Table 48: Energy Saving Measures SECTOR
MEASURES REGULATORY
DESIGN
FINANCIAL
AWARENESS
INTERVENTIONS Residential
Introduce
TOD Lighting upgrade to CFL Rationalise
tax Training
tariff
high T5 street lamps.
for capacity
with
tariff differential
structure
New efficient designs with energy
efficient building
efficient lighting and solar appliance water heating systems.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
30|P a g e
Environment
Commercial Mandate efficient
energy Retrofit
existing Rationalise
products government buildings with structure
in public buildings efficient systems. (lighting,
HVAC Initiate
etc.) Enforce
tax Training
green
energy
for capacity efficient building
buildings appliances.
program.
Incentivise
energy
Conduct green programs
with
buildings through market
conservation
tax breaks, lower associations,
building code for
interest loans, FAR public
new buildings
allowance etc.
works,
hotels, hospitals etc.
Municipal Services
Mandate audit Mandate
energy Metering and monitoring to
check
Training
consumption
capacity
energy levels t all Street lights to
building
audit once in 10 be optimised for energy years.
efficiency or renewable energy usage.
6.5 TOURISM 6.5.1. Parking Facilities for Existing Tourist Spots 6.5.1.1 Proposal of Multi Level Car Parking Facility for Karunamoyee Fair Ground: Proposed Facility Built up Area: 1500 SQ.M No. of Floors: 4 Additional Capacity provided for Parking: 120 nos Estimated Construction Cost: 7.7 Cr
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
31|P a g e
Environment Returns from Car= 10,36,800.00 (Considering 80% occupancy during 6hours of fair and 20Rs. /hour)
Figure 65: MLCP for Karunamoyee Table 49: Project Summary & Priority List
PROJECT
Tree Plantation Preservation of Water Bodies Vertical Greening Green Roofing Green Roof for Metros Road Sweeping + Washing Multi-Level Car Park Fair Ground Solar PV Panels Solar Street Lights Arsenic Filters
PROJECT DURATION (DAYS)
PHASE 1 COST FIXED
PHASE 2 COST
RECURRING (ANNUAL)
27
577,608.83
304,414.89
190
4,722,576.48
6,000.00
26
57,161,995.00
12 3 20 days/month
174680
575,025.00
439,725.00
5 66
1,247,347.59
12,000.00
10,414,862.21 78,677,213.00
383,350.00
174680
1,286,780.00
293,150.00
2,706,000.00 3,239,382.00
77,000,000.00
77,000,000.00
172,000.00
10 32
5,602,285.73
365,296.87
3,139,382.00
773,500.00
336,420.00
8,640.00
172,000.00 352,800.00
1,126,300.00
182,400.00
182,400.00
640,340.00
PROIRITY
RETURNS (ANNUAL)
RECURRING (ANNUAL)
32,624,163.00
117600
180
FIXED
TOTAL COST
8,640.00
978,200.00 17,70,30,484.80
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
High High High
11,108,945.76
Low Low Medium Low Medium
1,036,800.00 6,000,000.00
High High Medium 1,81,45,745.76
32|P a g e
Environment
6.3 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT The variety of hazardous pollutants that can occur in air or water also leads to many different interventions. Interventions pertaining to environmental hazards are often more sustainable if they address the driving forces behind the pollution at the community level rather than attempt to deal with specific exposures at the individual level.An individual can help in controlling air pollution by using alternate means of transportation. Minimizing the need to travel helps to reduce the number of vehicles on road resulting in minimizing air pollutants and decreasing travel time. The municipality has to encouraging e-governancethat can help avoid physical travelling. Also, a number of crossing points inside the city increase the congestion and air pollutants. There is a need to identify the possibilities to develop flyover bridges and alternate routes within the city area in order to improve the mobility. Use of lower emission vehicles, such as vehicles meeting specified Bharat emission standards should be promoted. Alternative fuels such as CNG, LPG, biogas should be considered to rum public transport vehicles as a start. Proper permissions should be given to construction activities and measures should be taken to avoid excessive dust in the surround area. Thus, on study and analysis of the various causes and trajectories of events the following proposals have been considered to address the environmental concerns of the area.
6.3.1 Proposal for Cleaning and Washing of Major Road Stretches Non-exhaust emissions from road vehicles are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. These emissions come from several sources including the wear of vehicle parts, such as tyres and brakes, and the road surface, and the resuspension of dust deposited on the road surface. Non-exhaust PM is deposited on the road surface and can become suspended (or resuspended) in the air through the action of vehicle tyres, vehicle induced turbulence and wind blow. This road dust contributes towards the exceedance of air pollutant limit values for PM10. Dust builds up on paved road surfaces from a wide range of sources including track-out from unpaved areas such as construction and industrial sites and parking lots, spills from lorries, and transport of dirt collected on vehicle undercarriages and atmospheric deposition. In recent years there have been a number of trials to determine the most effective means of controlling these emissions. This lead to the focus on the potential role to reduce ambient PM10 concentrations by street cleaning, i.e. the sweeping and washing of street surfaces. Flushing is the term often used to describe the spraying of high pressure water onto a road surface to wash dust into the drains.
Table 50: Comparison of Sweeping Systems
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
33|P a g e
Environment Pollution Management Efficiency
Mechanical
Air Vacuum
Sweeper
Sweeper
Swept 2x a month
23%
42%
Swept 4x a month
52%
71%
Avg PM10 Reduction in Âľg/cu.m
71
93
Efficiency in %
55
90
Table 51: Sweeping System Specifications Unit Details
Mechanical Sweeper
Air Vacuum Sweeper
Cost of 1 Unit in lakhs
25-27 Lakhs
40-45 Lakhs
Hopper capacity in cu.m
5
7
Sweeping Capacity (sq.m/hr)
12000
20000
Sweep Width
2-2.4
2.7
Diesel Consumption in kmpl
1.7
1.7
Sweep Speed in kmph
5 to 7
5 to 12
Table 52: Cost of Equipment Maintenance Costs(every 3 yrs.)
Rs
Cost of horizontal brush
11000
Cost of 2 rotary brushes
2400
Table 53: Comparative Estimates of Road Sweeping Mechanical
Mechanical
Vacuum
Mechanical+Manual
Sweeper (1 unit)
Sweeper (2 units)
Sweeper
Sweeper Truck
2700000
5400000
4500000
2700000
Assuming 10 yrs
22500
45000
37500
22500
91.2
91.2
91.2
91.2
8
8
8
8
Width of sweep
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.4
Total Length to be
304
304
270
304
Capital Costs
service life Length of roads in kms Average width of roads
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
34|P a g e
Environment covered Distance per day(8
40
40
56
40
8
4
5
8
Sweeps per month
3
4
4
4
Average distance to
6
6
6
6
2
1
1
1
96000
48000
151200
96000
96000
96000
160000
96000
Driver
20000
40000
20000
20000
Sweepers
0
0
0
Fuel Costs
35944
47925
42600
47925
Total
55944
87925
62600
67925
hrs) No. of days required
unloading No. of unloading per day Area Cover based on distance Area coverable based on capacity
Table 54: Maintenance cost of Street sweeping machinery Maintenance Costs
Mechanical Sweeper
Mechanical
Vacuum
Mechanical+Ma
(Monthly)
(1 unit)
Sweeper (2 units)
Sweeper
nual
Horizontal Brush
306
611
306
306
Rotary Brushes(2)
67
133
67
67
Vehicle Servicing
1000
2000
1000
1000
1372
2744
1372
1372
Total Annual Cost
957789
1628030
1217664
1101563
Pollutant Reduction
37%
52%
71%
Based on the above estimates, the option of Vacuum Sweeper is most viable. Table 55: Estimate for Washing of Roads with Pressurized Water Length of road in kms
91.2
Speed of vehicle (kmph)
12
Cost for 5000 lits
726.3
Volume reqd per sq.m (Lts)
0.35
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
35|P a g e
Environment Total area to be washed (sq.m)
729600
Total Volume of water reqd(in lts)
255360
No. of Tankers reqd(10000 lts)
25.536
Recommended Time
5-7 am
No. of kms in 1 day( 8kmph), 3 hrs
24.00
No. of days for 1 cycle
4
Operation Costs per Wash Fuel Cost(4.7 kmpl)
1426
Labour Cost (1+1)
3600
Total/month (for 4 washes)
168477
Annual Cost
2021718
Figure 14: Road Stretches considered for Sweeping
6.3.2 Improvement in Public Transportation - Existing Proposal of e-Buses Kolkata received the approval for the procurement of 40 electric buses. The tender was released by West Bengal Transport Corporation Limited (WBTCL) for the procurement of 20 AC midi e-buses and 20 AC standard e-buses, with 7 years of warranty. The seating capacity of 26 and 31 passengers was fixed for midi and standard bus respectively. The authority asked for the Supply, installation and commissioning of 30 slow charging and 10 fast charging facilities stations for midi and standard buses. Minimum range of the vehicle with battery should not be less than 150km per charge. The price includes the FAME Subsidy component. Centre will provide for 60 per cent of the cost of the buses while the state government will put in the rest.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
36|P a g e
Environment This was undertaken as an attempt to check pollution as the prime reason for air pollution is emission from vehicles. The department is looking into the implementation of Bharat Stage IV emission norms and following that the proposal for battery operated buses to replace diesel buses was considered. These electric buses would run on rechargeable batteries. The cost of these buses is comparatively higher than the normal ones but the running and maintenance cost is considerably low and also contributes to reduction in noise levels.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
37|P a g e
Environment
6.4 SOLAR POTENTIAL OF SALTLAKE Considering the Solar Potential for Salt Lake of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation various schemes and methods has been formulated. Average solar irradiation in West Bengal is 1156.39 W/sq.m. 1kW solar rooftop plant will generate on an average over the year 4.6 kWh of electricity/day (considering 5.5 hours of sunshine)
6.4.1 MNRE Subsidy The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) provides Central Financial Assistance through capital and/or interest subsidy (depending on the nature of the applicant). The summary of the subsidy scheme is provided in the table below. The benchmark cost for setting up a solar PV plant is Rs. 170/W (With battery providing 6 hours of autonomy) and Rs. 100 per W (without battery) i.e. if the actual project cost exceeds this amount then project cost will be deemed to be the benchmark cost for calculating the subsidy. Benchmark costs are for systems with 5- year warranty for all components (inverters, batteries, switchgear, etc.) other than PV modules which are warranted for 90% of output at end of year 10 and 80% at end of year 25. PV modules have to be made in India to avail subsidy.
6.4.2 Component Costs A rooftop solar PV system costs approximately Rs. 1,00,000 per kW including installation charges but without batteries and without considering incentives (which are discussed further down). The cost breakup for a 1kW system is given in Error! Reference source not found.: Table 56: Component Costs of Rooftop Solar Installations COMPONENT
RUPEES
%
PV Modules
52000
52
Inverters
23000
23
System Cables
17000
17
Installation Charges
8000
8
TOTAL
1,00,000
100
Note: The above prices are for components from Tier 1 manufacturers with 5-year manufacturer’s warranty. In addition, the PV modules have output warranty of 90% of rated capacity for the first 10 years and 80% of rated capacity for the next 15 years. Battery backup is not considered here, as that can alter the economics significantly depending on the extent of battery backup (autonomy) required. Not only do batteries add to the initial cost, recurring maintenance, and replacement expenditure, the energy loss on charging and drawing from the battery also adds to the cost of power. A battery backup would add about Rs. 25,000 to the cost of the above system.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
38|P a g e
Environment Thin-Film modules are not considered here, as they require more installation area for the same capacity as crystalline modules and are therefore not preferred for rooftop installations where space is usually a constraint.
6.4.3 Accelerated Depreciation Accelerated depreciation of 80% is available under the Income Tax act for rooftop solar PV systems. This can provide significant savings to a solar plant developer who is a taxable assets and has sufficient profits against which the depreciation can be charged, which is illustrated in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 57: Profits due to Accelerated Depreciation ITEM
RUPEES
Cost of 100kW Rooftop Solar
1,00,000
Installation Accelerated Depreciation @80%
80,000
Corporate Tax Rate
35%
Tax Saved through Depreciation
28,000
NET COST OF ROOFTOP SOLAR
72,000
PLANT
6.4.4 Variations in Pricing Prices of solar PV systems offered by various vendors can differ significantly. There can be several reasons for the variations in price, such as: Overstatement of capacity – Some vendors advertise a rooftop system with 1 KW modules (solar panels) and a 5 kW inverter as a 5 KW system. As the electricity is generated by the modules this system only has a 1 kW capacity and the price offered. Brands – Products from Tier I manufacturers are typically more expensive but offer much better performance and reliability Certifications/Standards – Products that are certified and meet quality standards are more expensive. Warranties – The price of the system can depend on the warranties offered. PV Panels – Industry standard warranty is 5-year manufacturer warranty 0-10 years for 90% of the rated output power 10-25 years for 80% of the rated output power. Other systems – Inverters, mounting structures, cables, junction boxes, etc. typically come with a 1year manufacturer warranty which can be extended to 5 years. Subsidy calculation is detailed in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 58: Subsidy Calculation Category
Max.
System with Battery
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
System Without Battery
Interest
39|P a g e
Environment Capacity
Backup
Backup
Subsidy
1 kW
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or 30% of
Soft
project cost whichever is
project cost whichever is
Loans
less
less
@5%p.a.
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or 30% of
Soft
community drinking
project cost whichever is
project cost whichever is
Loans
applications
less
less
@5%p.a.
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or 30% of
Soft
Commercial/ Industrial
project cost whichever is
project cost whichever is
Loans
Applications
less
less
@5%p.a.
All applications
Irrigation &
5 kW
Non-commercial/
100 kW
6.4.5 Solar Rooftop Capacity and Calculation of Salt Lake As per MNRE regulations, grid connected rooftop solar installation is possible on all government and institutional buildings, of five floors and above. The a standard generation of 1kW rooftop solar installation and its associated costs, subsidies, and benefits are discussed in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 59: Details of 1kW Rooftop Solar Installation CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
1
kWh
- MNRE current benchmark cost
70000
Rs/kW
- Without Subsidy
70000
Rs/kW
- With 30% Subsidy
49000
Rs/kW
- Annual
1380
kW
- Lifetime (25 years)
34500
kW
- Monthly
474
Rs.
- Annually
5685.6
Rs.
- Lifetime (25 years)
142140
Rs.
CO2 emissions mitigated
28
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
45
Teak trees
Subsidy
30
%
Size of Power Plant Cost of Plant
Total Electricity Generation
Tariff@ Rs. 4.73/kWh (No increase assumed)
Debt-Equity Ratio
70:30
Down Payment
21000
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
Rs./kW
40|P a g e
Environment Loan Amount
49000
Rs./kW
8.45
%
Loan Interest Rate
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 606/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 375/month
Further, as per the availability of rooftop area of the buildings, as specified above, has been calculated for government ( ) and institutional buildings separately (Error! Reference source not found.). In the Government sector the total available rooftop area is 595 sq.m, which is capable of generating 11.9kWh of power and 16422kW electricity annually, at the cost of Rs. 773500. The monthly instalment to repay the loan would be Rs.9570 per month for a period of 10 years or Rs. 6202 per month if the repayment would be over the entire lifetime of installation. In the Institutional sector the total available rooftop area is 943 sq.m, which is capable of generating 18.9kWh of power and 26082kW electricity annually, at the cost of Rs. 352800. The monthly instalment to repay the loan would be Rs.10639 per month for a period of 10 years or Rs. 6896 per month if the repayment would be over the entire lifetime of installation. The cost of the installation formulates to be approximately 11,26,000 lakhs/kW and the total cost of 9.3kWh is approximately Rs. 3,46,90,040(3.5crore), which could be phased over five years, with the joint effort of MNRE (25.2%), Municipal Corporation (15.11%), and Private sector (59.69%).
Table 60: Details of Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Government Buildings CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
595.09
sq.m
11.9
kWh
- MNRE current benchmark cost
65000
Rs/kW
- Without Subsidy
773500
Rs/kW
- With 0% Subsidy
773500
Rs/kW
-Annual
16422
kW
- Lifetime (25 years)
410550
kW
5638
Rs.
Area of Rooftop Area Size of Power Plant Cost of Plant
Total Electricity Generation
Tariff@ Rs. 4.73/kWh (No increase assumed) - Monthly
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Environment - Annually
67658.64
Rs.
- Lifetime (25 years)
1691466
Rs.
CO2 emissions mitigated
337
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
539
Teak trees
Loan Interest Rate
8.45
%
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs.9570/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 6202/month
Table 61: Details for Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Installation on Institutional Buildings CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
Area of Rooftop Area
942.7
sq.m
Size of Power Plant
18.9
kWh
Cost of Plant
65000
- MNRE current benchmark cost
1228500
Rs/kW
- Without Subsidy
859950
Rs/kW
- With 30% Subsidy
352800
Rs/kW
- Annual
26082
kW
- Lifetime (25 years)
652050
kW
- Monthly
8955
Rs.
- Annually
107457.84
Rs.
2686446
Rs.
CO2 emissions mitigated
535
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
855
Teak trees
Subsidy
30
%
Total Electricity Generation
Tariff@ Rs. 4.73/kWh (No increase assumed)
- Lifetime (25 years)
Debt-Equity Ratio
70:30
Down Payment
368550
Rs./kW
Loan Amount
352800
Rs./kW
8.45
%
Loan Interest Rate
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 10639/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 6896/month
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Environment
6.4.5 Solar Street Lights in Salt Lake The major thoroughfares in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation i.e. VIP road, Rajarhat road and Beliaghata- Karunamoyee connector, have high potential to install solar street lights. The standard cost, benefits and subsidies of 10 streetlights is shown in Error! Reference source not found.. Table 62: Solar Street Light Installation Calculation CRITERIA
AMOUNT
UNIT
10
-
9.12
Wh
2000
Rs/Wh
- Annual
12420
W
- Lifetime (25 years)
310500
W
CO2 emissions mitigated
250
tonnes
Installation is equivalent to
407
Teak trees
Loan Amount
2000
Rs./Wh
Loan Interest Rate
8.45
%
No. of Streetlights Power of Streetlights Cost of 10 Streetlight - MNRE current benchmark cost Total Electricity Generation
EMI for loan amount for a period of 10 years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 7795/month EMI for loan amount for a period of 25years@ 8.45 % is Rs. 5052/month The total number of street lights convertible to solar lights is 912, which is capable of generating 9.12Wh of power and 12420W electricity annually per 10 street lights. The total power thus generated is approximately 8300Wh.
6.4.6 Energy Efficiency Measures Table 63: Energy Saving Measures SECTOR
MEASURES REGULATORY
DESIGN
FINANCIAL
AWARENESS
INTERVENTIONS Residential
Introduce
TOD Lighting upgrade to CFL Rationalise
tax Training
tariff
high T5 street lamps.
for capacity
with
tariff differential
structure
New efficient designs with energy
efficient building
efficient lighting and solar appliance water heating systems.
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Environment Commercial Mandate efficient
energy Retrofit
existing Rationalise
products government buildings with structure
in public buildings efficient systems. (lighting,
HVAC Initiate
etc.) Enforce
tax Training
green
energy
for capacity efficient building
buildings appliances.
program.
Incentivise
energy
Conduct green programs
with
buildings through market
conservation
tax breaks, lower associations,
building code for
interest loans, FAR public
new buildings
allowance etc.
works,
hotels, hospitals etc.
Municipal Services
Mandate
energy Metering and monitoring
audit Mandate
to
check
Training
consumption
capacity
energy levels t all Street lights to
building
audit once in 10 be optimised for energy years.
efficiency or renewable energy usage.
6.5 TOURISM 6.5.1. Parking Facilities for Existing Tourist Spots
6.5.1.1 Proposal of Multi Level Car Parking Facility for Karunamoyee Fair Ground: Proposed Facility Built up Area: 1500 SQ.M No. of Floors: 4 Additional Capacity provided for Parking: 120 nos Estimated Construction Cost: 7.7 Cr Returns from Car= 10,36,800.00
Figure 67: MLCP for Karunamoyee
(Considering 80% occupancy during 6hours of fair and 20Rs. /hour)
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Environment Table 64: Project Summary & Priority List
PROJECT
Tree Plantation Preservation of Water Bodies Vertical Greening Green Roofing Green Roof for Metros Road Sweeping + Washing Multi-Level Car Park Fair Ground Solar PV Panels Solar Street Lights Arsenic Filters
PROJECT DURATION (DAYS)
PHASE 1 COST FIXED
PHASE 2 COST
RECURRING (ANNUAL)
27
577,608.83
304,414.89
190
4,722,576.48
6,000.00
26
57,161,995.00
12
117600
174680
575,025.00
439,725.00
3 20 days/month
FIXED
TOTAL COST
5,602,285.73
365,296.87
1,247,347.59
12,000.00
10,414,862.21
32,624,163.00
78,677,213.00
383,350.00
174680
1,286,780.00
293,150.00
2,706,000.00 3,239,382.00
180
77,000,000.00
77,000,000.00
5
172,000.00 773,500.00
10 32
336,420.00
8,640.00
172,000.00 352,800.00
1,126,300.00
182,400.00
182,400.00
640,340.00
RETURNS (ANNUAL)
RECURRING (ANNUAL)
3,139,382.00
66
PROIRITY
8,640.00
978,200.00 17,70,30,484.80
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
High High High
11,108,945.76
Low Low Medium Low Medium
1,036,800.00 6,000,000.00
High High Medium 1,81,45,745.76
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Environment
6.6 Sanitary Landfill site 6.6.1 Introduction Dhapa has been used for over 200 years for the dumping of solid waste. According to the report of Kolkata Environment Improvement Trust in 2010 KMC area produces 4000 metric tons of garbage every day. 3000 tons per day is getting disposed in Dhapa landfill site. It is soon going to be saturated so alternative site is a necessity. This will benefit other municipalities like RajpurSonarpur, Dumdum Municipality, Madhyamgram Municipality and Government agencies like Railway and PWD etc. Table 65: Shows the present status of MSW management by KMC Primary Collection Secondary
Collection
Door to Door, Community Bins and Street Sweeping & KMC Vehicles-40% and Private Vehicles- 60%
transportation Disposal
3000 Tons Per Day
Dumpsite
Dhapa Landfill site ( 21 hectares of area), Garden reach (3.52 ha)
Composting
Mechanized Compost plant at Dhapa was installed at capacity of 700 tons per day but not operational at present
This engineering landfill is proposed by consulting various physical, chemical and environmental parameters. •
Engaging design consultants
•
Studying relevant environmental laws, data, and information related to MSW management
•
Doing various surveys to locate suitable site- topographical, geo-hydrological, socioeconomical
•
Performing leachate sampling and analysis
•
Consulting Department of environment and WBPCB at various stages of design development
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Environment
6.6.2 Location Figure 16: Shows the existing landfill site
Figure 17: Shows the blow up of the image Table 66:Present & proposed landuse pattern of SLF Present Informal Garbage-fed Cultivation
86.62 ha
Shallow waterbodies
26.77 ha
Total area
113.39
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Environment Proposed Sanitary Landfill Area
58 Ha
Waterbody Area for Pisciculture
26.88
Area for Infrastructure
20.51
Area For leachate treatment
2
Area for buffer Plantation
6
Total area
113.39
Estimated Project cost: - 36 cr. (KEIIP Report)
6.7 Interpretation center Interpretation center is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings and relationships of our cultural natural heritage etc., to the public through first hand involvement with objects artifacts, landscapes and sites. Wetland Interpretation center will look forward to attract people and build knowledge about the importance, functions, features and aesthetics of its own.
6.7.1 Location •
This area is easily accessible from Metropolitan bus stand.
•
There are facilities nearby like Spring Club Mall, and some restaurants that will attract more people.
•
Placing it along the E.M. Bypass will reduce the effect on core wetlands area.
Figure 18: Shows the proposed site for the Interpretation center
6.7.2 Requirements Table 67: The requirements are shown
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Environment Site area
35,930 sq.m
Permissible Ground Coverage
40%
Permissible FAR
2.75
Permissible height
No restriction
Following requirements has been generated by performing case studies. 1. Theatre hall for 350 member 2. Exhibition gallery for Waterbodies 3. Interactive room for showing wetland functions 4. Exhibit and fish tanks 5. Spaces for plant specimen and Birds 6. Interactive Class rooms 7. Cafeteria and open space 8. Refreshment areas and toilets 9. Director/ Deputy director 10. Conservation, research curator 11. Marketing teams 12. Assistants & staffs 13. Other offices
6.7.3 Cost Estimation Table 68: Estimated costs are shown in Table 4 S. NO.
DECRIPTION
AREA
UNIT RATE
UNIT
1
Building Approval
35930
600
Rs. /sqm
21,558,000.00
2
Site Preparation
35930
25
Rs. /sqm
898,250.00
3
Fire Services
35930
20
Rs. /sqm
718,600.00
Water
COST
Supply
4
Connection
35930
3750
Rs. /10,000sqm
50,973.75
5
Sewerage Connection
35930
3000
Rs. /10,000sqm
40,779.00
6
Drainage Connection
35930
1500
Rs. /10,000sqm
20,389.50
7
Construction Cost
98807.5
250
Rs. /sqm
34,582,625.00
8
Landscaping Cost
62877.5
25
Rs. /sqm
1,571,937.50
TOTAL COST 9 10
Miscellaneous
59,441,554.75 Cost
(15%)
8,916,233.21
Design Charges (2.5%)
1,486,038.87
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Environment TOTAL ESTIMATE OF INTERPRETATION CENTRE
69,843,826.83
Table 69: Employment generated shown Salaries (per Category
No
month)
Total Cost (Rs)
Director
1
60,000
60000
Administrative Staff
10
40,000
400000
Store Keeper
3
20000
60000
Janitor
3
20000
60000
Marketing
5
20000
100000
Security
10
20000
200000
Travel Guide
5
20000
100000
Projectionist
2
20000
40000
Building Maintenance
5
20000
100000
Curator
3
20000
60000
Total
36
1180000
Table 70: Total Annual Cost Annual salary
1,41,60,000
Operations & Maintenance (5 %)
34,92,191
Total
1,76,52,191
Table 71: Total Revenue shown in Table 7 Estimated
Tourist
annum) 0.5
(million/
Entry fee 50
Revenue (million Rs) 25
6.8 Ecotourism in Wetlands 6.8.1 Introduction Sustainable tourism and recreation can both benefit wetlands and contribute to the conservation of global biodiversity and sustainable development goals and targets, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), climate change adaptation and mitigation. (Ramsar Convention 2012, Bucharest)
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Environment According to the International Ecotourism Society, Ecotourism can be defined as, "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people." It is important because people learn to travel responsibly, gets connected with nature and also try to respect it. The objective of proposing ecotourism in East Kolkata Wetlands is to create awareness through interactive activities and also generate economy by providing supportive jobs for the local people. There are certain guidelines that should be followed while considering the design of ecotourism spots in a natural setting. •
Preserve the natural setting and indigenous landscape
•
Use locally sourced and sustainably harvested or recycled building material
•
Use renewable energy and environmentally sensitive water and waste disposal systems
•
Support local businesses – Purchase food from local farmers, ranchers and fishermen, use local craftsmen.
•
Support the local community – Employ and train local workers
•
Build environmental and cultural awareness – Offer excursions to natural and cultural sites
•
Respect and interact with the local culture – Introduce guests to authentic local cultural activities and festivals
According to “Guidelines for Ecotourism in and around Protected Areas” by Ministry of Environment and Forest each Protected Area should publish an Ecotourism Plan before 31st Dec 2011. They should maintain the following principles. •
Identify (using GIS) and monitor the ecologically sensitive areas surrounding PAs, in order to ensure
the
ecological
integrity
of
corridor/buffer
areas,
and
prevent
corridor
pinching/destruction. •
Assess carrying capacity of the Protected Area, at three levels: physical, real and effective/permissible carrying capacity of visitors and vehicles.
•
Set a ceiling level on number of visitors allowed to enter a Protected Area at any given time, based on the carrying capacity of the habitat.
•
Indicate the area open to tourism in the reserves to be designated as ‘ecotourism zone’
6.8.2 Estimation of Physical Carrying Capacity This is the “maximum number of visitors that can physically fit into a defined space, over a particular time”. It is expressed as follows PCC = (A) X (V/a) X (RF) Where, A = available area for public use
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Environment V/a = one visitor / M2 RF = rotation factor (number of visits per day) (Source: -Guidelines for Ecotourism in and around Protected Areas) However, there are certain assumptions done for this calculations. 1. Where available space for public use can’t be determined linear road length is taken 2. Vehicles/ km is considered if trip taken by vehicles only 3. Rotation factor is calculated based on avg. time taken to complete the trip and Operating Hour of that zone. Total road length along the trails of wetlands that comes under BMC is 13km. Considering the trip will be taken by cars only we provide gap of 500m between two vehicles. Average time to complete the visit is 2.5 hours, and operating time of 9 hours. Physical Carrying Capacity: - 13 X 2 Vehicle/km X 3.6= 94 visits per day. (almost 300 persons per day)
6.8.3 Tourism Potential Wetlands particularly provide different set of choices when it comes to tourism experiences. These are swimming, boating, diving, snorkeling, sport fishing, duck hunting, photography, birdwatching. Among these list of activities EKW are capable of providing Boating, Fishing, Photography, Bird Watching.
Checklist for Infrastructure Table 72: Showing the infrastructural attributes necessary to promote Tourism Physical
Hotels, restaurants Transport & communications Water & Electricity
Cultural
Culture, Heritage, fairs & festivals Local Art, Music & dance Language & Food
Services
Banking Facilities Travel Agencies & Tour guides
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Environment Governance
Law & Order Monitoring of Rules & regulations
Absent
Needs Upgradation
Potential
Start End
Boating and Kayaking
Bird
Native plants
Recreational
Figure 19: showing a series of activities to provide for Ecotourism
6.8.4 Cost Estimation Table 73:Cost for Tourism Development
Boating
Items
Price/ unit
Quantity
Unit
Total
kayak
27000
10
nos.
270000
Life jacket
2200
50
nos.
110000
Kayak Oar
2500
20
nos.
50000
Boats(4 Seater)
24500
5
nos.
122500
Jetty (Wooden)
102800
42
sq.m.
4317600
Subtotal
4870100
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Environment
Eateries (30
Earthwork
7754
9
Cum.
69786
Brickwork
5575
18
Cum.
100350
269
30
sq.m.
8070
Roof
528
30
sq.m.
15840
Woodwork
7241
5.67
Cum.
41056
Subtotal
235102
total
2351025
total
722112
total
2880000
sq.m. Flooring
each)
10 eateries proposed Operations
& 5%
10 of
Maintenance
Construction Cost
Workers
12000
Salary (Per
20
Month) Revenue Earnings Tourists (per day) 350
Ticket Price
Revenue
125
43750
Annual Revenue 5468750
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
Profit 1866638
Cost
Incurred
In years 3.87
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Environment
6.9 DREDGING 6.9.1 Introduction Dredging is the activity of excavating or removing silt, sand and other layers from the water bed. This sand/silt is used elsewhere for coastal protection or land reclamation. Dredging involves two main activities. Firstly, it involves removal of soil/rock from the bed of sea by disturbing and loosening the same. Simultaneously, the disturbed sand is lifted to the water surface with the help of vacuum generated through dredgers. Secondly, the dredged material that was lifted has to be relocated or disposed away from the actual site. These channels require periodic maintenance dredging to maintain required drafts, thus creating a continuous source of dredging.
6.9.2 Requirements
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Environment
Figure 72: Showing the different drainage canal that lead to EKW
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Environment
C H AN
Figure 73: Showing Clamshell dredging
Figure 74: Showing Clamshell dredging
machine workingin BMC Canals Canal requires dredging due to high level of siltation in the canal bed to proper functioning of the drainage. In BMC area Bagjola& Kestopur canal stretches require roughly 2 feet of dredging. C H
6.9.3 Cost of Dredging
AN Table 74: Showing the cost of Dredging
LOCATION LENGTH
WIDTH
AVERAGE
VOLUME (cu.m.)
OF
OF
DEPTH
CHANNEL
CHANNEL DREDGING
Channel 1
9619
20
0.6
115428
Channel 2
4636
20
0.6
55632
OF
171060
Total
Table 75: showing the cost of equipment & machinery Description
Estimate
Unit
Cost of Dredging
150
Rs. /cum
Volume of Dredging
171060
cum
Total Cost of Dredging
25,659,000
Rs.
Dredging Capacity
250
cum/hr.
Dredging efficiency
1500
cum/day
Time required for dredging
114
days
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Environment Capacity of Truck
20
cum
Average Distance to dump
1
km
Loading Unloading Time
30
min
Time for 1 round
1
hr.
Working hours
8
hr./day
Silt carried/ truck/ day
160
cum
Dredging Equipment Cost
Estimate
Unit
Clamshell Dredge
56,790,450.00
Rs.
Clamshell Grab
350,000.00
Rs.
Total Cost of Dredging
57,140,450.00
Rs.
Service Life
20
Years
Annual Cost
28,57,023
Rs.
Truck Cost
Rent
Unit
Rent of 1 Truck
20,000.00
Rs./day
Cost of 6 Trucks
180000
Rs.
Total Cost of Trucks
20527200
Rs.
Total Cost Incurred
49,043,223
Rs.
6.9.4 Use of Biosolids (Silts from canal) Capping:-It is the placement of clean or relatively clean dredged materials on top of other land areas or in aquatic environments. The lake-dredged materials serve as a “caps” on top of other land materials. Land creation/improvement – Land creation or improvement includes the building of dikes or berm for shore protection, filling, raising and protecting submerged and low-lying areas; and applying material to areas where the quality of existing land is poor, such as mine land or brown fields’ reclamation Topsoil creation/enhancement – this usually involves allowing dredged materials to dry out and applying it alone or mixing it with other materials to make topsoil. Beach/littoral nourishment – Beach/littoral nourishment is the placement of dredged materials along the shore or in the near shore area to provide a source of nourishment for natural sand (littoral) movement or recreational beach improvement and creation
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Environment Habitat restoration – Habitat restoration using dredged material can occur in aquatic, wetland, or upland environments. Strategic placement of dredged materials can also be used to restore and establish wetlands and to create aquaculture ponds for fisheries. Fertiliser/ Nutrient - Biosolids usually are applied at rates designed to supply crops with adequate nitrogen. They contain a substantial amount of nitrogen (typically 3 to 6% by weight). The nitrogen is not immediately available to crops, but is released slowly by biological activity. (Source: - Source- Recycling biosolids and lake-dredged materials to pasture-based animal agriculture: alternative nutrient sources for forage productivity and sustainability. Gilbert C. Sigua)
6.10 Solid Waste Management in the Ecotourism Park Stretch Table 76:Showing Solid Waste quantity Waste Material
Composition (%)
Density Weight (kg)
Volume (cu.m)
Paper
12
60
44.52
0.74
Plastic
22
80
81.62
1.02
Organic
52
350
192.92
0.55
Other
14
700
51.94
0.07
Total
100
371
2.39
Table 77: Showing SWM collection and Maintenance Waste Generation Considered Length in km
5
Proposal of Dustbins per km
5
Volume of Dustbin in cu.m
0.18
Total no. of dustbins
25
Total Capacity of dustbins
4.5
Total waste generated
350
Cleaning/Sweeping
alternate days
Waste from sweeping
21
Waste collection
alternate days
Collection Capacity of tricycle
1.8
No. of tricycles
3
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Environment Cost of Vehicles
13265
Monthly Cost
111
Workers
6
Monthly wages
36000
Total Monthly Investment
36111
Total Annual Investment
433326
6.11 Provision of Toilets 6.11.1 Description Swacch Bharat Abhijan campaign was launched on 2nd October,2014 aiming to eradicate open defecation by 2nd October 2019. Over 3crores of toilets have been constructed across rural India. Although lakhs of villages have been declared ODF yet amidst a metro city lies the stretch within the wetland which still is living in the past. In the East Kolkata Wetlands people still rely temporary shacks or rely on the wetlands and open grounds for open defecation. The key problem does not lie in the awareness but primarily due to the lack of money to build toilets on their own. Hence our concern should be to provide a technology and cost efficient design to go at par with the sustainability of the achievement of the mission and also the most efficient for the region. The East Kolkata Wetlands come under RAMSAR Convention and hence the settlements existing cannot be formalized. Morever, they cannot be rehabilitated to some other part as they are dependent on the wetlands and indirectly the wetlands are proected by the century old colonies that have settled in the land area. Without formalizing it is difficult to provide sewer connections and yet there is a need to provide sanitary infrastructure in these colonies. Hence technologies used in rural households are more suited for these settlements. The major technologies available are: ● Twin-leach pits – It is a standard twin pit toilet which is 3 feet in diameter and depth each respectively. ● Single-leach pit – It includes toilets with just one pit, in some cases because the second pit of the twin pit has not been built, in other cases because the leach pit is very deep. It also includes septic tank-like structure with non-cemented leaching bottom. ● Septic tanks – It includes proper septic tanks (with chambers or separating walls and an outlet to some sort of leaching mechanisms), as well as other water-tight substructures that either have substandard designs (lacking chambers or internal walls) or don’t have the mandated outlet, becoming containment structures.
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Environment
6.11.2 SUITABILITY Slightly larger space is required to construct this toilet but the cost is still low. The toilets have two pits is certainly an advantage as when the first pit gets filled up, the flow of excreta has to be diverted to the second pit. In this design, two leach pits are connected to one single pour-flush toilet. Twin-pit toilets have a high convenience – when emptying one pit, people use second pit. Leach pits of constructed toilets were predominantly circular, with an average diameter of 3.7 feet and 4.4 feet depth, and sometimes rectangular (5.8x4.1 square foot, and 4.5 feet deep). Moreover, since there is no land constraint this is a suitable design. Estimated cost of building one toilet is around Rs. 7257.
6.11.3 COST ESTIMATE FOR HOUSE HOLD TOILET Table 78: Detail estimation of each Toilet Item Description of Item
Unit
Qty
No. A
Cost Up to Plinth Level
1
Excavation for foundation/pipe trenches in earth,
Rate
Amount
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
soils of all types, sand, gravel, soft murum, hard murum,
boulders,
W.B.M.
road,
Slushy
soil
including removing the excavated material up to a distance of 50 meters and lifts as below, stacking and spreading as directed, normal dewatering, preparing the bed for foundation and excluding back filling etc. complete. (a)
Up to 1.50mt depth
Cum
2.88
107.00
307.99
2
Supplying and filling in plinth with hard moorum Cum
0.50
337.00
168.50
0.29
2900.00
846.44
0.64
1955.00
1242.16
under
floor
including
watering,
ramming,
consolidation, dressing etc. complete. 3
Providing and laying in position Plain cement Cum concrete in 1:3:6 including mechanical compaction, curing, centering and shuttering complete with all lead and lift as the direction of Engineer.
4
Brick work with well brunt open bhatta, bricks Cum crushing strength not less than 25kg/sqcm and water absorption not more than 20% in foundation and
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Environment plinth Cement mortar 1:6 6
Providing 40mm thick stone slab over leach pit Sqm
2.09
267.00
558.70
including jointing with cement mortar 7
Providing PCC flooring
Sqm
1.00
208.00
208.00
8
Rural pour flush Ceramic sanitary pan set having one Each
1.00
300.00
300.00
3.00
97.60
292.80
1.00
300.00
300.00
pan, one p trap and one pair of foot rest conforming to IS 771-1979 9
Providing and laying/fixing and jointing following dia (outer) uPVC pipes of Class III (6kg/sqm) as per IS 4985:2000, ISI marked, with rubber rings IS marked EPDM as per IS 5382:1985 for Soil waste/vent pipes/rain water pipes/sewers including necessary fittings and specials like flanges/Tees, bends, offsets, vent cowls etc. complete.
(a)
90mm dia
RM
10
Constructing brick masonry inspection chamber in No CM 1:5 of size 50 x 45 x 60. Total Cost up to Plinth Level (A)
4224.58
B
Cost Up to Super Structure
1
Providing half brick work in cm 1:4 with sell burnt Sqm
6.90
302.80
2089.32
13.00
80.00
1040.00
1.00
1000.00
1000.00
13.00
7.00
91.00
1.44
235.00
338.40
chimney bricks in bulls patent Trench Kiln manufactured by Ghol process, crushing strength not less than 25kg/sqcm and water absorption not more than 20% in super structure. 2
Providing 12mm thick plastering in CM 1:6 to both Sqm inside and outside surface.
3
Provision for door
No
4
Providing and applying 3 or more coats of white Sqm wash as specified to new plastered surfaces to give an even shade.
5
Providing non-asbestos high impact Polypropylene Sqm reinforce cement 6mm thick corrugated sheet (as per IS: 14871) roofing and fixing with polymer coated Jhooks, etc.
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Environment 6
Making connection to the pits
No
1.00
164.00
164.00
Total Cost up to super structure (B)
4722.72
Total Cost (A+B)
8947.30
This (is the total amount of House Hold Toilet with twin leach pit which includes generally OverHead & Contractor's Profit of 25%. If deduct this Over-Head & Contractor's Profit of 25%, then Total amount of House Hold Toilet with single leach pit will be Rs. 6686.00 (Source: - Swacch Bharat Mission Guidelines)
Figure 23: Twin Pit Toilet Plan
Table 79: HH no in Wetlands area Area
No. Of listed households
Dhapa
313
Chowbaga
201
Jatragachi
405
Mahisbathan
465
TOTAL
1384
(Source: - Socio Economic Importance & Valuation of East Kolkata Wetlands, Guchait, S.) Since the present total number of households is 1384 a 3-year phasing can be devised for provision of toilets to every household. Therefore, total cost requirement excluding contractors profit is Rs. 9.25 Crore. Table 80: Total Cost of building HH toilets area wise Phase
No. Of listed households
Cost of single toilet (in Rs)
Total Cost
Phase Cost
1
Dhapa
6866
2149058
3529124
313
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Environment Chowbaga
201
6866
1380066
2
Jatragachi
405
6866
2780730
2780730
3
Mahisbathan
465
6866
3192690
3192690
TOTAL COST
9502544
Swachh Bharat Mission allots maximum of Rs.12000 for individual toilets, where the Central Share is upto75% and the State share is 25%. In the State Share the Municipal Corporation is may or may not be assigned to share 10% of the cost.
Table 81: Phasing and Cost sharing between Central, State and BMC for toilet provision Phase
Phase Cost
Central Share
State Share
BMC Share
1
3529124
2646843
529368.6
352912.4
2
2780730
2085547.5
417109.5
278073
3
3192690
2394517.5
478903.5
319269
6.12 Awareness Programme In modern day life awareness programs are very influential to provide information and knowledge about any important entity or events like East Kolkata Wetlands.
6.12.1Major Activities •
Publicity through Electronic Media
Publicity through Print & Postal Media •
Publicity through Exhibitions and Outdoor Media
6.12.2 Programme Details 6.12.2.1 Electronic Media 1. Production & Broadcasting of 5-10 minutes Radio Sponsored Programme through DAVP/AIR.
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Environment 2. Production and telecast of short duration video films/Documentary through Government and private TV channel
6.12.2.2 Print & Postal Media 1. Issue of Thematic advertisements about wetlands in newspapers and magazines/periodicals; and press releases. 2. Publication of brochures/folders/booklets/newsletters/trade guide/calendar on EKW. 3. Publication of Annual Report. 4. Publications of EKW roster and annual schedule in Social Media sites.
6.12.2.3 Exhibitions & Outdoor Media 1. Participatory field trips for School and College children under expert guidance to promote Wetlands importance in young generations. 2. Organizing publicity campaigns/mobile exhibitions in nearby urban areas through Mobile Exhibition Vans. 3. Taking up field publicity through hoardings, kiosks, bus back panels etc.
6.12.3 Cost Estimation Table 82: Shows cost estimation of generating awareness program Item
Quantity
Total
Rate
unit
20.8
per piece
10400
70
per piece
14000
225
per piece
22500
(Rs.)
Remarks
Brochure (A5 Half fold,
130 500
color,
GSM) Booklet pages,
(A5, 130
16
GSM, 200
Publishing color) Book (100 pages, Color paperback)
100
Considering Flex Printing
40
15-30
per sq.
48000
the Each flex is 40 sqft.
Sub total
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
94900
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Environment Advertisement
on
Newspaper (Regional, Print
page Color)
Media
Advertisement
Inner
100
5210
per sq.cm.
521000
Cost per day
100
2120
per sq.cm.
212000
Cost per day
on
Newspaper
(The
Telegraph,
Inner
page Color) Sub total
733000 Varies Channel wise 100
Advertisement
55-30
per second
5500
on
(10
sec
ads
played
Radio
10
times a day)
Electronic 7
Media
Per week
38500
Per week cost estimate Varies
Advertisement
on
TV
1
8100049500
per week
81000
Channel wise (10 secs ad, 6 times a week)
Sub Total Honorarium
119500 for
Experts Photography Workshop/
4
2500
___
10000
1
5000
___
5000
100
100
___
10000
Awareness
awareness kit
Program
Banner
2
5000
___
10000
Training/ workshop
1
5000
___
5000
Local Transportation
1
20000
___
20000
Miscellaneous
1
10000
___
10000
Sub Total
Assuming 100 students present
70000
Table 83: Shows total annual cost of awareness program
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are
Environment Annual Cost Total
Unit Cost
Annual Usage
Print Media
94900
1
94900
Electronic Media
11950
12
143400
Awareness Program
70000
10
700000
Total
(Rs.)
938300
6.13 Plantation along wetlands Table 84: Shows plantation along EKW periphery Description
Quantity
Unit
Cost ( Rs.)
perimeter
16.64
km
no. of trees
1331
nos. (80trees/km)
total trees
6390
nos.
cost of trees
1,277,952.00
Rs.(200Rs/tree)
1,277,952.00
nos. (100 seedlings/0.62 Total manpower
39.62
manpower/day)
workers/day
2
nos.
Project Duration
2 days
Cost of manpower
16,123.92
Considering
20
Rs.(407Rs/manpower)
Total Plantation Cost Maintenance
1,294,075.92 332800
sqm Rs.
(Rs
1100/5000lts
Watering, Pruning
292864.00
water)
Manpower
26
nos. (0.41/100 trees)
workers/day
2
nos.
Cost of Manpower
10662.59
Rs.(407Rs/manpower)
Considering
16,123.92
292864.00
20
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
10662.59
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Environment Recurring cost/month
303526.59
Annual Recurring Cost
3642319.11
6.14 Funding & Technical Assistance for EKW As stated in the status report earlier East Kolkata Wetlands doesn’t come under one administrative and statutory jurisdiction, so we decide to generate funds from multiple stake holders. This will indulge more authority and organizational structure to protect the wetlands. Not only local government and Urban Local bodies or panchayat EKW being a Ramsar site can generate more funds for its inclusive and participatory development. Table 85: Shows various parent bodies related to wetlands function Parent body
Role
Ramsar Regional Center
Scientific and technical support, Capacity Building & Professional Training
Ramsar CEPA Program
Generates Communication, Education, Participation and awareness about wetlands
Ramsar Investment
Provide Monetary assistance on a case to case basis
Ministry of Environment and Forest ( financial assistance, Forms regulations, provide legal aids Government of India)
(5-10 lakhs grant possible for awareness program)
Institute of Wetland management & Conduct research oriented program related to wetlands Environmental studies Kolkata Environmental Improvement Looks Investment Program
into
multiple
projects
related
to
Wetlands
conservation and use, Collaborate with international personalities to carry forward initiatives that protects wetlands
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Environment East Kolkata Wetlands Management This organization cater to various law and order and socio Authority
economic helps to the wetlands. Solely dedicated to work for protection of wetlands. They get funds for running various projects Currently they hold Rs.80 lakhs of funds & grants
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Development Management & Finance
7. DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE
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Development Management & Finance
7.1 Functional Overlap between Institutions and Authorities According to the Twelfth Schedule of under Article 234W of Constitution of India, ULBs have been instituted with 18 functions. The Table 86shows the overlap and share of those functions between the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation, Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, and other organisations. Table 86 Functional Overlap between Authorities and Institutions at BMC Sr.
Functions
BMC
KMDA
Others
No. 1
Urban planning including town planning
2
Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
3
Planning for economic and social development.
4
Roads and bridges
5
Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
6
Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management
7
Fire services
8
10
Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and mentally retarded Slum improvement and upgradation.
11
Urban poverty alleviation
12
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects
9
13 14
15
Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds; and electric crematoriums Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals
16
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
17
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
18
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Development Management & Finance
7.2 Capital Investment Plan The Capital Investment Plan (CIP) involves identification of public capital facilities to cater to the demands of city population during different stages of plan period as per requirement of various urban services. The Figure shows the Process to be adopted in identifying capital investment requirement
Project Indetification
Strategic Capital Involvement
Project Screening and Prioritisation
Facility Siting
Project Phasing
Decision Making
Programme Funding
Figure 76 Process and Strategy for a CIP and formulating the CIP.
7.3 Funding Mechanism 7.3.1 Loans from Financial Institutions
Table 87: Funding available for BMC from various Financial Institutions Sr.
Name
No. 1
Kind
of Details
Amount
Interest rate
Projects World Bank
Projects
Payback Period
The Bank aims to
Variable
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
3.62% per
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Development Management & Finance for
provide long-term
Physical
loans to
Infra-
governments for the
structure
financing of
for
development
Poverty
projects and
annum
Reduction economic reform. 2
Asian
Large
Development Scale Bank
ADB offers the
Variable
For Project Loan - 1% during
public sector
Grace Period of 8 years 1.5%
Public
different types of
in the amortization period of
Projects
financial products,
32 years
for
which includes
For Program Loans- 1%
Physical
loans, grants,
during Grace Period of 8 years
Infra-
technical assistance,
1.5% in the amortization
structure
guarantees, and debt
period of 24 years
management products. 3
Japan Bank
Large
Overseas
for
Scale
International Cooperation
Variable
Loan terms
No limit is set
Investment Loan:
and
on the
Public
Financing overseas
conditions are
repayment
Projects
investment and
determined
period;
for
natural resource
with respect
repayment
Physical
development
to individual
schedule can
Infra-
undertaken by
projects
be set
structure
Japanese companies
flexibly, including the grace period, depending on the expected rate of return on individual projects.
4
Housing and
Housing
The loan amount for
Urban
Finance
Development and Corporation
Physical
Variable
8.9% per
HUDCO may
a project may be
annum for
provide loan
upto 90% of the
Housing
for a
project cost subject
loans
maximum
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Development Management & Finance (HUDCO)
and
to a maximum of
period of 10
Social
15% of Net Owned
years (for
Infra-
Fund (NOF) of
private
structure
HUDCO.
projects) and
porjects
HUDCO’s financial
15 years (for
under
assistance is
Government.
AMRUT,
available for
projects)
etc.
Government of India
including
Action Plan schemes
construction
such as AMRUT,
period/
BSUP, IHSDP,
moratorium
ILCS etc.
period.
7.3.2 Schemes The following schemes have been found to be applicable in the BMC area for various projects, as mentioned in the description: Table 88: Funds available for BMC under different schemes and plans of State and Centre Sr
Scheme
.
Kind of
Governm
Projects
ent level
Share from Government Central
State
ULBs
N o. 1
PMAY
Housing
Central
Contribute
Only
Infrastruct
for
s ₹ 1 lakh contributes
ure
Urban
to ₹ 2.5 to
developm
Poor
lakh
per Infrastruct
dwelling unit
ure
for developme
Infrastruct
nt
ure
Dwelling
developm
unit
ent
ent
and
and constructio
Dwelling
n
unit constructi on
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Development Management & Finance 2
AMRUT
Physical
Central
80 %
20 %
Central
70 %
30 %
Central
₹ 5 Crores / Annum
State
₹ 2 Crores / Annum
Central
75 %
State
₹ 18 Crores to BMC of which ₹
Infrastructure 3
Pradhan MantriSwasthyaSurakshaYoja na (PMSSY)
4
MPLAD
Capacity Building, Physical & Social Infrastructure
5
MLALAD
Physical & Social Infrastructure
6
RashtriyaMadhyamikShikshaA
Develop
bhiyaan
Secondar
25 %
y Educatio n Schools Through out India 7
8
Green City Yojana
West Bengal Banglar Bari
Environmental
4,44,01,222 has been approved on
Projects
18th October 2017
Housing
State
Constructs 4 storied flats for people
for LIG
from economically weaker sections. ₹
and
2.79 Lakhs out of ₹ 4.79 Lakhs per
EWS in
dwelling unit of minimum 25 square
Urban
feet area.
Areas
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Development Management & Finance
7.3.3 Municipal Bonds Municipal bonds are debt instruments issued by municipalities or other state agencies which use the money to build schools, water supply systems, sewer systems, and other projects for public good. When someone purchases a municipal bond, they are lending money to a state or local government entity, which in turn promises to pay a specified amount of interest and return the principal amount on a specific maturity date. Municipal bonds can be of two types, namely:
7.3.3.1 Revenue Bonds Revenue bonds are bonds supported by the revenue from a specific project, such as a water supply project or a sewer systems project. Such bonds finance income-generating projects and are secured by a specified revenue source. For example, if a revenue bond is issued to upgrade a water supply network, the water charges collected from users would be used to pay off the bond. (Nair, Viswanathan, & Gumber, 2015)
7.3.3.2 General Obligation Bonds General obligation bonds are issued in the belief that a municipality will be able to repay its debt obligation through taxation or revenue from projects. Unlike revenue bonds, general obligation bonds can be paid through a variety of tax sources. These, therefore, may not be for specific revenuegenerating projects.
7.3.3.3 How to raise money through municipal bonds? 1. Identify a project/function: Identify a project or a function for which the municipality needs to raise money. It can be the construction of water supply network, storm water drains, roads et cetera. 2. Choose the issue type:Choose the type of issue which fits the municipality’s requirement. You can raise money through General Obligation Bonds or Revenue Bonds. 3. Evaluate project cost:Do a cost analysis for the project. The municipality must contribute at least 20% to the total project cost. 4. Get credit rating:Get a credit rating for the municipality from a recognised credit rating agency. Minimum rating for raising money through municipal bonds must be A+. 5. Open an escrow account:Open an escrow account for the purpose of the project for which the money is to be raised. An escrow account is used for making debt payments to investors. 6. Disclose information:Disclose Budgets and abridged Annual Accounts for the last five years, and other information as specified in the SEBI regulations. 7. Raise money: Raise money either through private placement or public issue.
7.3.4 Municipal Revenue The Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC) must aim to increase the Revenue to Income ratio from an average of 29% to 40%. This can be done by measures like introducing water charges and partial privatization through a public private partnership model, of water utility where the finances
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Development Management & Finance and revenues must be guided by the BMC; introduction of sewage and sanitation charges, outsourcing of works of BMC wherever possible to save costs of salaries and institutional expenditure, revenue from amenities like community halls, fair grounds, exhibition centers, etc. The improved revenue will also help in improving the Credit Rating of BMC, from current rating at A- to A+ within the first phase so that there can be projects funded by raising Municipal Bonds. Table 89shows the funds generated by BMC from Revenue under Business as Usual Model with a growth rate of 9.815%.
Table 89: Forecast for Revenue for the Plan Period Phase
Phase 1
Phase 2
Year 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26 2026-27 2027-28 2028-29 2029-30 2030-31
Revenue (in Lakhs) 4764.26 5231.86 5745.35 6309.25 6928.48 7608.49 8355.25 9175.30 10075.83 11064.74 12150.72 13343.28 14652.89 16091.04 17670.33 19404.63
7.3.5 Corporate Social Responsibility India is the first country in the world to make Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mandatory, following an amendment to The Company Act, 2013 in April 2014. Businesses can invest their profits in areas such as education, poverty, gender equality, and hunger. Companies with a net worth of US$73 million (Rs 4.96 billion) or more, or an annual turnover of US$146 million (Rs 9.92 billion) or more, or a net profit of US$732,654 (Rs 50 million) or more during a financial year, shall earmark 2 percent of average net profits of three years towards CSR. (Briefing, 2017)
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Development Management & Finance
7.4 Water Pricing 7.4.1 Introduction In the BMC area currently, the water supplied to households is not charged in any form, for any kind of supply, be it household connection, community taps, or tubewells. It has been found that a few wards do not have access to clean potable water; which is evident from the presence of vendors selling potable clean water in such areas, at a profitable amount. Water is a public and therefore should be physically, and economically accessible to every citizen. Prior to introducing a water charge in the area under BMC, it is important to augment and improve the water supply infrastructure in the areas with existing network, which shall be aimed to completed in the first phase; and laying of new infrastructure in the areas deficient of the water supply network in the last year of the first phase. The revenue generation from the complete area of BMC will be seen from the second phase onwards. The water utility must also aim to reduce the Non-Revenue Water (NRW) to increase revenue base which for Kolkata was estimated at around 30% (Singh, Upadhyay, & Mittal, 2005).
7.4.2 Objective The objectives of Water Pricing in an Urban area are as follows (Mathur & Thakur, 2003): Revenue Sufficiency: On the minimum, the cost of Operation and Maintenance charges and the Investment must be aimed to be recovered from the revenue generated by the water utility by charging water to its consumer. This may be expanded to gather a risk fund as a measure against any unforeseen events(s). Economic Efficiency: The aim of pricing water should be such that the water usage behaviour of citizens is kept in check, in that they know of the economic and social consequences that their usage may lead onto them. This can be incentive driven, to ensure that the users get maximum aggregate benefits. Equity: Equity in water pricing must be ensured with the idea that the customers of similar nature are treated equally, while those of different nature are treated differently. Poverty Alleviation: The utility must maintain an objective to provide water to the poorer sections of the society, which shall not be completely free to realize the value of water and reduce benefits to the utility. This may be achieved by an efficient allocation of cost and resources by the means of crosssubsidizing water supply and internalizing the revenue returns.
7.4.3 Mechanism The water tariff can be designed using any of the following two methods:
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Development Management & Finance 7.4.3.1 Incremental Block Tariff Incremental Block Tariff (IBT) is based on the idea of marginal costing. The prices increment in a stepped manner, as the consumption increases. The key advantage of IBT is that it provides equity in pricing. It is based on the volumetric charging of water. The prices are divided into blocks, with the initial block providing a minimum amount of water for consumption that is considered adequate for an individual for a daily use. The cross-subsidizing is done by charging higher for increased consumption, thereby also discouraging water usage.
7.4.3.2 Uniform Price with Rebate Uniform Price with Rebate (UPR) is an alternative to the IBT, which has higher revenue returns and comparatively similar costs for poor households as IBT with fixed increment (Bolland & Whittington, 2000). However, an IBT with a variable cost through cross-subsidising is a better system for water tariff.
7.4.4 Tariff Design The Tariff design for the IBT shall be on the basis of four factors: i.
The number of blocks,
ii.
The size of blocks, and
iii.
Price per unit block.
To generate an amount in order to equalize the capital expenditure on Water Supply network augmentation and development, the rate of water supply excluding conveyance, operation and maintenance charges comes to about Rs. 7 per litre. Overall water rates amount to about Rs. 15 per litre. The cost of water at this rate will result in economically inaccessible water supply for the lower income and economically weaker groups of the society. Therefore, a system of cross-subsidy may be developed to make water economically feasible and equitable water supply. This cross subsidy here is within domestic customers and through the revenue from non-domestic customers also. Since the nature and quantum of consumption is different for different kind of customers, the customers have been divided into three categories. The three categories of customers are as follows: i.
Category 1- Domestic Customers: This category includes the following consumers:
a. Premises used for residence. b. Hostels of Educational Institutions of the Government, working women’s hostels run by the Government.
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Development Management & Finance c. Government recognized destitute homes, orphanage, charitable homes, blind schools, and schools for physically handicapped persons, spastic children. d. Piaus meant for drinking purposes (Public drinking water stand posts or fountains) e. Place of worship, cremation grounds, cemetery. ii.
Category 2- Government Institutions Category: Government offices/Institutions, Government schools, Government aided schools, fall under this category. Such customers shall be eligible for 15% rebate on their total monthly bills provided they adopt a water harvesting and waste water recycling technique.
iii.
Category 3- Industrial/Commercial Category: Consumers that do not fall under either Category 1 or Category 2 shall be deemed as Category 3 consumers. Such customers shall be eligible for 5% rebate on their total monthly bills provided they adopt a water harvesting and waste water recycling technique. Table 90: Tariff for Category 1 consumers
Slab-wise Monthly consumption of water for Category 1
Monthly Tariff Rs./kilolitre
Consumers (In litres) 0-15,000 litres
Minimum of Rs 30
15,000-25,000 litres
Rs 5
25,000-35,000 litres
Rs 15
35,000-45,000 litres
Rs 25
45,000-55,000 litres
Rs 35
Above 55,000 litres
Rs 45
Table 91: Tariff for Category 1 consumers Slab-wise Monthly consumption of water for Category 2
Monthly Tariff Rs./kilolitre
and Category 3 Consumers (In litres) 0-40 ,000 litres
Minimum of Rs 200
40,000-60,000 litres
Rs 8
60,000-80,000 litres
Rs 20
Above 80,000
Rs 30
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Development Management & Finance
1600
Cost of Water in Rupees
1400 1200 1000 Cost of Water without rebate
800
Cost of Water at 5% rebate
600
Cost of Water at 20% rebate
400 200 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
Quantity of Water in kilolitre
Figure 77 The Price projection for Category 1 consumers
900
Cost of Water in Rupees
800 700 600 500 400
Cost of Water
300 200 100 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Quantity of Water in kilolitre
Figure 78: The Price projection for Category 2 and 3 consumers
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Development Management & Finance
7.5 Current Projects The
shows
the
list
of
projects
currently
being
executed
in
the
BMC
area.
Table 92 Current Projects tendered by BMC in year 2018-19 Sr. No. 1
2
3
4
5 6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13 14
15
16
Project
Authority
Total Cost of Project
Construction of 10 Pump House for Electric Pump at different location of Ward No. 7 , 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 14 under BMC Repairing and renovation of BJ Market building at BJ Block within Ward No.29 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Repairing and renovation of CK Market building at CK Block within Ward No.29 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Repairing and renovation of IB Play Ground within Ward No.34 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Construction of concrete footpath within Ward No.36 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation.
BMC
₹
5,868,650.00
BMC
₹
3,925,351.00
BMC
₹
3,965,148.00
BMC
₹
2,599,858.00
BMC
₹
4,043,689.00
Construction of chain link fencing of Chaynavi playground within Ward no. 36 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Repairing of footpath(CC Block) within Ward No.40 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation.
BMC
₹
960,504.00
BMC
₹
1,340,398.00
Construction of tin shade in Ward no. 25 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. (Councilors Fund) Repairing and renovation of Children park in Ward no. 25 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. (Councillors’ Fund) Upgradation and repairing of concrete road and surface drain in Ward no. 26 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Renovation of Sewerage and Drainage line at BJ Market within Ward No.29 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Improvement of (Concrete) road at Hatiara Purbasha in Ward No.14 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Construction of cover drain within Ward No. 14 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
BMC
₹
750,212.00
BMC
₹
727,491.00
BMC
₹
1,578,937.00
BMC
₹
803,092.00
BMC
₹
2,475,310.00
BMC
₹
581,609.00
Construction of concrete road with cover drain from Baguiati Market Complex within Ward no. 17 under BMC Construction of Ward Office of Ward No. 21 at Jyoti Nagar within Ward no. 21 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Construction of fencing and footpath and installation of playing equipment in Ward no.25
BMC
₹
907,608.00
BMC
₹
1,060,424.00
BMC
₹
1,060,424.00
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Development Management & Finance under BMC 17
18
Improvement of concrete road from Jhilmil Park within Ward No.4 under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. Development of AE Children Park (Part - I) for Phase - I within Ward No. 31 under BMC
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
BMC
â‚š
1,060,424.00
BMC
â‚š
2,199,496.00
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Bibliography Arena, U. (2012). Process and technological aspects of municiapl solid waste gasification: A review. Waste Manage , 625-639. BMC. (n.d.). BMC. (2016). BMW Rules. Bolland, J. J., & Whittington, D. (2000). Water Tariff Design in Developing Countries: Disadvantages of Increasing Block Tariffs (IBT) and Advantages of Unifrom Price with Rebate (UPR) Design. Ottawa: IDRC. Briefing, I. (2017, January). Retrieved from India briefing.com/news/corporate-social-responsibility-india-5511.html/
Briefing:
https://www.india-
census. (n.d.). census. Dr Varma, R. A. (2007). Status of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Kerala and Their Characteristics. Local Self Government Department, Trivandrum. India, G. o. (2015). ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2014-15. Delhi: Government of India. Mathur, O. P., & Thakur, S. (2003). Urban Water Pricing: Setting the Stage for Reforms. Delhi: National Institute of Public Finance and Policy. MSWM. (2016). Nair, A., Viswanathan, S., & Gumber, A. (2015). Municipal Bonds. Bengaluru: Janaagraha. Primary Survey. (n.d.). Primary Survey. Selvam, A., & Wong, J. (2016). Waste Management and Sustainability: An Introduction. In Sustainable Solid Waste Management (pp. 1-6). Virginia: American Society of Civil Enginners (ASCE). Singh, M. R., Upadhyay, V., & Mittal, A. K. (2005). Urban water tariff structure and cost recovery opportunities in India. Water Science & Technology , 52 (12), 43-51. URDPFI. Welfare, M. o. (2013). ORGANIZATION & INFRASTRUCTURE, Annual Report 2013-14. Delhi: Government of India.
City Development Plan of Bidhannagar, ARP, IIT Kharagpur
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