Development Plan of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation 2018 STATUS REPORT
1.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Table of Contents 1
Demography And Landuse 1.1
Introduction
1.0 1.1
1.1.1
History
1.1
1.1.2
Salt Lake
1.1
1.1.3
History Of Administration
1.1
1.1.4
Area Growth
1.2
1.1.5
Sectoral Growth
1.2
1.2
Planning Area Characteristics
1.2
1.2.1
Location
1.2
1.2.2
Connectivity
1.2
1.2.3
Climate
1.3
1.2.4
Physical Features
1.5
1.3
Land Use
1.14
1.3.1
Introduction
1.14
1.3.2
Existing Land Use
1.14
1.3.3
Inferences
1.16
1.4
Built-Up Density
1.17
1.4.1
Rajarhat-Gopalpur
1.17
1.4.2
Salt Lake
1.19
1.5
Demography
1.23
1.5.1
Introduction
1.23
1.5.2
Household Survey Data Analysis
1.23
1.6
Indices
1.30
1.6.1
Gini Coefficient For Population Density Distribution
1.30
1.6.2
Population Growth And Projection
1.35
1.6.3
Population Projection Using Cohort Component Method
1.38
1.6.3.2 1.3.5.2 Salt Lake Male Population Projection
1.40
1.6.3.3 Rajarhat Female Population Projection
1.41
1.6.4
Natural Growth Rate
1.44
1.6.5
Projected Population
1.44
1.6.6
Population Growth
1.46
1.6.7
Dependency And Potential Support Ratios
1.47
2
Economy 2.1
Introduction
2.1.1
Policy Highlights
0 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
2.59 2.1 2.2
2.2
Workforce Participation
2.3
2.3
Workforce Distribution
2.5
2.4
Income Expenditure Pattern
2.5
2.5
Industry
2.7
2.5.1
Manikanchan Jewellery Park At Salt Lake
2.8
2.5.2
Special Economic Zone, Salt Lake Electronics Complex
2.8
2.5.3
Toy Park
2.8
2.5.4
Salt Lake – Electronic Estate
2.8
2.6
Micro And Small Scale Industries:
2.8
2.6.1
Manufacturing Sector
2.8
2.6.2
Service Sector
2.8
2.6.3
Investment
2.11
2.7
Trade License
2.15
2.8
Markets
2.15
2.8.1 2.9
Hierarchy Of Markets
Informal Sector
2.16 2.19
2.9.1
Operation
2.19
2.9.2
Monthly Turnover (In Rupees) - Informal Sector
2.20
2.9.3
Issue Of Markets
2.21
2.10
Rapid Assessment Of Target Markets For Intervention
2.21
2.11
Selected Markets
2.22
2.11.1 Narayanpur Bazaar, Srcm Road
2.22
2.11.2 Rabindrapally Main Road Market
2.22
2.11.3 Jagatpur Hawkers Association
2.23
3
Housing 3.1
Introduction
3.1.1
General Characteristics Of Bidhannagar Municipal Area
3.1 3.2 3.2
3.2
Quantitative Analysis
3.2
3.3
Qualitative Analysis
3.3
3.3.1
Household Size Distribution
3.3
3.3.2
Housing Typology
3.4
3.3.3
Housing Condition
3.5
3.3.4
Type Of Structure
3.6
3.3.5
Ownership Pattern
3.6
3.3.6
Age Of Construction
3.7
3.3.7
Residential Cum Other Use
3.8
3.3.8
Income Wise Housing Distribution
3.9
1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
3.3.9 3.4
Scope Of Development
Informal Settlement
3.10 3.11
3.4.1
Notified Slums
3.11
3.4.2
Major Slum Up Gradation Schemes
3.11
4
Infrastructure 4.1
Water Supply
4.12 4.2
4.1.1
Ground Water:
4.2
4.1.2
Water Demand:
4.3
4.1.3
Water Supply System:
4.3
4.1.4
Analysis Of Data:
4.4
4.1.5
Source Of Water:
4.4
4.2
Drainage And Sewerage Network
4.10
4.2.1
Drainage System
4.10
4.2.2
Sewerage System:
4.23
4.2.3
Network Analysis
4.29
Solid Waste Management
4.34
4.3
4.3.1
Introduction
4.34
4.3.2
Waste Generation
4.34
4.3.3
Waste Management System In Bidhannagar
4.35
4.3.4
Street Sweeping
4.36
4.3.5
Institutional Waste
4.37
4.3.6
Collection Stations
4.39
4.3.7
Waste Disposal
4.39
4.3.8
Capacity And Expenditure
4.40
4.3.9
Analysis Of The Existing Mswm System
4.41
4.3.10 Frequency Of Collection
4.41
4.3.11 Maintenance Of Streets
4.41
4.3.12 Satisfaction With Community Bins
4.42
4.5.2
Waste Segregation
4.44
4.5.3
E-Waste Disposal
4.45
4.5.4
Recycling
4.45
4.5.5
Dumping At Mollar Bheri
4.46
4.5.6
Health Of Workers
4.46
4.5.7
Informal Dumping
4.47
4.5.8
Compliance To Msw Rules, 2011
4.48
4.5.9
Conclusion
4.49
Electric Supply
4.50
4.6
2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
4.6.1
Sources Of Electricity
4.50
4.6.2
Existing Key Features Of Electric Supply
4.52
4.6.3
Sector Wise Electricity Consumption
4.53
4.6.4
Build Up Area Vs Average Monthly Electricity Bill
4.54
4.6.5
Monthly Income Vs Average Monthly Electricity Bill
4.55
4.6.6
Average Monthly Electricity Bill In Each Ward
4.56
4.6.7
Street Lighting
4.56
4.6.8
Presence Of Solar Panels
4.57
4.6.9
Willingness For Installation Of Solar Panels
4.57
4.6.10 Cooking Fuel
4.58
4.6.11 Electricity Infrastructure Service Level Of Satisfaction
4.59
4.6.12 Current Energy Demand
4.61
4.6.13 Issues Of Electrical Supply
4.61
4.7
Healthcare Facilities
4.62
4.7.1
Healthcare Facilities In State Of West Bengal
4.62
4.7.2
Status Of Healthcare: BMC
4.62
4.7.3
Total No. Of Healthcare Facilities, Doctors And Beds Available
4.64
4.7.4
Adequacy Of Healthcare Facilities
4.69
4.7.5
Ward Wise Accessibility To Emergency Healthcare Facilities
4.71
4.7.6
Service Catchment Area Of Government Hospital.
4.74
4.7.7
Services Available In Healthcare Facilities
4.74
4.7.8
Prevalence Of Diseases
4.77
4.7.9
Maternal Health
4.77
4.7.10 Child Health
4.78
4.7.11 Government Schemes For Health And Family Welfare
4.82
4.7.12 Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana
4.82
4.7.13 Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program
4.82
4.7.14 National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)
4.82
4.7.15 State Government Schemes
4.82
4.7.16 Conclusion
4.83
4.8
Police Stations
4.84
4.8.2
Fire Service
4.87
4.8.3
Socio Cultural Facilities
4.89
4.8.4
Religious Centres
4.92
4.8.5
Organised Green Spaces
4.93
4.8.6
Burial Ground/ Cremation Spaces
4.100
4.8.7
Postal Services
4.100
3 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
4.8.8
Libraries
4.101
4.8.9
Aanganwadi (Icds)
4.101
4.8.10 Bank/ Atm:
4.102
4.8.11 Old Age Home
4.104
5
Traffic And Transportation 5.1
Introduction
5.1 5.2
5.1.1
Analyitical Seqencing Of Transporation Planning Survey
5.2
5.1.2
Participation Of Stakeholders
5.3
5.1.3
Data And Their Sources
5.3
5.2
Regional Linkages
5.2.1
Proximity
5.3 5.4
5.3
Public Transport Facilities
5.6
5.3
Bus Services
5.7
5.4
Road Characteristics
5.12
5.4.1
Surface Material
5.12
5.4.2
Hierarchy
5.13
5.4.3
Road Surface Quality
5.15
5.5
Traffic Volume Analysis
5.5.1 5.6
Peak Hour Determination
Level Of Service Analysis Of Intersections
5.16 5.16 5.26
5.6.1
Introduction
5.26
5.6.2
Detail Of Intersections
5.27
5.6.3
Roundabouts/ Rotaries
5.43
5.7
Speed And Delay Survey
5.52
5.7.1
Speed Delay Survey- Rajarhat Area (North Area)
5.52
5.8.2
Rajarhat Main Road (10 Am)
5.56
5.8.3 Rajarhat Main Road And Jyangra Ghosh Para Road (11:06 Am To 11:18am)
5.56
5.8.4 Rajarhat Main Road And Jyangra Ghosh Para Road (11:06 Am To 11:18am)
5.57
5.8.5
Speed Delay Survey- Salt Lake Area (South Area)
5.58
5.8.6
Name Of Road – Saltlake Area
5.59
5.9 5.10
Congestion Areas Transport Household Survey
5.10.1 Licence Holder 5.11
Vehicle Ownership
5.11.1 Vehicle Ownership Breakup 4 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
5.59 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.62
5.11.2 Leisure Trips
5.63
5.11.3 Level Of Satisfaction: Bus Service
5.64
5.11.4 Frequency Of Use
5.64
5.11.5 Accessibility To Bus Stop
5.64
5.11.6 Walking Time To Bus Stop
5.65
5.11.7 Waiting Time
5.65
5.11.8 Headway Between Two Buses (User Perception)
5.65
5.11.9 Quality Of Bus Service
5.66
5.11.10 Perception Of Safety
5.66
5.11.11 Level Of Satisfaction: Auto Rickshaw Service
5.67
5.11.12 Level Of Satisfaction: Non-Motorized Transit
5.68
5.12
Urban Freight Traffic
5.69
5.12.1 Primary Survey For Freight
5.69
5.12.2 Trip Frequency Of Goods Vehicle
5.71
5.12.3 Arrival Of Goods
5.71
5.12.4 Loading And Unloading Of Goods
5.74
5.12.5 E-Commerce Freight
5.74
5.13
Para-Transit
5.75
5.13.1 Primary Survey Of Para-Transit
5.75
5.14.1 Walking Time To Auto Stand
5.79
5.14.2 Perception Of Safety
5.80
5.15
Parking
5.80
5.16
Trip Generation
5.83
5.16.1 Trip Production 6
Environment And
5.83 Tourism
6.1
6.1
Introduction
6.2
6.2
Aim
6.2
6.3
Objectives
6.2
6.4
Climatic Condition
6.2
6.5
Air Pollution
6.4
6.5.1
Driving Forces:
6.4
6.5.2
Measurement Locations And Parameters Measured
6.4
6.5.3
Air Quality Analysis Experimental Results
6.4
6.5.4
Impact Of Air Pollutants:
6.4
6.5.5
Air Quality Index (Aqi)
6.8
Pollution Dispersion Simulations
6.9
6.6
6.6.1
Year Wise Aqi Variations
5 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
6.10
6.7
Noise Pollution
6.7.1
Measurement Locations
6.11
6.7.2
Experimental Results
6.12
6.7.3
Noise Dispersion Modeling
6.13
6.8
Water Pollution
6.15
6.8.1
Surface Water Quality
6.15
6.8.3
Ground Water Quality
6.21
6.8.4
Water Quality Of East Kolkata Wetlands
6.21
6.8.5
Inferences/Conclusion
6.22
6.9
Renewal Energy Potential Of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
6.22
6.9.1
Introduction
6.22
6.9.2
Initiatives Taken By The State
6.22
6.9.3
Mnre Subsidy
6.23
6.9.4
Electricity Consumption Scenario
6.25
6.9.5
Projects
6.28
6.9.6
Budget Allocation
6.29
6.10
Vegetation Index
6.29
6.10.1 Results And Discussions
6.32
6.10.2 Land Surface Temperature
6.33
6.10.3 Steps For Calculating Land Surface Temperature
6.34
6.10.4 Results Of Land Surface Temperature Estimation
6.37
6.11
Biodiversity
6.38
6.11.1 Introduction
6.38
6.11.2 Measurement Of Biodiversity
6.38
6.11.2 Studies Conducted In Bmc
6.38
6.11.3 Fisheries
6.39
6.11.3 Flora And Fauna
6.40
6.11.4 Trees
6.40
6.11.5 Birds
6.42
6.11.6 Fish
6.44
6.12
7
6.11
Wetlands
6.45
6.12.1 Introduction
6.45
6.12.2 Brief History
6.46
6.12.3 Ramsar Intervention
6.47
6.12.4 Changes Over The Years
6.48
6.12.5 Issues
6.49
Development Management And Finance
6 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
7.1
7.1
Introduction
7.1.1
About The Bmc
7.2
7.1.2
Functions Of Bmc
7.2
7.2
Governance
7.4
7.2.1
Organisational Structure
7.4
7.2.2
Administrative Structure At Bmc
7.6
7.2.3
Administrative Structure Of Borough Offices
7.6
7.3
Taxation
7.7
7.3.1
Taxation Structure
7.7
7.3.2
Property Tax Calculation
7.7
7.4
Municipal Income
7.8
7.4.1
Sources Of Income
7.8
7.4.2
Collection Under Each Head Of Source Of Income
7.8
7.5
8
7.2
Expenditure
7.10
7.5.1
Expenditure Heads
7.10
7.5.2
Spending Under Each Head Of Expenditure
7.10
7.6
Fiscal Standing
7.12
7.7
Issues
7.12
7.8
Annexures
7.14
7.8.1
Annexure 1
7.14
7.8.2
Annexure 2
7.16
Bibliography
7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
8.1
LIST OF FIGURES: Figure 1.1: Location of Study area. Source: (Bidhannagar, 2017) ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 1.2 : Connectivity of BMC area . Source: Google maps ........................................................................ 1.3 Figure 1.3 : Monthly Temperature variations of Bidhannagar(Climate : Bidhannagar, 2016) .......................... 1.4 Figure 1.4: Average monthly rainfall variations in Bidhannagar area ............................................................... 1.5 Figure 1.5: Wind rose diagram showing dirction distributionin percentages .................................................... 1.5 Figure 1.6 : Wind speed monthly variations ...................................................................................................... 1.5 Figure 1.7: Land Use distribution of Rajarhat-Gopalpur ................................................................................. 1.15 Figure 1.8 Ward wise land use of Rajarhat-Gopalpur ..................................................................................... 1.16 Figure 1.9 Existing landuse map for Rajarhat-Gopalpur ................................................................................. 1.22 Figure 1.10: Comparison of Sex Ratio values ................................................................................................. 1.23 Figure 1.11: Sex Ratio for Bidhannagar based upon primary survey .............................................................. 1.24 Figure 1.12: Sex Ratio of Rajarhat based upon primary survey ...................................................................... 1.24 Figure 1.13: Sex ratio of Salt Lake based upon primary survey ...................................................................... 1.24 Figure 1.14: Age Sex Pyramid Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation .............................................................. 1.25 Figure 1.15: Age Sex Pyramid Rajarhat-Gopalpur .......................................................................................... 1.25 Figure 1.16 Age Sex Pyramid Salt Lake.......................................................................................................... 1.25 Figure1.17: Population divisions based on population based on the primary survey ...................................... 1.25 Figure1.18: Religious diversification based on primary survey Salt Lake. ..................................................... 1.26 Figure1.19: Religious diversification based on primary survey Rajarhat-Gopalpur........................................ 1.26 Figure 1.20: Caste divisions as per primary survey – Salt Lake. ..................................................................... 1.26 Figure1.21: Caste divisions as per primary survey – Bidhannagar.................................................................. 1.26 Figure1.22: Caste divisions as per primary survey – Rajarhat-Gopalpur. ....................................................... 1.26 Figure1.23:Comparison of Average Household Size values ........................................................................... 1.27 Figure1.24: Education Levels/ Literacy in BMC (Source: Primary survey).................................................... 1.27 Figure1.25: Average Monthly Household Income Split in BMC .................................................................... 1.28 Figure1.26: Types of Workers in BMC (Source: Primary Survey) ................................................................. 1.29 Figure 1.27 : Population density of BMC wards ............................................................................................. 1.30 Figure 1.28 Gini coefficient for Density Distribution: BMC (Excluding Wetlands) ....................................... 1.31 Figure 1.29 : Gini coefficient for Density Distribution: BMC (Including Wetlands) ...................................... 1.31 Figure 1.30 Gini Coefficient (Density Distribution): Rajarhat-Gopalpur ........................................................ 1.32 Figure 1.31 Gini Coefficient (Density Distribution): Bidhannagar (Salt-Lake) .............................................. 1.32 Figure 1.32Gini Coefficient for Income inequality (BMC Area) .................................................................... 1.33 Figure 1.33 : Gini Coefficient for Income inequality (Rajarhat-Gopalpur Area) ............................................ 1.34 Figure 1.34 : Gini Coefficient for Income inequality (Salt Lake Area) ........................................................... 1.35 Figure 1.35 : Graphical representation of Population projection ..................................................................... 1.37 Figure 1.36 Decadal growth rate ..................................................................................................................... 1.47 Figure 1.37Quantitative Comparison between Children, Old and Working People ........................................ 1.49 Figure1.38Ward wise comparison of Dependency Ratios, Source: Primary Survey ....................................... 1.51 Figure 2.2.1. Workforce Distribution ................................................................................................................ 2.1
8 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 2.2. Growth in GSDP and sectors (2011-12 prices) ............................................................................... 2.3 Figure 2.3. Workforce Participation .................................................................................................................. 2.3 Figure 2.4. Distribution of Main Workers ......................................................................................................... 2.4 Figure 2.5. Distribution of Marginal Workers ................................................................................................... 2.4 Figure 2.6. Distribution of Workforce ............................................................................................................... 2.5 Figure 2.7. Income patterns of Wards in Rajarhat ............................................................................................. 2.6 Figure 2.8. Income patterns of wards in Salt Lake ............................................................................................ 2.6 Figure 2.9. Process for issuing of new Trade Licenses .................................................................................... 2.15 Figure 2.11. Informal Sector in Rajarhat-Gopalpur ......................................................................................... 2.19 Figure 2.10. Informal Sector in Salt Lake ....................................................................................................... 2.19 Figure 2.12. Operating years’: Salt Lake&Rajarhat ........................................................................................ 2.20 Figure 2.13. Monthly Turnover: Salt Lake&Rajarhat ..................................................................................... 2.20 Figure 2.14. Map showing location of selected markets ................................................................................. 2.23 Figure 3.1 Ward wise Household Size Distribution .......................................................................................... 3.4 Figure 3.2 Housing Stock Typology- Salt Lake ................................................................................................ 3.4 Figure 3.3 Housing Stock Typology-Rajarhat ................................................................................................... 3.4 Figure 3.4 Ward wise Housing Stock Typology................................................................................................ 3.5 Figure 3.5 Housing Condition – Rajarhat
Figure 3.6 Housing Condition - Salt Lake ................... 3.5
Figure 3.7 Ward wise Housing Condition ......................................................................................................... 3.6 Figure 3.8 Type of Structure -Rajarhat .............................................................................................................. 3.6 Figure 3.11 Age of Construction - Rajarhat
Figure 3.12 Age of Construction –Salt Lake ...................... 3.7
Figure 3.9 Ownership Pattern - Rajarhat ........................................................................................................... 3.7 Figure 3.10 Ownership Pattern - Salt Lake........................................................................................................ 3.7 Figure 3.13 Ward wise Age of Housing Stock .................................................................................................. 3.8 Figure 3.14 Residential cum Other Use- Rajarhat ............................................................................................. 3.8 Figure 3.15 Residential cum Other Use - Salt Lake .......................................................................................... 3.9 Figure 3.16 Income wise Housing Distribution – Rajarhat ............................................................................... 3.9 Figure 3.17 Income wise Distribution - Salt Lake ........................................................................................... 3.10 Figure 3.18 Scope of Development – Rajarhat ................................................................................................ 3.10 Figure 3.19 Scope of Development - Salt Lake ............................................................................................... 3.11 Figure 4.1: Ward wise distribution of water source ........................................................................................... 4.6 Figure 4.2 : Ward wise variation of water quality ............................................................................................. 4.8 Figure 4.3 : Rainfall Data of North 24 Parganas (source: Indian Meteorological Dept) ................................. 4.10 Figure 4.4 : Drainage Basins and canal flow direction .................................................................................... 4.11 Figure 4.5: Existing Drainage Network of Salt Lake area (source: BMC) ..................................................... 4.12 Figure 4.6 :Water stagnation in Rajarhat, ward wise (source: primary survey)............................................... 4.18 Figure 4.7: Duration of Water Stagnation in Rajarhat (Source: primary survey) ............................................ 4.19 Figure 4.8:Duration of water stagnation in Rajarhat area (Source: primary survey) ....................................... 4.19 Figure 4.9: Frequency of drainage cleaning in Rajarhat (Source: primary survey) ......................................... 4.20 Figure 4.10: Level of satisfaction in Cleaning of drains in Rajarhat (Source: primary survey) ...................... 4.20
9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 4.11: Water Stagnation in Salt Lake City Area (Source: primary survey) .......................................... 4.21 Figure 4.12: Duration of stagnation of water in Salt Lake area (Source: primary survey) .............................. 4.22 Figure 4.13: Duration of water stagnation in Salt Lake (Source: primary survey) .......................................... 4.22 Figure 4.14: Level of satisfaction for drainage cleaning in Salt lake area (Source: primary survey) .............. 4.23 Figure 4.15: Satisfaction level of drainage cleaning in Salt Lake area (Source: primary survey) ................... 4.23 .Figure 4.16: Bagjola Treatment Plant (source: Google maps)........................................................................ 4.24 Figure 4.17: Bagjola Treatment Plant (Source: primary survey) ..................................................................... 4.24 Figure 4.18: Sewerage Network of Salt Lake Area (Source: BMC)................................................................ 4.25 Figure 4.19: Sewage disposal in Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey) .............................................................. 4.26 Figure 4.20: Sewage Disposal in Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey) ............................................................. 4.26 Figure 4.21: Sewage Disposal in Salt lake (Source: Primary Survey) ............................................................. 4.26 Figure 4.22: Satisfaction of sewerage cleaning in Salt Lake (Source: Primary Survey) ................................. 4.27 Figure 4.23: Type of toilet used in Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey) .......................................................... 4.27 Figure 4.24: Type of Toilet Used In Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey) ........................................................ 4.27 Figure 4.25: Type of toilet used in Salt Lake area (Source: Primary Survey) ................................................. 4.28 Figure 4.267: Areas of high flow accumulation .............................................................................................. 4.32 Figure 4.27: Ward wise disposal methods
Source: Primary survey............................................................. 4.36
Figure 4.28: Frequency of collection of waste in BMC
Source: Primary survey ............................... 4.36
Figure 4.29: Mechanised street sweeping in Salt Lake .................................................................................... 4.36 Figure 4.31: Waste Collection/Disposal in Market areas ................................................................................ 4.37 Figure 4.30: Location of community bins in BMC. Source: Primary survey .................................................. 4.37 Figure 4.32: Compactor unit in Salt Lake........................................................................................................ 4.39 Figure .4.33: Dumping ground at Mollar Bheri ............................................................................................... 4.39 Figure 0.1. Ward wise distribution of healthcare facilities Source: (Primary Survey) .................................... 4.70 Figure 0.2: Distance decay curve
Source: (Primary Survey) ..................................................... 4.70
Figure 0.3: Distance decay curve
Source: (Primary Survey) ...................................................................... 4.71
Figure 0.5. Typology of diseases
Source: (Primary Survey) ............................................................... 4.77
Figure 4.49. Dengue cases reported from 2012-2017
Source : (BMC) .......................... 4.79
Figure 5.1: Stakeholder's Participation .............................................................................................................. 5.3 Figure 5.2: Proximity of BMC to nearby cities ................................................................................................. 5.4 Figure 5.3: Regional Transportation facilities ................................................................................................... 5.5 Figure 5.4: Ward wise percentage of roads with respect to pavement material (Rajarhat).............................. 5.12 Figure 5.5: Ward wise percentage of roads with respect to pavement material (Salt Lake) ............................ 5.13 Figure 5.6: Ward wise percentage of hierarchical roads (Rajarhat)................................................................. 5.13 Figure 5.7: Ward wise percentage of hierarchical roads (Salt Lake) ............................................................... 5.13 Figure 5.8: Ward wise percentage of roads based on surface quality (Rajarhat) ............................................. 5.15 Figure 5.9: Ward wise percentage of roads based on surface quality (Rajarhat) ............................................. 5.15 Figure 5.10: Chinar park intersection diagram. ............................................................................................... 5.17 Figure 5.11: PCU variation towards VIP road junction (A) ........................................................................... 5.17 Figure 5.12: PCU variation towards Rajarhat Road (C) .................................................................................. 5.18
10 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 5.13: Composition of Traffic towards A & C....................................................................................... 5.18 Figure 5.14: PCU variation towards City Centre II (D)................................................................................... 5.19 Figure 5.15: PCU variation towards Charnock Hospital (B) ........................................................................... 5.19 Figure 5.16: Traffic Composition towards B&D ............................................................................................. 5.20 Figure 5.17: Karunamoyee intersection ........................................................................................................... 5.21 Figure 5.18: PCU variation towards Ultadanga .............................................................................................. 5.21 Figure 5.19: Composition of Traffic towards sector 3 &Ultadanga ................................................................ 5.22 Figure 5.20: Composition of Traffic towards Belaghata & sector 5 ................................................................ 5.22 Figure 5.21: Composition of Traffic Towards airport ..................................................................................... 5.23 Figure 5.22: Composition of Traffic towards Narayanpur& Kaikhali market ................................................. 5.23 Figure 5.23: Composition of Traffic towards Rajarhat &Salt Lake................................................................. 5.24 Figure 5.24: Composition of Traffic towards Manicktala ............................................................................... 5.24 Figure 5.25: Composition of Traffic towards Dakshinadhari Road ................................................................. 5.25 Figure 5.26: Composition of Traffic towards VIP Road ................................................................................. 5.25 Figure 5.27: Intersection Details of Chinar Park Intersection ......................................................................... 5.28 Figure 5.28: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.28 Figure 5.29: Intersection Details of Ward 15 Intersection ............................................................................... 5.29 Figure 5.30: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.29 Figure 5.31:Intersection Details of Noapara Intersection ................................................................................ 5.30 Figure 5.32 :Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.31 Figure 5.33: Intersection Details of Kaikhali Intersection ............................................................................... 5.31 Figure 5.34: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.31 Figure 5.35: Intersection Details of Narayanpur Road Intersection ................................................................ 5.32 Figure 5.36: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.32 Figure 5.37: Intersection Details of Baguiati Canal Intersection ..................................................................... 5.33 Figure 5.38 :Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.33 Figure 5.39: EM Bypass-BroadWay Road Intersection .................................................................................. 5.34 Figure 5.40: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.34 Figure 5.41: VIP Chowk Intersection .............................................................................................................. 5.35 Figure 5.42: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ..................................................................... 5.35 Figure 5.43 :Share of Different Transportation Modes on Intersections considered understudy .................... 5.40 Figure 5.44 Design elements of a rotaryFigure 5.45 Traffic operations in a rotary......................................... 5.43 Figure 5.46 Intersection Detail of Rotary near Carnival Cinemas ................................................................... 5.45 Figure 5.47 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ...................................................................... 5.46 Figure 5.48 Intersection Detail of Rotary near Kalyan Jewellers, Sec 40 ....................................................... 5.46 Figure 5.49 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ...................................................................... 5.47 Figure 5.50 Intersection Detail of Rotary at BG-AG Block ............................................................................ 5.47 Figure 5.51 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ...................................................................... 5.47 Figure 5.52 Intersection Detail of Rotary near Tank 9 .................................................................................... 5.48 Figure 5.53 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection ...................................................................... 5.48
11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 5.54: Share of license holder in Salt Lake ............................................................................................ 5.61 Figure 5.55: Share of license holder in Rajarhat Gopalpur.............................................................................. 5.61 Figure 5.56: Ownership status in Salt Lake ..................................................................................................... 5.61 Figure 5.57: Ownership status in Rajarhat Gopalpur....................................................................................... 5.61 Figure 5.58: Share of vehicle types in Rajarhat Gopalpur ............................................................................... 5.62 Figure 5.59: Share of vehicle types in Salt Lake ............................................................................................. 5.62 Figure 5.60: Frequency of trips in Rajarhat Gopalpur ..................................................................................... 5.63 Figure 5.61: Frequency of trips in Salt Lake ................................................................................................... 5.63 Figure 5.62: Frequency of usage in Rajarhat Gopalpur ................................................................................... 5.64 Figure 5.63: Frequency of usage in Salt Lake ................................................................................................. 5.64 Figure 5.64: Level of Accessibilty in Salt Lake .............................................................................................. 5.64 Figure 5.65: Level of Accessibilty in Rajarhat ................................................................................................ 5.64 Figure 5.66:Walking time in minutes in Salt Lake .......................................................................................... 5.65 Figure 5.67 :Walking time in minutes in Rajarhat Gopalpur ........................................................................... 5.65 Figure 5.68: Waiting time in Salt Lake ........................................................................................................... 5.65 Figure 5.69: Waiting time in Rajarhat Gopalpur ............................................................................................. 5.65 Figure5.70: Waiting time in Salt Lake ............................................................................................................ 5.65 Figure 5.71: Waiting time in Rajarhat Gopalpur ............................................................................................. 5.65 Figure 5.72: Quality of Bus services in Salt Lake ........................................................................................... 5.66 Figure 5.73: Quality of Bus services in Rajarhat Gopalpur ............................................................................. 5.66 Figure 5.74: Quality of safety in Salt Lake ...................................................................................................... 5.66 Figure 5.75: Quality of safety in Rajarhat Gopalpur ....................................................................................... 5.66 Figure 5.76: Walking time in minutes in Salt lake .......................................................................................... 5.67 Figure 5.77: Walking time in minutes in Rajarhat Gopalpur ........................................................................... 5.67 Figure 5.78: Quality of safety in Salt Lake ...................................................................................................... 5.67 Figure 5.79: Quality of safety in Rajarhat Gopalpur ....................................................................................... 5.67 Figure5.80: Level of satisification fro the quality of road in Rajarhat Gopalpur............................................. 5.68 Figure 5.81: Level of satisification fro the quality of road in Salt Lake .......................................................... 5.68 Figure5.82: Satisification of users from Vehicular Traffic in Salt Lake .......................................................... 5.68 Figure 5.83: Satisification of users from Vehicular Traffic in Rajarhat Gopalpur .......................................... 5.68 Figure 5.85: Satisification of users while crossing roads in Salt Lake ............................................................ 5.68 Figure 5.84: Satisification of users while crossing roads in Rajarhat Gopalpur .............................................. 5.69 Figure 5.86 : Arrival time of LCV in Rajarhat ................................................................................................ 5.73 Figure 5.87: Arrival time of LCV in Salt-lake ................................................................................................. 5.73 Figure 5.88 Loading and Unloading of goods in Rajarhat ............................................................................... 5.74 Figure 5.89:Loading and Unloading of goods in Rajarhat............................................................................... 5.74 Figure 5.90: Loading and Unloading of goods in Salt Lake ............................................................................ 5.74 Figure 5.91: Online shopping in Salt lake and Rajarhat .................................................................................. 5.74 Figure 5.93: Walking time in minutes in Rajarhat Gopalpur ........................................................................... 5.79 Figure 5.92: Walking time in minutes in Salt lake .......................................................................................... 5.79
12 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 5.94: Quality of safety in Salt Lake ...................................................................................................... 5.80 Figure 5.95: Quality of safety in Rajarhat Gopalpur ....................................................................................... 5.80 Figure 5.96: trip production in rajarhat............................................................................................................ 5.84 Figure 5.97: trip production in salt lake ........................................................................................................... 5.84 Figure 5.98: total trip production ..................................................................................................................... 5.85 Figure 5.99: Mode distribution of trip production in Rajarhat ........................................................................ 5.85 Figure 5.100: Mode distribution of trip production in Salt Lake ..................................................................... 5.86 Figure 6.1:Graph Showing Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Levels .................................................... 6.3 Figure 6.2: Windrose Diagram of the Study Area ............................................................................................. 6.3 Figure 6.3: Karunamoyee Junction .................................................................................................................... 6.9 Figure 7.1Organisational Structure of BMC (BMC, 2017) ............................................................................... 7.4 Figure 7.2 Organogram of BMC (BMC, 2017) ................................................................................................. 7.5 Figure 7.3Structure of Borough Offices(BMC, 2017) ....................................................................................... 7.6 Figure 7.4 Division of Wards in Boroughs (BMC, 2017) ................................................................................. 7.6 Figure 7.5Actual collection under various heads in FY 2015-16 and 2016-17(Amount in Lakh)..................... 7.9 Figure 7.6Share wise comparison between different sources of income as % of Total Income ........................ 7.9 Figure 7.7Actual Amount Spent on different categories in FY 2015-16 and 2016-17 (Amount in Lakh) ...... 7.11 Figure 7.8Spending as a % share of the Total Expenditure ............................................................................. 7.12 Figure 7.9 Comparison between income and expenditure of the BMC ........................................................... 7.13
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 : Microclimatic data for Bidhannagar ................................................................................................ 1.3 Table 1.2 Land Use distribution for Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation ...................................................... 1.14 Table 1.3 Land Use distribution of Salt Lake .................................................................................................. 1.15 Table 1.4: Land Use Distribution (in percentages) .......................................................................................... 1.16 Table 1.5 Built-up Density for Rajarhat-Gopalpur based on primary survey .................................................. 1.17 Table 1.6Built-up Density for Salt Lake based on primary survey.................................................................. 1.19 Table 1.7:Projected Population for year 2021, 2031 using different methods ................................................. 1.36 Table 1.8: Salt lake female population projection ........................................................................................... 1.39 Table 1.9:Salt Lake male population projection .............................................................................................. 1.40 Table 1.10:Rajarhat Female population projection.......................................................................................... 1.41 Table 1.11:Rajarhat male population projection.............................................................................................. 1.42 Table 1.12: Projected population using natural growth rate ........................................................................... 1.44 Table 1.13 Dependency and Potential Support Ratios for Saltlake, Rajarhat and BMC ................................. 1.47 Table 1.14 Ward wise Dependency Ratio for BMC,Source: Primary Survey ................................................. 1.49 Table 2.1.Economic Base for Kolkata region. ................................................................................................... 2.1 Table 2.2. Workforce Participation ................................................................................................................... 2.4 Table 2.3. Income Distribution - Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation ............................................................. 2.5 Table 2.4. Details of Industrial areas in the North 24-Parganas ........................................................................ 2.7
13 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Table 2.5. Distribution Share of Manufacturing and Services MSMEs (No. of Enterprises) .......................... 2.14 Table 2.6.Municipal income comparison for the FY 2016-17 (amount as per challan) .................................. 2.16 Table 2.7. List of Markets Surveyed in Rajarhat-Gopalpur ............................................................................. 2.16 Table 2.8. List of Markets Surveyed in Rajarhat-Gopalpur (Continued) ........................................................ 2.17 Table 2.9. List of Markets Surveyed in Salt Lake ........................................................................................... 2.18 Table 2.10. List of Markets Surveyed in Salt Lake (Continued) ..................................................................... 2.18 Table 3.1 Ward wise Housing Shortage ............................................................................................................ 3.2 Table 4.1: Existing water demand in BMC ....................................................................................................... 4.3 Table 4.2: Sources of water ............................................................................................................................... 4.4 Table 4.3: Ward wise perception on quality and quantity of water ................................................................... 4.7 Table 4.4: Waste generation per capita per day for Bidhannagar Table 4.5: Waste Composition
Source: MSW Rules, 2016.............. 4.34
Source: WBPCB ........................................................................................ 4.34
Table 4.6: Waste Characteristics in Bidhannagar and neighbouring municipalities
Source: WBPCB......... 4.35
Table 3.3.4.7: Waste generated from the markets of Salt Lake ....................................................................... 4.38 Table 4.8: Waste generated from the markets of Rajarhat-Gopalpur .............................................................. 4.38 Table.4.9: No: of municipal corporation employees involved in SWM (Source: BMC) ................................ 4.40 Table.4.10: Waste management capacity (Source: BMC) ............................................................................... 4.40 Table 5.1: Steps involved in transpotation planning .......................................................................................... 5.2 Table 5.2 : Data and their sources ..................................................................................................................... 5.3 Table 5.3: Public transit details ......................................................................................................................... 5.7 Table 5.4:Percentage of roads in Rajarhat-Gopalpur ....................................................................................... 5.12 Table 5.5 :Percentage of roads in Salt Lake .................................................................................................... 5.12 Table 5.6: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Chinar park intersection .................................................... 5.20 Table 5.7: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Karunamoyee Intersection ................................................. 5.22 Table 5.8: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Kaikhali Intersection ......................................................... 5.23 Table 5.9: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Duttabad Intersection ........................................................ 5.24 Table 5.5.10: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Clock Tower Intersection ............................................. 5.25 Table 5.11:PCU Conversion Values used........................................................................................................ 5.26 Table 5.12: LOS Calculation of Different Intersections .................................................................................. 5.39 Table 5.13 :Analysis of intersection ................................................................................................................ 5.41 Table 5.14:Traffic flow on Rotary 1
Table 5.15 :Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic .......... 5.49
Table 5.16 :Traffic flow on Rotary 2
Table 5.17 :Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic ........ 5.49
Table 5.18 :Traffic flow on Rotary 3
Table 5.19 :Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic ... 5.49
Table 5.20 :Traffic flow on Rotary 4
Table 5.21:Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic .... 5.49
Table 5.22:Analysis of Rotaries ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5.23:Analysis of Rotaries ...................................................................................................................... 5.50 Table 5.24: Characteristics of study stretches ................................................................................................. 5.53 Table 5.25: MAR Rajarhat Main Road Intersection to Rajarhat Main Road- SRCM Road ............................ 5.54 Table 5.26: From – Kaikhali Main junction to Tegharia main road junction .................................................. 5.55 Table 5.27: From – Baguihati to Jagatpur Market ........................................................................................... 5.55
14 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Table 5.28: From – Bengal chemical to Big ben ............................................................................................. 5.56 Table 5.29: From – Chinar park Intersection to Ward 15 Intersection ............................................................ 5.56 Table 5.30: From – Chinar park Intersection to Ward 15 Intersection ............................................................ 5.57 Table 5.31: From – INTERSECTION to INTERSECTION (Morning) .......................................................... 5.59 Table 5.32: From – INTERSECTION to INTERSECTION (Evening) .......................................................... 5.59 Table 5.33: Percentage of heavy vehicles during the morning and evening hours .......................................... 5.70 Table 5.34: Percentage of freight traffic between 9:30pm to 11:00pm at various junctions ........................... 5.70 Table 5.35: Arrival of LCVs and trip frequency of LCVs-zone wise .............................................................. 5.73 Table 5.36: Para-transit details at various junctions of BMC .......................................................................... 5.79 Table 5.37: List of parking facilities ................................................................................................................ 5.80 Table 5.38: Ward-wise Trip production .......................................................................................................... 5.83 Table 6.1: Impacts of various air pollutants ...................................................................................................... 6.5 Table 6.2: PM10 concentration at Morning peak ................................................................................................ 6.5 Table 6.3: PM10 concentration at Evening peak ................................................................................................ 6.6 Table 6.4: PM2.5 concentration at Morning peak ............................................................................................... 6.6 Table 6.5: PM2.5 concentration at Evening peak .............................................................................................. 6.6 Table 6.6: CO concentration at Morning peak .................................................................................................. 6.7 Table 6.7: CO concentration at Evening peak ................................................................................................... 6.7 Table 6.8: AQI at Morning peak........................................................................................................................ 6.8 Table 6.9: AQI at Evening Peak ........................................................................................................................ 6.8 Table 6.10: Water Quality Index (WQI) and Status of Water Quality ............................................................ 6.16 Table 6.11: Concentration of heavy metals in the sediments in the fisheries of East Kolkata Wetlands ........ 6.21 Table 6.12: Concentration of heavy metals in the water of the fisheries of East Kolkata Wetlands ............... 6.21 Table 6.13: Concentration of heavy metals in fishes in the fisheries of East Kolkata Wetlands ..................... 6.22 Table 6.14: Subsidy Calculation
Table 6.15: Items Calculation for Solar Power .......................... 6.23
Table 6.16: Subsidy Calculation ...................................................................................................................... 6.25 Table 6.17: Intended Solar Energy Projects in BMC ...................................................................................... 6.27 Table 6.18: Completed Solar Energy Projects ................................................................................................. 6.28 Table 6.19: Budget Allocation (Phase Wise)................................................................................................... 6.29 Table 6.20: Ward wise Vegetation Cover ........................................................................................................ 6.32 Table 6.21: Fisheries Status ............................................................................................................................. 6.39 Table 6.22: List of trees and their tentative usage ........................................................................................... 6.40 Table 6.23:Tables showing types of plant ....................................................................................................... 6.41 Table 6.24: Table showing types of fishes ...................................................................................................... 6.44 Table 7.1 Comparison of Functions of BMC with WBMCA, 2006 .................................................................. 7.2 Table 7.2 Taxes and Charges levied by BMC ................................................................................................... 7.7 Table 7.3 Sources of Income of BMC and Collection (Amount in Lakh) (BMC, 2017)................................... 7.8 Table 7.4Comparitive ratios for Income .......................................................................................................... 7.10 Table 7.5 Broad Expenditure Categories of BMC ........................................................................................... 7.10 Table 7.6 Expenditure for FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17 (Amount in lakh) (BMC, 2017) .............................. 7.11
15 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Table 7.7Comparitive Ratios of Expenditure .................................................................................................. 7.12
LIST OF MAPS Map 0.1 NDVI for the year 2008(Source: Landsat Imagery)………………………………………………...1.8 Map 0.2 : NDVI for the year 2013 (Source: Landsat Imagery)………………………………………………1.9
Map I.3 NDVI for the year 2018(Source: Landsat Imagery)……...……………..….……………1.10 Map I.4 Geomorphology and Soil Map (Source: GSI, 2014)……..……………………………...1.11 Map I.5 Contour Map.......................................................................................................................................1.12 Map I.6 Slop Map ............................................................................................................................................1.13 Map I.7 Aspect Map ............................................................…………………………....................................1.14 Map 4.1: Water infrastructuresin BMC (source: BMC) .................................................................................... 4.5 Map 4.2: Open and closed drains of BMC. ..................................................................................................... 4.14 Map 4.3: Kutcha and Pucca drains of BMC .................................................................................................... 4.15 Map 4.4: Clogged drains of BMC ................................................................................................................... 4.16 Map 4.5: Single sided and Double sided drains ............................................................................................... 4.17 Map 4.6: Areas of reported waterlogging ........................................................................................................ 4.17 Map 4.7: Open Defecation Areas (Source: Primary Survey)........................................................................... 4.29 Map 4.8: Drainage zones for each canal .......................................................................................................... 4.30 Map 4.9: Different Zones of Network based on Existing Condition ............................................................... 4.31 Map 4.10: Map showing the location of Compactor Stations and Transfer Stations in BMC Source: Primary survey .............................................................................................................................................................. 4.39 Map4.0.16. Service catchment area of emergency healthcare facilities Source: (Primary Survey)................. 4.72 Map 5.1: Public transport facilities
Source: Primary survey ............................................................... 5.6
Map 5.2: Road hierarchy of Bidhannagar municipal corporation area ............................................................ 5.14 Map 5.3: Intersection locations for peak hour survey...................................................................................... 5.16 Map 5.4: Location of Intersections surveyed in Bidhannagar MC .................................................................. 5.27 Map 5.5: Location of Study corridor in Rajarhat............................................................................................. 5.52 Map 5.6: Location of Study corridor in Salt Lake ........................................................................................... 5.58 Map 5.7: Congestion areas observed during the survey Source: Primary Survey .......................................... 5.60 Map 5.8: Major intersections surveyed for freight transit. .............................................................................. 5.69 Map 5.9: Zonal division for analysis purpose.................................................................................................. 5.72 Map 5.10: Survey points done for para-transit ................................................................................................ 5.75
16 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
1 DEMOGRAPHY AND LANDUSE
1.0 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.1
Introduction
1.1.1 History The study area, Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation, is comprised of Salt Lake (Bidhannagar) and later in 2015, included municipal areas of Rajarhat-Gopalpur and Panchayat areas of Mahishbathan-II Gram Panchayat. It is located in North 24 Paraganas district of West Bengal. Earlier it was named as ‘Bidhannagar Municipality’ and included the original township of Salt Lake(About BMC, 2015).
1.1.2 Salt lake The primary objective of planning the Salt Lake City in Kolkata was done for relieving the burst of population happening from the 1947, partition of Bengal and the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation movement. It was the brainchild of the then Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, and was later renamed after him as ‘Bidhannagar’. In 1953, the Dutch firm ‘NEDECO’ started surveying the salt water lakes situated in the eastern part of Kolkata and later in around 1960, the consortium of Ivan Milutinovic and Invest Import were selected through a global tender for reclamation of the salt lakes.In 1964, the urban planning proposal of the enterprise Ivan Milutinovic from Belgrade was accepted through a competition. The urban planning team was then headed by Dobrivoje Toskovic from Yugoslav, who conceptualized the proposal. During the period of 1961 to 1967, the reclamation was completed and people started occupying the so established city from 1971 onwards(Toskovic, A review on Salt Lake India: Master planning and realization, 2008). The conceptualization of planning was made on the basis of studies conducted on Brasilia, Rawalpindi and Chandigarh and understanding the pros and cons of each, thereby developing the following considerations-
Urban Characteristics: A coherent structure of the town was envisaged. A central core with a garden inspired by the garden city concept (central park, Green Boulevard, lands on leasehold) was the underlying concept of the plan.
Harmony between Old and New town
Inhabitants and the city growth: The influence of the citizens and their way of livelihood was followed in human scaled residential neighborhoods arranged in hierarchy, with ample amount of community spaces for healthy interactions amongst the citizens.
Road Networks: followed a system of hierarchy to separate the fast/slow and the pedestrian traffic. Six type of streets were planned – I to IV were dedicated for town avenues and V/ VI were residential streets(Toskovic, A review on Salt Lake India: Master planning and realization, 2008).
1.1.3 History of Administration The brief chronology of administration of the study area is as follows: •
1965- Salt lake City was developed under Irrigation and waterways department, Government of West Bengal.
•
1989 to 1991- Salt lake city was administered by a Special notified area authority
•
1991 to 1995- Salt Lake was under Urban Development department
1.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography •
1995 to 2015- Bidhannagar Municipality consisting of 23 wards was developed.
•
2015 -Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation constituted by merging the existing municipal areas of Bidhannagar Municipality and Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality and the panchayat area of Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat.
The current administration hierarchy consists of a head office at Bidhannagar, six borough offices and 41 ward offices spread across the BMC boundary. The BMC falls under the administrative jurisdiction of Bidhannagar subdivision in the district of North 24 Parganas and police jurisdiction of Bidhannagar city police(About BMC, 2015).
1.1.4 Area growth The Salt Lake City was formed with an Initial area of 12.5 sq.km (1970). The Census 1981 area for Bidhannagar is 15.54 sq.km. 20.34 sq.km (1991 census under Bidhannagar Municipality). In 1995, additional area consisting of wetlands and water bodies of 20.98 sq.km was added to that. Further in 2011, the area reported by census was 33.1 sq.km and the current area as reported by the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is 60.5 sq.km of total Kolkata Metropolitan area of 1886.67 sq.km(Census of India, 1991/2001/2011).
1.1.5 Sectoral growth Bidhannagar was basically conceived in the form of five Sectors-I, II, III, IV & V and 23 sectors which were further increased to 25. In 2006, Sector V, which is the Industrial Sector was separated from Bidhannagar to form a new Municipal area ‘Naba-Diganta’. After adding the municipal areas of Rajarhat- Gopalpur and Panchayat areas of Mahishbathan-II Gram Panchayat, the total number of sectors were increased to 41(Toskovic, A review on Salt Lake India: Master planning and realization, 2008).
1.2
Planning area characteristics
1.2.1 Location The study area, BMC is located in the eastern part of Kolkata, in between co-ordinates 22.58° N, 88.42° E. It is situated in the district of North 24 Paraganas, West Bengal. The district North 24 paraganas is surrounded by Nadia district by north, to Bangladesh (Khulna Division) by north and east, to South 24 Parganas and Kolkata by south and to Kolkata, Howrah and Hoogly by west(Toskovic, A review on salt lake city, Kolkata, India: Master planning and realization, 2008).
1.2.2 Connectivity Apart from Rajarhat and Newtown, Bidhannagar area is one of the most important cities in the district. The importance majorly lies due to the abundance of jobs as well as quality of life available in the area. Bidhannagar municipal corporation area has a very close proximity to the airport (12.7 kilometers from Bidhannagar). The BMC area is very well connected to Kolkata by the VIP road (Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue) and the Eastern Metropolitan by-pass which adjoins the Bidhannagar area and goes further down south, connecting to the suburbs. The VIP road extends further on the north and connects to Dum Dum and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport. On the eastern side, the VIP road branches out and further connects to the Howrah Railway station.
1.2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Figure 1.1 : Connectivity of BMC area . Source: Google maps
1.2.3 Climate 1.2.3.1 North 24 Paraganas The climate of the district North 24 Paraganas is tropical. The Monsoon season lasts from early June to midSeptember. The weather remains dry during the winter (mid-November to mid-February) and humid during summer. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1579mm. The temperatures range from 10 degrees (Jan) to 41 degrees (May) Celsius. The relative humidity ranges between 50% (March) to 90% (July)(North 24 Parganas district, 2009).
1.2.3.2 Bidhannagar The microclimatic data of Bidhannagar shows a slight variation from the district climate. Table 1.1 : Microclimatic data for Bidhannagar
Avg. Temperature (°C) Min. Temperature (°C) Max. Temperature (°C)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
19.5
22.1
27
30
30.6
29.8
28.8
28.7
28.9
27.5
23.3
19.6
12.6
15.2
20.4
24.2
25.7
26.2
26
25.8
25.7
23.5
17.7
13
26.5
29
33.7
35.9
35.5
33.5
31.7
31.7
32.1
31.5
29
26.3
1.3 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography 67.1 71.8 Avg. Temperature (°F) 54.7 59.4 Min. Temperature (°F) 79.7 84.2 Max. Temperature (°F) 21 Precipitation / 14 Rainfall (mm) (Climate : Bidhannagar, 2016)
80.6
86.0
87.1
85.6
83.8
83.7
84.0
81.5
73.9
67.3
68.7
75.6
78.3
79.2
78.8
78.4
78.3
74.3
63.9
55.4
92.7
96.6
95.9
92.3
89.1
89.1
89.8
88.7
84.2
79.3
28
51
118
302
361
327
297
138
25
7
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan
Feb Mar Apr Avg. Temperature (°C)
May
Jun Jul Aug Min. Temperature (°C)
Sept Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature (°C)
Figure 1.2 : Monthly Temperature variations of Bidhannagar(Climate : Bidhannagar, 2016)
The month of May is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in May averages 30.6 °C. At 19.5 °C on average, January is the coldest month of the year.
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
1.4 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Figure 1.3:: Average monthly rainfall variations in Bidhannagar area
(Climate : Bidhannagar, 2016) The driest month being December with 7 mm of rainfall. The maximum rainfall happens in July, averaging to around 361mm. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1689 mm.
Figure 1.4:: Wind rose diagram showing dirction distributionin percentages
Figure 1.5 : Wind speed monthly variations
(Kolkata/Dum Dum Airport, 2017) The prevalent wind flow direction is towards the South, North and the NNW directions throughout the year. The maximum speed is 8 knots.
1.2.4 Physical features 1.2.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index The NDVI measures the amount of live green vegetation of an area. Live green vegetation absorbsvisible light as part of photosynthesis and scatter near infrared of solarenergy. NDVI is an index which measures this difference and provides current vegetation density and condition. NDVI is calculated from the reflections of Red and Near Infrared rays (NIR) as asNDVI = (rNIR - rRed) / (rNIR + rRed)
... 1
A study of the NDVI of the years 2008 till 2018 in 5 years interval shows a receding green vegetation of the study area, more in the region of Rajarhat and Gopalpur indicating increase of built mass and reducing vegetation in those areas (Map I.1, Map I.2, Map I.3). 1.5 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.2.4.2 Geomorphology and Soil Characteristics The soil types found in the study area are mainly of two types: Sand silt clay (loam) covering around 55% of the study area and rest yellowish brown silt clay.Loamy soil is good for foundations(Map I.4).
1.2.4.3 Elevation and contours A contour line joins points of equal elevation. A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or gentleness of slopes (Map I.5). Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation does not have a high range of contour interval. Maximum percentage of the area has an elevation of 5m to 15m. There is no significant abrupt slope change as well as no major directional slope.
1.2.4.4 Slope map Slope is the measure of steepness or the degree of inclination of a feature relative to the horizontal plane. Slope maps would be useful for natural drainage analysis and drainage design (Map I.6).
1.2.4.5 Aspect map Aspect can be generated from continuous elevation surfaces .The compass direction that a topographic slope faces, usually measured in degrees from north. It helps in determining the climatic condition at local level (Map I.7).
1.6 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map 1.1 NDVI for the year 2008(Source: Landsat Imagery)
1.7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map 1.2 : NDVI for the year 2013 (Source: Landsat Imagery)
1.8 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map I.3 NDVI for the year 2018(Source: Landsat Imagery)
1.9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map I.4 Geomorphology and Soil Map (Source: GSI, 2014)
1.10 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map I.5 Contour Map ((Source: SRTM DEM)
1.11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map I.6 Slope Map
1.12 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map I.7 Aspect Map (Source: SRTM DEM)
1.13 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.3
Land use
1.3.1 Introduction Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is a part of North 24 Paraganas district, and shares its boundary with Kolkata district.Salt Lake City was planned for relieving the burst of population happening from the 1947, partition of Bengal and the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation movement. Later the municipal areas of RajarhatGopalpur and Panchayat areas of Mahishbathan-II Gram Panchayat were added forming the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation, thereby creating two separate areas – a planned area and another which was developed in an organic manner.
1.3.2 Existing Land use 1.3.2.1 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation has an area of 55.94 sqkm (as per primary survey), which comprises of two major areas Salt Lake and Rajarhat-Gopalpur. Primaryland use survey was conducted to identify the distribution of various land uses. The land use distribution of the area is given in theError! Reference source not found.,which shows about 34.48% of protective and undevelopable land. The major portion of it lies under wetlands. About 9.42% of the total area lies either vacant, open or agricultural land. About 36.84% of the total area lies under residential area. Area under commercial, industrial, recreational and public-semipublic uses is very low with not more than 5% of each. Table 1.2 Land Use distribution for Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Land use Residential Commercial Industrial Public/Semi�Public Mixed Use Recreational Transportation and Communication Primary Activity Protective and Undevelopable Special Area / Open Plot Total area
Area (in sqkm) 20.61 0.52 0.11 1.55 1.25 2.70 4.64 1.38 19.29 3.89 55.94
Percentage 36.84 0.93 0.19 2.77 2.23 4.83 8.31 2.46 34.48 6.96 100
The existing land use map of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is shown below (Map L.1). The area of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is divided as 33.42 sqkm of Salt Lake and 22.52 sqkm of Rajarhat-Gopalpur. The distribution of land use under both the areas is detailed out as follows.
1.3.2.2 Existing Land use Salt Lake Salt Lake has an area of 33.42 sqkm, of which 54.75% is of protective and undevelopable land most of which is wetlands. This area is mostly developed and leave very thin margin for further development. About 25.9% of the total area is residential area. Area under commercial and public-semipublic uses is very low with 0.51% and 3.85% of each respectively. (Map L.2)
1.14 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Table 1.3 Land Use distribution of Salt Lake Land use
Area (in sqkm)
Percentage
Area(w/o wetlands)
Residential Commercial Industrial Public/Semi�Public Mixed Use Recreational Transportation and Communication Primary Activity Protective and Undevelopable Special Area / Open Plot Total area
8.66 0.17 0.00 1.29 0.35 2.35 2.11 0.05 18.30 0.15 33.42
25.90 0.51 0 3.85 1.03 7.04 6.30 0.15 54.75 0.46 100
8.66 0.17 0.00 1.29 0.35 2.35 2.11 0.05 0.68 0.15 15.80
Percentage (w/o wetlands) 54.78 1.08 0.00 8.15 2.18 14.89 13.32 0.34 4.31 0.95 100
1.3.2.3 Existing Land use Rajarhat-Gopalpur Rajarhat-Gopalpur has an area of 22.52 sqkm, of which 22.51% is of open or vacant plot and agricultural land giving it a better scope for development. About 53.07% of the total area is residential area. Area under commercial, industrial and public-semipublic uses is very low with 1.53%, 0.48% and 1.18% of each respectively. Detailed land use of the area is given below in Error! Reference source not found.. Table Figure 1.6: Land Use distribution of Rajarhat-Gopalpur Land use
Area (in sqkm)
Percentage
Residential
11.95
53.07
Commercial
0.35
1.53
Industrial
0.11
0.48
Public/Semi�Public
0.27
1.18
Mixed Use
0.91
1.55
Recreational
0.35
4.02
Transportation and Communication
2.53
11.25
Primary Activity
1.33
5.92
Protective and Undevelopable Special Area / Open Plot
0.99 3.74
4.39 16.61
Total area
22.52
100
A higher value of residential area is due to unplanned growth and congested settlement in Rajarhat-Gopalpur area. Lack of recreational and public-semipublic areas is a major concern in this area.(Map L.3)
1.15 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.3.2.4 Ward wise se Comparison of different land u uses
Figure 1.7 Ward wise land use of Rajarhat-Gopalpur
1.3.3 Inferences Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC) includes Bidhannagar, which is planned and Rajarhat-Gopalpur shows an organic growth.. So the issues as well as the land use distributions are different for both the salt lake and Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur (northern part) of the BMC. BMC has overall population of 6.18 lacs and as per URDPFI guidelines, would be classified as a large town. When considered individually, Salt Lake and Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur areas have a population lesser than t 5 lacs and are therefore analogous to medium towns as per URDPFI. To analyze the landuses as per URDPFI, therefore, the ccomparison of Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur and Salt Lake is further done with ‘Medium town with population range range50,000 50,000 to 5 lakh (medium town I and II)as described in URDPFI guidelines. Table 1.4: Land Use Distribution (in percentages)
Land Use Category
Medium Town II
RajarhatGopalpur
Salt Lake
Residential
43 43‐48
53.07
25.90
54.78
Commercial
44‐6
1.53
0.51
1.08
Industrial
77‐9
0.48
0.0
0.00
Public and Semi Public
66‐8
1.18
3.85
8.15
1.16 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Salt Lake (w/o wetlands)
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Recreational
12�14
1.55
7.04
14.89
Mixed Use
NA
4.02
1.03
2.18
Transport and communication
10�12
11.25
6.30
13.32
Agriculture, Water bodies and Special areas
Balance
26.92
55.36
Total Area
100
100
100
5.6
100
The inferences from the above table are:
a) Rajarhat-Gopalpur area has got very low public/semi-public as well as recreational area percentage allocations and needs intervention. b) Rajarhat-Gopalpur area has comparatively got more area for development. c) Salt lake has got a very low developable area and the vacant plots in Salt Lake can be used for increasing the same. d) Both Rajarhat-Gopalpur and Salt Lake have very less industrial areas when compared to URDPFI guidelines. e) Both Rajarhat-Gopalpur and Salt Lake have lesser area allocated for commercial activities when compared with URDPFI guidelines, which may need intervention. 1.4
Built-up Density
Urban population density can be misleading depending upon the residential area present in the study area. This is to say a large area consisting of a smaller amount of residential land use may give a overall low urban density, however in reality the residential density could be considerably higher in the given residential neighborhood. To overcome this problem we calculate the built densities which is the residential built-up area divided by the total population of the city. The residential population built-up density for Salt Lake is 202persons per hectare of residential built-up area, and that of Rajarhat is 307 Persons per hectare of built up area.
1.4.1 Rajarhat-gopalpur This section gives the various built-up densities for various land use in Rajarhat-Gopalpur. Rajarhat shows higher built-up densities as compared with salt lake in case of residential development. However in case of retail shops the density is comparatively low as most of the retail shopping is in the form of mixed use residential. Table 1.5 Built-up Density for Rajarhat-Gopalpur based on primary survey
Type
Total Built up (sq.m)
1.17 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Total Area for Land use (sq.m)
Net Density
Gross Density
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Group Housing
5023597.36
1797154.71
2.795
0.454
Plotted Housing
7533993.92
6064689.86
1.242
0.681
Informal Housing
568943.38
1359698.05
0.418
0.051
Retail Shopping
207802.68
112908.92
1.840
0.019
General Business
17252.67
74761.82
0.231
0.002
Warehouses
24774.12
76785.10
0.323
0.002
Service Sector
34780.55
14196.84
2.450
0.003
Informal Market
24216.38
57723.18
0.420
0.002
Light Industry
72026.81
64624.71
1.115
0.007
Heavy Industry
2849.56
14193.78
0.201
0.000
Special Industrial Zone
3986.98
327.07
12.190
0.000
Public Offices
33679.09
150739.59
0.223
0.003
Police
692.92
4402.23
0.157
0.000
Educational
82337.67
63989.40
1.287
0.007
Health
12921.49
7105.35
1.819
0.001
Cultural/Religious
53940.44
31304.43
1.723
0.005
Utility/Services
10359.16
20588.47
0.503
0.001
Mixed Residential
1521727.39
785835.47
1.936
0.138
Mixed Commercial
242575.36
114222.36
2.124
0.022
Playground/Stadium
314.45
69680.22
0.005
0.000
Transport terminals
727.18
19950.76
0.036
0.000
Extractive Area
10419.39
1838.81
5.666
0.001
Fishing/Pottery
105.19
93810.04
0.001
0.000
Govt restricted area
52180.37
58276.51
0.895
0.005
Other uses
2103.57
6213.56
0.339
0.000
Total
15538308.10
Sq.Mts.
15.538
Sq.Kms.
1.18 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
11065021.24
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.4.2 Salt lake Salt lake has a lower built-up density of residential areas as compared to Rajarhat-Gopalpur. The built up densities in mixed residential is higher showing higher built up available in mixed use. Table 1.6Built-up Density for Salt Lake based on primary survey Type
Total Built-up (sq.m)
Total Area for Landuse (sq.m)
Group Housing
2621729.61
1851484
1.416
0.294
Plotted Housing
7792351.49
4467377
1.744
0.875
Informal Housing
242172.63
373668.2
0.648
0.027
Retail Shopping
134476.71
41762.37
3.220
0.015
General Business
11402.43
76771.35
0.149
0.001
Warehouses
6079.92
8221.259
0.740
0.001
Informal Market
16460.27
12668.37
1.299
0.002
Public Offices
1000502.72
430569.3
2.324
0.112
Govt. Land
1397.90
13010.49
0.107
0.000
Educational
1143797.15
627907.4
1.822
0.128
Health
78943.04
32589.37
2.422
0.009
Cultural/Religious
48709.65
28935.48
1.683
0.005
Utility/Services
205388.62
32464.75
6.327
0.023
Mixed Residential
401226.85
345635.1
1.161
0.045
Mixed Commercial
508652.78
14658.81
34.699
0.057
Playground/Stadium
420358.22
171245.5
2.455
0.047
Transport terminals
101374.51
24606.86
4.120
0.011
Special Recreation zone
22505.12
339207.3
0.066
0.003
Govt restricted area
8815.63
13540.41
0.651
0.001
Total
14766345.27
Sq.Mts.
14.766
Sq.Kms
1.19 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
8906323
Net Density
Gross Density
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map L.1 Existing Land use map of BMC
1.20 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map L.2 Existing landuse map for saltlake
1.21 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Figure 1.8 Existing landuse map for Rajarhat-Gopalpur
1.22 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.5
Demography
1.5.1 Introduction The planning area for the Comprehensive Development Plan consists of the municipal corporation of Bidhannagar located in North 24 Parganas district, forming one of the most important satellite towns of the state capital of Kolkata. Bidhannagar, named after Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, the first Chief Minister of West Bengal, was created to ease the rising population pressure over Kolkata. Originally this was named as Salt Lake City, as the township was planned upon land reclamation from water bodies present in the eastern part of city. Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC) came into existence in 2015 with the amalgamation of RajarhatGopalpur municipality, Bidhannagar municipality and Mahishbathan gram panchayat. This currently covers an area of about 60.5 sq. km. of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area, housing a population of about 6.5 lakhs. While wards 29 to 41 constitute Salt Lake City and wards 1 to 26 Rajarhat-Gopalpur, wards 27 and 28 formed Mahishbathan panchayat earlier. (About BMC, 2015) BMC is surrounded by North and South Dumdum, and Madhyamgram municipalities from the north and west, Rajarhat Block from the south and New Town from the east.
1.5.2 Household survey data analysis 1.5.2.1 Sex ratio 980 960
969
940
950
920
940
916
900 880
891
860 840 Sex Ratio
Salt Lake City
Rajarhat
Bidhan Nagar
West Bengal
India
969
891
916
950
940
Figure 1.9: Comparison of Sex Ratio values
Bidh Note : Salt lake, Rajarhat and Bidhan nagar from primary survey and rest from (Primary Census anna Abstract, 2011) gar Municipal Corporation has a sex ratio of 916 females per 1000 males as per the census data analysis. This is greater than Kolkata at 899 females per thousand males, however lower than both the state and national average of 950 and 940 females per thousand males respectively as per census 2011. While Salt Lake City has a significantly higher sex ratio of 969 females, Rajarhat-Gopalpur has a poor value of just 891 females per thousand females.Total population of Bidhannagar as per census 2011 was 618358. Amongst them 312925 were males and 305433 were females. This gives a sex ratio of 976 females per 1000 males. Hence we may conclude that over the years, demography of the town has changed significantly. (Primary Census Abstract, 2011)
1.23 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography The sex ratio of most wards in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation depicts unexpected values with fourteen wards having sex ratio more than 1000 females per thousand males. Only wards 1, 8, 11 and 22 have sex
Female 47%
Male 53%
Figure 1.10:: Sex Ratio for Bi Bidhannagar dhannagar based upon primary survey
ratios less than han 600 females, whereas all other wards have sex ratios between 600 and 1000 females per thousand males. The sex ratio analysis shows higher ratio in the overall area of BMC and Rajarhat, but slightly lower values in Salt Lake city, mostly due to availabi availability lity of jobs in near proximity of Salt lake (Map D.1).
1.5.2.2 Age Sex Pyramid The following section is based upon the primary survey conducted in the city. Bidhannagar plays hosts to a considerable amount of people coming from other states looking for job. As it
Female 49%
Male 51%
Figure 1.12:: Sex ratio of Salt Lake based upon primary survey
Female 46%
Male 54%
Figure 1.11:: Sex Ratio of Rajarhat based upon primary survey
can be stated from the agee sex pyramid that the city’s population consists of mostly persons in the age range of 20-40. 40. This shows the availability of a high amount of work force available in the city. The population in the working slab is almost evenly divided among men and women women. The age range for the city goes to about 70 70-80 80 years of age. Population of senior citizens is higher in Salt Lake as compared to Rajarhat-Gopalpur, Gopalpur, this could be attributed to better medical facilities in Salt Lake as
1.24 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography 80 +
80 + 70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10
60-70 40-50 20-30 0-10 -20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
-30% -20% -10% 10%
Male%
Female%
0%
Male %
Figure 1.15 Age Sex Pyramid Salt Lake
10%
20%
30%
Female %
Figure 1.14:: Age Sex Pyramid Rajarhat-Gopalpur Rajarhat
80 + 70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10 -25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
Male%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Female%
Figure 1.13:: Age Sex Pyramid Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
compared to Rajarhat, or could be a result of retired personals coming to live in Salt Lake.
1.5.2.3 Ethnicity 1.5.2.3.1 Religion Bidhannagar has a majority of Hindus with a population percentage of 95.29% as per the census of 2011, followed by Islam with population of about 2.54% and then has a population of other ethnicities of Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism dhism and other religions with population percentages of 0.44%, 0.21%, 0.14%, 0.14% and 0.03% respectively. Amongst the census 1.24% of the population was 1.25 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Muslim Sikh 6% 1%
Hindu 93% BIDHANNAGAR RELIGION Figure1.16:: Population divisions based on population based on the primary survey
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Sikh 0%
Muslim 3%
Sikh 1%
Muslim 8%
Hindu 97%
Hindu 91%
RAJARHAT RELIGION Figure1.18:: Religious diversification based on primary survey Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur.
SALT LAKE RELIGION Figure1.17:: Religious diversification based on primary mary survey Salt Lake.
mentioned to have no particular religion. The present diversification based on caste as per the primary survey also reflects Hindus to be the majority religion in Bidhannagar with a population of 93% followed by Islam and Sikhism with population percentages of 6% and 1% respectively.
1.5.2.3.2 Caste According to the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation currently 19.26% of the population is currently SC and 1.73% is ST. As per the primary survey majority population of the Bidhannagar belongs to the general category with about 69% population followed by OBC, SC and ST with population percentages of 17% 10% and 0% respectively.
ST SC 0% 10%
SC 11%
N/A 4%
ST N/A 0% 3%
OBC 22% GEN 64%
OBC 17%
RAJARHAT RAJARHAT-CASTE Figure 1.19:: Caste divisions as per primary survey – Salt Lake. GEN 69%
BIDHANNAGAR--CASTE Figure1.20:: Caste divisions as per primary survey – Bidhannagar.
SC ST 7% 0% OBC 6%
N/A 7%
GEN 80%
Figure1.21:: Caste divisions as per primary survey – Rajarhat-Gopalpur.
SALT LAKE-CASTE LAKE
1.26 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.5.2.4 Average household size The average household size of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation as indicated by the household survey is 4.1. This value is lower than both that of West Bengal and India at 4.5 and 4.7. The minimum household size was observed in Ward 30 at 2.9 and maximum was observed in Ward 7 at 6.7. (Primary Census Abstract, 2011) (Source: Census of India 2011)
5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Average Household Size
4.3 3.8
4.1
4.7
4.5
Salt Lake City
Rajarhat
Bidhan Nagar
West Bengal
India
3.8
4.3
4.1
4.5
4.7
Figure1.22:Comparison of Average Household Size values
Individually in Rajarhat-Gopalpur locality, the minimum household size was 3.1 in Ward 5, whilst the maximum in case of Salt Lake City was 5.4 in Ward 40. This owes to the higher literacy levels in Salt Lake City. Wards 6, 7 and 40 of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation have the highest household size values between 5 and 7 whereas Wards 30, 33 and 34 have the lowest values between 2 and 3 (Map D.2).
1.5.2.5 Literacy Rate Not Available Literate Illiterate 4% 10% 4% Postgraduate 9% Primary 14%
Literate Primary Secondary Graduate
Graduate 37%
Secondary 22%
Postgraduate Illiterate Not Available
Figure1.23: Education Levels/ Literacy in BMC (Source: Primary survey)
According to the household survey data analysis, Bidhannagar has a literacy rate of 88.2%. Individually Rajarhat-Gopalpur locality has a literacy rate of 86.3% while Salt Lake City has that of 92.3%. These values are significantly higher than those of West Bengal and the national average of 76.26% and 74.04% respectively as per census of India 2011.(Primary Census Abstract, 2011) 1.27 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography The household survey data depicts that within these 88.2% people, 46% people possess a college degree with either a bachelors or masters. Around 36% people just have school education at primary or secondary levels. Apart from these, 10% additional people in Bidhannagar are literate, while just 4% are illiterate. Significant number of wards in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation has literacy levels above 90%. Ward 7 is the only ward with literacy rate below 50%. (Map D.3)
1.5.2.6 Average Household Income The average household income of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation as observed from the household survey data collected is INR 33000. Rajarhat Gopalpur locality has average household income INR 32000, while in general terms, a household in Salt Lake City earns as good as INR 36000. (Source: Primary Survey) More than 80000 10%
Not Available 6%
Less than 5000 2% 5000 to 10000 15%
Less than 5000 5000 to 10000 10000 to 20000
40000 to 80000 17%
10000 to 20000 22%
20000 to 40000 40000 to 80000 More than 80000
20000 to 40000 28%
Not Available
Figure1.24: Average Monthly Household Income Split in BMC
Ove rall,
Bidhannagar has a good household income split with just 17% households earning less than INR 10000 monthly. The middle income group (MIG) forms largest share within the population with 50% people earning between INR 10000 and 40000. 27% households of Bidhannagar constitute the Higher Income Group with monthly earnings above INR 40000. Five wards in Salt Lake City and four in Rajarhat Gopalpur have average monthly household income between INR 40000 and 80000, while just two wards in Salt Lake City and three in Rajarhat Gopalpur have income brackets low as INR 10000 – 20000. (Map D.4)
1.5.2.7 Percentage of Working Population
1.28 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Not Available 4%
Housework 24%
Marginal Workers 3%
Student 21%
Marginal Workers Student Workers Retired
Retired 10%
Workers 38%
Housework Not Available
Figure1.25: Types of Workers in BMC (Source: Primary Survey)
The Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation has 39.5% population as working. This varies from 37.9% in Rajarhat Gopalpur to 43.2% in Salt Lake City. Of the entire population, while 21% are students, 3% classify themselves as marginal workers. About 10% people belong to the elderly group of retired people, and 24% remain engaged with the housework. Four wards in Salt Lake City i.e. 33, 34, 37 and 38, and ward 8 in Rajarhat Gopalpur have more than 50% population working. Wards 6, 7, 19, 28 and 30 on the contrast have less than 30% people working. In the remaining areas, percentage of working population varies between 30% and 50%. (Map D.5)
1.29 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.5.2.8 Population density 700
580
600 537 500
456
400
400 350 292
300
296 259
199
200
164 140 103 93 82 89
340
325
309
239
100
467
186 150 122
307
307 273 243
224
213 185
197 153 145 117 107
170 138
137 120
82 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041
Figure 1.26 : Population density of BMC wards
(Source: Primary Survey) The above figure clearly shows very low density values in ward 36 owing to the presence of wetlands in the ward. Ward 38 (Duttabad), being a slum area and ward 16 in Rajarhat –Gopalpur area have very high population densities respectively. Low densities in Ward 1 to 5 of Rajarhat- Gopalpur area may be used in future for interventions after due identifications of government land parcels. (Map D.6)
1.6
Indices
Gini statistics, is the most common overall indicator of inequality. Gini coefficients can range from 0.0 (perfect equality) to 1.0 (total inequality). 1.6.1 Gini Coefficient for Population Density Distribution The Gini coefficient value for the population density distribution in the Bidhannagar municipal corporation area including wetlands show moderate inequality (According to HDI) in the density distribution. The value of the Gini Coefficient for the entire BMC area is 0.3755. The moderate inequality is because of the inclusion of wetlands in the BMC area which corresponds to a large portion of land. Therefore this result does not show real picture of density variation in the area and there is a need for seeing the population density variation from other perspective, with exclusion of wetlands. 1.30 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography When we exclude wetlands the Gini value becomes close to zero showing that the density variation is not very much unequal. ual. The value of the Gini coefficient for BMC area excluding wetlands is 0.1573. Thus, it can be concluded that inequality in population density distribution between wards of the BMC area is very less.
% Area
Line of Equality
Lorenz Curve
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0 0
10
20
30
40
50 60 % Population
70
80
90
100
Figure 1.28 : Gini coefficient for Density Distribution: BMC (Including Wetlands)
Line of Equality
Lorenz Curve 100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
% Area
100
0
10
20
30
40
50 % Population
60
70
80
90
Figure 1.27 Gini coefficient for Density Distribution: BMC (Excluding cluding Wetlands)
1.31 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
100
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Line of Equality
% Area
100
Lorenz curve
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0 0
10
20
30
40 50 60 % Population
70
80
90
100
Figure 1.29 29 Gini Coefficient (Density Distribution): Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur
For Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur area the value of Gini coefficient is 0.1761 which is also low. However, it is greater than the overall BMC area. It is due to the fact that tthere here are more open spaces in this area as compare to the Salt lake area. It can be concluded that, the Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur area has as a much variation compare to the overall BMC area but it is also not very much significant to show any significant inequality. Line of Equality
Lorenz Curve (Including Wetlands)
Lorenz Curve (Without Wetlands)
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
% Area
100
0
10
20
30
40 50 60 % Population
70
80
90
Figure 1.30 Gini Coefficient ((Density Distribution):: Bidhannagar (Salt-Lake) (Salt
1.32 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
100
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Density distribution in the salt lake is unequal if we consider the wetland area as part of it. The value of Gini coefficient inn this case is equal to 0.5361, which is considerably high as per the HDI guidelines. Once we exclude the wetland area the pattern becomes very much equal and even better than the overall BMC area density distribution. The value of Gini coefficient in thi thiss case is equal to 0.1169, which is much better than Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur and total BMC area inequality. From analyzing the Gini coefficient for entire BMC area, and individually for Rajarhat-Gopalpur Rajarhat and Salt Lake area it can be concluded that, there is not much inequality in density distribution between different wards.
1.6.1.1 Gini Coefficient for Income Distribution There is not much variation seen in the income distribution pattern between the different wards of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. The value of Gini coefficient for BMC area is 0.0917. This shows a completely different picture from the fact that BMC area is comprising areas of two different
% Income
Line of Equality
Lorenz Curve
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
% Population
Figure 1.31 31Gini Gini Coefficient for Income inequality (BMC Area)
characteristics of planned and unplanned growth, yet not showing any significant inequality. This concludes that regardless to the type of growth pattern, the income distribution pattern in the area is very much equal. The variation in the income distribution is even more less in case of Salt lake area. The value of Gini coefficient for this area between wards is 0.0556. While the Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur area ha has a greater value with the Gini coefficient of 0.1129, but it is not a significant variation. The value of Gini coefficient for income inequality in case of Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur is almost double that of Salt lake area. The reason behind is that Salt lake area has a unique character of planned development, while that in case of Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur ther theree are various character including plotted development, Apartments, Unplanned settlements, ttlements, Slums etc. 1.33 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography When we calculate the Gini coefficient value for the salt lake and Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur area considering them as a single whole unit i.e. within wards (not bbetween etween wards) the values are much higher. It is 0.29 in case of Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur and 0.31 in case of Salt lake area, which can be considered as moderate to high inequality. However it is less than the Indian average of 0.35, which is also very high.
% Income
Line of Equality
Lorenz Curve
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
% Population
Figure 1.32 : Gini Coefficient for Income inequality (Rajarhat (Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur Area)
1.34 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
100
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
% Income
Line of Equality
Lorenz Curve
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Population
Figure 1.33 33 : Gini Coefficient for Income inequality (Salt Lake Area)
1.6.2 Population Growth and Projection Salt Lake City was planned for a total of 328,000 inhabitants to be accommodated in two phases. Of this, 218,000 people were to be settled in Phase I, which was ascertained as the period of migration, while Phase II was planned for thee resultant natural growth. (Toskovic, A review on salt lake city, Kolkata, India: Master planning and realization, 2008) The creation of Salt Lake City observed a rapid influx of population around eastern Kolkata with the valu value observing a three-fold fold increase between 1981 and 1991 from 33,175 to 100,048. By 2011, this population almost doubled to 215,514, however, not even reaching the threshold of Phase I which was to be completed within 15-20 initial years. (Primary Census Abstract, 2011) Rajarhat-Gopalpur, Gopalpur, on the other hand, has been an organic development area. Its population surged by approximately nine times between 1961 and 1971 from 4,712 to 37,594. The locality exhibited remarkable increase with population values nearly doubling in the consecutive decades 1981, 1991 and 2001. The population finally reached to 402,844 people in 2011. (Primary Census Abstract, 2011) Therefore, the overall population of BMC area was 618,358 as per census 2011. Population projection is a scientific attempt to fathom into the future population scenario, conditioned by making certain assumptions, using data relating to the past available at that point of time. Assumptions used and their probability of adherence in future, forms a critical input in this analytical/ mathematical effort.(Jaipur (Jaipur development Authority)
1.6.2.1 Methods Used There are various methods of projecting population. The methods used for population projection in this study include:

Arithmetic Increase Method
1.35 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Share of Growth Method
Shift Share Method
Other than this all of these methods have been judged using “Absolute Percentage Error” technique to identify the method which best fits to this scenario and on the basis of which population can be projected for future years.
1.6.2.2 Assumptions The data from year 1981 has been used, since Salt lake area has come into existence in the year 1961-1970.
The population figures of Salt lake area (previously Bidhannagar municipality) and Rajarhat-Gopalpur area (Previously Rajarhat-Gopalpur municipality) have been combined to arrive at the total population of BMC, since it came into existence in 2015.
For share of growth and shift share method, projected population of Kolkata urban agglomeration for the year 2021 has been used (Projected by the United Nations, World urbanization prospects Report). For Year 2021: 15726000 For Year 2031: 19092000
For calculation of Absolute percentage error, only data for the year 2011 has been interpolated.
1.6.2.3 Projected Data Table 1.7:Projected Population for year 2021, 2031 using different methods
Year 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 Absolute Percentage Error
Arithmetic Increase Method 119120 247396 436032 618358 784771 951184 3.86
Geometric Increase Method 119120 247396 436032 618358 1051352 1787540 34.41
1.36 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Incremental Increase Method 119120 247396 436032 618358 811796 1032259 4.80
Share of Growth Method 119120 247396 436032 618358 942605 1619242 16.82
Shift Share Method 119120 247396 436032 618358 858826 1248787 0.51
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
PO PU L AT I O N PRO JECT I O N
2000000 1800000
Arithmetic Increase Method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Share of Growth Method 1787540 1619242
Shift Share Method
POPULATION
1600000 1051352
1400000 1200000
1032259 858826
1000000 800000
618358
600000 400000 200000
1248787
942605
436032 119120
951184 784771 811796
247396
0 1981
1991
2001
2011
2021
YEAR
Figure 1.34 : Graphical representation of Population projection
1.37 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
2031
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.6.2.4 Appropriateness of Method Of total five methods used for projection, Shift share method proves to be the most appropriate because of: •
Least Absolute Percentage Error i.e. 0.5% with respect to 2011
•
Projected values closest to average of population values of all five methods: Since average projected population for Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation has been calculated for horizon years 2021 and 2031 based on the average projected population figures arrived by the various methods and it is found to be closest to shift share method.
Average of all methods (2021) = 889870 Average of all methods (2031) = 1327802 Final Projected Population for Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation For the year, 2021= 854416-863236 For the year, 2031= 1242374-125520
1.6.3 Population projection using cohort component method Demographic analyses start with fundamental concepts, including: (1) Describing populations by their actual size, (2) Determining population distribution across predefined areas, (3) Creating sex, race, and age composition profiles of populations of interest, (4) Calculating observable percent changes of selected population characteristics The cohort-component method provides detailed demographic information on why and how the population changes. The first step in the cohort-component method is to divide the population into age and sex cohorts. Further stratification depends primarily on needs and data availability. In the second step, fertility, mortality, and age specific birth rates (in case of females) are applied to each individual cohort. For each cohort then it is projected how the population will change over a predetermined time period Various factors were taken into consideration for arriving at projected population. The survival rate and age specific birth rate used in the cohort component method was taken from the census of India .Census statistics of 2001 and 2011 were compared to formulate the survival rate and age specific birth rate. These survival rate and age specific birth rates have been further adjusted by taking into account the factor for relative death rate and birth rate of India and West Bengal respectively.
Adjusted Survival Rate (ASR)= SR*( Relative death rate of India and West Bengal) Adjusted Age specific Birth Rate: ASBR*( Relative birth rate of India and West Bengal)
1.38 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
1.6.3.1 Salt lake female population projection (Cohort wise projection) Table 1.8: Salt lake female population projection Location
Age Group
P
M
F
SR
ASR
Bidhan Nagar (M)
0-4
9919
5005
4914
0.987
Bidhan Nagar (M)
5-9
12373
6245
6128
Bidhan Nagar (M)
10-14
15860
8032
Bidhan Nagar (M)
15-19
17308
Bidhan Nagar (M)
20-24
Bidhan Nagar (M)
Survive to
Deaths
Births
0.9876
4853.05
60.95
0
0.999
0.9996
6125.57
2.43
0
7828
0.9993
0.9999
7827.24
0.76
0
8620
8688
0.9986
0.9992
0.0307
0.020569
8681.08
6.92
178.6322658
88.42297158
8859
19467
9899
9568
0.9984
0.9990
0.1967
0.131789
9558.46
9.54
1260.328539
623.8626269
10818
25-29
19910
9861
10049
0.9985
0.9991
0.1534
0.102778
10039.9 9
9.01
1032.352914
511.0146925
11072
Bidhan Nagar (M)
30-34
17901
8953
8948
0.9984
0.9990
0.0698
0.046766
8939.08
8.92
418.2535561
207.0355103
9357
Bidhan Nagar (M)
35-39
17979
8666
9313
0.9983
0.9989
0.0264
0.017688
9302.78
10.22
164.6379822
81.49580117
9467
Bidhan Nagar (M)
40-44
15946
8068
7878
0.9975
0.9981
0.0087
0.005829
7863.05
14.95
45.87729265
22.70925986
7908
Bidhan Nagar (M)
45-49
14644
7473
7171
0.9963
0.9969
7148.78
22.22
0
7148.
Bidhan Nagar (M)
50-54
12061
6227
5834
0.994
0.9946
5802.50
31.50
0
5802
Bidhan Nagar (M)
55-59
10484
5510
4974
0.9907
0.9913
4930.72
43.28
0
4930
Bidhan Nagar (M)
60-64
9043
4506
4537
0.9839
0.9845
4466.65
70.35
0
4466
Bidhan Nagar (M)
65-69
7190
3639
3551
0.9733
0.9739
3458.28
92.72
0
3458
Bidhan Nagar (M)
70-74
5862
3173
2689
0.9575
0.9581
2576.27
112.73
0
2576
Bidhan Nagar (M)
75-79
3682
1995
1687
0.9336
0.9342
1575.93
111.07
0
1575
Bidhan Nagar (M)
80+
4188
2273
1915
0.9049
0.9054
1733.93
181.07
0
1733
1.39 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
ASBR
Adjusted ASBR
F Birth Pop
Projec ted Femal e 4853
7827
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Bidhan Nagar (M)
Age not stated
1697
869
828
0.876
Bidhan Nagar (M)
All ages
215514
1090 14
106500
0.8765
725.77
102.23
0
725
105609. 12
890.88
3100.08255
108709
The existing female population is 106500 and projected population (for 5 year period) is 108709.It has been calculated by taking into account natural growth rate alone. For age specific birth rate females in the age group of 15-44 are taken into account. Sex ratio used in the calculation has been taken from sex ratio of Bidhannagar municipality census of India 2011.
1.6.3.2
Salt lake male population projection (Cohort wise projection) Table 1.9:Salt Lake male population projection
Location
Age Group
P
M
F
SR
ASR
Survived Male
Bidhan Nagar (M)
0-4
9919
5005
4914
0.9885
0.98909698
4950.430387
4950
Bidhan Nagar (M)
5-9
12373
6245
6128
1
1
6245
6245
Bidhan Nagar (M)
10-14
15860
8032
7828
0.993
0.993599698
7980.592775
7980
Bidhan Nagar (M)
15-19
17308
8620
8688
0.9988
0.999403201
8614.855591
90.21832
8705
Bidhan Nagar (M)
20-24
19467
9899
9568
0.9983
0.998902899
9888.139796
636.4341
10524
Bidhan Nagar (M)
25-29
19910
9861
10049
0.9979
0.998502657
9846.234703
521.1817
10367.4164
Bidhan Nagar (M)
30-34
17901
8953
8948
0.9971
0.997702174
8932.427565
211.0806
9143
Bidhan Nagar (M)
35-39
17979
8666
9313
0.9963
0.996901691
8639.150054
83.05894
8722
Bidhan Nagar (M)
40-44
15946
8068
7878
0.9947
0.995300725
8030.086247
23.13555
8053
Bidhan Nagar (M)
45-49
14644
7473
7171
0.9928
0.993399577
7423.675041
7423
Bidhan Nagar (M)
50-54
12061
6227
5834
0.9897
0.990297705
6166.58381
6166
Bidhan Nagar (M)
55-59
10484
5510
4974
0.9843
0.984894444
5426.768386
5426
Bidhan Nagar (M)
60-64
9043
4506
4537
0.9762
0.976789552
4401.413722
4401
Bidhan Nagar (M)
65-69
7190
3639
3551
0.9599
0.960479708
3495.185658
3495
1.40 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Male Birth
Total males
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Bidhan Nagar (M)
70-74
5862
3173
2689
0.9411
0.941668354
2987.913688
2987
Bidhan Nagar (M)
75-79
3682
1995
1687
0.9185
0.919054706
1833.514138
1833
Bidhan Nagar (M)
80+
4188
2273
1915
0.85
0.850513337
1933.216814
1933
Bidhan Nagar (M)
Age not stated
1697
869
828
0.876
0.876529039
761.7037347
761
Bidhan Nagar (M)
All ages
215514
109014
106500
107556.8921
109122
The existing male population is 109014 and projected population (for 5 year period) is 109122.It has been calculated by taking into account natural growth rate alone
1.6.3.3 Rajarhat female population projection (Cohort wise projection) Table 1.10:Rajarhat Female population projection Location
Age Group
P
M
F
SR
ASR
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
0-4
25 23 8
12 91 1
12327
0.987
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
5-9
27 82 8
14 16 9
13659
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
10-14
30 50 3
15 66 1
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
15-19
31 74 6
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
20-24
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
Survive to
Deaths
Births
0.987 6
12174.09 681
152.90 31898
0
12174
0.999
0.999 6
13653.58 177
5.4182 30398
0
13653
14842
0.9993
0.999 9
14840.56 779
1.4322 11918
0
14840
16 03 7
15709
0.9986
0.999 2
0.030 7
0.020569
15696.48 118
12.518 81596
322.98 96712
157.2959 699
16019
35 53 7
16 76 9
18768
0.9984
0.999
0.196 7
0.131789
18749.28 754
18.712 46108
2472.1 82904
1203.953 074
21221
25-29
39 00 6
18 41 6
20590
0.9985
0.999 1
0.153 4
0.102778
20571.53 117
18.468 82587
2115.2 49926
1030.126 714
22686
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
30-34
36 61 7
17 96 4
18653
0.9984
0.999
0.069 8
0.046766
18634.40 22
18.597 80139
871.89 13256
424.6110 756
19506
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
35-39
36 11 9
17 90 9
18210
0.9983
0.998 9
0.026 4
0.017688
18190.02 179
19.978 21208
321.92 17927
156.7759 13
18511
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
40-44
30 91 2
16 39 5
14517
0.9975
0.998 1
0.008 7
0.005829
14489.45 277
27.547 23125
84.539 30659
41.17064 231
14573
Rajarhat Gopalpur
45-49
27 03
14 19
12836
0.9963
0.996 9
12796.23 011
39.769 89443
0
1.41 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
ASB R
Adjusted ASBR
F Birth Pop
Projecte d Female
12796
Introduction, Landuse and Demography (M)
2
6
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
50-54
22 24 2
11 69 3
10549
0.994
0.994 6
10492.03 859
56.961 41459
0
10492
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
55-59
18 00 4
95 37
8467
0.9907
0.991 3
8393.322 782
73.677 21762
0
8393
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
60-64
14 80 7
79 36
6871
0.9839
0.984 49
6764.459 664
106.54 03359
0
6764
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
65-69
10 19 5
55 67
4628
0.9733
0.973 89
4507.152 742
120.84 72583
0
4507
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
70-74
72 53
39 75
3278
0.9575
0.958 08
3140.580 532
137.41 9468
0
3140
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
75-79
39 73
20 98
1875
0.9336
0.934 16
1751.557 172
123.44 28284
0
1751
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
80+
54 70
25 16
2954
0.9049
0.905 45
2674.688 938
279.31 1062
0
2674
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
Age not stated
36 2
16 2
200
0.876
0.876 53
175.3058 078
24.694 19225
0
175
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
All ages
40 28 44
20 39 11
198933
197694.7 593
1238.2 40651
6188.7 74925
203883
The existing female population is 198933and projected population (for 5 year period) is 203883.It has been calculated by taking into account natural growth rate alone. For age specific birth rate females in the age group of 15-44 are taken into account. Sex ratio used in the calculation has been taken from sex ratio of Rajarhat- Gopalpur municipality census of India 2011
1.6.3.4 Rajarhat male population projection (Cohort wise projection) Table 1.11:Rajarhat male population projection Location
Age Group
P
M
F
SR
ASR
Survived Male
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
0-4
25238
12911
12327
0.9885
0.98909698
12770.23111
12770
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
5-9
27828
14169
13659
1
1.000603926
14177.55702
14177
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
10-14
30503
15661
14842
0.993
0.993599698
15560.76487
15560
1.42 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Male Birth
Total males
Introduction, Landuse and Demography Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
15-19
31746
16037
15709
0.9988
0.999403201
16027.42913
165.7103
16193
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
20-24
35537
16769
18768
0.9983
0.998902899
16750.60271
1268.166
18018
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
25-29
39006
18416
20590
0.9979
0.998502657
18388.42494
1084.797
19473
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
30-34
36617
17964
18653
0.9971
0.997702174
17922.72186
446.9892
18369
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
35-39
36119
17909
18210
0.9963
0.996901691
17853.51238
164.9805
18018
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
40-44
30912
16395
14517
0.9947
0.995300725
16317.95538
43.30785
16361
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
45-49
27032
14196
12836
0.9928
0.993399577
14102.3004
14102
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
50-54
22242
11693
10549
0.9897
0.990297705
11579.55107
11579
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
55-59
18004
9537
8467
0.9843
0.984894444
9392.938311
9392
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
60-64
14807
7936
6871
0.9762
0.976789552
7751.801885
7751
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
65-69
10195
5567
4628
0.9599
0.960479708
5346.990535
5346
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
70-74
7253
3975
3278
0.9411
0.941668354
3743.131708
3743
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
75-79
3973
2098
1875
0.9185
0.919054706
1928.176772
1928
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
80+
5470
2516
2954
0.85
0.850513337
2139.891555
2139
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
Age not stated
362
162
200
0.876
0.876529039
141.9977043
141
Rajarhat Gopalpur (M)
All ages
402844
203911
198933
201895.9793
205069
1.43 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography The existing male population is 203911 and projected population (for 5 year period ) is 205069.It has been calculated by taking into account natural growth rate alone
1.6.4 Natural growth rate Table 1.12: Projected population using natural growth rate
Male
Female
Total
Salt Lake
109122
108709
217831
Rajarhat-Gopalpur
205070
203884
408953
Total
314192
312593
626785
(626785 / 618358) = 1.01 (for 5 year period) = 1.03 (Decadal) is the natural growth rate.
1.6.5 Projected population From the cohort component method, the natural growth rate has been calculated as 1.01(for 5 year period) and which gives 1.03 growth rate for ten year period. Migration factor has been taken from census 2011 of Kolkata urban agglomeration which comprises of 7 percent of migrant population in its total population. The sex ratio for migrant population has been found as 0.487 and is based on the census 2011 statistics of West Bengal. It is based on the assumption that most of the migrants population will be from West Bengal. Birth factor for migrants was calculated from the Cohort component method and was found to be 0.0594.The district GDP factor was found by analysing the GDP of Kolkata urban agglomeration and by understanding the future scope of development it has been assigned to Salt lake and Rajarhat – Gopalpur areas respectively. Existing Population: Rajarhat Gopalpur: 402844 Salt lake: 215514 Ghuni Area: 24249 Total: 642607 For the process of calculating projected population, the various parameters taken into account are: •
Natural Growth Rate (NGR): 1.03 (1.021 for Salt Lake, 1.03 for Rajarhat Gopalpur)
•
Migration Factor (MF): 7% of the total population (For Kolkata UA)
1.44 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography •
Sex Ratio (For Migrants) (SRM): 0.487 (From West Bengal)
•
Birth Factor (For Migrants) (BFM): 0.0594 (From Cohort, PCA 2011)
•
District GDP Factor (GDDP): 0.11 (Salt lake) 0.148 (Rajarhat-Gopalpur) (For Kolkata UA, 0.129)
•
Existing Population: P
•
Projected Population
= (P*NGR)+(P*MF)+(P*SRM*BFM)+(P*GDDP) Based on the above parameters, projected population of Salt lake and Rajarhat-Gopalpur is calculated separately. PROJECTED POPULATION Salt Lake: For the year 2021: 269295 For the year 2025: 294291 For the year 2031: 336497 Rajarhat-Gopalpur: For the year 2021:518657 For the year 2025:574643 For the year 2031:667766 Ghuni: For the year 2021:29738 For the year 2025:32222 For the year 2031:36470 BMC area: Thus the total projected population of BMC area: For the year 2021:817691 For the year 2025:901156 1.45 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography For the year 2031: 1040733
1.6.6 Population growth A population’s growth rate is the increase (or decrease) in the number of persons in the population during a certain period of time, expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period. The average decadal growth rates for all ages are calculated(without Ghuni Area)on the assumption that growth is continuous. Population Growth during 1981-1991 = 107.69% Population Growth during 1991-2001 = 76.25% Population Growth during 2001-2011 = (618358 – 436032 / 436032) X 100 = 41.81% Population Growth during 2011-2021 = (787952 – 618358 / 618358) X 100 = 27.43% Population Growth during 2021-2031 = (1004263 – 787952 / 787952) X 100 = 27.45%
1.46 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
DECADAL GROWTH RATE (WITHOUT GHUNI AREA) Series 1 120
107.69
100 76.25
80 60
41.81 40
27.43
27.45
2011-21
2021-31
20 0 1981-91
1991-01
2001-11
Figure 1.35 Decadal growth rate
Initially the growth rate of Bidhannagar Municipal corporation area was very high .When we compare the population change over a period from 1981 to 1991, there has been a drastic increase. (More than doubled). After that the growth rate has showed a declining trend and it is expected that by 2031 it will be stabilized.
1.6.7 Dependency and Potential Support Ratios By relating the group of the population most likely to be economically dependent (net consumers) to the group most likely to be economically active (net producers), changes in the dependency ratio provide an indication of the potential social support requirements resulting from changes in population age structures. The dependency ratio is a measure showing the number of dependents, aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, to the total population, aged 15 to 64. It is also referred to as the "total dependency ratio." This indicator gives insight into the amount of people of nonworking age compared to the number of those of working age. Dependency ratios indicate the potential effects of changes in population age structures for social and economic development, pointing out broad trends in social support needs. 1. The youth dependency ratio is the number of persons 0 to 14 years per persons 15 to 64 years. 2. The old-age dependency ratio is the number of persons 65 years and over per persons 15 to 64 years. The potential support ratio is the number of persons aged 15 to 64 per every person aged 65 or older.
Table 1.13 Dependency and Potential Support Ratios for Saltlake, Rajarhat and BMC
Dependency and Potential Support Ratios Type Attribute Age Less than 14 (2016) Age More than 64 (2016) Females Age 14-64 1.47 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Saltlake 10070 18806 79833
Rajarhat 40668 12249 150966
BMC 50738 31055 230799
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Males
Aggregate West Bengal India World
Total (2016) Total Population (2016) Children Dependency Ratio Aged Dependency Ratio Dependency Ratio (2016) Dependent Population (2021) Dependent Population (2031) 0-14 (2016) More than 64 (2016) Age 14-64 Total (2016) Total Population (2016) Children Dependency Ratio Aged Dependency Ratio Dependency Ratio (2016) Dependent Population (2021) Dependent Population (2031) 0-14 (2016) More than 64 (2016) Age 14-64 Total (2016) Total Population (2016) Dependent Population (2021) Dependent Population (2031) Children Dependency Ratio Aged Dependency Ratio Potential Support Ratio Dependency Ratio % Total Dependent People Dependency Ratio Dependency Ratio Dependency Ratio (2015 WB)
28876 108709 0.126 0.236 0.362 47832 59260 19176 11012 78934 30188 109122 0.243 0.140 0.382 52638 65214 29246 29817 158768 59064 217831 1,00,470 1,24,474 0.184 0.188 5.325 0.372 37.2% 55.30%
52918 203884 0.269 0.081 0.351 86032 109856 42509 13300 149261 55809 205070 0.285 0.089 0.374 103484 132141 83177 25549 300227 108726 408953 1,89,515 2,41,997 0.277 0.085 11.751 0.362 36.2%
81794 312593 0.220 0.135 0.354 133863 169116 61685 24312 228196 85996 314192 0.270 0.107 0.377 156121 197355 112423 55367 458995 167790 626785 2,89,985 3,66,471 0.245 0.121 8.290 0.366 36.6%
52% 54.21%
Assumption: Constant Population growth rate of 26.39% during the period 2011-2031, given all the related variables like Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental variables maintain the status quo.
1.48 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
700000
Population
Comparison
600000
0-14 (2016)
Children, Old and Working People
500000
More than 64 (2016) Age 14-64
400000 300000 200000
Total Dependent Population(2016) Total Population (2016)
100000 0
Saltlake
Rajarhat
Aggregate
0-14 (2016)
29246
83177
112423
More than 64 (2016)
29817
25549
55367
Age 14-64
158768
300227
458995
Total Dependent Population(2016)
59064
108726
167790
Total Population (2016)
217831
408953
626785
Figure 1.36Quantitative Comparison between Children, Old and Working People
Observations:
1. Dependency Ratios among Males, Females and Aggregate is better in Saltlake and Rajarhat in comparison to West Bengal, National and World Dependency Ratios. 2. Children dependency ratio in Rajarhat is higher than Saltlake, which indicates that it should be given more priority in terms of policies and development programs focused on children. 3. Aged dependency ratio is higher in Saltlake, which is almost double in comparison to Rajarhat. So there is a need for inclusive development in Saltlake. 4. Potential Support Ratio is much better in Case of Rajarhat than Saltlake, which means that more no. of working population per aged person in Rajarhat than Saltlake. 5. Lower Potential Support Ratio in Saltlake (5.3) indicates lower potential workers per aged person, and it is less than world average which is 9 and National average which is 10, is a matter of concern. 1.6.7.1 Dependency Ratios: Ward wise Table 1.14 Ward wise Dependency Ratio for BMC,Source: Primary Survey
Ward No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0-14 6 10 8 7 6 10 8 5 8 4 4 8 8 5
14-64 35 55 43 30 26 45 27 21 23 33 28 42 49 27
1.49 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
> 64 3 6 3 1 2 6 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3
CDR 0.171 0.182 0.186 0.233 0.231 0.222 0.296 0.238 0.348 0.121 0.143 0.190 0.163 0.185
ADR 0.086 0.109 0.070 0.033 0.077 0.133 0.185 0.238 0.130 0.091 0.107 0.119 0.102 0.111
TDR 0.257 0.291 0.256 0.267 0.308 0.356 0.481 0.476 0.478 0.212 0.250 0.310 0.265 0.296
% Dependency 25.7 29.1 25.6 26.7 30.8 35.6 48.1 47.6 47.8 21.2 25.0 31.0 26.5 29.6
Introduction, Landuse and Demography 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
5 5 7 5 6 8 1 1 6 5 3 12 4 10 2 5 2 5 0 0 6 3 5 5 10 5 6
32 22 30 39 25 57 47 47 23 31 14 34 21 33 10 18 10 18 23 23 48 38 53 38 51 35 31
1.50 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
2 4 6 3 1 5 1 2 3 2 2 4 1 4 2 14 2 14 13 13 5 2 6 6 9 14 8
0.156 0.227 0.233 0.128 0.240 0.140 0.021 0.021 0.261 0.161 0.214 0.353 0.190 0.303 0.200 0.278 0.200 0.278 0.000 0.000 0.125 0.079 0.094 0.132 0.196 0.143 0.194
0.063 0.182 0.200 0.077 0.040 0.088 0.021 0.043 0.130 0.065 0.143 0.118 0.048 0.121 0.200 0.778 0.200 0.778 0.565 0.565 0.104 0.053 0.113 0.158 0.176 0.400 0.258
0.219 0.409 0.433 0.205 0.280 0.228 0.043 0.064 0.391 0.226 0.357 0.471 0.238 0.424 0.400 1.056 0.400 1.056 0.565 0.565 0.229 0.132 0.208 0.289 0.373 0.543 0.452
21.9 40.9 43.3 20.5 28.0 22.8 4.3 6.4 39.1 22.6 35.7 47.1 23.8 42.4 40.0 105.6 40.0 105.6 56.5 56.5 22.9 13.2 20.8 28.9 37.3 54.3 45.2
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
120.0
120%
100.0
100%
80.0
80%
60.0
60%
40.0
40%
20.0
20%
0.0
0%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 % Dependency
Average (India)
Figure1.37Ward wise comparison of Dependency Ratios, Source: Primary Survey
Observations:
1. Higher Dependency Ratio in Ward 30 and Ward 32, which is far greater than National average. 2. Ward 21 and 23 has lowest Dependency ratios among all the wards. 3. Most of the wards have dependency ratios equivalent to the average dependency ratio of BMC which is 36% according to Primary Survey. 4. Average dependency ratio calculated using Primary Survey data (36%) is quite close to the one calculated using Cohort Projection data (36.6%), in which census data of 2011 has been used. 5. Average Dependency ratio of Saltlake is 48.2% while Rajarhat-Gopalpur has 30.3%. 6. Most of the wards has a lower dependency ratio than the national average, which shows a higher share of working population. Therefore, it can be concluded that all the wards have a great potential in terms of economic development.
1.51 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map D.1 Variation of Sex Ratio across BMC
Primary Survey) 1.52 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
(Source :
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map D.2 Variation in Average Household Size across BMC
(Source: Primary Survey) 1.53 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map D.3 Variation in Literacy rate across BMC
(Source: Primary Survey) 1.54 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map D.4 Variation in average household income across BMC
(Source: Primary Survey) 1.55 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map D.5 Variation in working population across BMC
(Source: Primary Survey) 1.56 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map D.6 Population density map of BMC wards
1.57 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
Map I.1 NDVI for the year 2008
1.58 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Introduction, Landuse and Demography
2 ECONOMY
2.59 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
2.1
Introduction
Located on the eastern side of Kolkata, Bidhannagar serves as a satellite town for one of the earliestmetropolitan cities in India. Originally known as Salt Lake, it was renamed as Bidhannagar due toexpansion and merging of municipalities that included, Salt Lake, Rajarhat- Gopalpur, 24 NorthParaganas and panchayat areas of Mahishbathan - II. Being a satellite town, Bidhannagar offers a wide horizon of economic opportunities for the livelihoodand survival of the population. Different parts of the municipal corporation experience a differentcharacter altogether due to these economic possibilities. For e.g.thenorthernmost part of themunicipal corporation has vast agricultural lands, informal markets, whereas the people in wetlandsengage inpisciculture and provision of services. All such activities in B.M.C. jurisdiction can bedivided in Primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Table 2.1.Economic Base for Kolkata region.
Sectors
Males
Females
Total
Primary
7036
3718
10754
Secondary
40816
11727
52543
Tertiary
1403696
250741
1654437
(Source: Census of West Bengal, 2011)
Primary sector: includes the people working under agricultural fields,pisciculture, and agriculturallaborers. The works in mining and mineral industry is negligible due to the absence of mining areas in this region. Only 0.06 % of the total working population is engaged in such activities.
Percentage of Population (%)
90 77.71
80 70 60 50 40 30 18.21
20 10
4.08
0 Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Figure 2.2.1. Workforce Distribution (Source: Primary Survey)
Secondary sector:Secondary sector generates 3 % employment in the region, which includes paper industries, SEZ, Toy parks etc.
2.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy Tertiary sector: The majority of urban activities concerned with trade and commerce of B.M.C. is concentrated in the tertiary sector. The tertiary sectors in B.M.C. include the commercial establishments, the IT sector, formal and informal shops, public and private sector offices etc. The Gross State Domestic Product of West Bengal for 2018-19 (at current prices) is approximately₹ 10,48,678 crore. This is estimated to be 15% higher than the estimate for 2017-18. Total expenditure for 2018-19 is estimated to be ₹ 1,95,829 crore, a 5.2% increase over the revisedestimate of 2017-18. In 2017-18, there was an increase of ₹ 3,701 crore (2%) of expenditure in therevised estimate over the budget estimate. Total receipts (excluding borrowings) for 2018-19 are estimated to be ₹ 1,48,834 crore, an increase of3.3% as compared to the revised estimates of 2017-18. In 2017-18, total receipts exceeded thebudgeted estimate by ₹ 10,667 crore.
2.1.1 Policy highlights Farmer related measures: Farmers selling agricultural land for agricultural purposes exempt frompaying mutation fee. A corpus of ₹100 crore has been created to protect farmers from distress sale dueto fall in prices. Pension for old farmers to be increased from ₹750 to ₹1,000 and the number ofbeneficiaries to be increased by 34,000 to cover one-lakh farmers in total. Tax exemption: Stamp Duty has been reduced by 1% in urban and rural areas for all propertiesvalued from ₹40 lakh to one crore rupees. The existing exemption of electricity duty willautomatically be available to an eligible industrial entity from the date of commencement ofcommercial operations, without the need of a separate exemption certificate. Tea industry: Tea gardens exempted from payment of agricultural income tax for the next two years.They have also been exempted from payment of Education and Rural Development Cess for 2018-19. Introduction of certain schemes: Under the ‘Rupashree’ scheme, extension of one-time assistance of₹25,000 will be provided to family of girls with an annual income of up to ₹1.5 lakh for the purposeof their marriage. An amount of ₹1,500 crore has been allocated for it. Another scheme, ‘Manabik’has been announced to provide monthly pension of ₹1,000 to two lakh persons with disabilities. Economic growth: Between 2015-16 and 2017-18 (A), the annual growth rate (at constant prices) ofthe state GDP has increased from 5.8% to 11.4%.1 Sectoral share: Services lead the contribution to the GSDP at 56%, followed by industry (25%) andagriculture (19%). Industrial contribution to state GDP has been constant in the range of 25%.Agriculture has noted a decline. Per Capita Income: The state’s Per Capital Income (at constant prices) has grown from ₹57,584 in2015-16 to ₹67,783 in 2017-18 (A).
1
Source: Economic Review 2018-19, Government of West Bengal; PRS. Note: P-Provisional Estimates; A-Advance Estimates
2.2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
18%
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
15.6%
16%
Percentage (%)
14% 11.5%
11.4%
12%
10.2% 10%
8.8% 8.5%
8.0%
8%
6.4%
5.9%
6% 3.6%
4%
2.3% 2% 0.3% 0% Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery
Industry
Services
GSDP (growth)
Years (In Decade)
Figure 2.2. Growth in GSDP and sectors (2011-12 prices)2 (Source: Economic Review 2018-19, Government of West Bengal)
2.2
Workforce participation
The population distributed into working and non-working members; this working population isengaged in production of goods and services, thus the workforce participation defined as thenumber of people employed or actively looking for work, which is calculated by dividing the workingpopulation by the total population. BMC
North 24 Parganas
Main Workers Marginal Workers
Kolkata
Non Workers
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Figure 2.3. Workforce Participation (Source: Census of West Bengal, 2011)
Source: Economic Review 2018-19, Government of West Bengal
2.3 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
The working population is the people in the age group 18-65 years. The working population issubdivided into main workers, marginal workers and non-workers upon the employment period. Thenon-workingpopulation includes people from the non-working age group i.e. below 18 years andabove 65 years. Retired people, students, people in prisons etc. are counted in this group. Table 2.2. Workforce Participation
Main Marginal Non Workers
Kolkata
24 N Parganas
B.M.C.
1623779
3055630
272539
93955
515994
25107
2855142
2532083
190650
(Source: Census of West Bengal, 2011)
Currently 56 % people in B.M.C. are working as main workers 9% of people are marginally employedand 39.41 % of the total working population is unemployed. Thus, we can deduce that unemploymentrates within the municipal corporation jurisdiction are lesser as compared to the district unemploymentrates, which are 41%.
14%
12%
86%
Males Females
Figure 2.5. Distribution of Main Workers
88%
Males Females
Figure 2.4. Distribution of Marginal Workers (Source: Primary Survey)
2.4 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
2.3
Workforce distribution
The working population is divided into main workers and marginal workers. Main workers can be defined as the people engaged in economic work for a period of more than 180 day (6months) in ayear. Marginal workers are the people employed for less than 180 day (6months) in a year. Nonworkersare those engaged in domestic activities, like the unemployed population, housewives .The data from primary survey shows that there are 38.4% main workers whereas 2.7% population are involved as marginal labour.
45
Percentage of workers
40
38.42
35 30
25.73
25
22.01
20 15
11.14
10 2.70
5 0 Working
Retired
Student
Housework
Marginal
Figure 2.6. Distribution of Workforce (Source: Primary Survey)
2.4
Income expenditure pattern
It is a measure of gauging the conditions of household, i.e. understanding the standards of life; income expenditure pattern gives a broad idea about the region. Table 2.3. Income Distribution - Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Category
Income Range
No. of Households
EWS
Less than 10,000
74
LIG
10,000-20,000
99
MIG
20,000-80,000
156
HIG
More than 80,000
49
TOTAL
433 (Source: District statistical Handbook, 2011)
2.5 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
100% 90% 80%
Percentage
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HIG
8
9
10
11
Ward Number MIG
LIG
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
EWS
Figure 2.7. Income patterns of Wards in Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey) 100% 90% 80%
Percentage
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 19
20
21
22
23
24 HIG
25
26
27
28
29
Ward Number
MIG
LIG
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
39
EWS
Figure 2.8. Income patterns of wards in Salt Lake (Source: Primary Survey)
Wards 1, 4 and 7 in Rajarhat have maximum households in the EWS AND LIG category, because ofthe higher rates of unemployment and absence of any significant industries in these areas. Wards 28 and36 in Salt Lake have 70% households in the EWS and LIG category due to the wetlands and bareminimum developments in the area and Mahishbathan slum.
2.6 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
2.5
Industry
The Government of West Bengal has initiated time bound steps to modernize infrastructure facilities and to create new clusters and growth centres. Since infrastructure creation involves considerable investments, the state welcomes private participation in this area and has already made considerable progress in laying the groundwork for state-of-the-art industrial facilities to attract entrepreneurs. As against the present growth rate of index of industrial production of 2.8 % at the national level, the index of industrial production in West Bengal stands at 1.8 % (2011-12, April - November). West Bengal has the highest number of MSMEs with 52,69,814 units, accounted for 11.62% of micro, small and medium enterprises, the most among the top 10 states of the country. Table 2.4. Details of Industrial areas in the North 24-Parganas
ManikanchanJewellery Park Salt Lake, SEZ Salt lake Electronics Complex, Sector V Toy park at Salt Lake Light Engg. Park, Salt Lake
1.1 acre 150 acre 2.28 acre 2.25 acre
(Source: Industrial Potentiality Survey, 2015-2016, Govt. of India, Ministry of MSME)
2.7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
2.5.1 Manikanchan Jewellery Park at Salt Lake Manikanchanhas been built by West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation (WBIDC) to provide modern accommodation to the entrepreneurs of Gems & Jewellery. As Special Economic Zone (SEZ), the Park possess special facilities like financial and non-financial facilities, in-house custom clearance etc. It is the first SEZ for Gems & Jewellery in the country. The 6-floor Common Facilities Building with 47840 sq. ft. is designed in the shape of a diamond. The standard design factory is a 7 storied building with 141800 sq. ft. of space.
2.5.2 Special economic zone, salt lake electronics complex Electronic Complex in Salt Lake located on 150 acres of land is a green pollution free zone, which is less than 15 kms.off the international airport. A considerable number of IT professionals work in a complex that provides the “walk-in-wired” infrastructure of Kolkata Software technology Parks and infrastructures created by private investors including the State-of-the Art Infinity Building. Salt Lake has over 2 million sq. ft. of built-up office space with 250000 sq. ft. in Standard Design Factory and 65000 sq. ft. in the STP-II.
2.5.3 Toy park Toy Park is located at Salt Lake. It is about 15 kms. away from Kolkata Port and 15 minutes journey from the international Airport at Dum Dum. The park is spread over 2.28 acres of land. Twenty fourmodules in a six-storied Standard Design Factory (SDF), with a total built up area of 78,768 sq. feet has been constructed and booked in the first phase.
2.5.4 Salt lake – electronic estate To accommodate the electronic industrial units in the State, the State Govt. has built Salt Lake Electronic Estate, also known as Salt Lake Electronic Complex. It has been built up in the sector IV & V of Salt Lake City. It is India’s first fully integrated Electronic Estate and unique facility estate for electronic units in the pollution free urban peripheries of Kolkata. WBIDC has developed multi product and sector-specific industrial parks with state-of-the-art infrastructure keeping in mind the Govt. of WB roadmap for rapid industrial growth. Some of the parks developed by WBIDC include Manikanchan SEZ, Shilpangan and RaghunathpurSteel & Allied Industrial Park.
2.6
Micro and Small Scale Industries:
Small Enterprises are also flourishing like other enterprises. Availability of agro products in the district and availability of infrastructure, proximity of Kolkata metropolis are encouraging the Small Entrepreneurs to set up units in the district. Thus, both resources based units like food products and demand-based units have been set up.
2.6.1
Manufacturing sector
Investment in plant & machinery a) Micro Enterprise: Upto ₹ 25 lakhs. b) Small Enterprise: ₹ 25 lakhs to ₹ 5 crore c) Medium Enterprise: ₹ 5 crore to ₹ 10 crore.
2.6.2
Service sector
Investment in equipment a) Micro Enterprise: Upto ₹ 10 lakh
2.8 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy b) Small Enterprise: ₹ 10 lakh to ₹ 2 crore c) Medium Enterprise: ₹ 2 crore to ₹ 5 crore. There are many existing engineering industry, plastic based industry and jute industries in the 24 Parganas district and Electronics Complex set up at Bidhannagar. Besides the above Industries, Food Products, Beverages, Tobacco, Cotton textiles, Wool, Silk & Synthetic Fibre Textiles, Hosiery & Garments, Wood Products, Leather Products, Rubber & Plastic products, Chemical products, Basic Metal Industries, Electrical Machinery, Jute Diversified items, Transport Equipment etc. are also there present in the district. There is scope for micro and small enterprises in the fields of Metal products, Rubber & Plastic products, Food Product, Mineral Products, Hosiery garments, Paper product and printing, Machinery parts etc. Potential Places for developing Industries are Habra, Barasat, Ashoknagar, Salt Lake City, Bongaon, Naihati, Madhyamgram, Duttapukur, Dum Dum, Birati, Halisahar, Panihati,Baranagore, Bhatpara, Sodepur, Ichapur, Kaikhali , Kamarhati etc. 400
360
350
No. of Enterprises
300
260
250 200 141
150 99
100 50
17
20
37
54 31
23
100
42
0 Pre 1991
1991-2001
2001-2011
2011-2018
Years (In Decade) Salt Lake Rajarhat BMC
Figure 9. Time of Commencement (Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata)
Only 37 enterprises started their operations before 1991 in Bidhannagar (M) and RajarhatGopalpur (M) combined but it increased substantially during 1991-2001. Fifty-four enterprises were set up during 1991-2001 with 31 and 23 enterprises in Rajarhat and Salt Lake enterprises. Major increase in the concentration of industries was witnessed during 2001-2011 in Rajarhat area with 99 enterprises were set during that period as compared to 42 enterprises in Salt Lake. During 2011-2018, 260 enterprises were set up in RajarhatGopalpur (M) area as compared to Bidhannagar (M). According to the data maintained by MSME Development Institute, Kolkata the number of big enterprises based on the number of workers are very less as compared to smaller enterprises with 2.9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy lesser number of workers. The shows a huge influx of micro and small enterprises with less investment in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporations area. 600 508
No. of Enterprises
500 371
400 300 200
137
100 23
25
47
18
9
26
0 Less than 20
21 - 50
51 - 100
No. of Workers Salt Lake Rajarhat
4
5
9
More than 100
BMC
Figure 10. No. of Factories (based on no. of workers) (Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata)
2.10 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy Around 371 MSMEs are present in Rajarhat area ‘with less than 20 workers’ as compared to 137 MSMEs in Salt Lake. Whereas with 50 to 100 workers, there are 18 and 9 MSMEs in Salt Lake and Rajarhat respectively. There are nine MSMEs in studied area, which are operating with more than 100 workers. 3500
3237 3054
3000
No. of Workers
2500
2162 1867
2000
1634
1478
1500
1420
1278 1075
1000
719 759
589
500 0 Less than 20
21 - 50
51 - 100
More than 100
Classification based on 'no. of workers in each enterprise' Salt Lake Rajarhat BMC
Figure 11. No. of cumulative workers (classified on the basis of no. of workers) (Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata)
Around 3237 workers employed in MSME’s with ‘less than 20 workers’, in which 2162 workers are employed at MSMEs in Rajarhat area. According to MSMEs Development Institute, around 3000 workersare employed in enterprises with ‘more 100 workers’.
2.6.3 Investment There are 408 enterprises that started with initial investment of 10 lakh rupees, whereas there are less than 35 enterprises that started with initial investment of more than 1 crore rupees. There has been a huge influx of micro and small enterprises in BMC and is projected to rise due state’s economic
2.11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy policies. 450
408
400
No. of Enterprises
350
305
300 250 200 150
117
103
100
71
50
46
15 19
34
14 4 18
8 11 15
1 Cr.-2 Cr.
More than 2 Cr.
0 Upto 10 Lakh
11 lakh-50 lakh
Salt Lake
51 lakh-1 Cr.
Rajarhat Investment
BMC
Figure 12. No. of Enterprises (based on initial investment cost) (Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata)
Around 408 enterprises started with initial investment cost of less than 10 lakh with more than 75% enterprises located in Salt Lake. There are 117 enterprises in BMC area, which started with initial investment cost of 11 to 50 lakhs with around 60% enterprises in Salt Lake. With more than 50 lakh of initial investment, only 67 enterprises are operating in the BMC area with equal number of enterprises in Salt Lake and Rajarhat. Around 65% of the enterprises in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Area are proprietary in nature whereas there is also significant share of Private Limited Companies as well as enterprises started in Partnership. There are only ‘eight’ enterprises with Limited Liability Partnership where fifteen public limited Company are present in the Municipal Corporation Area.
2.12 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
450 384
400
No. of Enterprises
350
311
300 250 200 150
121
100 50
68 12
0
3
53
24 36
15
Public Limited Company
Private Limited Company
Salt Lake
73
60 5
Partnership
Rajarhat
3
8
Limited Liability Partnership
Proprietary
BMC
Figure 13. No. of Enterprises (Typologies) (Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata) 350 309 300
283
No. of Enterprises
250 217 193
200 150 100
92
90
50 0
Manufacturing Salt Lake
Services Rajarhat
BMC
Figure 14. Distribution Share of Manufacturing and Services MSMEs (No. of Enterprises) (Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata)
The distribution share of Manufacturing and Service Enterprises is found to be almost equal as per MSME Development Institute. Rajarhat area have more than twice the number of enterprises than Salt Lake. There are around 310 manufacturing enterprises in BMC area with more than twice enterprise
2.13 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy in Rajarhat as compared to Salt Lake. Similarly, service enterprises are more concentrated in Salt Lake as compared to Rajarhat with only 90 enterprise in Salt Lake against 193 of Rajarhat. Table 2.5. Distribution Share of Manufacturing and Services MSMEs (No. of Enterprises) Salt Lake
Rajarhat
BMC
Manufacturing
92
217
309
Services
90
193
283
(Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata) 500 443
450 400 333
No. of Enterprises
350 300 250 200 150
145 110
100
70
75
50 2
0
Micro
Small Salt Lake
Rajarhat
2
4
Medium BMC
Figure 15. Distribution Share of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (No. of Enterprises) (Source: MSME Development Institute, Kolkata)
There are around 450 micro scale enterprises until date in the surveyed area with more concentration in Rajarhat area having around 330 enterprises. More than three-fourth number of enterprises are present in Rajarhat in comparison to 110 micro enterprises in Salt Lake. Apart from micro, there is a significant number of small-scale enterprises in the Bidhannagar with almost equal number of enterprises in both the areas. Four medium scale enterprises are operating in the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation with two each in Salt Lake and Rajarhat.
2.14 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
2.7
Trade license
Trade License department takes care of issuance of new Trade Licenses as well as renewal of existing Trade Licenses. Specific application form needs to be purchased from the Borough Office or at the concerned Banks by paying â‚š 100/The Borough Office initiates a file for each application and checks the documents submitted. In case of any discrepancy, the applicant is communicated then.
On satisfactory document verification, the Sub Assistant Engineer posted to the Borough Office inspects the site and mentions remarks.
On satisfactory site inspection remark, the Trade License Charge is mentioned basing on the nature of and the file is presented to the Borough Chairperson for approval.
On approval of the TPO and the Finance Officer, the department Staff generates the challan manually for Trade License Charges and the same is placed in the file. Applicant deposits the amount at the bank and submits the received copy of the Bank at the Borough Office. The department Staff receives the file and generates the Trade License certificate by entering the details in software application i.e. used for Trade License. The Trade License certificate is verified by the TPO, signed, and authorized by the Finance Officer.
The Certificate is placed in the file and the file is sent back to the Borough from where the applicant collects the certificate.
Figure 2.9. Process for issuing of new Trade Licenses
2.8
Markets
Majority of urban activities concerning the commerce is markets arranged in a visibly hierarchized manner. The area is a predominantly residential area but over the time, there have been signs of mixed-use development. It has scattered throughout the colonies in case of Rajarhat-Gopalpur area 2.15 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy whereas in Salt Lake they are collectively coming up as the “overpowering markets”. The offices are concentrated in the zone adjoining the central park, Salt Lake.
2.8.1 Hierarchy of markets First Order: Planned The first order market includes the important markets due to the location, variety of goods, accessibility, etc. they are regulatedeither by municipal council or by market council; for e.g. Rabindra-Pally market, Narayanpur, etc. Second Order: Informal/Weekly Bazaars Despite being the second order markets they may end up being the more important ones as they are direct outcome of consumer’s needs. Most of the markets of this order include perishable goods. In some of the area, they have come alongside roads, existing markets or have claimed a patch of area over the duration of years. Third Order - Mixed Use Shops This is a common phenomenon in Salt Lake. Due to the concentrated emergence of these shops at particular locations, they are overpowering the existing block markets. They have the same advantage as second order markets, being the direct outcome of needs.While in Rajarhat-Gopalpur area, they are spread over the colonies. Table 2.6.Municipal income comparison for the FY 2016-17 (amount as per challan)
Particulars
Bidhannagar (Salt lake Area)
Rajarhat Field office
Total Amount
Amount as per Estimation
Trade Licence
76,41,390.00
73,66,650.00
1,50,08,040.00
2,46,45,269.00
Market Rent
94,61,755.11
-
94,61,755.11
99,87,496.11
Table 2.7. List of Markets Surveyed in Rajarhat-Gopalpur
Name of market
Type
Nature of Market
No. of
INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE
Shops
SWM
Go down
Sanitation
Parking
SRCM Road Bazar
Daily
Both
140
No
No
No
No
Narayanpur Bazar
Daily
Both
75
No
No
No
No
Informal
58
No
No
No
No
BablatalaHaat Bazar Weekly Super Market
Daily
Formal
129
No
No
Yes
No
Baguiati Market
Daily
Formal
207
No
No
Yes
No
Arjun Nagar Market
Daily
Informal
50
No
No
No
No
2.16 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy Raghunathpur Bazar
Daily
Informal
60
No
No
No
No
Charaktala Bazar
Daily
Informal
40
No
No
No
No
Teghoria Bazar
Daily
Informal
20
No
No
No
Yes
Hathiyara Bazar
Daily
Informal
60
No
No
No
No
BaguihatiPuratan Bazar
Daily
Formal
330
No
No
Yes
No
Baguiati Ac Market
Daily
Formal
150
No
Yes
Yes
No
Jagatpur Market
Daily
Both
40
No
No
Yes
No
Adarshpally Road
Daily
Both
2641
No
No
No
No
Milan Bazar
Daily
Informal
237
No
No
No
No
Misan Bazar
Daily
Both
80
No
No
No
No
Anurupa Pally
Daily
Formal
100
No
No
Yes
No
Table 2.8. List of Markets Surveyed in Rajarhat-Gopalpur (Continued)
Name of Market
Loan Loading Bays
Catering Radius
Footfall
Classification
Per Day
(In Km)
Monthly Charges / Rent
SRCM Road Bazar
No
No
2.5
C5
Narayanpur Bazar
No
No
3
C5
250
BablatalaHaat Bazar
No
No
3
C1, C5
100
Super Market
No
No
2.5
C5
-
Baguiati Market
No
No
4
C5
-
Arjun Nagar Market
No
No
3
C5
-
Raghunathpur Bazar
No
No
2.5
500
C1
-
Charaktala Bazar
No
No
2.5
200
C5
-
Teghoria Bazar
No
No
2.5
600
C1
-
Hathiyara Bazar
No
No
4
1200
C1
-
BaguihatiPuratan
No
No
4
1500
2.17 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
-
Economy Bazar Baguiati Ac Market
No
No
3
600
500
Jagatpur Market
No
No
3
300
800
Adarshpally Road
No
No
3
5000
C1, C5
-
Milan Bazar
No
No
2
600
C1
-
Misan Bazar
No
No
3
1200
C1
-
Anurupa Pally
No
No
4
7000
C1
-
Table 2.9. List of Markets Surveyed in Salt Lake
Name of Market
Type of Market
Nature of Market
No. of
Infrastructure Available
Shops
SWM
Godown
Sanitaion
Parking
CK Market
Daily
Formal
20
Yes
No
No
No
AJ Market
Daily
Formal
25
Yes
No
No
Yes
BJ Market
Daily
Formal
25
Yes
No
No
Yes
ED Market
Daily
Formal
20
Yes
No
Yes
No
Baishakhi Market
Daily
Formal
52
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
CA Market
Daily
Formal
129
Yes
No
No
No
AB AC Market
Daily
Formal
80
Yes
No
No
No
GD Market
Daily
Formal
100
Yes
No
Yes
No
IB Market
Daily
Formal
60
Yes
No
Yes
No
Nayapatti Bazaar
Daily
Both
270
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Table 2.10. List of Markets Surveyed in Salt Lake (Continued)
Name Of Market
Loan
Loading Bays
Catering Radius
2.18 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Footfall Per Day
Classification
Monthly Charges / Rent
Economy CK Market
No
No
3
600
C5
200
AJ Market
No
No
2
800
C5
200
BJ Market
No
No
2
600
C5
200
ED Market
No
No
2.5
-
C5
200
Baishakhi Market
No
No
3
1500
-
200
CA Market
No
No
3
-
-
250
AB AC Market
No
No
2
-
C1
100
GD Market
No
No
2.5
500
C5
3/sqft
IB Market
No
No
2.5
300
C5
150
Nayapatti Bazaar
No
No
3
-
-
50
2.9
Informal sector
Informal sector is very commonly seen in the BMC area. It is most common around the planned markets. Some of the important markets are itself informal in nature, in the Rajarhat area.
41%
36%
59%
64%
Informal
Formal
Figure 2.11. Informal Sector in Rajarhat-Gopalpur
Informal
Formal
Figure 2.10. Informal Sector in Salt Lake
2.9.1 Operation Rajarhat-Gopalpur

Most of the informal sector has flourished significantly in past 20 years.
2.19 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
There has been gradual decline in the pattern in the recent years.
While 17% have been in operation for more than 20 years.
Salt Lake
Most of the informal sector has flourished significantly in past 20 years.
There has been sudden increase in the pattern in the last 05 years.
While only 1/4th of the sector is in operation for more than 20 years.
11%
17%
22%
25%
11%
33% 39%
42%
0-5 years 11-20 years
6-10 years >20 years
0-5 years 11-20 years
6-10 years >20 years
Figure 2.12. Operating years’: Salt Lake&Rajarhat
2.9.2 Monthly turnover (in rupees) - informal sector 8%
9%
25%
27%
12% 34%
33%
52%
0-5000 11000-15000
6000-10000 >15000
0-5000 11,000-15,000
6000-10,000 >1,5000
Figure 2.13. Monthly Turnover: Salt Lake&Rajarhat
Salt Lake
2.20 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Rajarhat-Gopalpur
Economy The adjoining figure indicates that proportion of the informal vendors earning monthly wages in the intervals of 6,000-10,000 and 11,000-15,000 is almost similar just crossing 30%.
The adjoining figure indicates that majority of the informal vendors struggle to earn minimal wages of 10,000.This also indicates at the quality of living of people involved in that sector.
2.9.3 Issue of markets Salt Lake: Formal Market
• • • • •
Rajarhat-Gopalpur: Formal Market
The emerging mixed-use shops are a threat to planned block markets. Many of the shops lie vacant in market complex.
• They are few in number and hence congested. • Encroachment by informal vendors adds up another layer along roads.
Salt Lake: Informal Market
Rajarhat-Gopalpur: Informal Market
Majority of the clients for this sector comprises of local residents. There are no taxes or fees paid by this sector. Solid waste Management is seen to be a major deficit amongst vendors.
• All local clients. • There are no taxes or fees. • Solid waste Management is seen to be a major issue amongst vendors.
2.10 Rapid assessment of target markets for intervention Identify your Beneficiary Group
Identify markets that are beneficiary to the poor / target group
What is the Market Growth Potential?
Is there a Potential for Systemic change? Is there a genuine or justified addition?
Does Country Office capacity imply limits on potential market targets?
Select and apply additional criteria
Finalise list of markets for comprehensive market assessment
Source: Private Sector Division, UNDP: “Assessing Markets” (2010) 2.21 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
2.11 Selected markets 2.11.1 Narayanpur bazaar, srcm road Narayanpur Bazaar is located on the SRCM road on the periphery of ward no. 2 and ward no. 3 of BMC, the SRCM road is the only major connecting link for the market and thus maximum traffic through wards 1, 2,3,4,5 goes through this bazaar. The Narayanpur bazar caters to the needs of population of the northernmost areas of Rajarhat – Gopalpur.Due to the extreme traffic flow and encroachments, the road width decreases and many issues that concern the smooth functioning of the market come into picture. ISSUES:
•
Lack of physical infrastructure facilities
•
Only one connecting link and thus overcrowding
•
Encroachments by informal shops and vendors
•
No availability of community bins
•
Crowding and stopping of bus, congesting the nodes.
2.11.2 Rabindrapally main road market Rabindrapally/Thakdari road is the main access road crossing through keshtopur. It acts as an arterial as well as collector road, directly opening onto VIP road at one side. The vehicular and non-vehicular traffic from the neighbourhood flows on it and then disperses to main road or vice-versa. It is a narrow road with 6m ROW with bi-directional traffic flowing. Due to its prominent location, there is mixed-use development all along the road. It is a full-fledged market on road level and there are houses on top of it. Heavy encroachment on the road has added additional one layer of informal vendors on both sides of the road, squeezing the already narrower road. It is a first order market with 200+shops flourishing. A council regulates half of the shops and other half are privately managed. There are varied types of goods sold at the market ranging from vegetable vendors to clothing showrooms. ISSUES:
•
Narrow road with two directional traffic flows (vehicular, non-vehicular and pedestrian)
•
Heavy encroachments by informal vendors on the road.
•
No availability of community bins.
•
Public buses have their routes assigned from this road and due to unavailability of assigned bus stops; they stop anywhere leading to congestion.
2.22 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Economy
Figure 2.14. Map showing location of selected markets
2.11.3 Jagatpur hawkers association Along the Jagatpur canal, there is a huge slum settlement that cater to the local population, having two markets of different characters working in conjugation with each other in the area. Along the Jagatpur-Adarshpally road, there is a fish market along the canal. The shops are in a very dilapidated manner, hanging over the canal. On the other side of road, there is a vegetable-fruits market. Due to the nature of these items, the road is full of organic waste, creating heavy nuisance. these shops are regulated by an associated named “Jagatpur hawkers association”. Taking the left turn from this market, you are welcomed by another set of shops. This market deals with non-perishable items, having shops of varied nature. Dominant goods being clothes, grocery, amongst other daily need requirements. These shops are not regulated under any association or council. The shops are mostly tin structure, with some built in proper form. ISSUES
•
No washroom facilities.
•
All the sanitary waste is directly flowing into canals.
•
Congested road due to market on both sides of roads. Traffic peaks up during school hours, due to nearby school.
2.23 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing
3 HOUSING
3.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing
3.1
Introduction
Housing is considered as one of the most important aspect in the planning of a city. It provides shelter and security to every individual. It also linked with the economic base of a city and provides easy access to the credit market. Secure, affordable and safe housing enriches the communities to lead a better quality of life and helps in creating a better civil society. On the same note, housing sector also shows strong backward and forward linkages to many ancillary industries like construction industry, labour industry.The housing stock in Bidhan Nagar Municipal Corporation predominantly comprises of privately owned houses constructed over government land and hence mostly plotted development. Owing to the high rate of urbanization, the city has witnessed high-density vertical housing in Rajarhat Area. However, due to poor planning some localities shows evident poor infrastructure. Salt Lake area has witnessed low density housing, which shows opportunity for the re- densification of area.The government played an important role in the housing of slum areas. Many beneficiaries were being provided with houses under Basic Service for Urban Poor Scheme in notified slum areas. At present, under Housing for All Scheme around 6000 Dwelling Units are to be constructed. Primary Survey indicates that the people are satisfied with their present condition of housing quality.
3.1.1 General characteristics of bidhannagar municipal area Total Geographical Area: 60.5 Sq. km. Population: 632107 Total Household: One Lakh Forty Seven Thousand Rajarhat – One Lakh Seventeen Thousand Salt Lake – Twenty Six Thousand
3.2
Quantitative analysis
As per primary survey, total household demand in Bidhan Nagar Municipal Corporation is 20732 with 17491 housing stock demand in Rajarhat and 3241 in Salt Lake. Ward 10,18,19,20, and 35 has the maximum housing demand. Table 3.1 Ward wise Housing Shortage
Ward No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
No. of HH
Obsolesce Factor
3112 2802 3399 1252 3022 5772 2142 2479 1245 4689 3979 4547
22.22 0 0 0 0 8.3 11.11 33.33 40 25 0 8.3
3.2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Congestion Factor 0 10 0 25 0 8.3 0 0 0 8.3 0 0
Avg. HH Size 3.1 3.5 4.25 6 3.1 6.5 6.7 4.6 3.4 3.5 5.1 4.5
Housing Shortage 692 280 0 313 0 958 238 826 498 1562 0 378
Housing 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Total
3.3
5227 4585 3403 6261 4116 2339 5233 2040 3396 3119 3096 1060 3460 3422 4400 6354 4272 2750 5386 3414 3487 5357 4141 4615 1870 4710 4654 4568 153661
0 0 10 12.5 0 36.4 57.14 20 0 0 0 27.3 40 16.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71.4 0 0 30 0 20 0 11.9
0 0 0 0 9 9 0 13.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.33 0 0 2.95
4.08 3.3 3.9 4.25 4.18 4.45 5.8 4.6 4.27 3.76 3.66 3.45 3.8 4.5 3.25 4.13 4.08 2.91 3.6 3.16 3 3 4.2 4.08 3.76 3.6 4.73 5.4 4.5 4.14
0 0 340 490 564 1868 1336 1744 0 0 0 845 424 578 855 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3824 0 0 561 628 930 0 20732
Qualitative analysis
3.3.1 Household size distribution As per Primary survey, Bidhan Nagar Municipal Corporation has an average household size of 4.14. Rajarhat area has household size of 4.28 with Ward 4, 6,7,19 showing an average household size above 5. Salt Lake has average household size of 3.8. Ward 7 shows the maximum household size of 6.7 and Ward 1, 5 show the minimum household size of 3.1.
3.3 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing
8
Average Household Size
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Ward Number
Figure 3.1 Ward wise Household Size Distribution
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.2 Housing typology Rajarhat has around 36810(66%) plotted houses, 10598(19%) Apartments, 6135(11%) squatters and 2230(4%) Group Housing. Bidhan Nagar has around 22764 (80%) plotted houses, 3700(13%) Apartments, 1138 (4%) squatters and 854(3%) Group Housing. Ward 2, Ward 3, Ward 4 and Ward 5 constitute plotted housing only. Ward 6, Ward 7 and Ward 15 have government housing. Group Housing is present in Ward 31, 32 and 37. Ward 38 and Ward 39 are predominantly informal settlement. Major squatters in Rajarhat area are along the canals
4%
3% Plotted
19% 11%
66%
4%
13%
Plotted
Squatters
Squatters
Apartments
Apartments
Group Housing
Figure 3.3 Housing Stock Typology-Rajarhat
3.4 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
80%
Group Housing
Figure 3.2 Housing Stock Typology- Salt Lake
Percentage of Housing Stock
Housing
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 Ward Number
Plotted
Apartment
Squatters
Group Housing
Figure 3.4 Ward wise Housing Stock Typology
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.3 Housing condition According to primary survey, Rajarhat has around 37368(67%) dwelling units in good condition, 13385(24%) dwelling units in livable condition and 5020 (9%) dwelling units are dilapidated. Bidhan Nagar has around 18780(66%) dwelling units in good condition, 8820(31%) dwelling units in livable condition and 854 (3%) dwelling units are dilapidated. Percentage of dilapidated houses is maximum in Ward 1and Ward 25. Ward 4, Ward 5, Ward 16 and Ward 17 have predominantly houses in good condition. Ward 2, Ward 18, Ward 21 and Ward 24 have maximum percentage of housing in liveable condition. Ward 29, 30, 33,34,37,40 and 41 in Salt Lake show a significant number of houses in good condition. Ward 38, predominantly slum area has houses in livable condition.
3% 9% Good
24%
Liveable 67%
Dilapidated
Figure 3.5 Housing Condition – Rajarhat
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.5 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Good
31%
Liveable 66%
Dilapidated
Figure 3.6 Housing Condition - Salt Lake
Housing
Percentage of Housing Stock
120 100 80 60
Dilapidated
40
Liveable Good
20 0 1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 Ward Number
Figure 3.7 Ward wise Housing Condition
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.4 Type of Structure There are 48524 (87%) Pucca Houses, 3905 (8%) Semi-Pucca Houses, 2230 (4%)Serviceable-Kutcha Houses and (1.09 %) Unserviceable Kutcha Houses. Pucca Houses are predominantly in all wards.Kutcha Houses are majorly present in Ward 1, Ward 2, Ward 4, Ward 5 and Ward 28.Salt Lake has predominantly Pucca and Semi-Pucca houses. Salt Lake area has predominantly Pucca Housing. 4% 1%
Pucca
8%
Semi-Pucca
87%
KutchaServiceable KutchaUnserviceable
Figure 3.8 Type of Structure -Rajarhat
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.5 Ownership pattern In Rajarhat around 45735 houses are owned which constitute around 82%. Areas with apartments are mostly rented. This phenomenon can be related to the household median income of the zone. Areas with lower median income display an inclination towards rented housing Encroachments are along the canal, and on the vacant government plots. Ward 6, Ward 10, Ward 12, Ward 13, Ward 15, Ward 17, Ward 19, Ward 22 and Ward 26 have maximum number of rented houses. 3.6 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing In Salt Lake, most of the houses are owned by individuals with a significant proportion of 87 %. Encroachment is majorly on the vacant government plots. 12 % of the housing stock is rented which are majorly apartments.
2%
1% Owned
Owned
12%
16% Rented
Rented
82%
87%
Encroachment
Encroachment
Figure 3.10 Ownership Pattern - Salt Lake
Figure 3.9 Ownership Pattern - Rajarhat
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.6 Age of Construction From the findings of survey, around 50 % of the buildings are 25-40 years old. It majorly shows the growth of city happened in 1970s. Less than 1% of buildings are newly constructed in Rajarhat Area. Ward 2, Ward 3, Ward 5 and Ward 28 constitute 32% of newly constructed houses. Ward 9, Ward 18 and Ward 19 have buildings which are more than 80 years old. In Salt Lake, only 6% of the houses are newly constructed. 42 % of the buildings are 25-40 years old. 1% 21%
21%
<10 yrs 10-25 yrs 25-40 yrs
10% 47%
20%
6%
<10 yrs 19%
25-40 yrs
13%
40-80 yrs > 80 yrs
Figure 3.11 Age of Construction - Rajarhat
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
10-25 yrs 40-80 yrs
42%
>80 yrs
Figure 3.12 Age of Construction â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Salt Lake
Housing
Percentage of Housing Stock
120 100 80 >80yrs 60
40-80yrs 25-40yrs
40
10-25yrs
20
<10yrs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ward Number
Figure 3.13 Ward wise Age of Housing Stock
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.7 Residential cum Other use In Rajarhat, apart from residential use, 39% houses are mixed use residential units with shops or offices. Less than 3% are with factories or workshop. Ward 3, Ward 6, Ward 12, Ward 17, Ward 18, Ward 21, Ward 24, Ward 26 and Ward 27 predominantly have mixed use. Shop/Office
3%
39% 55%
Factory/Worksho p Others School/College
3%
Figure 3.14 Residential cum Other Use- Rajarhat
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.8 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing
4%
Shops/Office 21% 0%
Factory/Works hop Others
75%
School/College
Figure 3.15 Residential cum Other Use - Salt Lake
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.8 Income wise Housing Distribution Income distribution of Households in Rajarhat shows a significant presence of EWS and LIG. Population accounting to about 70% of the total Population, While MIG Households constitute to about 18 % and HIG at 12%. In Salt Lake, maximum Household constitute to MIG and HIG. Ward 38,39 shows a significant presence of EWS and LIG Households.
12% 38%
18%
EWS LIG MIG HIG
32%
Figure 3.16 Income wise Housing Distribution â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rajarhat
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing
12%
EWS
36%
18%
LIG MIG HIG
34%
Figure 3.17 Income wise Distribution - Salt Lake
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.3.9 Scope of Development Ward 1, 3,12,17,18,19,22,24 and 28 shows scope for structural improvement and superficial modification. Ward 28 has mostly Kutcha houses which require improvement in structure. Large number houses in the area are owned hence, very few households have plans for new construction. Those households that want to relocate are mostly living in rental housing. Since the major growth of the city happened in last 25 years, majority of Housing Stock do not require any development in structure.
Structural Improvement
12% 8% 12%
Incremental Superficial
68% None
Figure 3.18 Scope of Development â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rajarhat
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.10 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing
Superficial 14% 8% 6% 72%
Incremental Development Structural Improvement None
Figure 3.19 Scope of Development - Salt Lake
(Source: Primary Survey)
3.4
Informal settlement
3.4.1 Notified slums Rajarhat has 180 notified slums. Bidhan Nagar has 26 notified slums. Slums in Bidhan Nagar Municipality are majorly in Ward 26, Ward 38 (Chingrihata) and Duttabad. All the slums are located adjacent to either canal or wetland. The structures are mostly kuccha and semi-pucca. Residents of these areas work in nearby places.
3.4.2 Major Slum up gradation schemes Major slum upgradation schemes implemented in the area are as follows: Basic Service for Urban Poor, Housing for All, Housing for Urban Poor.(Mahisbathan) Government Scheme- Basic Service for Urban Poor BSUP Scheme had been implemented during the period 2014-2015. Services provided under the scheme were: Housing, Infrastructure-Road, Drain and Lights. The scheme was implemented in 4 phases with the construction of around 6000 Dwelling Units. In Bidhan Nagar area housing demand is around 28000 dwelling units. 300 Dwelling Units are constructed till now.
3.11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Housing
4 Infrastructure
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Infrastructure
4.1
Water supply CONVEN T PARK
BAGHMA NEW
PALTA WATER WORKS (260
TALLAH RESERVIOR
MD. ALI PARK
AUCKLAN 15 Nos. 20,000 Gallons ESRs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Salt Lake
PARK CIRCUS
As per the information provided by the Erstwhile Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality office, this area is totally dependent on ground water extracted from 66 Pump houses. Schematic layout of water supply in BMC (source: Management of Urban Water Cycle in KMC)
Water supply system in Bidhannagar Municipal corporation has 2 network systems. Salt lake has its own water supply system and the erstwhile Rajarhat-Gopalpur municipality area has its own network. Both the areas depend mainly on ground water. 4.1.1 Ground water: As per Central Ground Water Board Year Book (2015-16), The trend in water level of Bidhannanar over last 11 years is showing a negative slope (-0.492) . This can be attributed to the fact that in order to meet the growing water demands and inadequate surface water, ground water is harnessed. Also due to the concretisation of areas such as Barasat and Rajarhat, ground water is not being replenished. 18 out of 42 water monitoring wells show arsenic contamination in North 24 Parganas. Jatragachi in Rajarhat area has the highest arsenic concentration (0.76 mg/l â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Safe level is 0.01 mg/l ) in its ground water in the whole of North 24 Parganas. On top of all that the whole area of erstwhile RajarhatGopalpur area is supplied ground water only. Apart from that, many households have their own tube well to cater to their needs.
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Infrastructure
4.1.2 Water demand: The total population of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation, as per Census 2011 is 6,21,167. It was formed in 2015 by reconstituting Bidhannagar Municipality (Salt Lake), RajarhatGopalpur Municipality and Mahishbathan Panchayat. Salt Lake has population of 2,18,323, Rajarhat has a population of 4,02,844 and Mahishbathan has been noted as ‘Unhabited’ as per Census 2011. Keeping 200 lpcd as the benchmark, the existing demand of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is 31 MGD. As per primary Table 4.1: Existing water demand in BMC
SUPPLY Census Population (2011) A. Salt Lake B. Rajarhat- Gopalpur Benchmark (200 lpcd) Loss (CPHEEO) Gross waterDemand A. Salt Lake B. Rajarhat- Gopalpur
6,11,167 2,18,323 4,02,844 200 lpcd 15% 31 mgd 11 mgd 20 mgd
8 mgd --------
4.1.3 Water supply system: The following figures show the water supply network and point sources across the BMC area. Water is supplied in Bidhannagar in the following ways: •
Salt Lake- Demand is 11 MGD but 6-8 MGD is supplied from Talla overhead reservoir to the various OHTs in Bidhannagar which are augmented to fulfill the deficit by harnessing ground water. A new project of creating a central reservoir in Central park is under implementation to store treated surface water from the newly constructed Rajarhat Water treatment plant. This will eliminate the need to extract ground water to fulfill the demand deficit in Salt Lake area.
•
Rajarhat-Gopalpur- Most of the people are dependent on municipal water connection which is harnessed at 66 pump houses across the area. As per the primary
4.3 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
survey, people often opt for Individual borewells because they are not sa satisfied by the quality of watersupplied supplied by the municipality. 4.1.4 Analysis of data: 4.1.5 Source of water: Following is the comparison of statistics of Census 2011 and Primary survey 2018 on sources of drinking water ......................... Table 4.2: Sources of water
Covered well Un covered well Tap water (treated) Community tap Handpump Tubewell/ Borewell River/ Canal Pond/ Lake Other (Bottled water)
CENSUS 2011 RAJARHAT RAJARHATGOPALPUR 0.18 % 0.04 % 7.4 % 1.17 % 55.59 % 34.19 % 0.09 % 0.11 % 1.24 %
4.4 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
PRIMARY SURVEY 2018 RAJARHATBIDHANNAGAR GOPALPUR 6.1 % 0.85 % 35.2 % 15 % 23.5 % 20.2 %
68.36 % 10.17 % 2.82 % 17.8 %
Infrastructure
Map 4.1: Water infrastructuresin BMC (source: BMC)
4.5 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Following graphs show the ward wise data on sources of drinking water. Wards (12, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37 and 41) are totally dependent and wards (3, 5, 11, 15, 23, 29, 32, 36 and 39) are mostly dependent on direct connection for acquiring drinking water. Ward No. 35, 40 depends fully and ward 9, 20 and 26 depends mostly on bottled water for drinking purposes. Ward 38 is the Duttabad area and as per primary survey, all the people in this ward are dependent on Community taps for acquiring drinking water. Wards (10 and 22) are fully and wards (7, 8, 17, 21 an 27) are mostly dependent on bore wells for acquiring drinking water.
Figure 4.1: Ward wise distribution of water source
Adequacy of water: According to primary survey 47.21% of the households in BMC have municipal connection. Water is supplied for 4 hours per day (2 hours twice a day) to the households having 4.6 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Infrastructure
municipal connection. The primary survey has revealed that although there are quality issues, most of the households in Salt Lake area have municipal connection. Whereas municipal water supply coverage is comparatively less in Rajarhat- Gopalpur area. This is mainly because the supply water is extracted from ground and has high iron content which results in scaling and hence clogging of lines. Hence more people tend to choose Individual bore wells so that they can take care of their own water needs.
Household satisfaction with water quality and quantity: Following is the wardwise perception of people on satisfaction with the quality and quantity of water they get.
BIDHANN AGAR
RAJARHAT- GOPALPUR
Table 4.3: Ward wise perception on quality and quantity of water
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 W21 W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W27 W28 W29 W30 W31
4.7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
PERCEPTION QUALITY QUANTITY 2 1 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1
Infrastructure
BIDHANNAGAR
WETLANDS
W32 W33 W34 W35 W36
1 3 3 2 4
1 4 3 2 3
W37
4
4
W38 W39
4 3
4 3
W40
2
2
W41
4
4
Variation in water:
Figure 4.2 : Ward wise variation of water quality
4.8 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Issues with Water supply:
Water supply is way below service level benchmarks of MoUD. Due to indiscriminate extraction of ground water and absence of proper recharging due to concretization, the water table has gone down. Consequently salts and minerals get pumped out and make the water quality poor. The supply lines get clogged due to scaling and cause disruption in water supply causing quantity issues. This discourages people to go for municipal connection. Iron content has been found in supply water of Salt Lake also because of shortage of treated surface water and mixing of untreated ground water to fulfil the deficit. Old pipelines along with intermittent water supply increase the pressure on the network and hence chances of loss are high. There is no differentiation between high and low end consumers because of complete absence of water meters at the domestic level. Although Salt Lake is having a properly planned distribution layout, Rajarhat-Gopalpur area does not have one. There are many dead ends in the distribution network which result in water stagnation in pipes.
4.9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
4.2
Drainage and sewerage network
4.2.1 Drainage system 4.2.1.1 Introduction The terrain of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area is flat. But there is a gradual slope towards east and the major flow of storm water is towards eastern side. The morphology of the wetlands is the result of the natural gradient to the east. The region receives heavy rainfall during the months of June, July and August which ranges from 225mm to 473 mm. According to the ‘Master Plan of Drainage, Sewerage & Sanitation’ for 2001 – 2025, the Bidhannagar Municipal area is within the Northern Salt Lake Basin.
Avg. Monthly Rainfall in mm
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Figure 4.3 : Rainfall Data of North 24 Parganas (source: Indian Meteorological Dept)
The drainage system of planned township is connected to Kestopur canal and has 21 outfalls. The system is well maintained and there are rare occurrences of water logging, while northern areas of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation are more prone to water logging due to poorly maintained drainage network. 4.2.1.2 Canal System: For the drainage, Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is majorly relying on Kestopur canal, Bagjola canal and Noal canal. And some amount is discharged into HIDCO canal, Dum Dum Central canal and Airport pass canal. Kestopur canal forms the northern boundary of Salt Lake City and is directly connected to river Hoogly in the West through New-cut canal & Beliaghata-Circular Canal and to the river Kultigung in the East. There was high congestion in Kestopur canal resulting in water logging, environment pollution, and mosquito menace around its vicinity. From Drainage point of view, it is the lifeline of the planned township of Salt lake. But very recently with the objective of making all these canals navigable, Kestopur Canal has been dredged and revitalized.
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Infrastructure
Bagjola canal originates in the swamps of Ariadaha, Dakshineshwar, it continues as a narrow ditch till it reaches South Dum Dum. A number of outfalls have contributed towards its increased flow of water. It has been cemented in sections till it finally meets the VIP Road near Krishnapur. Beyond the VIP Road, the Bagjola moves into the Rajarhat area, outside the urban limit. This canal serves drainage purpose of Rajarhat area to some extent.
Figure 4.4 : Drainage Basins and canal flow direction
The drainage network of planned township is directed towards Kestopur canal and its arbitrary channel along eastern boundary. Kestopur canal also receives drainage from ward 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28. While Bagjola canal and its arbitrary receives drainage from ward 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and to some extend from ward 14. Dum Dum Central canal along the western boundary of Bidhannagar municipal area receives drainage from ward 7, 8, 9, 10 and 17. Northern part of corporation area comprising of ward 1, 2, 3 and 4 depending on Noal canal passing along northern boundary. Apart from these canals there are HIDCO canal and Airport pass canal to for collecting drainage of the area. Since the drainage system largely depends upon these canals, settlements and dumping of wastes along canals results in periodic water stagnation during monsoons.
4.11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Figure 4.5: Existing Drainage Network of Salt Lake area (source: BMC)
Salt lake area has a network of covered drainage, while most of the roads in northern area have open drain along. 68 percent of drainage network in northern area is open and 31 percent of it is clogged. Almost 93 percent of drains in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation are pucca, where we can see some kutcha drains along newly constructed roads in ward 4, 12, 13 and 14 and in some areas of Salt Lake. The 32 % closed drains can be seen along major roads of corporation.
4.12 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
open and closed drains open
closed
32% 68%
4.13 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Map 4.2: Open and closed drains of BMC.
kutcha and pucca drains pucca
kutcha
7%
93%
4.14 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Map 4.3: Kutcha and Pucca drains of BMC
clogged drains clogged 31 %
69 %
4.15 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Map 4.4: Clogged drains of BMC
single sided and double sided drains double
single
39% 61%
4.16 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Map 4.5: Single sided and Double sided drains
WATER LOGGING AREAS
Map 4.6: Areas of reported waterlogging
4.17 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
4.2.1.3
Existing Scenario _Rajarhat-Gopalpur
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 yes
Figure 4.6 :Water stagnation in Rajarhat, ward wise (source: primary survey)
Rajarhat area is more prone to water stagnation than due to clogged open drains along the roads. In Rajarhat area 28.9% household reported water stagnation of which 50% reported more than three hour of water stagnation. All the wards other than ward number 7, 8,9,11 and 25 reported water stagnation. As a result, newly constructed buildings are having raised plinth than older buildings. But most of the buildings are vulnerable to annually occurring water stagnation during monsoon.
4.18 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
<3 Hours
3-6 Hours
6-12 Hours
12-24 Hours
>24 Hours
21%
2% 2%
50%
25%
Figure 4.7: Duration of Water Stagnation in Rajarhat (Source: primary survey) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1
2
3
4
<3 Hours
5
6 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 3-6 Hours
6-12 Hours
12-24 Hours
>24 Hours
Figure 4.8:Duration of water stagnation in Rajarhat area (Source: primary survey)
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Infrastructure
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Fortnightly
Monthly
Bi-Yearly
Yearly
Five Yearly
Never
Figure 4.9: Frequency of drainage cleaning in Rajarhat (Source: primary survey)
Around 40 percent of drains are cleaned once in a week and 22 percent once in a month. Even though drains in these areas are clogged since they are open and subsequent dumping of wastes into it. The situation is more prominent in the inner cores of residential area. And also, in interior parts of Rajarhat area some of the houses have connected soak pit directly to the open drains which is further adding the problem. It is observed that waste collected from drains during cleaning is being dumped into nearby vacant plots. So the waste dumping also has to be taken care. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Excellent
Very-Good
Good
Average
Poor
Figure 4.10: Level of satisfaction in Cleaning of drains in Rajarhat (Source: primary survey)
4.20 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Average level of satisfaction in cleaning and maintenance of drains in Rajarhat â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Gopalpur wards range from 20 percent to 60 percent. According to primary survey higher average level of satisfaction is reported for ward 17 and ward 20. 4.2.1.4 Existing Scenario _ Salt Lake
12%
Water stagnation 1.Y 2.N
88%
Figure 4.11: Water Stagnation in Salt Lake City Area (Source: primary survey)
Total 12 percentage household in salt lake reported water stagnation. Households in Ward number 30, 31 and 39 only reported water stagnation. These wards are nearer to the outfalls to the canal. In which 65 % of household reported more than 3 hour of water stagnation. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 30 <3 Hours
31 3-6 Hours
6-12 Hours
4.21 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
39 12-24 Hours
>24 Hours
Infrastructure Figure 4.12: Duration of stagnation of water in Salt Lake area (Source: primary survey)
In Salt lake area, occurrences of water stagnation have been reported from wards 30, 31 and 39. Out of this only 6 percent has reported occurrence of water stagnation having duration more than one day and it is from ward 39.
<3 Hours
3-6 Hours
6-12 Hours
12-24 Hours
>24 Hours
6%
24%
35%
35%
Figure 4.13: Duration of water stagnation in Salt Lake (Source: primary survey)
6%
2% 1%
1. Excellent 2. Very good 43%
48%
3. Good 4. Average 5. Poor
4.22 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Figure 4.14: Level of satisfaction for drainage cleaning in Salt lake area (Source: primary survey)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 29
30
31
32
Excellent
33
34
Very-Good
35 Good
36
37 Average
38
39
40
41
Poor
Figure 4.15: Satisfaction level of drainage cleaning in Salt Lake area (Source: primary survey)
People are considerably satisfied in periodic cleaning of drainage network in Salt Lake area and its functioning. According to primary survey, 55 percent of drains are being cleaned twice in a month. Average level of satisfaction in drainage maintenance and cleaning varies from 40 percent to 80 percent in Salt lake wards. And out of 14 wards 9 wards have reported more than 60 percent average level of satisfaction. 4.2.2 Sewerage system: Within the BMC, sewerage system is in operation in Salt Lake area. Other areas lack this infrastructure. Sewerage network for some areas of ward 1 and 2 is under construction. The Salt Lake area has an underground sewerage system along with some non-sewerage area also while most of the houses in northern area have their own septic tanks. The 277.1 km long sewerage system along with the metal road has varying diameter of 8â&#x20AC;?-33â&#x20AC;?. The system is designed to collect, treat and dispose sewage of an area of 12.5 sq.km. There are Sewage Pumping Stations, 8 in number, to lift the sewage. The sewage is then pumped to the Bagjola Sewage Treatment Plant through a double-barrel Sewer line. The treated water from Bagjola Treatment Plant is discharged to Bagjola canal. The capacity of treatment plant is 64 MLD and the technology adopted is activated sludge process (CPCB, 2006). Most of the houses in northern part of BMC are relying on septic tank and 9 percent on pit latrine. 4.23 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
.Figure 4.16: Bagjola Treatment Plant (source: Google maps)
Figure 4.17: Bagjola Treatment Plant (Source: primary survey)
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Infrastructure
PUMPING STATION
Figure 4.18: Sewerage Network of Salt Lake Area (Source: BMC)
4.25 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Saptic Tank
Pit Latrine
Figure 4.19: Sewage disposal in Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey)
In Rajarhat area 94 percentages of household use septic tank for sewage disposal other 6 percent household use pit latrine. Saptic Tank
Pit Latrine
6%
27%
2. Septic Tank
73%
4.Municipal Sewer
94%
Figure 4.20: Sewage Disposal in Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey)
Figure 4.21: Sewage Disposal in Salt lake (Source: Primary Survey)
In salt lake area 73 percentages of household use septic tank for sewage disposal other 27 percent household are not having septic tank and directly connected to municipal sewage. 6% 2% 1%
1. Excellent 2. Very good
43%
48%
3. Good 4. Average 5. Poor
4.26 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Figure 4.22: Satisfaction of sewerage cleaning in Salt Lake (Source: Primary Survey)
More than 90 percentage of household are satisfied with sewerage cleaning in salt lake area. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Private toilet
Community
Figure 4.23: Type of toilet used in Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey) Ward
Private toilet
Community
4%
96%
Figure 4.24: Type of Toilet Used In Rajarhat (Source: Primary Survey)
In Rajarhat 94 percentage of households in Rajarhat have private toilets other 4 percent use community toilet facilities. 3% 1. Private 2. Community 97%
4.27 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Figure 4.25: Type of toilet used in Salt Lake area (Source: Primary Survey)
In Salt lake area 97 percentage of households in Rajarhat have private toilets other 3 percent use community toilet facilities. These 3 percent household belong to Duttabad slum.
4.28 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Map 4.7: Open Defecation Areas (Source: Primary Survey)
4.2.3 Network analysis 4.2.3.1 Analysis of Network in Rajarhat Area: The drainage network of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area is largely depending upon 5 canals: Noal canal, Dum Dum Central canal, HIDCO canal, Bagjola canal, Kestopur canal. In accordance to the slope of the area and existing drainage network, the entire area can be divided into 5 zones, i.e. to which canal the flow of water is directed.
4.29 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Map 4.8: Drainage zones for each canal
By considering existing condition of drainage network and sewerage system, perception value of drainage system, possibility of widening roads, possibility of extending and population density, the northern area is divided into 4 phases.
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
4.30 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Map 4.9: Different Zones of Network based on Existing Condition
ZONE 1 – The existing drainage network is in poor condition and any further extension of drainage line is not possible. Widening of road is also nearly impossible. But the area is very critical having high population density and reported more number of clogged drains and water stagnation issues. Apart from that, many houses have been connected septic tank directly to the open drains which further adds the problem and calls for the need of implementing sewerage network. Since the existing flow of water in drainage network is towards Bagjola canal, waste water can be directed towards south – east direction. ZONE 2 – The condition of drainage network is poor and many houses do not have septic tank. This zone is reported to have high number of fever and dengue cases. So it is required to lay sewerage network but densification of the zone is possible to some extend as the housing density is low and the new system can cater more number of people. ZONE 3 – The zone is not having much drainage and sewerage issues at present. Most of the houses are plotted and have individual septic tanks. Eventhough condition of present sewerage system and drainage network is not critical; it is advisable to implement a new system to avoid any further issues in future. Since further densification in the area is only possible in vertical direction, it is desired to have any kind of densification after the implementation of new sewerage network. ZONE 4 – It is the zone which is not fully developed and under the pressure of future expansion. Since the flow in present drainage network is directed towards Noal canal and there is a possibility of implementing a new well equipped system of considerable carrying capacity it is preferred to have a separate sewage treatment plant for this zone apart from other zones. By considering the area and possible length of major road network, for attaining a velocity of 90 cm/sec in the sewer line and a slope of 0.0006; a main sewer trunk line of 120 cm can be used. It gives; Peak Hour Discharge = 763.02 L/sec Estimated Water Supply in future = 225 lpcd Estimated Total Discharge per day = 43949952 L/day Maximum Population = 244166 4.31 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Maximum Housing Density per hectare = 68
Eventhough the corporation area is having a flat terrain; some of the regions in the northern area are having higher concentration of flow accumulation due to slight variations in slope. These areas are more sensitive and any further development without considering this may create more water stagnation problems in future. It desired to have low density in these areas with proper infrastructure facilities or provisions such as pumping station.
Figure 4.267: Areas of high flow accumulation
4.2.3.2 Analysis of Network in Salt Lake area The Salt Lake area has a well planned separate system of sewerage. Since the percent of vacant plots in Salt Lake in very less, there will not be much change in surface runoff in future. But the sewerage network has a certain carrying capacity. Taking a typical residential block of Salt Lake area; Area of block = 302. 597 hectares Housing Density = 30 houses per hectare Average Household size = 4.5 4.32 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Total Discharge per day = 1486312.267 L Average flow, Q = 17.203 L/sec Peak Hour Discharge, Qmax = 1.5 times avg. discharge = 25.804 L/sec = 0.026 m3/sec
Figure 3.2.28: Residential block in Salt Lake considered for evaluation
For present sewerage network; Diameter of the main trunk in the block = 30 inches Slope = 0.0012 Carrying Capacity = 0.3267 m3/sec Extra Households possible = 105864.3 Therefore, sewerage system in Salt Lake area has carrying capacity to accommodate approximately twice the existing population. Both drainage and sewerage system in Salt Lake are efficient and well functioning. So it is sufficient to cater future population.
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4.3
Solid waste management
4.3.1 Introduction Solid Waste Management is a major concern in any urban area. One of the biggest problems faced by the urban local bodies is the collection and management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Lack of suitable of infrastructure for MSW management can lead to serious problems like epidemics, environmental degradation, and decline in the quality of water etc. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a systematic process that comprises of waste segregation and storage at source, primary collection, secondary storage, transportation, secondary segregation, resource recovery, processing, treatment, and final disposal of solid waste. The planning area Bidhannagar has an existing solid waste management system undertaken by the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC). The planning area comprises of mainly two areas- the Rajarhat-Gopalpur Area and the Salt Lake Area and there is an observable difference in the quality of the MSWM services in both areas. Salt Lake, which was previously under the jurisdiction of the Bidhannagar Municipality, has a well-established infrastructure while Rajarhat Area, which was under Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality, is found lacking the same.
4.3.2 Waste generation Residential sector, commercial sector, institutions, industries and sweeping waste from streets contribute to the solid waste generation. The generation of solid waste from industrial sector has not been considered as it need not be managed by the urban local body. Solid waste generation is done from the primary survey, MSWM Manual 2016 and URDPFI. Table 4.4: Waste generation per capita per day for Bidhannagar
S.No. Source 1 2 3 4
Estimated waste generation (kg/cap/day)
Residential refuse Commercial refuse Street sweepings Institutional refuse
Source: MSW Rules, 2016
Total Waste generated (in kg)
0.6
398227= 398 MT
0.15
94816 = 94 MT
0.1
63211 = 63 MT
0.1
63211 = 63 MT
Total
618 MT Table 4.5: Waste Composition
Source: WBPCB
Year
Biodegradables
Paper
Plastic/Rubber
Metal
Glass
Rags
Others
Inerts
2016
47.43
8.13
9.22
.50
1.01
4.49
4.016
25.16
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Table 4.6: Waste Characteristics in Bidhannagar and neighbouring municipalities
Source: WBPCB
4.3.3 Waste Management System in Bidhannagar 4.3.3.1
Household Waste
Municipal Corporation has provided mainly two types of collection systems for Household wastes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Door to door system for primarily plotted residential area and Community bins near group housing areas. However it was found during primary survey that much of the wards in the Rajarhat-Gopalpur area had no community bins and inner dense residential areas had no door to door service. Fig 1 shows the different waste collection and disposals methods used by the households in the planning area. While the majority have door-to-door collection system certain wards like 1,2,8,9 and 26 resort to dumping wastes on vacant lands and roadsides, pointing to inefficiency in the coverage of the municipal collection system.
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Infrastructure
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
1 Door to door
2. Community Bin
3. Private agency
5. Vacant Land
6. Road side
7. Composting
Figure 4.27: Ward wise disposal methods
4. Burning
Source: Primary survey
100% 80%
6. Never
60%
5. Other 4. Fortnightly
40%
3. Weekly
20%
2. Alternate days 1 Daily
0% 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Figure 4.28: Frequency of collection of waste in BMC
Source: Primary survey
There is a lack of community bins in the northern areas of Rajarhat and in the areas near the wetlands and those provided in Rajarhat were mostly uncovered.
4.3.4 Street sweeping For cleaning the streets, BMC has assigned four sweepers per block. This has been observable in Salt Lake area. However in Rajarhat area the same quality in service was not to be found. In Salt Lake, major streets were also cleaned using mechanised cleaning vehicles.
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Figure 4.29:: Mechanised street sweeping in Salt Lake
Infrastructure
4.3.5 Institutional waste Institutional waste is mainly constituted by the educational, administration, and health facilities. Waste generation with respect to population as recommended by URDPFI is considered.
4.3.5.1 Biomedical Waste BMC has no provision for collection and management of Biomedical Waste from the hospitals of Bidhannagar is handled by a private agency Medicare Environmental Management in Kalyani.
4.3.5.2 Commercial Waste BMC has provision for collecting commercial wastes and had provided community bins in the market areas of Salt Lake and in certain areas of Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur. Gopalpur. Shops also have individual bins in more retail oriented markets and some also have private agencies for managing their solid waste. BMC has also assigned two sweepers for cleaning the market areas. All the markets responded that segregation of waste is not practiced. Commercial waste collection is Figure 4.30:: Location of community comm bins in charged at Rs 2/ kg. BMC. Source: Primary survey 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Salt Lake Municipal Corp.
Rajarhat Private
Roadside
Figure 4.31:: Waste Collection/Disposal in Market areas Source: (Primary survey)
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Infrastructure Table 3.3.4.7: Waste generated from the markets of Salt Lake
Waste generated /shop (kg)
Name of the Market
Type
No: of shops
CK Market AJ Market BJ Market FD Market ED market
Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed
20 25 25 25 20
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
15 18.75 18.75 18.75 15
Baishakhi Mkt CA Market AB AC Market Complex
Mixed Mixed Mixed
52 129 80
0.75 0.75 0.75
39 96.75 60
BD Market
Mixed
20
0.75
15
GD market
Mixed
100
0.75
75
IB market
Mixed
60
0.75
45
Total waste in (kg)
Table 4.8: Waste generated from the markets of Rajarhat-Gopalpur
Waste generated /shop (kg)
Name of the Market
Type
No: of shops
SRCM Road Narayanpur, South of West Beraberi Mosque
Mixed
140
0.75
105
Mixed
75
0.75
56.25
Narayanpur bazaar
Mixed
80
0.75
60
Super Market
Mixed
125
0.75
93.75
Baiguati Market
Mixed
200
0.75
150
Arjun Ngr Market
Mixed
50
0.75
37.5
Raghunathpur Bazar
Mixed
60
0.75
45
Vegetable
40
0.75
30
Teghoria
Mixed
20
0.75
15
Hatiara
Mixed
60
0.75
45
Baguihati Puratan Bazar Baguihati AC market
Mixed Mixed
330 150
0.75 0.75
247.5 112.5
Jagatpur market Jagatpur Bazar Milan Bazaar Misan Bazaar Anurupa Pally
Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed Mixed
40 2650 250 80 100
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
30 1987.5 187.5 60 75
Charaktala Bazar
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Total waste in (kg)
Infrastructure
4.3.6 Collection stations Bidhannagar has currently two collection stations, all of which are in Salt Lake. There are also five collection sites which have compacting facilities within them. BMC also has two moving compactor trucks. There are proposals to increase the number of both moving and stationary compactors.
Figure 4.32: Compactor unit in Salt Lake Source: Primary survey
Map 4.10: Map showing the location of Compactor Stations and Transfer Stations in BMC Source: Primary survey
4.3.7 Waste disposal Currently all the waste from the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is disposed at a dumping ground at Mollar Bheri, located near the East Kolkata Wetlands, about 5 km from Salt Lake. It covers an area of 6 sq. km and about 33% of the capacity being used so far. The dumping ground has been in use since 1985. The dumping ground functions from 7:00 am â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7:00 pm and receives around 110 trucks daily from the areas of Rajarhat, Salt Lake and NDITA. There is no provision for segregation of Figure .4.33: Dumping ground at Mollar Bheri waste, composting, or recycling within the site. There is no sanitary landfill in Mollar Bheri and waste is dumped without any segregation or recycling. There was a composting plant which is now defunct due to unscientific usage. 4.39 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
4.3.8 Capacity and Expenditure Major portion of the solid waste collection in the planning area is done by the municipal corporation itself and has around 1600 employees involved it. Recycling is mainly handled by the informal sectors. Table 9 shows the different sectors and the number of employees BMCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total expenditure in solid waste management for the year 2016-17 amounts to around 561 crore rupees- majority of which was spent on procuring compactor units and on the installation of vats. Table.4.9: No: of municipal corporation employees involved in SWM (Source: BMC)
Sectors
No: of employees
Central BMC Stackyard
2
Mechanical Wing
100
Primary collection and sweeping
1400
Secondary collection
75
Table.4.10: Waste management capacity (Source: BMC)
Vehicles
Numbers
Volume/vehicle (cu.m)
Tricycle
~ 600
2
Garbage Trucks
44
8
Moving Compactors
5
10
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Infrastructure
4.3.9 Analysis of the existing MSWM system 4.3.9.1 Perception of the service 4.3.10 Frequency of collection 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
1 Very good
2. Good
3. Average
4. Bad
Figure 4.34:Ward Ward wise perception of the frequency of collection
5. Very bad
Source: (Primary survey)
Residents who were covered by the municipal solid waste management system were satisfied with the frequency of collection of waste and have evaluated the system to be good. Shop owners in market areas of Salt Lake and Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur area were dissatisfied with the MSW system.
4.3.11 Maintenancee of streets 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1
3
5
7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
1 Very good
2. Good
3. Average
Figure 4.35:: Ward wise perception of the maintenance of streets
4. Bad
5. Very bad
Source: (Primary survey)
There was certain dissatisfaction regarding the maintenance of streets and wards 20 and 26 have rated the street sweeping system to be bad. Most wards have rated the system to be average.
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4.3.12 Satisfaction with Community Bins 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
18
1 YES
20
22
25
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
2. NO
Figure 4.36:: Satisfaction with distance to community bins Source: (Primary survey)
95% of the surveyed households reported dissatisfaction with the distance to community bins in Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur area. This is because major portion of this region is not covered by door to door services and have to rely on community bins to dispose their waste. While community bins are provided at frequent intervalss along the major roads in these areas, the numbers of bins provided in inner residential sections of these areas are few and sparse. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1
3
5
8
10
12
14
19
1 YES
21
23
25
28
30
33
35
37
40
2. NO
Figure4.38:: Satisfaction with cleanliness of areas near com community bins. Source: (Primary survey)
While majority of Salt Lake and Rajarhat areas reported the community bins to be uncovered only Rajarhat population expressed dissatisfaction with cleanliness of the areas surrounding community
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Infrastructure bins. This is probably because of the higher quality of se service rvice in street sweeping in Salt Lake which keeps the area relatively clean. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur Area 200 m
Salt Lake Area 400 m
1000m
Figure 4.39:: Preferred distance tto the community bins Source: (Primary survey)
The major share of respondents replied that they prefer their communit communityy bins within walking distance of 200 m.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Salt Lake Satisfied
Rajarhat Not Satisfied
Figure 4.40:: Satisfaction of the shopkeepers with the collection of waste in market areas Source: (Primary survey)
Majority of the shopkeepers in the major markets reported that the waste management in the markets were of poor quality even though the service is charged. The dissatisfaction was due to the low capacities of the bins provided which is not enough to handle the volume of waste generated in the markets.
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4.3.12.1 Willingness to pay 4.4 2% 2% 7%
4%
Not willing Rs. 10- 50 50-100 100-200
25% 60%
200-500 more than 500
Figure 4.41:: Willingness to pay for improving service
Source: Primary survey
Majority of the surveyed population expressed disinterest in paying to improve se services.
4.4.1.1 Good Waste Management Practices 4.4.2 Waste segregation 100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
Not practised
50%
Househelp
40%
Household Member
30% 20% 10% 0% Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur Area
Salt Lake Area
Figure 4.42: Practising of waste segregation in BMC Source: (Primary survey)
It was observed that despite many proposals by BMC to initiate and sustain waste segregation, it is not yet practised in many households. The reasons for not practicing were cited to be both lack of awareness and lack of time. Some households also reported that they are segregating their waste but
4.44 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Infrastructure the BMCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s collection services were collecting the segregated waste separately and mixes them together, rendering the whole eff effort useless. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur Area YES
Salt Lake Area NO
Figure 4.43:: Willingness to practise segregation if incentives are provided Source: (Primary survey)
Households were mostly willing to practise segregation if incentives were provided and the response was highly positive sitive in Salt Lake.
4.4.3 E-waste disposal Disposal of e-waste waste is a growing concern in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scenario and has to receive special focus due to its harmful effects to the environment if improperly disposed. There has to be a proper mechanism for the disposal of e-waste waste which is lacking in most cities. Survey observed the trend in Bidhannagar to be the same, as in e-waste waste was mostly disposed amongst general waste. However in Salt Lake most sold e-waste waste to scrap buyers who will recycle most of the parts.
4.4.4 Recycling Recycling at source level is important as currently there are no provisions for recycling at the waste dumping sites. Recycling is also an important way for reducing the volume of waste that goes into the land fill. Most households responded positive to practising recycling. Others were willing at the provision of incentives or other benefits. There are no formal recycling centres in Bidhannagar and any amount of recycling that takes place happens through the informal sectors. There were many informal recycling ycling markets observed in Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur Gopalpur area. In Rajarhat area the municipal waste collection workers also collaborated with the recycling agents, by segregating the household waste on their own and selling them to these agents, mostly to supplement ttheir income. Salt Lake had a Zero-waste waste station centre, under an NGO, which worked with informal rag pickers who sort through the wastes and sell the recyclable materials to the waste station at more profitable prices. Zero-waste waste station was supported by BMC.
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Rajarhat Rajarhat-Gopalpur Area Lack of recycling agents/ bodies
Salt Lake Area Lack of awareness
Figure 4.44:: Reasons for not recycling
Lot of effort
Source: (Primary survey)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Rajarhat-Gopalpur Area Door-to-door collection by agents
Figure 4.45:: Incentives to increase recycling
Salt Lake Area Incentives
Source: (Primary survey)
4.4.4.1 Health and Environmental aspects 4.4.5 Dumping at Mollar Bheri Dumping at Mollar Bheri is a matter of huge concern. It was found during the primary survey that inhabitants of the area suffered from various health issues, especially if they use the water from the area. They have resorted to buying bottled water for drinking water. The surface water near the landfill area was found to be discoloured, possibly due to leaching from the unsorted waste. It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t follow regulations set by the MSW Rules, 2011 in the minimum distance to waterbodies and other sensitive areas.
4.4.6 Health of Workers Conservancy workers of municipalities, rag rag-pickers pickers and scavengers are exposed to risks due to contact with waste. They are the victims of occupational health hazards and often suffer from
4.46 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Infrastructure different types of diseases. Municipal authority has not taken any initiatives in protecting the workers such as provision of safety gears or special health insurance schemes.
4.4.7 Informal dumping One of the major issues in many wards was the widespread dumping of solid waste. Vacant land,wate
Map4.11: Map showing percentage area being used as informal dumping grounds (Source: Primary Survey)
r bodies and swamps were misused as solid waste dump yards in areas which had no proper collection systems. These areas were left as it is and often became the breeding grounds of mosquitoes during rainy seasons, leading to epidemics like dengue. The situation was exacerbated in many wards, especially in the Rajarhat- Gopalpur area, which have not yet developed an efficient solid waste management system.
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Infrastructure
4.4.8 Compliance to MSW Rules, 2011 Table 4.11: Compliance to MSW 2011
Criteria Door to door collection Segregation Storage Covered transportation Recycling Compost/vermi compost plant Waste to energy Sanitary Land Filling
Source: (Primary survey)
Rajarhat-Gopalpur
Salt Lake
Door to door collection: This system is followed in Salt Lake and certain neighbourhoods of Rajarhat-Gopalpur but inner and poor neighbourhoods are not connected to the system. This is often because of the uncontrolled development and lack of proper roads to these areas. Segregation: While the municipal authorities have taken some initiatives it was found that few households practice it. Storage: Municipal authorities have provided community bins and the each year more are added. Community bins in Salt Lake were covered but has become inadequate now-most have waste overflowing from them. In Rajarhat-Gopalpur the bins were mostly uncovered and of small capacity. Covered transportation: Secondary transportation in Salt Lake is done using covered trucks while Rajarhat area has no covered trucks. Good practices: Municipal authorities have taken no initiatives in terms of setting up of recycling facilities or encouraging good practices like household bio-gas plants by providing subsidies or incentives. Compost/vermi compost plant: No vermi-compost/compost plants have been installed so far. There is proposal for installing one in the dumping ground in Mollar Bheri. Waste to energy: No Waste to energy plants have been installed so far. There are currently no future proposals in BMC. Sanitary Land Filling: There is provision for sanitary landfill.
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Infrastructure
4.4.9
Conclusion
Bidhannagar has an existing system in place for solid waste management and its capacity, type of service as well as perception of the quality of the service has been observed in this study. While the perception demonstrated some satisfaction with the system, the large amount of open dumping and other indicators point out that the coverage of the system is poor. There is also a marked difference in the quality of service between the two regions- Salt Lake and Rajarhat-Gopalpur. Other points of concern are the lack of a sanitary landfill and sensitive location of the dumping ground. There was also a distinctive lack of good practices like recycling, segregation, composting etc within the study area. There is also gross negligence from the part of the corporation in providing better security gear to sanitary workers and special health schemes.
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Infrastructure
4.5
Electric supply
4.5.1 Sources of Electricity Thermal power is the main source of energy in West Bengal, contributing nearly 65% of the electricity, compared to other sources. West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB) was a stateowned electricity regulation board responsible for both transmission and distribution till the year 2007. Further it has been reconstituted and split into two companies, namely West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company (WBSEDCL) and West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Company (WBSETCL), with effect from 01 April 2007. WBSETCL is responsible for transmitting electricity from generating sources to load centres through a transmission network operating at 400kV, 220kV, 132kV and 66kV spread across West Bengal. The other hand, WBSEDCL is responsible for distributing power at 33 kV level and below. WBSEDCL is a major power utility of the state with consumer strength over 1.65 crore. WBSEDCL is divided into 5 zones - Kolkata, Burdwan, Midnapore, Berhampore and Siliguri. Present planning area i.e.Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area and other surrounding areas are covered under kolkata zone jurisdiction.
Figure 4.44 Five zones of wbsedcl
Power is supplied from the central grid by overhead cables carried on metal and concrete poles, mainly located in public areas alongside roads. The power supply in the state is continuous and reliable, even in summer months. The areas covered under development plan receive electricity from SG PG 400/132 KV substation located at Jeerat. Referring to the flow chart of electric substations, NT AA III220/132 KV substation receives the power from SG PG 400/220 KV Substation and transmits to NT AA I 132/32 KV substation, Salt lake GIS132/32 KV substation and south salt lake220/132 KV substation.These substations are responsible for power supply to both RajarhatGopalpur area and Bidhannagar. Further power is transmitted to three 33/11 KV substations
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Infrastructure
JEERAT SUB STATION 400/132 KV JEERAT, KACHIARA
HEL THERMAL POWER STATION
RAJARHAT GIS PG SS 400/220 KV
SG PG SUB STATION 400/220 KV
NEW TOWN
NT AA-IIISS 220/132 KV NEW TOWN
NT AA-IIC SS 220/132 KV RAJARHAT
NT AA-ISS 132/33 KV NEW TOWN
SALTLAKE GIS SS 132/33 KV SALTLAKE
SOUTH SALTLAKE SS 220/132 KV SALTLAKE
KASBA SS 220/132 KV Figure 4.45:.Flow chart of Electrical Sub station
Figure 4.46:Power grid map of West Bengal
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Infrastructure
4.5.2 Existing Key Features of Electric Supply Vidhyut Bhawan,the head quarter of WBSEDCL kolkata Division located at Bidhannagr functions under the aegis of Behrampur Zonal office. Divisional officer is overall in-charge for distribution, operation & maintenance of all electric supply related matters. The locations of the electrical substations are marked in map as shown figure 4. Transformers have been installed and commissioned to distribution network across the Rajarhat Gopalpur area in the north and substations are mainly used in Bidhannagar area in the grid. These distribution transformers act as important link between any utilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distribution network and the power supply delivered to customer and also helped reduction of peak load on existing transformers by about 45%. It was found through secondary survey data, during the year (2015), the estimated technical losses (Transmission & distribution losses) were 40% of the total power supplied and it is matching with the standard guidelines set up by WBSETCL. The calculated Non-technical losses (Commercial Losses) were 16.7% against 24% stipulated in standard guidelines. The existing loctions of electrical supply distribution feautres like substations,transformers,streetlights for Bidhannagar municipal corporation areaare shown in figure 4.
Map 4.12. Existing locations of electrical features and satisfaction perception of electricity as an infrastructure. Source (primary survey data)
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Infrastructure
4.5.3 Sector wise electricity consumption ď&#x20AC;Ş
All basis of calculation is done only considering the data from Bidhannagar Division-I 2016 -2017 data because of shortage of data provided by the respective divisional departments.
Average monthly electricity consumption of all sectors is 33 lakhs units, calculated from the total electricity consumption statements of year 2017 given by WBSEDCL divisional office, Salt Lake. Further sector wise electricity consumption share is calculated shown in table 1. Domestic sector shows highest share of electricity consumption with 62% followed by commercial sector with 34%. Table 4.12. Sector wise electricity consumption
SECTOR
Average monthly demand in lakhs (w)
Average No. of Electric Metres per month
Average monthly demand in lakhs per meter in lakhs (w)
Domestic
4150.208667
17910
0.231725777
62%
Commercial Institution Industry Construction Street light Temporary connection TOTAL
2278.391 10.67533333 26.60366667 35.412 163.3323333 10.762 6675.385
2374 8 20 66 11 11
0.959726622 1.334416667 1.330183333 0.536545455 14.84839394 0.978363636
34% 0.16% 0.40% 0.50% 2.50% 0.20% 100%
sector wise % share
Source: secondary Survey data
The existing monthly growth rate of electricity demand calculated for every sector is shown in table 2. Calculated on the basis of electricity demand of 2016 and 2017. The commercial sector shows the highest annual growth rate of 10% followed by domestic sector with 6%. The industrial sector, street light and temporary connections shows decrease in monthly demand in electricity. Table 4.13. Sector wise monthly electricity growth rate
Sector
Average monthly demand in lakhs (w) in 2017
Average monthly demand in lakhs (w) in 2016
Existing Monthly growth rate of power demand
domestic
12450.626
11,731
6.00%
commercial
6835.173
6,192
10.00%
institution
32.026
29.602
0.50%
industry
79.811
80.04952811
-0.03%
construction
106.236
78.29972953
0.70%
street light temporary connection
489.997 32.286
426.5650611 35.5533485
-0.01% -0.10%
TOTAL
20026.155
18,573
Source: secondary Survey data
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Infrastructure
4.5.3.1 Source of electricity As per primary data refer table, it was observed that almost every house in the area has electricity connections except ward 39 in Bidhannagar area where the houses are constructed illegally. Some houses in RajarhatGopalpur area have been reported with illegal connections. Table 4.14:. Source of electricity
primary survey data Electricity source RajarhatGopalpur (%)
Bidhannagar (%)
Municipality
99.06
98.7
Solar
0
0.65
Others
0
0
Illegal connection
0.38
0
No connection
0
0.65
4.5.4 Build up area vs average monthly electricity bill 4.5.4.1 Rajarhat Gopalpur According to primary survey data as depicted in table 4. It is observed that the built-up area increase donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t necessarily increase the average monthly electricity bill. The built-up area bracket between 50100 sq.m and151-200 sq.m have the highest average monthly electricity bill. The households with built of area of more than 300 sq.m sharing the largest household percentage of buildings of about 43.8% are gets average monthly electricity bill of Rs. 1460/-. Table 4.15. Comparison of Average monthly electricity bill with Built-up areas Rajarhat-Gopalpur Built-up Area (sq.m)
Average Monthly electricity bill (Rs)
% of buildings
< 50
1280
7.8
50 - 100
1660
16.4
101 - 150
1150
12.3
151 - 200
1630
9.1
201 - 300
1570
10.5
> 300
1460
43.8
Source (primary survey data)
Bidhannagar The households with built of area of more than 300 sq.m sharing the largest household percentage of buildings of about 58.4% are gets average monthly electricity bill of Rs. 2200/-highest than that of Rajarhat area.The built-up area bracket between 201-300 sq.mshows the highest average monthly electricity bill of Rs.3130/-. All the households in built-up bracket in the Bidhannagar area shows higher average monthly electricity bill except for that under 50 sq.m which may most probably because of considering only owned households for the analysis as most of rented households falls below 50 sq.m built-up area.
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Infrastructure Table 4.16. Comparison of Average monthly electricity bill with Built-up areas Bidhannagar Average Monthly electricity bill (Rs)
Built-up Area (sq.m)
% of buildings
< 50
666
3.6
50 - 100
2123
9.5
101 - 150
1250
6.6
151 - 200
1640
8
201 - 300
3130
13.9
> 300
2200
58.4
Source of electricity (Primary Survey data) Average monthly electricity bill (Rs.)
BUILD UP AREA VS AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILL 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 < 50
50 100
101 150
151 200
201 300
> 300
bidhannagar
666
2123
1250
1640
3130
2200
Rajarhat-Gopalpur
1280
1660
1150
1630
1570
1460
Built-up area (sq.m) bidhannagar
Rajarhat-Gopalpur
Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
4.5.5 Monthly income Vs Average Monthly Electricity Bill The households in the income bracket Rs. 40,000-80,000 shows up with the highest average monthly bill for the corporation area of Rs.2, 324. Although Bidhannagar area experiences higher bills but it seems to deviate from this equation in the lower income range level which is because of the households in slums of ward no. 28, 35, 36and 39.
monthly average electricity bill (rs.)
AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILL (RS.) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 <500 0
50001000 0
1000 02000 0
2000 04000 0
4000 08000 0
>800 00
Rajarhat Gopalpur
825
931
1328
1528
1787
1867
Bidhannagar
665
826
1409
1751
2861
2549
household income range Rajarhat Gopalpur
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Bidhannagar
Infrastructure Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
4.5.6 Average monthly electricity bill in each ward The highest average monthly electricity bill paid is highest in war no. 29 (Rs. 7000) followed by 40, 30 and 41 in the order. The lowest of Rs. 800 monthly bill is seen in ward 17 which is closely followed by ward 8, 33 and 34.
7000
8000 6000
3000 2000 1000
2260 1470 880 880 1380 1290 1900 1100 2100
4000
3400
5000
2770
5480
7000
1250 1430 1050 1500 2300 1820 1090 840 1350 1080 1330 1850 1050 1160 1310 1280 800 1750 2460 1010 1830 1850 2040 1840 2040 1340 1630 1080
average monthly electricity bill (rs.)
AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILL IN EACH WARD
0 1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 wards Average monthly electricity billâ&#x20AC;Ś
Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
4.5.7 Street lighting 4.5.7.1 RajarhatGopalpur In the northern region consisting of ward no.1, 2, 4 and 5 where most of the area are not well serviced, most of the people are unsatisfied with the street light conditions. This is also seen in the wards like 8, 10, 15, 22 and 25.
4.5.7.2 Bidhannagar The lack of proper road maintenance in 31 and 29 and poor road service in informal settlements in ward 38,26 and 36 have most of the dwellers unsatisfied with the street light facilities.
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Infrastructure
Map 4.13 Perception map of street light satisfaction level. Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
4.5.8 Presence of Solar Panels According to the primary survey data, it was found that only 0.65% households are having solar panels as the energy source in Bidhannagarand whereas, in RajarhatGopalpur, it was reported nil.
4.5.9 Willingness for installation of solar panels 4.5.9.1 RajarhatGopalpur InRajarhatGopalpur, according to primary survey data as shown in fig. , only 15% of households expressed interest towards installation of solar panels as source of electricity and rest 85% of households shown unwillingness for installation of solar panels. This ratio have however jumped to 38% from 15% interested household if subsidised and similarly reduced from as high as 85% to 62% in unwilling households.
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Infrastructure
willingness to install solar panels 100%
93%
85%
80%
62%
60%
60%
15%
20%
willingness to install solar panels
40%
38%
40%
willingness to install solar panels
7%
willingness to install solar panels with subsidy
Bidhannagar
willingness to install solar panels with subsidy
0% Rajarhat Gopalpur
Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
4.5.9.2 Bidhannagar Very low of only 7% households, lower than that of RajarhatGopalpur expressed interest towards installation of solar panels as source of electricity in Bidhannagar and rest 93% of households shown unwillingness for installation of solar panels. This ratio have however hikes amazingly high to 40 % from 7% interested household if subsidised and similarly reduced from as high as 93% to 60% in unwilling households.
4.5.10 Cooking fuel 4.5.10.1 RajarhatGopalpur In RajarhatGopalpur, according to the primary survey data depicted in table, 97.3 % households are using gas as a cooking fuel and 1.90% households are dependent on firewood and 0.8% on kerosene as cooking fuel. Table 4.16:. Cooking Fuel source primary survey data cooking fuel RajarhatGopalpur
Bidhannagar 97%
Gas
97.30%
Electricity
0%
2%
Fire-wood
1.90%
1%
Kerosene
0.80%
0%
Coal, Lignite, Charcoal
0%
0%
Biogas
0%
0%
0%
0%
Others
Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
4.5.10.2 Bidhannagar In Bidhannagar, 97.3 % households are using gas as a cooking fuel and 1% households are dependent on firewood. Unlike in RajarhatGopalpur area 2% of households use electricity as cooking fuel here.
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Infrastructure
4.5.11 Electricity infrastructure service Level of Satisfaction 4.5.11.1 RajarhatGopalpur Most of the wards in northern periphery are unsatisfied with the service. Also some of the wards in the central pocket and informal settlements along canal area.
4.5.11.2 Bidhannagar Most of the dwellers are satisfied with the service except for those in ward 39 which is a slum settlement.
Map4.14: Perception map of electricity service satisfaction level. Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
RajarhatGopalpur From primary survey data, it was observed from table, that overall only 0.80% of the households are not satisfied with electrical supply but 8.50% rated as only fair. Except some of households of ward nos-17, 18, 2,3, 4 & 5and part of ward 24, rest all wards are satisfied with electrical supply.
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Infrastructure
Table 4.17:. Overall satisfaction level for power supply Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
Satisfaction level Excellent very good good fair unsatisfied
percentage RajarhatGopalpur Bidhannagar 47% 29% 15%
53% 31% 8%
8.50% 0.80%
2.70% 4.70%
Bidhannagar From primary survey data, it was observed from table, that overall 4.70% of the households are not satisfied with electrical supplyand 2.70% rated as only fair.Which is considerably higher than that of RajarhatGopalpur area surprisingly. This is because ofhouseholds of ward nos-39 alone. Ward no. 28 & 36 rated just fair.Rest all wards are satisfied with electrical supply.
As per CONSUMER SATISFACTION SURVEY FOR WBSEDCL Findings of Cycle 6(2015-2016),
ď&#x201A;ˇ
ď&#x201A;ˇ
Power cut in summer season is an issue as power cut happens 2-3 times a day for a period of 1 hour every time. Centralized Bulk customers are not so satisfied with the quality of power supply mainly due to power outage. Complaint registration for fault repair is very low except among the Bulk customers.
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Infrastructure Fig 5. Sample data for consumer satisfaction survey for WBSEDCL Source:CONSUMER SATISFACTION SURVEY FOR WBSEDCL Findings of Cycle 6(2015 6(2015-2016)
4.5.12 Current energy demand For the calculation of energy demand, emand, the household ownership survey of electric appliances have been used as base for calculation. An example of the calculation have been shown below in graph. ď&#x201A;ˇ
Power
ď&#x201A;ˇ
Energy demand = Power x Average time of use (Wattage x hour)
= wattage of each appliances ((W)
Source of electricity (Primary Survey data)
RajarhatGopalpur The lowest average annual energy demand is in ward 1 followed by 9,21,8 and 2 in sequence. The highest average energy demand is in ward 17 followed by 5, 20 and 10 in the order. Bidhannagar Overall Bidhannagar has higher average energy demand than Rajarhat. The lowest average annual energy consumption is in ward 38 followed by 31, 35 and 41 in sequence. The highest average energy demand is in ward 37 followed llowed by 40, 34, 33 and 39 in the order.
4.5.13 Issues of Electrical Supply The overall condition of electrical supply is very satisfactory in both Rajarhat Goparpur and Bidhannagar area, except for few pockets. Even in summer months there is no major power cuts except for the maintenance period where power is witnessed as long as half of the day.
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Infrastructure The issues are mainly with the overhead electric distribution lines which make the whole space very unattractive and dangerous at some point. Also some issues to restore is to realign the electric poles and substituting numerous haphazardly placed transformers with substations. Whereas the main concern is urgent need of promoting of solar energy as renewable source of energy. Both Rajarhat Goparpur and Bidhannagar area have great potential to capture solar energy, not only for the government institutions but also for domestic sector, to meet the requirements of future electricity demand.
4.6
Healthcare facilities
4.6.1 Healthcare facilities in state of West Bengal There is an extensive network of public health facilities in West Bengal comprising of 10,356 SubCentres, 922 Primary Health Centres, 341 Block Primary Health Centres / Rural Hospitals, 44 SubDivisional Hospitals, 36 State General Hospitals and 15 District Hospitals and 45 FRUs (First Stage Referral Units). The presence of private sector healthcare facilities is also fairly high with considerable number of private Nursing Homes, Clinics and Dispensaries.The health status of a population depends on nutrition, access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, environment, type of shelter, awareness about health and health care.(Source: Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal)
4.6.2 Status of healthcare – Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area Health Department is responsible for implementation of NUHM scheme along with various Centre and State Funded Projects under the jurisdiction of BMC. Health Department also monitors functioning of Three (3) Hospitals under BMC and ensures supply of medicines and equipment to these hospitals along with salary processing and payment to the Hospital Staffs. Functioning of Twelve Urban Primary Health Centres (UPHC) is also monitored by Health Department. Various projects funded by Central and State Government are implemented through UPHCs. The functionality of Health department is for procurement of medicine and medical equipment and implementing project which are funded by either central or state government. Calculation of number of beds The size of a hospital depends upon the hospital bed requirement, which in turn is a function of the size of the population it serves. As per the Indian Public Health standards (IPHS), 2012, the calculation of number of beds is based on:
annual rate of admission as 1 per 50 population average length of stay in a hospital as 5 days Current population size of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area is 6,32,107 o No. of bed days per year: (6,32,107x 1/50) x 5 = 63,210.7 o No. of beds required with 100% occupancy: 63,210 / 365 =174
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Infrastructure
Table 4.18:Standards as per IPHS guidelines
Category
Population Served
1. Sub Centre
Plains - 5000
No. of Beds NA
Area in m2 90 - 130
Hills - 3000 2. Public Health Centre ( Caters 6 sub centres)
Plains 30,000
6 indoor / observation beds
375 - 400
Beds – 30
1500
Hills – 20,000 3. Community Health
1 Lakh
Centre ( Caters 4 PHC ) 4.Sub-Divisional
Operation Theatre - 2 5 – 6 Lakh
Hospital
Category I : 31 – 50 Beds
65 – 85 m2 per Bed
Category II : 51 – 100 Beds 5. District Hospital
1 Bed per
Category I : 500 Beds
Up to 100 Beds = 0.25 – 0.5 HA
50 Persons
Category II : 400 Beds
Or
Category III : 300 Beds
Up to 101 – 200 Beds = 0.5 – 1 HA
300 Beds for
Category IV : 200 Beds
500 Beds and above = 6.5 HA
10Lakh Population
Category V : 100 Beds
80 – 85 m2 per bed to calculate total plinth area Source:(IPHS, 2012)
The Department of Health and Family welfare also suggests incorporation of Trauma Centres in the highways cutting across urban local authority jurisdiction. The trauma care centres should be suitably positioned along the highways with doctors trained in emergency medicine and trauma care, with adequate emergency management technicians, supported by efficient and efficient ambulance system.
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Infrastructure
4.6.3 Total number of healthcare facilities, doctors and beds available Table 4.19:.Total number of Medical Institutions, Beds, Doctors:
Municipal Corporation
Bidhannagar MC
Total number of
Total number
medical institutions
Beds
68
1372
Total Number of doctors
760
Source: (Primary Survey)
Out of the 760 doctors , 72 are government doctors. According to World Health Organization standards, there should be 1 doctor per 1000 population. In Bidhannagar MC, it is 1 doctor per 832 population. Table 4.20: .Total no: of medical institutions, health centres, clincs,nursing homes
Healthcare facilities
Government
Private (Hospitals, Clinics, Nursing home )
Number
14
54 Source: (Primary Survey)
Existing number of government provided health facilities o (exclusive of sub centres ) =14 Three hospitals and one hospital which is under partial maintenance (indoor unit is nonfunctional ) Urban primary health centre :10 (functional ) +2 (under maintenance ) The various government run healthcare facilities in Bidhannagar MC area are Table 4.21:.Location of Government healthcare facilities
Sl. No.
Category
Location
Total Number
1
Sub divisional Hospital
Salt lake
1
2
MatriSadan hospital
Saltlake
1
3
Vidyasagar MatriSadan
Narayanpur
1
4
Deshbandhu Nagar hospital
Rajarhat
1
5
Urban Primary Health Centre
Khashmahal
1
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Infrastructure Naobhanga
1
Mahishbathan
1
DA Park
1
Bablatola
1
Jhawtala
1
Aswininagar
1
Kestopur
1
Saradapally
1
Jyotinagar
1 Source: (Primary Survey)
Table 4.22: List of all registered healthcare service providers in Bidhannagar MC Area
NAME
TYPE
Apollo clinic
clinic
Kolkata pain clinic
clinic
Prasida Ayurvedic clinic
clinic
Vertigo & Deafness Clinic
clinic
Bengal ENT clinic
clinic
ENT clinic
clinic
Apurva Dental clinic
clinic
Asclepius clinic
clinic
Dental clinic
clinic
Kaya skin clinic
clinic
Aashirbad Clinic
clinic
Dr J Jmedical centre
clinic
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Infrastructure Suraksha Diagnostic
clinic
cancer clinic
clinic
I dent clinc
clinic
De addiction centre
clinic
Uma Nalini Mary Clinic
clinic
Swasti eye clinic
clinic
Disha eye clinic
clinic
Calcutta Heart and clinic Hospital
Hospital
Matrisadan Bidhannagar Hospital
Hospital
ILS hospital
Hospital
Bidhannagar sub divisional hospital
Hospital
Bidhannagar medical centre
Hospital
Seba Hospital
Hospital
Institute of Reproductive medicine
Hospital
National Institute of Homeopathy
Hospital
AMRI Hospital
Hospital
Anandalok hospital
Hospital
Salt lake medical centre
Hospital
Columbia Asia hospital
Hospital
Rotary Narayna eye hospital
Hospital
BSF composite hospital
Hospital
Charnock Hospital
Hospital
Vidyasagar Matrisadan-O-Hospita
Hospital
Little Hut Nirikshan Kendra
Hospital
Bhattacharya Orthopaedics centre
Hospital
Renaissance Hospital - Hospital
Hospital
Deshbandhu Nagar Panchayat
Hospital
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Infrastructure Subodh Mitrae - Cancer Treatment Center
Hospital
Spandan Hospital
Hospital
Khushi nursing home
Nursing home
Debdeep Nursing Home
Nursing home
New avenue nursing home
Nursing home
Kolkata Nursing Home
Nursing home
Revive Nursing Home
Nursing home
Bliss nursing home
Nursing home
New Town Nursing Home -
Nursing home
Swasthi Nursing home
Nursing home
Lilabati General Hospital
Nursing home
Uma nursing home
Nursing home
Apex general hospital
Nursing home
Jyotsanamoyeenh
Nursing home
woodland nursing home
Nursing home
Mon Psychiatric centre
Nursing home
MAA sarada nursing home
Nursing home
Subala nursing home
Nursing home
UPHC - Kashmahal
UPHC
UPHC-Mahishbathan
UPHC
UPHC -DA PARK
UPHC
UPHC-Bablatala
UPHC
UPHC Jhawtala
UPHC
UPHC -Aswininagar
UPHC
UPHC- Kestopur
UPHC
UPHC- Sarada pally
UPHC
UPHC-kestopur
UPHC Source: (Primary Survey)
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Infrastructure
Map 4.15.Location of healthcare facilities in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Area Source: (Primary Survey)
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Infrastructure
4.6.4 Adequacy of healthcare facilities Based on the URDPFI standards comparison is drawn between the existing facilities and required Table 4.23:.Number of existing facilities
Category
No. of Beds
Population served
Required no. as per URDPFI standards
Existing no:
7
19
of facilities
Clinic
---
Nursing home, child welfare and maternity centre
25 to 30 beds
45,0000-1 lakh
6
Intermediate Hospital
80 beds
1 lakh
6
6
1 lakh
6
3
2.5 lakh
3
0
16
Initially maybe for 50 beds including 20 maternity beds Intermediate Hospital
200 beds Initially the provision maybe for 100 beds
General Hospital
500 beds Initially the provision maybe for 300 beds
Diagnostic Centre
---
50,0000
12
8
Veterinary hospital for pet animals and birds
---
5lakh
1
0
Source: (Primary Survey)
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Infrastructure
8 7 No: of facilities
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Figure 0.1. Ward wise distribution of healthcare facilities Source: (Primary Survey)
The ward wise distribution of healthcare facilities (Clinic, Nursing homes, Hospitals, UPHC)indicate the dependency of people residing in wards 5,8,13,17,19,20,21,22,23,25,26,30,38 on their nearby wards for healthcare facilities. Adequacy of Services in terms of accessibility Spatial availability is a measure of regional availability and regional accessibility Based on network analysis, the service catchment area of three government hospitals was found to be 5.5 Km. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20
0
2
4
6
Figure 0.2: Distance decay curve
8
10
Source: (Primary Survey)
Using network analysis, the average distance that has to be traversed in order to reach a healthcare facility which offers 24X7 service was calculated and was found to be 3 Km.
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41
Infrastructure
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
1
2
3
Figure 0.3: Distance decay curve
4
Source: (Primary Survey)
Based on the distance calculated as 3Km, the service catchment area of the hospital facilities in case of emergency is fixed as 3 Km. the hospitals which provide emergency services are categorized and analyzed for the same. Using service area option in Network analysis in GIS, the service catchments along these healthcare facilities are marked. Healthcare facilities which offer 24X7 facility are considered and they are :
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Vidyasagar MatriSadan :50 bedded Bhattacharya Hospital 20 bedded Charnok Hospital 250 bedded Renaissance Hospital :100 bedded Desbandhuhospital :50 bedded AMRIHospital :210 bedded ILS Hospital :83 bedded Columbia Asia Hospital : 100 bedded Bidhannagar Subdivisionalhospital :100 bedded SPANDAN hospital : 101 bedded AnadalokHospital :120 bedded Calcutta heart and clinic hospital :108 bedded
These are the healthcare facilities in the Bidhannagar municipal corporation area that is available 24X7. From the service catchment area map that is generated along the existing road network, it can be observed that parts of Ward 1,12,13,20,21,22,23,27,28,36 does not fall in the service catchment area and there is a need to address the emergency healthcare facilities for the same.
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Infrastructure
Map4.0.16. Service catchment area of emergency healthcare facilities Source: (Primary Survey)
4.6.5 Ward wise accessibility analysis to emergency healthcare facilities Based on two step floating catchment area method, the service area of healthcare facilities and the ward wise coverage of healthcare facilities are assessed to calculate accessibility score to emergency
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Infrastructure facilities for each score.It is found that wards 1,22,27,28 needs to be addressed in terms of provision to healthcare facility.
Map 4.17:Ward wise accessibility
4.73 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
score: (Primary Survey)
Infrastructure
4.6.6 Service catchment area of Government hospital. Service catchment area of existing Government hospitals indicate that except for parts of ward 1, 12, 13 and 28, rest of the wards falls within service catchment of the government hospitals
Map4.18: Service catchment area of government hospitals.
Source: (Primary Survey)
4.6.7 Services available in healthcare facilities Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area has both private hospitals and government run hospitals addressing the healthcare needs of the population. Some of the surveyed hospitals are listed along with service provided by them, contributing to the healthcare facility of the region. The survey details of two private hospitals,Charnok Hospital in Tegharia, Calcutta Heart & Clinic hospital ,Salt 4.74 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure lake and two government owned hospitals i.e. VidaysagarMatrisadan, Narayanpur, Deshbandhu Nagar Hospital, Baguiati are as follows. Table4.24:. Hospital Survey
FACILITIES AVAILABLE
CHARNOC K HOSPITAL
VIDYASAGAR MATRISADAN HOSPITAL
CALCUTTA HEART &CLINIC HOSPITAL
Built up area (Sqft.)
2,25,000
35,000
75,000
Ownership
Private (organization )
Public
Public (organization
No. Of doctors
120
18
67
15
No. Of staff
134
35
110
27
No. Of beds
250
50
108
50
Average length of stay (days)
3
4
3
3
1500
1200
1100
3500
2500
2300
1800
Doctor/patient ratio
1/51
1/223
1/53
1/194
Vaccines provided
All
All
All
All
Specialization provided
Every specializatio n
USG/Lab facilities/
Every specializatio n
USG/Lab facility
Availability of diagnostic facilities/pharmacy/emergen cy facilities
Y/Y/Y
Y/Y/Y
Y/Y/Y
No. Of IP admitted per week
No. Of OP consultations
2600
(government)
DESHBANDH U NAGAR HOSPITAL 37,000 Public (government)
per week
Resource constraint
Paramedical staff OPD: Space constraint
4.75 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Y/Y/Y/
Paramedical staff
Infrastructure Parking facilities
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
Source: (Primary Survey) Table4.25:. Clinics & Nursing home Survey
FACILITIES AVAILABLE
SAB'S DOCTORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S
NEW AVENUE NURSING HOME
CLINIC Built up area (sqft.)
1000
6000
Ownership
Private (organization)
Private (organization)
No. Of doctors
2
15
No. Of staff
3
25
No. Of beds
0
40
Average length of stay (days)
0
3
No. Of IP admitted per week
0
60
No. Of OP admitted per week
550
750
Doctor/patient ratio
1/275
1/50
Vaccines provided
No
Specialization provided
USG/Lab facilities/OT/Dialysis
Availability of diagnostic facilities/pharmacy/emergency facilities
N/N/N
Resource constraint Parking facilities Source: (Primary Survey)
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No
Y/Y/N
Paramedical staff and specialists No
Adequate
Infrastructure
4.6.8 Prevalence of diseases From primary survey the details regarding different ailments, the frequency of visiting healthcare, and the type of treatment sought are analyzed to come up with the varying typology of diseases present in the region. Based on the data collected from Health Department of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation and household survey, the areas with increased number of dengue cases were identified. It was observed that areas with proximity to clogged drains, marshy water logged areas and open dumping grounds reported an increased number of mosquitoborne as well as water borne diseases. The areas along main transportation spine and places where construction activities were taking place for prolonged period of time reported airborne disease. Out of the total number of people surveyed 12% reported having some issue regarding health. Among all unhealthy people,the percentage of people suffering from acute diseases(66 %) were more than those who had chronic disease.(34%).An acute disease is one which lasts for a very short time and can have intense symptoms. These diseases develop in a short time and include all the diseases that are water borne (Typhoid, Diarrhea, Jaundice), Vector borne diseases like dengue, Malarial, Viral diseases (Chicken pox, Measles, Fever), ENT problems and dental issues. A chronic disease is the one which develops and worsens over time and includes heart disease, brain disease, diabetes,cancer,Lung disease, Kidney/liver/pancreas diseases, Orthopedic diseases ,skin problems etc.
% of people
Typology of diseases 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Figure 0.4. Typology of diseases
Source: (Primary Survey)
Based on household survey, it was found that respiratory issues, diabetes, heart ailments are on the rising side. The Prevalence of diabetes in the age group of 35-55 is 5% in men and 2 % in women. There were reported issues of thyroid and goiter which was substantially high in women than in men.
4.6.9 Maternal health Department of Health and Family Welfare, aims to improve the health status of all the people of West Bengal especially the poorest and those in need and has embarked on several health sector 4.77 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure reformss for reducing maternal and child mortality and the burden of communicable, non noncommunicable diseases, etc. It was observed from household survey thatpost natal and antenatal care by qualified professionals was available to about 97% of women who responded to the survey.
4.6.10 Child health 95% of the children ages 12-23 23 months are fully vaccinated against the six major childhood illnesses: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles. Frequency of visits to health care facilities ( in three months period ) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Once
Twice
Thrice
4 Times
5 Times
Figure4.46:: Frequency of visits to Healthcare facilities
6 Times
> 6 Times
Source: (Primary Survey)
The type of medical facility availed and the preference of hospital for treatment reve revealed that people based their choice on varied parameters of accessibility, affordability and quality of healthcare available.
20% 1%
27%
1%
Private clinic Private hospital Govt sub divisional Urban primary health centre
18% 6%
27%
Homeopathy Ayush Nursing home
Figure4.47::: Health Facility preferred for treatment
Source: (Primary Survey)
Based on the primary survey, it was noted that 54% of people depended on private medical care facility. The ease of accessibility and the quality of facility provided were reported to be the reason for this greater preference. e. The wards 5, 8 preferred Charnock Hospital in ward 6 for treatment than government hospitals in proximity. The wards 1, 2, 27 and 36depend mainly on the facilities in the nearby wards.
4.78 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Health expenses
Percentage of people
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 100
200
300
400
500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
4000
Amount spent (Rs.)
Figure4.48:. Health expenses
Source: (Primary Survey)
It was observed from household survey data that people on average spend Rs 500 in three months for healthcare. Medical insurance About 23 % of the household surveyed reported having health insurance that covers at least one member of the family. Dengue affected areas The statistics regarding the reported dengue cases over the years reveals an increasing trend. Dengue cases reported
Dengue cases
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Year
Figure 4.45. Dengue cases reported from 2012-2017
Source : (BMC)
Based on the statistics and HH survey data collected ,the areas which reported high rates of dengue are identified.The clogged drainage ,the dumping waste grounds and the lack of maintenence associated with the area has played a dramatic role in increasing the propensity of the area to dengue
4.79 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure attacks. Ward wise dengue cases reported 350
Dengue cases
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 Ward number
Figure4.50:.Ward wise dengue cases reported
Source : (BMC)
Kestopur and Mahisbathan reported more number of dengue cases despite the awareness campaings and cautionary steps instilled by the authorities. The lack of proper infrastructure facilities pertaining to solid waste management and clogged drains adds on to the deteriorating slum conditions thus making it a vulnerable dengue zone. The municipal corporation has resorted to preventive and cautionary steps to evade situations that lead to dengue and other vector borne diseases. The methods include usage of chemicals for anti mosquito and anti larval activity .Indoor fogging is carried out and pythirium is used for the same
4.80 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Map4.19:.Location of wards with highest reported dengue cases
4.81 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Source : (BMC)
Infrastructure
1.1.1 Government schemes for health and family welfare 4.6.11 Pradhan mantri swasthya suraksha yojana Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) was launched in the year 2006 in order to improve the vast difference in the medical facilities and its availability to the general masses of India. This is set to upgrade the medical facilities in the entire nation and shall also close the huge gap lying in the rural and urban areas of the society. At least Rs 3,500 crore of Central government funds are provided under various schemes such as National Rural Health (NRHM).
4.6.12 Revised national tuberculosis control program Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) is a program to control the TB in the country which includes treatments by directly observed treatment-short course (DOTS). As per WHO norms as part of the programme, free drugs are also distributed to counter TB cases across the country through various Primary Health Centres and private organizations
4.6.13 National vector borne disease control programme (nvbdcp) NVBDCP is the central nodal agency for the prevention and control of vector borne diseases i.e. Malaria, Dengue, Lymphatic Filariasis, Kala-azar, Japanese Encephalitis and Chikungunya in India. For disbursement of funds, total 918.33 crore has been allocated under this scheme. Components and year-wise budget details for 2016-17 include Human Resource (734.36 crore), Training of Medical Officers and Laboratory Technicians (88.25 crore), Infrastructure and Equipment (15.73 crore), other expenditure including operational research and consultancy (80 crore).
4.6.14 State government schemes 4.6.14.1 Ayushmati scheme This scheme aims to alleviate the maternal health globally, reduction of maternal mortality and to increase the number of institutional deliveries by partnering with private sector facilities. Also it ensures quality of service delivery in the empaneled private sector.
4.6.14.2 Maternity Benefit Programme This scheme provides cash incentives to pregnant women for the wage loss so that they can take adequate rest before and after delivery; to improve her health and nutrition during the period of pregnancy, which is very vital for the development of the child.
4.6.14.3 Kanyashree and Sabla The scheme aims to prevent child marriages by providing Rs 25,000 to those girls who graduate from school. It has also created awareness about child marriage and mother and infant mortality.
4.6.14.4 School Health Programe Health check-up of the children is being done with the help of doctors of PHC to avoid contamination due to lack of personal health. Supplementation of micronutrients is done where necessary. It consists of both physical and mental health components to promote health consciousness and to imbibe in student the culture of good habits for healthy living.
4.82 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
4.6.14.5 Proposal of Day Care Centres, Short Stay Home and Old Age Home 28 NGO operated Day Care Centres (with capacity of accommodating 700 women) and 32 old age homes for the poor were planned and to provide temporary shelter and support women and girls who have no special support, 34 Short Stay Home with a capacity of accommodating 1020 women were planned. 4.6.14.6 Schemes for persons with disabilities Special schools are proposed for children with mentally challenged, hearing & visually handicapped where approximate 6000 such children are benefited. As per Aids and Application to Disabilities (ADIP) scheme, aids and appliances are given to the persons with orthopedic, hearing and visual disabilities at minimum cost or free of cost; on the basis of the family income.
4.6.14.7 Mobile Medicare Unit State encourages for setting up of 11 nos. of Mobile Medicare Unit through NGOs benefiting 1500 number of women. At present 7 nos. of Mobile Medicare Unit are running in the State. Source: (Department of Women and Child Development & Social Welfare)
4.6.15 Conclusion While analyzing the healthcare facility of Bidhannagar MC, the aspect of accessibility and the associated component of mobility can be taken as an important directive element. The accessibility to various healthcare varies across space and the uneven distribution in the quality and quantity of healthcare services needs to be addressed on the dimensions of geographic divide as well as socioeconomic barriers. The Rajarhat area and Saltlake area has marked differences in its accessibility to healthcare facilities and calls out for an intervention regarding the same. Bytwo-step Floating Catchment Area method, accessibility level planning analysis that was carried out with respect to emergency healthcare facility revealed that ward 1, ward 22, ward 27, ward 28 needs to addressed in terms of provision of healthcare facilities. The vector borne diseases and the water borne diseases needs to be tackled by the development of infrastructure facilities along with proper awareness programs.
4.83 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
4.7
Police stations
4.7.1.1 Police Stations & Crime Status Bidhannagar Police Commissionerateis part of west bengalpolice & the main agency looking after the law and order and security issues in the region.
•
In Bidhannagar there are total 12 police stations, (7 major PS and 5 Outposts)
•
Jurisdiction Area- 146.34 sq.km
•
Population Served- 19,35,436 (approx)
•
No. of subdivisions- Bidhannagar(full), Barasat(part), Barrackpore(part).
•
Cheating,thefts and crime against women are the main issues in the area.
4.7.1.2 URDPFI Standards For Police Stations • Police Station: 1 per 90000 population with 1.50 Ha area • Police Post:1 per 50000 population with 0.16 Ha area As per the current population Required number of police stations- 6,18,358 / 90000= 7 no.s(Adequate in number ) Required number of police outposts- 6,18,358 / 50000= 12no.s( Inadequate in number ) Table 4.26: Police Personnel Statistics- Actual strength of Police Personnels
Designation
Number
CP, DC, ADCP
6
ACP
11
Inspector
26
Sub Inspector
152
ASI
230
Constables
954
Lady Constables
240
Police Drivers
20 ( Source: Secondary Survey)
4.84 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure • Total Police Force: 1439 • Population Served: 19,35,436 ppl. • Police to Population Ratio: 66policemens per Lakh population. As per the UN recommended standards, there should be 222 police personnel per lakh population in a city, butBidhannagar together have a police to population ratio of 66 per lakh population which is very less than the standard required. This is higher than the West Bengal States Police to population ratio of 30 police personnel’s per lakh population.
4.7.1.3 Issues and Improvements Cheating, Theft, Crime against women, cyber crime(Data theft) 1000 800 600 400 200 0
696
607 624 342 1
4
1
DACOITY
8
6
ROBBERY
BUGLARY
2015
2016
546
16 23 11
19 11 11
7
798
THEFT
MURDER
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN
2017 Up to NOV
Figure 4.51: Crime Statistics -Bidhannagar(Source: Secondary Survey)
4.7.1.4 Total crimes reported2015 -1347 cases, 2016 -1466 cases, 2017 -918 cases
4.7.1.5 Analysis/Inference: Decrease in Crime Rates in 2017 due to various programs being undertaken for safety & Security.
4.7.1.6 Programs Undertaken. Integrated traffic management system,RG party (Volunteers-civilians employed for information), Safe Drive-Save Life.
4.85 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
Total Number of Prosecution 140000 120000 100000 80000 Total Number of Prosecution
60000 40000 20000 0 2015
2016
2017 up to Nov
Figure 4.52: Total number of prosecution - Bidhannagar(Source: Secondary Survey)
4.7.1.7 Accessibility Distance The police station is located in close vicinity for people residing in Saltlake but those staying in Rajarhat faced inconvenience to avail the facilities wherein some people were made to travel more than 4-6kms.
4.7.1.8 Level of Satisfaction According to Household Survey, people were generally satisfied with police station facility.
4.7.1.9 Security and Safety Concerns
% OF POPULATION
Satisfaction Scale for Safety 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
SALTLAKE RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR
SATISFACTION SCALE
Figure 4.53: Satisfaction Scale for Safety in Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
4.86 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
% OF POPULATION
Location Safe - Till what time 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
SALTLAKE RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR
TIME DURATION
Figure 4.54: Location Safe - Till what timein Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
4.7.1.10 Analysis/Inference –
Lack of Social infrastructure in salt lake is a major concern for the residents of salt lake city , either it may be lack of infrastructure for senior citizens, old age home or lack of religious facilities in the locality.
Lack of safety & security - Also we can find from the people’s perception on level of safety ,that it drops significantly after 10pm, and remains minimum safe at 2-3 am, due to low comparatively low occupancy rate in salt lake.
Lack of Physical & Social infrastructure is a major concern for the residents of Rajarhat
Lack of safety & security - Also we can find from the people’s perception on level of safety that the residents of Rajarhat feel safer till 12 midnight .
4.7.2 Fire service 4.7.2.1 Present Fire Services In Bidhannagar there is only 1 Fire Station in Sector-V, Salt lake. ,which provides service to whole of Bidhannagar municipal corporation boundary in case of any fire accidents, building collapse, road traffic accidents, for protecting lifes of human and animal rescue etc.
4.87 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Table 4.27: Fire Station Statistics
Major Causes of Accidents
Short Circuits
No. of accidents occurred in 2017
80-85 (approx)
No. of Forest Fire
0
No of incidents attended
99%
No. of Fire Trucks
6 +1(Hydraulic Platform rescue in high rise buildings till 54 m )
Is road network adequate
yes
No of fire fighters
50
Time taken to reach
Target of reaching accident spot within 30 mins after reporting. (Source: Primary Survey)
4.7.2.2 URDPFI Standards for Fire Stations • Fire Station: 1 per 2 Lakh population within 5-7 kms radius & area requirement is 1 Ha • The location should be such that they can reach the site within 3-5 minutes and 20 minutes in rural areas. • As per Standing Fire Advisory Council norms (SFAC), a fire station is supposed to have an underground tank with capacity 1500L and OHT with 25000L. Table 4.28: Fire StationNorms :
Population
Fire Trucks
50,000
1
1,00,000
2
3,00,000
6
4,00,000
10
Analysis/Inference- 6,18,358 / 200000 = 3 in no.s (Inadequate )( Source: Secondary Survey)
4.7.2.3 Accessibility Distance The fire station is located in close vicinity for people residing in Saltlake but those staying in Northern part of Rajarhat faced inconvenience to avail facilities wherein areas were more than 6 kms away.
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Infrastructure
4.7.2.4 Level of Satisfaction According to Household Survey, people were generally satisfied with fire station facility.
4.7.3 Socio cultural facilities 4.7.3.1 Community Centers Community centres are public locations where members of a community tend to gather for group activities, social support, public information and other purposes. They may sometimes be open for the whole community or for a specialised group within the community.
4.7.3.2 URDPFI Standards for Community Facilities • Community Room: 1 per 5000 population with 750 sq. m. • Community Hall: 1 per 15000 population with 2000 sq. m. • Recreational Club: 1 per 1 Lakh population with 10,000 sq. m. Table 4.29: List of Community halls:
TYPE
LOCATION (WARD NUMBER)
PURPOSE
Community Halls
Salt Lake Area
Total =11
GD SamajKakshya
34
Marriage
35
Marriage
36
Marriage
41
Auditorium
SukantanagarSamajSadan PrantikSamajSadan BD Block (Labanrad Mancha)
( Source: Primary Survey)
4.7.3.3 OtherCommunity centers/Auditoriuminclude : • BD Auditorium •
Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre (EZCC) Auditorium
•
BJ SamajSadan
•
GD SamajSadan
•
SukantanagarSamajKakshya
There are total 18 Community Centres, 13 located in Saltlake while 5 in Rajarhat. A significantly less percentage of people availed these facilities in these region.
4.89 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure A major reason for the less membership in outer fringes of the region was improper maintenance of the facility. The same could be witnessed in frequency of usage of the facilities wherein a majority of people were rarely using the facility. As per Household Survey, it was found that a majority of Community Centre Facilities were located within 1 kmswalkable distance to the households.
4.7.3.4 Issues•
Parking is a concern, Limited Built up area/ more Usable Space required.
•
Infrastructure For elderly is missing.
4.7.3.5 Analysis/Inference-(Salt lake) Not Adequate in number, 3 More Community Halls Required as per Saltlake Population of 2,15,514 people.
% OF POPULATION
PROXIMITY TO COMMUNITY FACILITIES 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR SALTLAKE
ACCESSIBLE DISTANCE
Figure 4.55: Proximity to community facilities in Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
4.90 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
% OF POPULATION
SATISFACTION SCALE TO COMMUNITY FACILITIES 50 40 30 20 10 0
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR SALTLAKE
SATISFACTION SCALE
Figure 4.56: satisfaction scale to community facilitiesin Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
% OF POPULATION
FREQUENCY OF VISITS TO COMMUNITY FACILITIES 50 40 30 20 10 0
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR SALTLAKE
TIME DURATION
Figure 4.57:Frequency of visits to community facilities in Bidhannagar(Source: Primary Survey)
4.7.3.6 Analysis/Inference- (Rajarhat area) Total Community hall = 5 in no.s Not Adequate in number, 22 More Community Halls Required as per Rajarhat Population of 4,02,844 people.
4.7.3.7 Week Days/ Ends Activities •
Newspaper reading, TV.
•
Social work and meetings.
•
Indoor games.
•
Sports, kararte and cultural programmes.
•
Marriage and other functions organized.
4.91 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure •
Bhajan ,kirtan and pravachan.
•
Occasional events.
4.7.4 Religious centres 4.7.4.1 URDPFI Standards for Religious Centres • AtNeighbourhood/Housing cluster level: 1 per 5000 population (Area = 400 sq. m.) • At sub city level in urban extension: 1 per 10 Lakh population (Area = 4 Ha)
4.7.4.2 Current Scenario- Rajarhat (36 temples, 4 Mosque, 3 churches). 4.7.4.3 Main Events carried out•
Durga Puja and Kali puja
•
Shivratri
•
Satsang, Kirtan gatherings
•
Hold 2-5 day festivals.
•
Marriages.
4.7.4.4 Issues and observationslack of space for people to sit and worship. Some temples even have lodging facilities for about 20 ppl. Verandahs serve as gathering space for senior citizens.
4.7.4.5 Current Scenario- Salt lake(only 3 temples)
PROXIMITY TO RELIGIOUS FACILITIES % OF POPULATION
60 50 40 30 20
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR
10
SALTLAKE
0
ACCESSIBLE DISTANCE
4.92 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Figure 4.58: Proximity to religious facilities in Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
% OF POPULATION
SATISFACTION SCALE TO RELIGIOUS FACILITIES 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR SALTLAKE
SATISFACTION SCALE
Figure 4.59: Satisfaction scaletoreligious facilities in Bidhannagar(Source: Primary Survey)
% OF POPULATION
FREQUENCY OF VISITS TO RELIGIOUS FACILITIES 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR SALTLAKE
DAILY
WEEKLY
TWICE A MONTHLY RARELY MONTH
TIME DURATION
Figure 4.60: Frequency of visits to religious facilitiesfacilities in Bidhannagar
(Source: Primary Survey)
4.7.5 Organised green spaces Urban open space are open spaces for "parks", "green spaces", and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are commonly open to public access, however, urban open spaces may be privately owned. Areas outside of city boundaries, such as state and parks as well as open space in the countryside, are not considered urban open space. Streets, piazzas, plazas and urban squares are not always defined as urban open space in land use planning. 4.93 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure Table 4.30: List of Open Recreational Spaces:
CITY
NAME
AREA SQ.M
PURPOSE
Bidhannagar
Gopalpur playground
30.99
Exhibition/ fair
Bidhannagar
Bongolaki Children Park
30
Park
Totlot
Bidhannagar
Kaikhali, MondalGati
6900
Multi purposemaidan
Public toilet, Furniture
Bidhannagar
Dum Dum Club Ground
2500
Playground
Bidhannagar
PratibeshiSangha playground
1000
Playground
Bidhannagar
JB Nagar Community play ground JankalyanSamity ground
800
Playground
350
Playground
Bidhannagar
Vivekananda shishuudyan
300
Park
Bidhannagar
gaur shishuudyan
400
Park
Bidhannagar
1000
Playground
Bidhannagar
nirviksangha play ground Netaji Park
500
Park
Tournament facilities
Maintained
Bidhannagar
gobardan math
6700
Playground
Swings, benches
Maintained
Bidhannagar
sukantnagar playground
300
Playground
Bidhannagar
( Source: Primary Survey)
4.7.5.1 URDPFI Standards for Green Spaces • Housing area parks : 1 per 5000 population with 0.5 Ha area • Neighbourhood parks : 1 per 15000 population with 1 Ha area • Community parks : 1 per 1 Lakh population with 5 Ha area • District park : 1 per 5 Lakhs population with 25 Ha area
4.94 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
FACILITIES
MAINTAINANCE Maintained
Totlot
Maintained Maintained
Needs maintainance
Infrastructure
TOTAL RECREATIONAL AREA TOTAL AREA(IN SQ.KM)
% OF RECREATIONAL AREA
55.94
33.42 22.52
7.04%
4% BMC
1.55%
SALT LAKE
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR
Figure 4.61Total Recreational areain Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
FREQUENCY OF VISITS TO RECREATIONAL AREAS 35% % OF POPULATION
30% 25% 20% 15%
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR
10%
SALTLAKE
5% 0% DAILY
WEEKLY
TWICE A MONTH
MONTHLY
TIME DURATION
4.95 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
RARELY
Infrastructure Figure 4.62: Frequency of visits to recreational areasin Bidhannagar(Source: Secondary Survey)
PROXIMITY TO RECREATIONAL AREAS 80%
% OF POPULATION
70% 60% 50% 40%
RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR
30%
SALTLAKE
20% 10% 0% <1
1KM-3KM 3KM-5KM 5KM-10KM >10KM
ACESSIBLE DISTANCE
Figure 4.63: Proximity to recreational areasin Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
SATISFACTION SCALE TO RECREATIONAL AREAS 35% % OF POPULATION
30% 25% 20% 15% RAJARHAT-GOPALPUR
10%
SALTLAKE
5% 0%
SATISFACTION SCALE
Figure 4.64: Satisfaction Scale to Community facilities in Bidhannagar( Source: Primary Survey)
4.7.5.2 Analysis/Inference: •
Most of the open spaces have no infrastructure for physically challenged, elderly citizens.
•
No designated Parking lot or Public toilets.
•
Lack of Recreational space in Northern Part of BMC.
•
Lack of Organised green – Park/Playgrounds.
4.96 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure â&#x20AC;˘
Whereas Salt lake possess well organised greens in all the wards attached to the community center (Ward 28 to 41) also well accessible.
4.7.5.3 Hierarchy of Open Spaces in BMC: a) Recreational space -City Center Plaza, Fair / Mela Grounds. b) Organised green
- Nicco Park, Central Park/stadiums, Play Ground
c) Other common open spaces - open Vacant Lands, Wetlands etc. The parks several parks located all around region showing existence of adequate lung spaces in each ward. People too showed satisfaction with the same but were highly critical of the maintenance and condition of the facility which could be seen by their frequency of usage of the facility. Other than Ward No. 6,8,11,13,16,20,23,24 in rajarhat all other wards have sufficient area of parks and they were uniformly located too. There were also 2 City &district Level parks too- Central park&Nicco park inSaltlake.
4.7.5.4 Tot-lots A tot-lot is basically a small playground for the small children and is located in a close proximity from the residence so that mothers can keep an eye on their children while they are. Tot lots in Saltlake are more accessible than in rajarhat areaand people too avail the facility regularly. The tot lots are not made separate but in conjecture with neighbourhood and housing area parks. Table 4.31Total Existing Recreational facilities in BMC as per URDPFI and threshold population .
Category Tot LotsNeighbourhood Parks Play GroundCity Level Park Community Club District Stadiums Library District Park
Nos. at Present 1 261 1 11 18 1 31 1
4.97 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Nos.
Area (Ha) 0.5 1 1.5 5 1 1 1 8 0.2 1 25
Pop. Cov/unit 5000 15000 15000 100000 100000 100000 15000 100000
Infrastructure
RAJARHAT- WARD WISE (TOTAL RECREATIONAL AREA) 250000.00
AREA
200000.00 150000.00 100000.00 50000.00
WARD-1 WARD-2 WARD-3 WARD-4 WARD-5 WARD-6 WARD-7 WARD-8 WARD-9 WARD-10 WARD-11 WARD-12 WARD-13 WARD-14 WARD-15 WARD-16 WARD-17 WARD-18 WARD-19 WARD-20 WARD-21 WARD-22 WARD-23 WARD-24 WARD-25 WARD-26 WARD-27 WARD-28
0.00
WARD NUMBER
Figure 4.67: Total Receational area- ward wise representationin Rajarhat- Gopalpur
( Source: Primary Survey)
SALT LAKE- WARD WISE (TOTAL RECREATIONAL AREA) 800000.00 700000.00 600000.00 AREA
500000.00 400000.00 300000.00 200000.00 100000.00 0.00
WARD NUMBER
Figure 4.68: Total Receational area-ward wise representationin Salt Lake (Source: Primary Survey)
ï&#x201A;·
Analysis- Ward 3, 31, 37 have recreational open space area more than 2lakh sq.m or 20 hectares.
4.98 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
OPEN SPACES WETLANDS
ï&#x201A;·
Analysis- well distributed open spaces in salt lake than rajarhat.
( Source: Primary Survey)
Map 4.20: map showing locations of open green spaces
4.99 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
4.7.6 Burial ground/ cremation spaces 4.7.6.1 Current Scenario • No. of Burial Grounds: 2 Bagmari Muslim Burial Ground -Asia’s largest Burial ground (430 hectares) Salua Burial ground –Narayanpur, Gopalpur gram, Bidhannagar. (3 acres)7.1.1 URDPFI Standard for Cremation Spaces/Burial Ground
• • •
Cremation Ground: 1 per 5 Lakh ppl. (Area = 2.5 ha) Burial Ground: 1 per 5 Lakh ppl. (Area = 4 ha) Electric Crematorium: 1 per town
4.7.6.2 Analysis/Inference: Space crunch for burial grounds in the city, hence bagmari burial ground being largest also feeling the pressure due to it.
4.7.7 Postal services Post offices are one of the most common means of communications in the region. Including Head Post Office & sub post offices there are total 8 post offices, 5 inSalt Lake and 3 in Rajarhat region.
4.7.7.1 URDPFI Standard for Post Office Post office counter- 1 per 15000 population Head post office with delivery- 1 per 2.5 lakhs population Head post office and administrative office- 1 per 5 lakh population Table 4.32: List of Post Offices in Bidhannagar .( Source: Primary Survey): POSTOFFICE NAME
WARD NUMBER
BUILT UP AREA
Kolkata Airport Sub Post Office, Kaikhali Deshbandhunagar Post office Hatiara Post Office natarajkalakendar Mahisbathan Post Office BNCK sub post office
7
Sector-2, salt lake CC Block PO India Post Office
AREA CATERING TO
130
NUMBER OF WORKERS 16
10
40
8
Ward 10
14 25 27 29
90 80 60 30
11 2 8 4
31 41
232 70
50 45
4 2 5 (non delivery office) 3 3
4.7.7.2 Services Provided • Money Order • Postage Stamp Account
4.100 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
4
Infrastructure • Savings Bank Account • Recurring Deposit • Fixed Deposit • National Savings Certificate • Monthly Income Schemes • Senior Citizen Account.
4.7.7.3 Current Scenario The post office mainly dealt with freight services which accounted for almost 60% of transactions while letters just contributed to about 40% of transaction. Other facilities provided are Postal training center, Business post office, parcel/letter post,Project Arrow-Transforming indian post, article booking- national/international receipt delivery, Aadhar correction & Social Security Scheme.Total staff in thesepost offices are 144 in number. The workings hours are mainly from 95pm catering up to a area of 3-5 km or even more.
4.7.7.4 Accessible Distance The post offices were located quiet uniformly across the region and people didn’t have to travel much to avail the facility.
4.7.7.5 Level of Satisfaction The post offices were well maintained & catered to all services required by users leaving the population satisfied.
4.7.8 Libraries There is 4 Library located all in salt lake,Bidhannagar.
4.7.8.1 URDPFI Standards for Library Facilities • Public Library: 1 per 15000 population with 2000 sq. m. Area According to standards, there is requirement of 36 more libraries in Bidhannagar, which shows major lack of it, which has also been recorded as a concern from the household survey of BMC. The Govt city Library lacks maintenance and new books. The Library has only one reading room and a stock 21,000 books which are all old. It has a staff of 4 and lacks people to help in maintenance. People regularly visits the library which are well utilized but being less in number it is not accessible for everyone thus reducing satisfaction among people as well. Almost 2000 members visits the facility from 11-8pm. Membership Fee is just ₹5 per month and further proposals for more reading area and parking facilities need to be provided.
4.7.9 Aanganwadi (icds) Salt lake &Rajarhat don’t have a well formulated ICDS system which has led to under utilization of the facilities. These Aanganwadi’s are 5 in number all located in rajarhat ,Bidhannagar. Activities include play school, mid day meals, study etc.Issues include Drinking water supply and more formal space. 4.101 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
4.7.9.1 URDPFI standards for ICDS facility • Aanganwari (Housing Cluster): 1 per 5000 population with 200-300 sq. m. Area As per ICDS Scheme Guidelines, an Aanganwadi is supposed to serve to about 500 households but rather in Bidhannagar it serves to very less Households. This leads to better focus onto the population giving back better results. All Aanganwari’s were built with Pucca materials and were all located in Rajarhat. Only some were equipped with drinking water and sanitary facilities. Some schemes being undertaken by ICDS are mentioned below: BalikaSamriddhiYojana (BSY) Totally Centrally funded scheme, covering girl children in families below the poverty line (BPL), who were born on or after 15 th August 1997 were entitled to get post birth grant amount of 500/- and annual scholarships for each successfully completed year of schooling as per GOI guidelines. Prime Minister's GramodayaYojana (PMGY) Eradicating malnutrition amongst under 3 years’ children in families below the poverty line (BPL) by increased nutritional coverage of supplementary feeding of these children through A.W. Centres. Take Home Ration (THR) strategy adopted for distribution of foodstuff for the beneficiaries under the said age group.
4.7.10 Bank/ atm: 4.7.10.1 Facilities available in Banks Infrastructure facilities•
Toilets
•
Storerooms
•
Parking (2 banks)
•
Banking Facilities-
•
Drop box
•
Savings
•
Lockers
•
Deposits and insurance
4.7.10.2 Loans and Schemes for public•
Farm and non farm loans
•
Housing loans, APY, PMJJBY
•
Jan dhanYojana, accountless mudra loan
•
Kisan Credit card
•
Gold Loans
4.102 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure •
National Electronic fund transfer NEFT
•
Real time gross settlement RTGS
•
Pensions and education loans
Table 4.33: List of Banks in Bidhannagar: ( Source: Primary Survey
NAME
Bank of Baroda, Teghoria State Bank of India, Kaikhali Branch Indian Overseas Bank, Teghoria Allahabad Bank Syndicate bank State Bank of India, Hatiara Branch Axis bank BangiyoGrameen bank State Bank of India, Helabattala Indian overseas bank, HelaBattala Syndicate Bank Baguihati UCO Bank Baguihati SBI Baguihati Indian Overseas Bank, Baguihati Axis Bank Baguihati Bank of Baroda ICICI bank United Bank of India,kestopur branch SBI kiosk Bandhan bank UCO bank UCO Bank SBI Bank Punjab National Bank Canara Bank HDFC Bank Central Bank of India, Salt Lake city Branch Axix Bank, salt lake Punjab &sind Bank, Salt Lake city Branch State Bank of India, sector-2,salt lake city Branch
WARD NUMBER
BUILT UP AREA (IN SQ.M)
NO OF ACCOUNTS
NUMBER OF WORKERS
6 6
144 180
1800 9000
13 10
6 10
60 245
2800 Not disclosed
12 10
12 14
40 40
14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 20 23 23
50 40 120 70 200 80 420 120 100 1000 167 200
23 24 25 27 27 27 27 27 33
30 300 80 40 50 40 55 70 112
15000
33 33
120 120
6000 6000
33
90
7000
4.103 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
11000 15 11 3000 3000 6000 4000 2000 4000 3000 5000 1500 1900
20 12 7 16 8 11 8 7 8 2 9 10 17 20 18 23 26 9 10
Infrastructure
4.7.11 . Old age home 4.7.11.1 Facilities &Activities preferred by the age group•
Religious activities,Tv, Lift, Reading, Picnic, Movies, & other Recreation
•
Walking, yoga, exersize, Health & ambulance service, Common Kitchen.
•
Social gatherings, More green open space.
•
Laughing clubs
4.7.11.2 Activities they would like with younger people•
Religious teachings and storytelling
•
Cultural activities
•
Charity work
•
Interactive sessions
•
Craft clubs Table 4.34: List of Old age homes in Bidhannagar:
OLD AGE HOME/ INTERGENERATIONAL HOME Sumangal Height, Prafullakanan,kestopur
WARD NUMBER
NUMBER OF OLD AGE PEOPLE 30
NO OF WORKER S 3
OTHER FACILITIES PROVIDED Health Service, Ambulance service,
24
The Retreat Senior Citizens Home, salt lake
37
40
12
lift,health facility, common kitchen, housing
( Source: Primary Survey)
4.104 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
ď&#x201A;ˇ
Map 4.21: map showing locations of different social infrastructure
4.105 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Analysis- well distributed facilities through out BMC area but lacks in northern most wards of rajarhat.
Infrastructure
ď&#x201A;ˇ
Map 4.22: maps showing locations of different social infrastructure
4.106 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Analysis- Religious facilities are more concentrated towards rajarhat area whereas bank/atm are towards Salt lake area.
Infrastructure
ď&#x201A;ˇ
Analysis- Ward 15, 18, 40, 35 have 15 0r more number of facilities than any other wards in BMC. Whereas wards with brown shade are facility deficient with less than 5 number of facilities.
Map 4.23: maps showing social infrastructure facility adequacy map
4.107 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Infrastructure
% OF POPULATION
HOUSEHOLD PRIORITY FOR CONCERNED ISSUES (RAJARHAT AREA) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
% OF POPULATION
ISSUES OF CONCERN
Figure 4.65: Household priority for concerned issues (rajarhat area) (Source: Primary Survey)
Analysis- Priority for development in Rajarhat- Gopalpur – Park/playgrounds > Drainage > Road infrastructure
% OF POPULATION
HOUSEHOLD PRIORITY FOR CONCERNED ISSUES (SALTLAKE AREA) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
% OF POPULATION
ISSUES OF CONCERN
Figure 4.66: Household Priority for concerned issues (saltlake area)in Bidhannagar
(Source: Primary Survey)
Analysis- Household’s Priority for development in Salt lake – Social Infrastructure>Religious facility>Safety.
4.108 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5
Traffic and Transportation
5.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.1
Introduction
Transportation survey aims at development of traffic and transportation strategies while formulating development plan of any area.
5.1.1 Analyitical seqencing of transporation planning survey A number of primary surveys were conducted in BMC to determine the existing condition of traffic and transportation in the city; Traffic and transportation remains one of the biggest challenges in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area, specially the northern part which is not planned as compared to southern planned satellite town (Salt Lake City). Being a varied land use such as residential, commercial and mixed-use area, witness a lot of incoming and outgoing traffic specially cars, three wheelers & two wheelers. Details of primary surveys, data collected from the secondary sources, objective behind the collected data and authorizes concerned has been listed out in analytical sequencings of transportation planning process. Table 5.1: Steps involved in transpotation planning
Primary survey
Secondary
Analytical
Dynamics of Issues
data base
study
change
concerns
plan
Reconnaissance survey
Vehicle registration
Population projection
Trip generation
Spatial imbalance
Economic development
O-D survey
State bus transport route detail data
Spatial activity structure
Trip distribution
Increasing congestion
Infrastructure development
Intersection
Freight data
Housing based trips
Modal spilt
Traffic management
Environment management
Road Inventory survey
Data from truck Infrastructure and bus status agencies
Trip assignment
Corridor improvement
Spatial development
Speed & delay survey
Accident data
Employment and freight generation
Parking Survey
5.2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
& Development
On street & offstreet parking
Need of Paratransit
Traffic and Transportation
5.1.2 Participation of stakeholders COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS
PUBLIC SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS
PRIVATE SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS
Home-work based trip Eductaion, shopping, recreati onal & other trips
BMC, PWD, Public Bus agencies
Fright movement, truck and bus agencies
Figure 5.1: Stakeholder's Participation
5.1.3 Data and their sources Table 5.2 : Data and their sources
Aspect
Collected data
Objective
Source
Authorities to be contacted
Road accident data, To
Road
understand
the Secondary source PWD,
vehicle registration, connectivity
with of
information, Superintendent
future proposal & surrounding region, to Primary survey
police,
road
agencies, RTO
widening understand
schemes, hierarchy movement of
roads,
the trend
of Bus
of
length, traffic, to understand the
type and surface of zone wise traffic trends, roads
to
understand
if
up
gradation is needed Freight
Major
routes
on To understand revenue Secondary source Truck association
which
trucks
are generation from freight, of
moving,
types
information
of to understand whether (truck association
vehicles bring goods separate freight related & railway station), to
market,
truck infrastructure,
logistics primary survey
parking and other hub or freight corridor requirements
5.2
needed
Regional linkages
An efficient communication system is a prerequisite for the proper growth and the functioning of the city. Its efficient management is a very much dependent on the circulation pattern and the 5.3 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation transportation system. Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is well connected by roads to the major cities of West Bengal and other parts of the country. Also, the closeness of the International Airport plays a major role in popularity of the study area.
5.2.1 Proximity
Figure 5.2: Proximity of BMC to nearby cities Source: Primary survey
ROADS The major regional roads through the study area are; EM bypass is a major road on the east side of Kolkata that connects Bidhannagar on the northeast to southern parts (Rajpur Sonarpur) of Kolkata. VIP Road is themajor thoroughfare connecting the city of Kolkata with the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport. Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue spits off from the Rajarhat main road Rajarhat Road connects the Bidhan Nagar area to the rajarhat new town area. MAR (East-West) and Salt Lake bypass RAILWAY Howrah Railway Station- 12.9 km 5.4 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation Sealdah Railway Station- 10.2 km AIRWAYS Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport- 7.2 km: The airport is a major center for flights to Northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China and Southeast Asia.
Figure 5.3: Regional Transportation facilities Source: Google maps & Primary survey
5.5 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
1.1
Public transport facilities
Map 5.1: Public transport facilities
5.6 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Source: Primary survey
Traffic and Transportation
5.3
Bus services
There is only one bus terminal in Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation. The terminus provides connectivity to all the parts of the state and one international bus service. The bus terminal has no dedicated parking.
Table 5.3: Public transit details
Sr. No.
BUS NAME
ORIGIN
DESTINATION
DISTANCE (KM) ONE WAY
1
S9
Dunlop Bridge
Jadavpur
13
32
2
AC-9
Jadavpur
Karunamoyee
16
28
3
S-23A
Bally Khal
Saltlake Gate
25
32
4
S22
Sarsuna Main
Salt Lake Depot
49
28
Karunamoyee
44
28
Garia
39
32
FREQUENCY
Road
5
S-46
Akra Rabindra Nagar
6
S14
Salt Lake (Karunamayee Estate)
7
AC-14
Saltlake
Baruipur
28
32
8
S16
Salt Lake
Thakurpukur
79
8
Karunamoyee
23
32
Karunamoyee (Fixed Time) via Sector
34
32
Labony
9
MX 1
Canel West Road
10
E 48
Kanchrapara
5
11
E 46
Karunamoyee
Digha
130
6
12
D 18
Thakurnagar
Howrah via Habra, Barasat, VIP, Ultadanga
35
28
13
D 19
Iswarigachha
Karunamoyee via Baduria, Barasat, Sector5
45
28
14
AC T4
Barasat
Karunamoyee (During Office Hours)
35
32
5.7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
15
AC T9
Karunamoyee
Digha
137
5
16
AC T9/1
Digha
Esplanade â&#x20AC;&#x201C;
140
4
36
32
Karunamoyee
17
VS 14A
Sr. No. BUS NAME
Esplanade
Karunamoyee via Exide
ORIGIN
DESTINATION DISTANCE (KM) ONE WAY
FREQUENCY
18
3A/2
Sarsuna
New Town (Sector-V)
25
32
19
7
Gardenreach
Howrah Station
26
32
20
AC9
Jadavpur
Karunamoyee
16
28
21
AC14
Saltlake
Baruipur
28
64
22
AC15
Bantala It Park
Howrah
25
32
23
AC 37
Garia
Airport
38
32
24
AC37B
Garia
Airport
27
48
25
AC37C
Garia Bus Stand
Airport Gate No. 1 via 28
28
Patuli .
26
AC 50
Garia
Belur
36
32
27
AC50A
Garia
Rajchandrapur
30
32
28
AC51
Kudghat
Airport Gate No.1
26
26
29
MW2
Howrah
Unitech
35
16
30
S4
Taratala
Howrah Station
22
60
State Bus Depot
31
S9
Dunlop Bridge
Jadavpur
13
60
32
S12
Joramandi
Howrah Station
30
1
5.8 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
33
S12C
Joramandi
Howrah Station
30
32
34
S12E
Joramandi
Howrah Station
30
16
35
S14
Salt Lake
Garia
39
32
(Karunamayee) Estate
Sr. No.
BUS NAME
ORIGIN
DESTINATION
DISTANCE (KM) ONE WAY
FREQUENCY
36
S19
Jadavpur 8b Stand
Ultadanga
11
50
37
S21
Bagbazar
Garia
80
16
38
S22A
Sarsuna Main Road
Salt Lake Depot
49
32
39
S30
Ultadanga
Ecospace
28
32
40
S37A
Airport
Garia
24
32
41
S46
Akra Rabindra
Karunamoyee
44
28
35
28
Nagar
42
ST7
Ultadanga HUDCO more
Shukhobrishti
43
ST 7A
Hatishala
Ultadanga
25
32
44
ST13
New Town
Khanna and Shyambazar
26
16
Action Area
45
V1
Tollygunge
Haldirams
24
28
46
V2
Santragachi
Park Circus, Bridge No
35
32
47
VS10
Kudghat
Sector 5
22
16
48
VS12
Santragachiа
Salt Lake
24
16
34
32
Karunamoyee
49
VS14
Vidyasagar
5.9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Haldirams
Traffic and Transportation Setu
50
VS14A
Vidyasagar
Haldirams
34
32
Setu
51
AC4B
Parnasree
Howrah
13
32
52
AC12
Sapoorji
Howrah
27
28
53
AC37A
Garia
Airport
38
28
54
AC41
Santragachi
Ecospace
25
28
55
AC43
Golf Green
Airport
28
32
Sr. No.
BUS NAME
ORIGIN
DESTINATION
DISTANCE (KM) ONE WAY
FREQUENCY
56
AC47
Kundghat
Sapoorji
28
32
57
AS1
Backbay Depot
Cadbury Junction
38
28
58
AS3
Bagbazar
Srirampur
34
32
59
C8
Tollygunge
Nicco Park
75
16
60
C8A
Tollygunge
Nicco Park
75
16
61
M14
N.G.O.Colony
Medavakkam Jn.
10
32
62
MW1
Sulekha
Unitech
25
32
63
S3W
Joka
Ecospace
31
28
64
S9C
Patuli
Ecospace
19
32
65
S22
Sarsuna Main
Salt Lake Depot
49
24
Santragachhi
45
32
Road
66
ST10
Balaka terminus
5.10 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
67
ST11
Rathtala
Howrah Stn
14
60
(Belgharia)
68
ST12
Joramandir
Howrah Stn
30
32
69
VS3
Parnasree
Airport
25
32
70
VS4
Parnasree
Unitech
30
36
71
VS9
Garia
Unitech
35
28
5.11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.4
Road characteristics
The entire planning area has a total of 1040 km of roads with approximately 706 kms in the northern Gopalpur rajarhat area and approximately 332 kms in the Salt Lake area. Table 5.4:Percentage of roads in Rajarhat-Gopalpur
Total Planning area (Sq km)
22.48
Total area of road (Sq km)
2.53 11.25%
Percentage of roads
Source: Primary survey
Table 5.5 :Percentage of roads in Salt Lake
Total Planning area (Sq km)
33.49
Total area of road (Sq km)
2.11
Percentage of roads
6.30% Source: Primary survey
5.4.1 Surface material Considering the entire Bidhannagar municipal corporation area the surface material distribution is as follows; 82%(850 kms) roads have asphalt surface, 11% (115 kms) has concrete surface, 6% (65 kms) are kutcha roads. All the other type of road surfaces together constitutes 0.5% of the entire road length.
Figure 5.4: Ward wise percentage of roads with respect to pavement material (Rajarhat) Source: Primary Survey
In the rajarhat Gopalpur area, the road surface is predominantly of asphalt with 75% of the total roads, that is approximately 525 kms. The local roads or residential roads are made of either concrete or they are kutcha roads both forming around 22% each, that is approximately 150 kms each. In the northern part, that Is wards 1-5 have a higher proportion of concrete and kutcha wards compared to the rest of the wards.
5.12 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.5: Ward wise percentage of roads with respect to pavement material (Salt Lake) Source: Primary Survey
In the Salt Lake area, the almost all the roads are made of asphalt. The exceptions are ward 28, that is the Mahishbathan area, there are concrete and kutcha roads in the slum areas and the newly developing areas. In ward 36, that is the wetlands area, there is a significant proportion of kutcha and concrete roads and also in wards 38 and 39, which has the Duttabad slum there is high proportion of concrete roads. All the surfaces except asphalt constitutes a 10% share in the entire road length, which is equal to 30 approximately 30 kms.
5.4.2 Hierarchy
Figure 5.6: Ward wise percentage of hierarchical roads (Rajarhat) Source: Primary Survey
Figure 5.7: Ward wise percentage of hierarchical roads (Salt Lake) Source: Primary Survey
5.13 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Map 5.2: Road hierarchy of Bidhannagar municipal corporation area Source: Primary Survey
5.14 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation Most of the roads in the region are local roads and the major roads are; EM bypass, VIP Road, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Rajarhat Road, MAR (East-West) and Salt Lake bypass. The existing hierarchy is structured enough to serve the Salt Lake area but the rajarhat Gopalpur area is lacking is infrastructure and is chocking due to the lack of major arterial roads and restricted accessibility to the region. Considering the entire planning area has more than 80% of local roads and 3% of arterial and sub arterial roads which is approximately 20 kms.
5.4.3 Road surface quality
Figure 5.8: Ward wise percentage of roads based on surface quality (Rajarhat) Source: Primary Survey
In rajarhat Gopalpur area most of the roads are of poor to fair quality with poor having a share of approximately 20%, that is a length of 150 kms. While the good roads are also of approximately 23% share which adds up to 170 kms.
Figure 5.9: Ward wise percentage of roads based on surface quality (Rajarhat) Source: Primary Survey
In Salt Lake area, the roads are generally of good condition and the exceptions are ward number 28, 38 and 39, due to presence of slum areas and also ward 28 where the new development is coming up. In this region almost 12% (35kms) of roads are in poor condition and needs to be addressed immediately.
5.15 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.5
Traffic volume analysis
5.5.1 Peak hour determination Peak hour of traffic flow was determined to numerate the peak traffic volume on roads in different parts of the city. Peak hour was calculated by comprehensive traffic volume count of 5 major intersections within the study area for a period of 12 hours (8:00am -8:00pm.)
Map 5.3: Intersection locations for peak hour survey Source: Primary Survey
5.16 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation 5.5.1.1
CHINAR PARKINTERSECTION
Figure 5.10: Chinar park intersection diagram.
Determination of peak hour: 250
PCU
200 150
189.5
202.5
199
181
185 135 119.5
100
110
50 0
Time
Figure 5.11: PCU variation towards VIP road junction (A) Source: Primary Survey
5.17 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation 250
PCU
150
210
194
200 155.5
159
161.5 124.5
130
100
168
144
153
50 0
Time
Figure 5.12: PCU variation towards Rajarhat Road (C) Source: Primary Survey
cycle rickshaw bus/truck/ 9%
hand cart 1%
hcv 10% 2 wheeler 47% car/taxi/ auto 33%
Figure 5.13: Composition of Traffic towards A & C Source: Primary Survey
The peak traffic volume towards Rajarhat and VIP junction road is found during evening at 5:00pm -6:00pm. And traffic characteristic is polycentric (nearly equal bi-directional traffic) which is mostly composed of 2-wheeler (47%) and car/taxi/auto (33%).
5.18 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
600 500
PCU
400
547 426 402.5
345.5
300
300
277
200
353
392
274.5 156
100 0
Time
Figure 5.14: PCU variation towards City Centre II (D) Source: Primary Survey
500 450
442
400
368.5
PCU
350 300 250
349.5
334 288.5
268 227.5
200
253.5
150 100 50 0
Time
Figure 5.15: PCU variation towards Charnock Hospital (B) Source: Primary Survey
5.19 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
bus/ truck/ hcv 8%
cycle ricksha w 1% 2
car/taxi /auto 67%
The peak traffic volume towards wheeler 24% hospital and cc-II is Charnock found during morning at 9:00am 10:00am, (mostly home-based work trips) which is mostly composed of car/taxi/auto (67%).
Figure 5.16: Traffic Composition towards B&D Source: Primary Survey
Table 5.6: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Chinar park intersection
PEAK HOUR
DIRECTION (LEG)
PCU/HR TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
9:00am-10:00am
Towards City centre II 3282
67% traffic composed of cars
9:00am-10:00am
Towards Charnock
2652
67% traffic composed of cars
1215
33% traffic composed of cars
hospital 5:00pm-6:00pm
Towards VIP junction
& 47% composed of 2 wheelers 5:00pm-6:00pm
Towards Atghara-Rajarhat
1260
33% traffic composed of cars & 47% composed of 2 wheelers Source: Primary Survey
5.20 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation 5.5.1.2
KARUNAMOYEE INTERSECTION
Figure 5.17: Karunamoyee intersection
250 213.5
PCU
200
179.5
150 100
198.5
155.5 126.5
196.5
142
111.5 84 60.5
50
48
0
TIME
Figure 5.18: PCU variation towards Ultadanga
5.21 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
83.5
Traffic and Transportation Table 5.7: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Karunamoyee Intersection
PEAK HOUR
DIRECTION (LEG)
10:00am-11:00am
Towards south/sector 3 (A)
PCU /HR 981
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
6:00pm-7:00pm
Towards west/Belaghata (B)
1173
More than 66% traffic composed of cars
10:00am-11:00am
Towards north/Ultadanga (C)
1281
77% traffic composed of cars/taxi
5:00pm-6:00pm
Towards east /sector 5 (D)
915
More than 66%traffic composed of cars
77% traffic composed of cars/taxi
Source: Primary Survey
bus/truck/ hcv 10%
2 wheeler 13%
car/taxi/ auto 77%
The peak traffic volume towards sector 3 and Ultadanga is found during morning at 10:00am 11:00am, (mostly home-based work trips which is mostly composed of car/taxi/auto (77%).
Figure 5.19: Composition of Traffic towards sector 3 &Ultadanga Source: Primary Survey
bus/truck/ hcv 11%
2 wheeler 18%
car/taxi/aut o 71%
The peak traffic volume towards Belaghata is found in evening at 6:00pm -7:00pm And towards sector 5 is found at 5:00pm6:00pm which is mostly composed of car/taxi/auto (71%).
Figure 5.20: Composition of Traffic towards Belaghata & sector 5 Source: Primary Survey
5.22 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.5.1.3 KAIKHALI INTERSECTION Table 5.8: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Kaikhali Intersection
PEAK HOUR
DIRECTION (LEG)
PCU/HR
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
7:00pm-8:00pm
Towards 1 or Baguiati Junction
5013
66% traffic composed of cars/taxi
7:00pm-8:00pm
Towards 2 or Airport
6153
75% traffic composed of cars/taxi
10:00am-11:00am
Towards 3 or Narayanpur
594
63% traffic composed of cars/taxi
12:00pm-1:00pm
Towards 4 or Kaikhali market
429
63% traffic composed of cars Source: Primary Survey
bus/truck/ hcv 12%
2 wheeler 13%
The peak traffic volume towards airport is found in evening at 7:00pm -8:00pm which is mostly composed of car/taxi/auto (75%).
car/taxi/aut o 75%
Figure 5.21: Composition of Traffic Towards airport Source: Primary Survey
The peak traffic volume towards Narayanpur is found in morning at 10:00am -11:00am And Kaikhali market is found at 12:00pm-1:00pm which is mostly composed of 2-wheeler (63%).
bus/truck/h cv 7%
car/taxi/aut o 30%
2 wheeler 63%
Here mostly traffic is composed of 2 wheelers as compared to other roads because of vicinity of low and middleincome group residents towards Narayanpur & kaikhali market.
Figure 5.22: Composition of Traffic towards Narayanpur& Kaikhali market Source: Primary Survey
5.23 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation 5.5.1.4
DUTTABAD INTERSECTION Table 5.9: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Duttabad Intersection
PEAK HOUR
DIRECTION (LEG)
PCU/HR
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
9:00am-10:00am
Towards Manicktala
684
49% traffic composed of cars/taxi
9:00am-10:00am
Towards Duttabad
642
50% traffic composed of cars/taxi
6:00pm-7:00pm
Towards rajarhat
3015
73% traffic composed of cars/taxi
10:00am-11:00am
Towards Salt Lake(south)
3750
75% traffic composed of car Source: Primary Survey
bus/truck/ hcv 3% 2 wheeler 24%
car/taxi/ auto 73%
The peak traffic volume towards Rajarhat is found in evening at 6:00pm -7:00pm And towards Salt Lake is found at 10:00am11:00am. which is mostly composed of car/taxi.
Figure 5.23: Composition of Traffic towards Rajarhat &Salt Lake Source: Primary Survey
bus/truck/hc v 2%
car/taxi/ auto 49%
2 wheeler 49%
The peak traffic volume towards Manicktala is found in morning at 9:00am -10:00am which is mostly composed of 2-wheeler & car/taxi/auto.
Figure 5.24: Composition of Traffic towards Manicktala Source: Primary Survey
5.24 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation 5.5.1.5
CLOCK TOWER INTERSECTION Table 5.5.10: Peak hour & Traffic characteristics of Clock Tower Intersection
PEAK HOUR
DIRECTION (LEG)
PCU/HR
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
9:00am-10:00am
Towards lake town road (north)
3531
73% traffic composed of cars/taxi, 11% hcv
10:00am-11:00am
Towards Dakshinadhari road (west)
1710
75% traffic composed of cars/taxi
7:00pm-8:00pm
Towards VIProad (east)
2481
68% traffic composed of cars/taxi
10:00am-11:00am
Towards VIP road (south)
3177
76% traffic composed of cars Source: Primary Survey
bus/truck/ hcv 3% 2 wheeler 22%
The peak traffic volume towards Dakshinadhari is found in morning at 10:00am -11:00am which is 75% composed of car/taxi.
car/taxi/ auto 75%
Figure 5.25: Composition of Traffic towards Dakshinadhari Road Source: Primary Survey
bus/truck/h cv 6% 2 wheeler 18%
car/taxi/ auto 76%
The peak traffic volume towards VIP road is found in morning at 10:00am -11:00am which is 76% composed of car/taxi.
Figure 5.26: Composition of Traffic towards VIP Road Source: Primary Survey
5.25 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.6
Level of Service Analysis of Intersections
5.6.1 Introduction Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads. This area is designated for the vehicles to turn to different directions to reach their desired destinations. Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective directions. Traffic intersections are complex location because vehicles moving in different direction to occupy same space at the same time. In addition, the pedestrians also seek same space for crossing. Drivers have to make split second decision at an intersection by considering his route, intersection geometry, speed and direction of other vehicles etc. A small error in judgment can cause severe accidents. Therefore, both from the accident perspective and the capacity perspective, the study of intersections important for the Planners especially in the case of urban scenario. Table 5.11:PCU Conversion Values used
For PCU Conversions Type
Conversion
Cars And LCV
1
Bus and Heavy Commercial
2.8
Pedal Cycles
0.5
Animal Drawn Vehicles
05-06
Motorcycles and Scooters
0.75
Source: (IRC:106-1990, 1990)
Intersection counts were conducted in various parts of Bidhan Nagar Municipal Corporation and this data will further be used for timing traffic signals, designing channelization, planning turn prohibitions, computing capacity, analyzing high crash intersections, and evaluating congestion. Data Collection Intersections were identified based on Observation, Investigation and Traffic information from Google maps. The Survey was conducted by manual traffic count using the tally sheet method because of unavailability to a mechanical or electronic counting board. At intersection sites, the traffic on each arm was counted and recorded separately for each movement. The duration of the count was determined prior to commencement of traffic counting based on Peak Hour Survey conducted by the team. Traffic-counting teams carried out the counting at the various locations throughout the road network during Peak Hour in Morning and Evening both at 15-minute interval.
5.26 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.6.2
Detail of Intersections
Map 5.4: Location of Intersections surveyed in Bidhannagar MC
5.27 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.27: Intersection Details of Chinar Park Intersection
CHINAR PARK INTERSECTION
CHINAR PARK INTERSECTION
MORNING (9:30-9:45) 343.5
490
EVENING (9:00-9:15) 556.5
197
TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS A B C D
281
935
257.5
TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS A B C D
Figure 5.28: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.28 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
484.5
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.29: Intersection Details of Ward 15 Intersection
WARD 15 INTERSECTION MORNING (10:30-10:45)
WARD 15 INTERSECTION E VE N I N G (7 : 4 5 - 8 : 0 0 ) 227
265.5
130
215 14
TOWARDS A TOWARDS B TOWARDS C TOWARDS D
77
18
65 TOWARDS A
TOWARDS B
TOWARDS C
Figure 5.30: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.29 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
TOWARDS D
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.31:Intersection Details of Noapara Intersection
NOAPARA INTERSECTION
MORNING ( 11:45-12:00) 671
480.5 73
55
TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS A B C D
5.30 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
NOAPARA INTERSECTION
EVENING ( 7:10-7:25) 1049.5
83
597
77
TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS TOWARDS A B C D
Traffic and Transportation Figure 5.32 :Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
Figure 5.33: Intersection Details of Kaikhali Intersection
KAIKHALI JUNCTION (MORNING 8:30-8:45)
771.5
983 109
90.5
TOWARDS A TOWARDS B TOWARDS C TOWARDS D
KAIKHALI JUNCTION (EVENING 7:15PM -7:30PM)
535.5
785.5 164
150.5
TOWARDS A TOWARDS B TOWARDS C TOWARDS D
Figure 5.34: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.31 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.35: Intersection Details of Narayanpur Road Intersection
NARAYANPUR ROAD JUNCTION (MORNING 8:30-8:45)… 147.5
121
TOWARDS A
TOWARDS B
35.5 TOWARDS C
NARAYANPUR ROAD JUNCTION (EVENING 7:15PM -7:30PM)… 101.5
65
45.5
TOWARDS A
TOWARDS B
TOWARDS C
Figure 5.36: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.32 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.37: Intersection Details of Baguiati Canal Intersection
BAGUIATI CANAL JUNCTION (MOR NIN G 8 :3 0-8 :45 )â&#x20AC;¦ 23
13.5
22.5
13
TOWARDS A TOWARDS B TOWARDS C TOWARDS D
BAGUIATI CANAL JUNCTION
(E VE N I N G 7 : 1 5 PM - 7 : 3 0 PM)
24
17.5
27
11.5
TOWARDS A TOWARDS B TOWARDS C TOWARDS D
: Figure 5.38 :Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.33 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.39: EM Bypass-BroadWay Road Intersection
EM By pass-BroadWay Road Intersection (Morning) 400 300 200 100 0
143.5
201
323 156
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
EM By pass-BroadWay Road Intersection (Evening) 250 200 150 100 50 0
120
162
228.5 87
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
Figure 5.40: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.34 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.41: VIP Chowk Intersection
VIP Chowk Intersection
VIP Chowk Intersection 800
300
600
200
0
400
250
100 51
35
200 11
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
0
622 228
68
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
Figure 5.42: Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.35 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
97
Traffic and Transportation S.No. Name of Intersection 1 Kaihkahli Junction
2 Raghunathpur Road Junction
3 Narayanpur Road Junction
Direction Volume -V Capacity -V/C C LOS Towards Narayanpur -R 1160 900 1.29 Critical Kaihali Main Road -L 892 900 0.99 LOS E Towards Airport Left Right
7696 189 132
7200 900 900
1.07 0.21 0.15
Critical LOS A LOS A
Straight Right
3900 540
7200 900
0.54 0.60
LOS C LOS B
Thorough
1040
900
1.16
Critical
Thorough Towards VIP Junction Towrads Rajarhat Residential Street Jyangra Road Towards Baguiati
4156 2228 1992 50 682 1908
4300 2900 2900 900 900 900
0.97 0.77 0.69 0.06 0.76 2.12
LOS E LOS D LOS C LOS A LOS C Critical
4648 330 506 300 674 716 682 6880 1120 1238 1814 954 2768 630 4444 4648 1266 1266 616 266 130 1318 686 570 222 760 416 810 356 942 2318
4300 900 900 900 900 900 900 7200 900 900 900 900 900 3800 4800 2900 3000 1500 1900 1900 1500 1500 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900 900
1.08 0.37 0.56 0.33 0.75 0.80 0.76 0.96 1.24 1.38 2.02 1.06 3.08 0.17 0.93 1.60 0.42 0.84 0.32 0.14 0.09 0.88 0.76 0.63 0.25 0.84 0.46 0.90 0.40 1.05 2.58
Critical LOS C LOS C LOS B LOS D LOS D LOS D LOS E Critical Critical Critical Critical Critical LOS A LOS E Critical LOS B LOS D LOS B LOS A LOS A LOS E LOS D LOS C LOS A LOS D LOS C LOS E LOS B Critical Critical
4 Chinar Park Junction
5 Ward 15 Intersection
6 Noapara Intersection
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
Chinar to City Centre Roypara Hatiara Road Noapara Road Adarshpally Jagatpur Intersection Leg A Leg B Leg C Leg D Baguiati Intersection Keshtopur Airport Towards Sabgachi Towards Jagatpur Baguiati-Hatiara Road Intersection Towards Hatiara,Leg A Leg B Towrads Baguiati,Leg C EM By pass-BroadWay Road Intersection Broadway Road EM Bypass Right MAR-Rajarhat Main Road Intersection Rajarhat Main Road MAR North MARSouth MAR North Extension Rajarhat Narayanpur Road Intersection Rajarhat Main Road Towards Narayanpur Narayanpur Bazar Junction Leg A Leg B Leg C Leg D St Joseph Junction Leg A Leg B Leg C Leg D
5.36 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation Critical Kaihkahli Junction Narayanpur Road Junction Baguiati-Hatiara Road Intersection
LOS E Chinar Park Junction Adarshpally Jagatpur Intersection
LOS D LOS C MAR-Rajarhat LOS B Rajarhat Narayanpur Ward 15 Main Road Road Intersection Intersection Intersection Narayanpur Bazar Noapara Junction Intersection
Baguiati Intersection EM By pass-BroadWay R Int
Based on the obtained LOS of different Intersections and their existing geometric Design, proposals are worked out for each Intersection keeping in mind Utility, Financial capacity of Enforcing agency and Convenience of Citizens. Prevailing Saturation flow for a specific lane group is estimated by:
S=S0*N*fw*fhv*fg*fp*fbb*fa*fLU*fRT*fLT*fpb Source: (Papacostas)
Adjustment for lane width: The lane width adjustment factor fw accounts for the negative impact of narrow lanes on saturation flow rate and allows for an increased flow rate on wide lanes. The use of two narrow lanes will always result in higher saturation capacity than one single wide lane. đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;¤ = 1 + (đ?&#x2018;¤ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 3.6)/9 , where, w = width of lane Adjustment for Heavy Vehicles and Grade: The grade factor accounts for the effect of grades on the operation of all vehicles. đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ??ťđ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = 100/[100 + %đ??ťđ?&#x2018;&#x2030; (đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 1)] đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D; = 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; %đ??ş/200 where, % HV = % heavy vehicles for lane group volume, ET = 2.0, % G = % grade on a lane group approach Adjustment for Parking The parking adjustment factor, fp, accounts for the frictional effect of a parking lane on flow in an adjacent lane group as well as for the occasional blocking of an adjacent lane by vehicles Capacity and LOS Analysis of a Signalized I/S moving into and out of parking spaces. Each maneuver (either in or out) is assumed to block traffic in the lane next to the parking maneuver for an average of 18 s. đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; = [đ?&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; (18đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;/3600)]/đ?&#x2018; where, Nm = number of parking maneuvers/h, N = no. of lanes
5.37 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Adjustment for Bus Blockage : If more than 250 buses per hour exist, a practical limit of 250 should be used. The adjustment factor can be written as, đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? = [đ?&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; (14.4đ?&#x2018; đ??ľ/3600)]/đ?&#x2018; where, NB = no. of buses stopping per hour Adjustment for Area Type The area type adjustment factor, fa, accounts for the relative inefficiency of intersections in business districts in comparison with those in other locations. Application of this adjustment factor is typically appropriate in areas that exhibit central business district (CBD) characteristics. It can be represented as, fa = 0.9 in CBD (central business district) and = 1.0 in all others
5.38 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation Table 5.12: LOS Calculation of Different Intersections
5.39 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.43 :Share of Different Transportation Modes on Intersections considered understudy
5.40 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation Table 5.13 :Analysis of intersection
5.41 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.42 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.6.3 Roundabouts/ rotaries Rotary intersections or round about are special form of at-grade intersections laid out for the movement of traffic in one direction around a central traffic island. Essentially all the major conflicts at an intersection namely the collision between through and right-turn movements are converted into milder conflicts namely merging and diverging. The vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to move in a clockwise direction in orderly fashion. They then weave out of the rotary to the desired direction. In a rotary, the traffic operations at a rotary are three; diverging, merging and weaving. All the other conflicts are converted into these three less severe conflicts. 1. Diverging: It is a traffic operation when the vehicles moving in one direction is separated into different streams according to their destinations. 2. Merging: Merging is the opposite of diverging. Merging is referred to as the process of joining the traffic coming from different approaches and going to a common destination into a single stream. 3. Weaving: Weaving is the combined movement of both merging and diverging movements in the same direction.
Figure 5.44 Design elements of a rotaryFigure 5.45 Traffic operations in a rotary
The capacity of rotary is determined by the capacity of each weaving section. Transportation road research lab (TRL) proposed the following empirical formula to find the capacity of the weaving section. đ?&#x2019;&#x2020; đ?&#x2019;&#x2018; đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;&#x2013;đ?&#x;&#x17D;đ?&#x2019;&#x2DC; đ?&#x;? + đ?&#x2019;&#x2DC; đ?&#x;? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; đ?&#x;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;¸đ?&#x2019;&#x2DC; = đ?&#x2019;&#x2DC; đ?&#x;? + đ?&#x2019;? Source:(IRC-65-1976)
5.43 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Where e is the average entry and exit width, i.e., (đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;1 + đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;2)/2 , w is the weaving width, l is the length of weaving, and p is the proportion of weaving traffic to the non-weaving traffic. Figure 40:3 shows four types of movements at a weaving section, a and d are the non-weaving traffic and b and c are the weaving traffic. Therefore, đ?&#x2019;&#x2018; =
đ?&#x2019;&#x192; + đ?&#x2019;&#x201E; đ?&#x2019;&#x201A; + đ?&#x2019;&#x192; + đ?&#x2019;&#x201E; + đ?&#x2019;&#x2026;
Source: (IRC-65-1976)
This capacity formula is valid only if the following conditions are satisfied. 1. Weaving width at the rotary is in between 6 and 18 metres. 2. The ratio of average width of the carriage way at entry and exit to the weaving width is in the range of 0.4 to 1. 3. The ratio of weaving width to weaving length of the roundabout is in between 0.12 and 0.4. 4. The proportion of weaving traffic to non-weaving traffic in the rotary is in the range of 0.4 and 1. 5. The weaving length available at the intersection is in between 18 and 90 m.
Suitability They are listed below. 1. Rotaries are suitable when the traffic entering from all the four approaches are relatively equal. 2. A total volume of about 3000 vehicles per hour can be considered as the upper limiting case and a volume of 500 vehicles per hour is the lower limit. 3. A rotary is very beneficial when the proportion of the right-turn traffic is very high; typically if it is more than 30 percent. 4. Rotaries are suitable when there are more than four approaches or if there is no separate lanes available for right-turn traffic. Rotaries are ideally suited if the intersection geometry is complex
5.44 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Rotary near Carnival Cinemas (Morning) 300 200 100 0
251
229 63.5
57.5
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
Figure 5.46 Intersection Detail of Rotary near Carnival Cinemas
5.45 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Rotary near Carnival Cinemas (Evening) 400 300 200 100
308.5 81
0
243
120
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
Figure 5.47 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
Figure 5.48 Intersection Detail of Rotary near Kalyan Jewellers, Sec 40
Rotary near Kalyan Jewellers
Rotary near Kalyan Jewellers
(Evening)
(Morning) 300 200 100 0
192.5
222 53
52.5
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
5.46 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
200 150 100 50 0
162.5
121.5
52.5
52.5
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
Traffic and Transportation Figure 5.49 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
Figure 5.50 Intersection Detail of Rotary at BG-AG Block
Rotary at BG-AG Block
Rotary at BG-AG Block
(Morning)
(Evening)
300 200 100 0
213.5 83.5
56
52.5
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
80 60 40 20 0
32
65
52.5
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
Figure 5.51 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.47 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
52.5
Traffic and Transportation
Figure
5.52
Intersection Detail of Rotary near Tank 9
Rotary near Tank 9
Rotary near Tank 9
(Evening)
(Morning) 400 300 200 100 0
300 200 143.5
201
156
323
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
100 0
120
162
Towards A Towards B Towards C Towards D
Figure 5.53 Traffic Flow trend in different legs of Intersection
5.48 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
228.5 87
Traffic and Transportation
Rotary 1 Table 5.14:Traffic flow on Rotary 1
Table 5.15 :Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic
Left
Thorough Right
Leg A
7.5
231
12.5
Leg B
25
20.5
18
Leg C
7
187
35
Leg D
13.5
32
12
a
b
c
d
p
7.5
243.5
39.5
12
0.94
25
38.5
244.5
12.5
0.88
7
222
28
18
0.91
13.5
44
212
35
0.84
Rotary 2 Table 5.16 :Traffic flow on Rotary 2
Table 5.17 :Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic
Left
Thorough Right
Leg A
9.5
138.5
44
a
b
c
Leg B
36
102.5
83.5
7.5
182.5
183.5
12
0.95
Leg C
17.5
190
57
25
186
172.5
12.5
0.91
Leg D
34
174
56
7
247
112
18
0.93
13.5
230
226
35
0.9
d
p
Rotary 3 Table 5.18 :Traffic flow on Rotary 3
Table 5.19 :Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic
a
b
c
d
p
77
110
12
0.905569
25
39.5
91
12.5
0.776786
7
211.5
36
18
0.908257
13.5
136.5
194.5
35
0.8722
Left
Thorough Right
7.5
Leg A
6.5
72
Leg B
16.5
29.5
10
Leg C
24.5
178
33.5
Leg D
19
103.5
33
5
Table 5.20 :Traffic flow on Rotary 4
Rotary 4 Table 5.21:Calculation of Proportion of Weaving Traffic
Left
Thorough Right
a
b
Leg A
19
86.5
38
7.5
Leg B
77
101
23
Leg C
95
123.5
23
Leg D
38.5
211
73.5
5.49 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
c
d
p
124.5
230
12
0.947861
25
124
125
12.5
0.86911
7
146.5
120
18
0.914237
13.5
284.5
200.5
35
0.909091
Traffic and Transportation Table 5.22:Analysis of Rotaries
Width
Length
of
Of
Weaving
Weaving
EEntry
Section,
Section,
Width, e
w
l
0.4-1
4w
Capacity Calculated saturation Major Issues
2 lane6.5, 4 Lane8, 6 Lane-
As per IRC
e/w
Degree of
6-18m
15
Inadequate Capacity , No Rotary 1
Pedestrian 7.5
12
0.625
36
2818
3000
0.94
Infrastructure
Inadequate Capacity ,, No Rotary 2
Pedestrian 7.5
12
0.625
55
3063.6
3000
1.02
Infrastructure
Inadequate Capacity , , No Rotary 3
Pedestrian 7.5
12
0.625
45
3009.4
3000
1.003
Infrastructure Inadequate Capacity , , No
Rotary 4
Pedestrian 7.5
12
0.625
36
5.50 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
2801.2
3000
0.93
Infrastructure
Traffic and Transportation
Appendix
Calculations for Rotaries
5.51 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.7
Speed and delay survey
The Speed delay survey was carried out at 12 major busy routes and during the peak hour period. The data collected from the survey has been given below. It has been brought out by the data that the average speed for commuting on busy roads of the town is 20km/hr.
5.7.1 Speed Delay Survey- Rajarhat area (NORTH Area)
Map 5.5: Location of Study corridor in Rajarhat Source: Primary Survey
5.52 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation Table 5.23: Characteristics of study stretches
ROUTES
FROM
TO
DISTANCE (km)
TIME(min)
SPEED(Km/hr)
R-1
MAR Rajarhat Main Road Intersection
Rajarhat Main RoadSRCM Road
0.86
2:16
21.91
Rajarhat Main Road- SRCM Road
MAR Rajarhat Main Road Intersection
0.86
2:35
23.88
Chinar park
Ward 15 Intersection
2.0
9:13
13.15
Ward 15 Intersection
Chinar park
2.0
8:43
14.29
Airport signal
Tegharia main road junction
1.0
5.0
12.04
Tegharia main road
Airport signal
1.0
3.0
25.0
Baguaiti market
Raghunathpur junction
1.0
4.7
12.82
Raghunathpur
Baguaiti market
1.0
3.38
17.85
Bengal Chemical
Bigben Clock Tower
3.0
4:08
44.11
Bigben Clock Tower
Bengal Chemical
3.0
5:12
35.29
EM Bye pass
Carnival Cinema
1.5
2:57
35.71
Carnival Cinema
EM Bye pass
1.5
2:50
36.58
Carnival Cinema
Kalyan Jewelers
2.0
5:12
23.53
Kalyan Jewelers intersection
Carnival Cinema intersection
2.0
7:57
15.87
Kalyan Jewelers intersection
BG- AG Block intersection
1.5
6:22
14.47
BG- AG Block intersection
Kalyan Jewelers intersection
1.5
6:33
14.28
BG- AG Block intersection
Tank 9 Intersection
2.2
3:28
40.21
Tank 9 Intersection
BG- AG Block intersection
2.2
3:31
39.93
Baguihati market junction
Jagatpur Market Junction
2.0
8.06
14.92
Jagatpur Market Junction
Baguihati market junction
2.0
13.08
10.11
R-2
R-3
junction R-4
junction R-5
R-6
R-7
R-8
R-9
R-10
5.53 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation R-11
R-12
Jagatpur Market Junction
Hatiara Road
1.0
3:20
18.86
Hatiara Road
Jagatpur Market Junction
1.0
3:15
19.04
Hatiara Road
Baguihati market junction
0.5
2:47
12.19
Baguihati market junction
Hatiara Road
0.5
3.05
10.0
Source: Primary Survey
5.7.1.1
NAME OF ROAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Main road Rajarhat (9:00 TO 9:15) Table 5.24: MAR Rajarhat Main Road Intersection to Rajarhat Main Road- SRCM Road
SR. NO.
DISTANCE(KM)
CONTROL POINTS
1
0.86+0.86
Across the
FIRST STOP WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
SECOND STOP WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
DELAY (SEC)
CAUSE OF DELAY
2:10
2:16
06
Road Under Construction, Heterogeneous Traffic, Stray Animals, Only one lane in Use
2:21
2:35
14
Road Under Construction, Heterogeneous Traffic, Stray Animals, Only one lane in Use
Intersection
2
0.86+0.86
Across the Intersection
Source: Primary Survey
5.54 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation 5.7.1.2
NAME OF ROAD – VIP Road (10 AM) Table 5.25: From – Kaikhali Main junction to Tegharia main road junction
SR. NO. DISTANCE(KM)CONTROL FIRST STOP POINTS WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
SECOND STOP WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
DELAY CAUSE OF DELAY (SEC)
1
02
Haldirams signal
2:49
3.8
91
Signal
2
02
Indragopal signal
3:00
3:54
54
Signal
3
02
Airport signal
5:00
6:10
70
Signal
4
02
Haldirams signal
2:20
2:37
17
Signal
Delay (sec)
Cause of Delay
5.8
Source: primary survey
5.8.1.1 NAME OF ROAD – Rajarhat Main road (10 AM) Table 5.26: From – Baguihati to Jagatpur Market
Sr. No. DISTANCE(KM)Control Points
First Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
Second Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
1
02
8.06
13.8
Traffic signal, rickshaw traffic
2
01
3:20
3:15
Narrow road - 2 way traffic- LOS less
3
0.50
2:47
3.05
Rickshaw, cycle, pedestrian traffic Source: Primary Survey
5.55 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.8.2 NAME OF ROAD – Rajarhat Main road (10 AM) Table 5.27: From – Bengal chemical to Big ben
Sr. No.
DISTANCE(KM)Control Points
First Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
Second Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
Delay (sec)
Cause of Delay
1
03
3:52
4.08
0.56
Red light
2
03
4:40
5:12
0.72
Red light Source: Primary Survey
5.8.3 NAME OF ROAD – Rajarhat Main road and Jyangra Ghosh para road (11:06 AM to 11:18AM) Table 5.28: From – Chinar park Intersection to Ward 15 Intersection
SR. NO. DISTANCE CONTROL (KM) POINTS
FIRST STOP WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
1
Chinar park
0:00
Bus stop
2
DELAY (SEC)
CAUSE OF DELAY
5:08
0:20
Stopped Bus interrupting the flow
PNB
5:20
0:13
Vehicle Queuing due to minor intersection
Loknath Mandir
5:41
2:05
Red Light
Behind Loknath Mandir
7:46
0:32
Bottle necked road
Jyngra Intersection
8:18
0:15
Informal Market (pedestrian crossing)
Adarsh Vidyalaya
8:33
0:05
Speed Breaker
5.56 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
SECOND STOP WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
Traffic and Transportation
Near Temple (pond)
8:38
Ward 15 Intersection
9:13
0:35
3 way intersection
Source: Primary Survey
5.8.4 NAME OF ROAD – Rajarhat Main road and Jyangra Ghosh para ROAD (11:06 AM to 11:18AM) Table 5.29: From – Chinar park Intersection to Ward 15 Intersection
SR. NO. DISTANCE (KM)
CONTROL
1
Ward 15 Intersection
0:00
Near Temple
2
POINTS
FIRST STOP WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
SECOND STOP WATCH JOURNEY TIME (MIN:SEC)
DELAY (SEC)
CAUSE OF DELAY
6:17
0:20
3 way intersection
6:37
0:13
Speed Breaker
6:42
0:32
Informal Market
(pond) Adarsh Vidyalaya Jyngra Intersection Behind
(pedestrian crossing) 6:55
0:15
Bottle necked road
7:23
0:05
Red Light
8:43
0:35
Loknath Mandir Loknath Mandir Chinar Park Intersection Source: Primary Survey
5.57 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.8.5 Speed Delay Survey- Salt lake area (SOUTH Area)
Map 5.6: Location of Study corridor in Salt Lake Source: Primary Survey
5.58 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.8.6 Name of road – saltlake area Table 5.30: From – INTERSECTION to INTERSECTION (Morning)
Sr. No. DISTANCE(KM)Control Points
First Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
Second Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
Delay (min.sec)
Cause of Delay
1
1.5
1-2/2-1
2:57/2:41
2:30/2:50
0.16/0.20
traffic and signal wait
2
2.2
2-3/3-2
3:04/5:12
5:28/7:57
2.08/2.29
traffic and signal wait
3
02
3-4/4-3
4:33/6:22
4:51/6:33
1.89/1.82
traffic and signal wait
4
1.5
4-5/5-4
2:57/3:28
3:11/3:35
1.11/0.24
traffic and signal wait
Table 5.31: From – INTERSECTION to INTERSECTION (Evening)
Sr. No. DISTANCE(KM)Control Points
First Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
Second Stop Watch Journey Time (Min:Sec)
Delay (min.sec)
Cause of Delay
1
1.5
1-2/2-1
2:22/3:20
2:38/3:55
1.36/1.57
traffic and signal wait
2
2.2
2-3/3-2
7:41/7:37
8:36/8:45
0.04/0.09
traffic and signal wait
3
02
3-4/4-3
4:09/4:43
4:42/5:12
0.34/1.10
traffic and signal wait
4
1.5
4-5/5-4
2:59/3:50
3:10/3:56
1.30/0.46
traffic and signal wait Source: Primary Survey
5.9
Congestion areas
The survey was conducted for identifying the congestion area as well as reasons for the same. The survey revealed that there are major routes which are busy for the most of the duration of the day. These roads were identified as Chinar Park to ward 15 intersections, Baguiati market to Raghunathpur junction etc. The following observation were made – On the chinar park intersection road leading to sector 15 intersections the major spots of congestions were noticed as Loknath Mandir, Jyngra Intersection, Adarsh Vidyalaya and bus stop. On the Kaikhali Main junction to Tegharia main road junction the major spots of congestions were Haldirams signal,Indra Gopal signal and airport signals. 5.59 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Map 5.7: Congestion areas observed during the survey Source: Primary Survey
5.60 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.10 Transport Household survey 5.10.1 Licence holder
YES
49 %
YES
49 %
51 %
YES
NO
51 %
Figure 5.55: Share of license holder in Rajarhat Gopalpur
YES
24 %
24 % 76 %
76 %
Figure 5.54: Share of license holder in Salt Lake Source: Primary Survey
5.11 Vehicle ownership
YES
YES
42 %
58 %
Figure 5.57: Ownership status in Rajarhat Gopalpur
25 %
75 %
Figure 5.56: Ownership status in Salt Lake Source: Primary Survey
Dependence of Rajarhat Gopalpur residents on various public modes of transport is comparatively much higher. The case is so due to narrow roads, densely packed residential areas and lack of parking facility in this region. The vehicle ownership breakup further reflects the overall vehicle affordability and in turn reflects the socio-economic structure of the region.
5.61 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.11.1 Vehicle ownership breakup BICYCLE 4 WHEELER
2 WHEELER
BICYCLE 4 WHEELER
2 WHEELER
14% 14%
26%
56%
30%
60%
Figure 5.58: Share of vehicle types in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Figure 5.59: Share of vehicle types in Salt Lake
Source: Primary survey
5.62 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.11.2 Leisure trips
100 80 60 40 20 0 MOVIE
PARK MONTHLY
MARKET RESTAURENT OUT OF CITY FORTNIGHTLY WEEKLY
Figure 5.60: Frequency of trips in Rajarhat Gopalpur 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 MOVIE PARK MONTHLY
MARKET RESTAURENT FORTNIGHTLY WEEKLY
OUT OF CITY
Figure 5.61: Frequency of trips in Salt Lake
Source: Primary survey
The leisure trips follow a trend of more frequent recreational trips in Salt Lake as compared to Rajarhat area. Weekly movie trips do not exist in Rajarhat while it is a prevalent trend in Salt Lake. Similarly, the access to well-maintained parks in Salt Lake increases weekly visits to them. Though it is seen that monthly market visits are higher in Salt Lake as compared to Rajarhat while weekly visits are lower. This is broadly attributed to the new trend of home delivery which is prevalent in Salt Lake. Weekly and fortnightly out of city trips are absent in Rajarhat, while 5% people in Salt Lake do travel frequently.
5.63 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.11.3 Level of satisfaction: bus service
EVERYDAY WEEKLY
EVERYDAY WEEKLY
3-4 TIMES OTHER
18% 9% 51% 22%
26%
37%
3-4 TIMES OTHER
7% 30%
Figure 5.62: Frequency of usage in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Figure 5.63: Frequency of usage in Salt Lake
Source: Primary survey
5.11.4 Frequency of use Usage of Bus service for daily commute is comparatively higher in Rajarhat, though it is observed that commuters do use the service in Salt Lake due to its well spread network though out the area. Though there are significant daily commuters in both areas but 37% of people use of less frequently in Rajarhat while in Salt Lake more than 50% of the residents do not depend on bus service for daily trips.
5.11.5 Accessibility to bus stop VERY POOR
POOR
VERY POOR
POOR
AVERGAE
GOOD
AVERGAE
GOOD
VERY GOOD 1% 10% 30% 39% 20%
VERY GOOD 1% 5% 22% 6%
66%
Source: Primary survey Figure 5.65: Level of Accessibilty in Rajarhat
Figure 5.64: Level of Accessibilty in Salt Lake
The proximity to bus stand in Rajarhat region is variable depending on location of the residents but in Salt Lake the bus stands are equally accessible from most areas. 30% perceive bus stop proximity as poor while 20% says its average and 40%, very good. Therefore, it can perceived as average with certain area that need to be looked into.
5.64 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.11.6 Walking time to bus stop
60 40 20 0
80 60 40 20 0
Figure 5.66:Walking time in minutes in Salt Lake
Figure 5.67 :Walking time in minutes in Rajarhat Gopalpur Source: Primary survey
Thoug maximum number of people have acces to bus stop with 0-5 mins range, the percentage of people who have to walk between 5-15 mins to reach bus stop is considerable higher in Rajarhat due to unequal distribution route planning of bus stops in the area 5.11.7 Waiting time 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Figure 5.69: Waiting time in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Figure 5.68: Waiting time in Salt Lake Source: Primary survey
5.11.8 Headway between two buses (user perception) 50 40 30 20 10 0
50 40 30 20 10 0
Source: Primary survey Figure 5.71: Waiting time in Rajarhat Gopalpur
5.65 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure5.70: Waiting time in Salt Lake
Traffic and Transportation Broadly analyzing the two sets of information, it can be inferred that the frequency of buses is slower in Salt Lake area. This may be due to lesser number of average commuters from the area.
5.11.9 Quality of bus service
VERY POOR GOOD
POOR VERY GOOD
AVERGAE
VERY POOR AVERGAE
3%
0% 17% 52%
POOR GOOD
14%
31% 83%
Figure 5.73: Quality of Bus services in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Figure 5.72: Quality of Bus services in Salt Lake
Source: Primary survey
5.11.10Perception of safety VERY POOR
POOR
AVERGAE
GOOD
VERY GOOD 24%
VERY POOR
POOR
AVERGAE
GOOD
VERY GOOD
0%1% 1%
0% 10%
34% 64% 66%
Figure 5.75: Quality of safety in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Source: Primary Survey
5.66 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 5.74: Quality of safety in Salt Lake
Traffic and Transportation
5.11.11Level of satisfaction: auto rickshaw service 5.11.11.1
WALKING TIME TO AUTO STAND
100 80 60 40 20 0
100 80 60 40 20 0 0-5 mins
5-10 mins
10-15 mins
15-20 mins
Figure 5.77: Walking time in minutes in Rajarhat Gopalpur
0-5 mins
5-10 mins
10-15 mins
Figure 5.76: Walking time in minutes in Salt lake
Since auto stands do not require any infrastructure and most auto points have come up based on need of the area. Therefore, they are accessible to majority of people within 0-5 minutes range in both areas.
5.11.11.2
PERCEPTION OF SAFETY
VERY POOR
POOR
GOOD
VERY GOOD
13% 8%
AVERGAE
VERY POOR
POOR
GOOD
VERY GOOD
6% 11%
28%
AVERGAE
9% 6%
8%
60%
51%
Source: Primary Survey Figure 5.79: Quality of safety in Rajarhat Gopalpur
5.67 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
15-20 mins
Figure 5.78: Quality of safety in Salt Lake
Traffic and Transportation
5.11.12Level of satisfaction: non-motorized transit 5.11.12.1
QUALITY OF PAVEMENT
VERY POOR
POOR
AVERGAE
24%
GOOD
VERY POOR
VERY GOOD
POOR
AVERGAE
3%
0% 29%
8%
GOOD
VERY GOOD
8%
12%
35%
81%
Source: Primary Survey Figure5.80: Level of satisification fro the quality of road in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Figure 5.81: Level of satisification fro the quality of road in Salt Lake
Due to the planned character of Salt Lake, all major roads are designed with pavements alongside. While in Rajarhat, pavements are either not planned or they are encroached by informal vendors. In certain places they are not designed as per the pedestrian capacity of the area. Therefore, being absent in most areas.
5.11.12.2
SAFETY OF USER FROM VEHICULAR TRAFFIC VERY POOR
POOR
AVERGAE
GOOD
VERY GOOD
12%
POOR
GOOD
VERY GOOD
AVERGAE
1% 3% 5%
0% 29%
32%
VERY POOR
62%
29%
27%
Figure 5.83: Satisification of users from Vehicular Traffic in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Figure5.82: Satisification of users from Vehicular Traffic in Salt Lake
Source: Primary Survey
Perception of safety from vehicular traffic is very variable in Rajarhat due to the hierarchy of roads and areas here. While in Salt Lake it is over all Good. VERY POOR
POOR
GOOD
VERY GOOD
0% 26% 18%
AVERGAE
6%
50%
5.68 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 5.84: Satisification of users while crossing roads in Salt Lake
Traffic and Transportation
5.11.12.3
SAFETY OF USER WHILE CROSSING ROADS
Source: Primary Survey
Lower density of traffic in Salt Lake and proper zebra crossing and signals contribute to higher safety of pedestrians in this area. While in Rajarhat 50% of the people do not feel safe while crossing roads due to blind curves, lack of traffic signal and speed control norms.
VERY POOR
POOR
AVERGAE
GOOD
VERY GOOD
1% 0% 11% 23% 65%
Figure 5.85: Satisification of users while crossing roads in Rajarhat Gopalpur
5.12 Urban freight traffic 5.12.1 Primary survey for freight
Map 5.8: Major intersections surveyed for freight transit.
5.69 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation Table 5.32: Percentage of heavy vehicles during the morning and evening hours Source: Primary survey
Table 5.33: Percentage of freight traffic between 9:30pm to 11:00pm at various junctions
5.13 Source: Primary survey
5.70 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.13.1 Trip frequency of goods vehicle The delivery of goods varies from daily to monthly. The frequency of trips is based on the demand for the goods by the markets and shops which in turn increases the freight traffic at the major junctions. The charts given below shows the percentage of LCVs that enter the city limits to deliver the goods.
5.13.2 Arrival of goods The goods inflow for industrial purpose is mostly after 9 pm. This is mainly due to the restricted timings of the HCVs/mini trucks into the city area between 8am to 8pm. There are cases where the goods are delivered during the restricted timings with the help of LCVs. The goods inflow for commercial purpose is restricted between 8am to noon and from 4pm to 8pm. The freight traffic is high during the early morning hours than the late evening hours due to the demand for goods that are to be received by various shops and market within the city limit.
5.71 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Map 5.9: Zonal division for analysis purpose
5.72 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Source: survey of LCVs-zone Table 5.34: Arrival of LCVs andPrimary trip frequency wise
Arrival Time OF LCVs 30%
29%
MORNING AFTERNOON EVENING
13% 28%
Arrival time of LCVs
MRNG/EVNG
Figure 5.86 : Arrival time of LCV in Rajarhat
MORNING /EVENING 57%
MORNING 33%
AFTERNO ON 10%
Figure 5.87: Arrival time of LCV in Salt-lake
Source: Primary survey
5.73 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.13.3 Loading and unloading of goods In the Rajarhat and Salt Lake area the informal markets, shops and industries require goods and raw materials based on the demand. The Loading and unloading of goods happen mostly on the streets because there here is no proper parking space.
LOADING AND UN-LOADING UN OF GOODS
LOADING AND UN-LOADING LOADING OF GOODS
DEDICATED PARKING 40%
5% DEDICATED PARKING
ON-STREET
ON STREET
60% 95% Source: Primary survey
Figure 5.89:Loading :Loading and Unloading of goods in Rajarhat
Figure 5.88 Loading and Unloading of goods in Rajarhat
Figure 5.91:: Online shopping in Salt lake and Rajarhat
Figure 5.90:: Loading and Unloading of goods in Salt Lake
5.13.4 E-commerce freight The online shopping varies from Rajarhat to Salt lake, as people from Salt lake tend to buy goods such as Electronics and Clothing from Online stores/ websites more often than the people in Rajarhat. This increases the B2C trips in Salt Lake. 70% of the trip involves 22-wheeler.
5.74 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018 Source: Primary survey
Traffic and Transportation
5.14 Para-transit 5.14.1 Primary survey of para-transit
Source: Primary survey Map 5.10: Survey points done for para-transit
5.75 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Source: Primary survey
5.76 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Source: Primary survey
5.77 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Source: Primary survey
5.78 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
These are the major junctions along the VIP road that serves as major para transit points for the residents and people who commute for work. The table that follows shows the routes that originate from the respective points and the routes taken along with their fares. Table 5.35: Para-transit details at various junctions of BMC
Source: Primary survey
5.14.2 Walking time to auto stand Most of the auto stands is accessible to people within 0-5 minutes range in both areas. Since auto stands do not require any infrastructure and most of them have come up based on needs of the area. Therefore, they have achieved better proximity from residential areas. 100 80 60 40 20 0
100 80 60 40 20 0 0-5 mins
5-10 mins
10-15 mins
15-20 mins
Figure 5.92: Walking time in minutes in Rajarhat Gopalpur
5.79 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
0-5 mins
5-10 mins
10-15 mins
15-20 mins
Figure 5.93: Walking time in minutes in Salt lake
Traffic and Transportation
5.14.3 Perception of safety
VERY POOR
POOR
VERY POOR
POOR
AVERGAE
GOOD
AVERGAE
GOOD
VERY GOOD
VERY GOOD
6% 28% 9% 6%
8% 13% 11% 8% 60%
51%
Figure 5.95: Quality of safety in Rajarhat Gopalpur
Figure 5.94: Quality of safety in Salt Lake Source: Primary survey
As far as the safety is concerned, around 73% of the commuters feel it is above average in Rajarhat area while 79% of the commuters in The Salt Lake area feel it is safe. Less than 10% commuters feel it is unsafe in both the areas. 5.15 Parking There are 4 formal parking areas within Bidhannagar municipal corporation area. Table 5.36: List of parking facilities
Place
Bid Value
Parking Fees
Indira Bhavan to Mayukh
Bid Value of ₹1,43,959 (Annual Renewal)
Monthly: Bus / Truck: ₹ 2000, LMV: ₹ 1500, 4W: ₹ 700, 2W: ₹ 350 One Hour: Bus / Truck: ₹ 30, LMV: ₹ 20, 4W:
(Both Side)
₹ 10, 2W: ₹ 5 City Centre
Bid Value of ₹26,90,842 (Annual Renewal)
4W: First Ten Minutes Free, First Two Hours: ₹ 20, Subsequent +₹ 10 2W: First Ten Minutes Free, First Two Hours: ₹ 15, Subsequent +₹ 10
DD-8 to Back Side of Sub Divisional Hospital (Both Side) +
Bid Value of ₹9,66,288 (Annual Renewal)
5.80 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Monthly: Bus / Truck: ₹ 2000, LMV: ₹ 1500, 4W: ₹ 700, 2W: ₹ 350 One Hour:
Traffic and Transportation
Rabindra Okakura Bhavan to
Bus / Truck: ₹ 30, LMV: ₹ 20, 4W:
Backside of Alliah University
₹ 10, 2W: ₹ 5
EZCC and Aiykatan to Amul Island (Both Side)
Bid Value of ₹16,51,999 (Annual Renewal)
,,
These are managed by private entities and under the jurisdiction of BMC. The northern part is lacking formal parking facilities, resulting in the misuse and in turn bottlenecking of the carriageway. Informal parking is seen in front of all commercial facilities and market areas. Out of all the informal parking, the major ones which are causing problems are marked out on the map.
5.81 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Map I. 1: Parking locations
5.82 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
5.16 Trip generation 5.16.1 Trip production Table 5.37: Ward-wise Trip production
Source: Primary Survey
5.83 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
1
4
7
10
8% 8%
52% 32%
Figure 5.96: trip production in rajarhat Source: Primary Survey
1
4
7
10
9% 9%
52% 30%
Figure 5.97: trip production in salt lake Source: Primary Survey
5.84 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
0%
9%
9% 0% 47%
35% 0%
Figure 5.98: total trip production Source: Primary Survey
Figure 5.99 99: Mode distribution of trip production in Rajarhat Source: Primary Survey
5.85 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Traffic and Transportation
Figure 5.100 100: Mode distribution of trip production in Salt Lake Source: Primary Survey
5.86 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6 Environment and Tourism
6.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.1
Introduction
The area of Bidhannagar with its remarkably increasing rate of development and growing population is facing the challenges of providing reasonable habitation and efficient urban services to the citizens. This growth in urbanization is exerting pressure on the natural resources and urban services. Given the fact that Bidhannagar is an outgrowth of the city of Kolkata there is a dire need to improve upon the basic urban amenities and services offered to the residents. Deteriorating air quality, polluted water resources, loss of green cover, issues of solid waste and its management, inequitable distribution and disparity in urban facilities and services are some of the major factors resulting in environmental degradation of the area. It is with this regard that the Comprehensive Development Plan aims at providing a good quality of life and ambient environment to the citizens besides improving urban amenities. This highlights the need to identify the challenges faced by the area and desirable actions to be considered , to make the city better habitable and environmentally sustainable.
6.2
Aim
To providefor strategic objectives of facilitating environmental integration and assessment opportunities by identifying the areas of action and planning for an orderly and transparent functioning of the system while protecting natural resources and environment in a sustainable manner.
6.3
Objectives
To provide an overview of the current environmental situation. To create means of awareness about sustainable development. To examine the present trends and future impacts; and also identify mitigation strategies of undesirable trajectories. To enable policy formulation and propose implementable strategies based on analytical decision making
6.4
Climatic condition Bidhannagar has a tropical and humid climate characterized by hot summers and mild winters. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Aw. The average annual temperature is 26.3 ºC. However the average daytime temperature is 36-37ºC in summers
6.2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism occurring in the months of April April-May and 11-12ยบC 12ยบC in winters occurring in the months of December-January. January. The relative humidity lies between 75 75-94% in July-September September and 44-49% 44 in January-March.. The average annual rainfall is 1689mm.The driest months are December December-January, with approximately 11 mm of rain. In July July-August, August, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 304 mm.
Figure 6.1:Graph Graph Showing Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Levels
Figure 6.2: Windrose Diagram of the Study Area
6.3 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.5
Air pollution
With rising economic growth, the area has faced high levels of pollution due to high levels of air pollution. This section briefly discusses the pressures responsible for the deterioration of air quality and analysis of the status of air quality, its impacts and the associated policy measures, for future directions and action.
6.5.1 Driving forces: Major sources of air pollution in the area include vehicular emission, traffic congestions, power generation, construction activities and poor road infrastructure. However, it is to be noted that population and economic growth of the city are the driving forces behind these issues which directly lead to stress on resources and infrastructure; increase in vehicular fleet and power generation. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature and rainfall also influence air quality.
6.5.2 Measurement locations and parameters measured Since the major proportion of air pollution is caused by the transport sector, the constituents of pollution are measured at the major road intersections of the area. Constituent pollutants of particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and Carbon monoxide (CO) as they are generated by road traffic and residential heating. NO2 and SO2 are gaseous pollutants known to be the main indicators of road traffic. The quantities of NO2 and SO2 are taken from the annual report published by WBPCB (West Bengal Pollution Control Board).
6.5.3 Air quality analysis experimental results Air Quality Index (AQI) system has been used as the measurement tool in this process. It is based on the maximum operator function; i.e. selection of the maximum of sub-indices of individual pollutants as an overall measure of AQI. These sub-indices are functions of individual pollution parameters. Three parameters (PM10, PM2.5, and CO) have been considered from measurement of real-time dissemination and two parameters (NO2 and SO2) are acquired from Pollution Control Board where these are measured on a regular basis at specific monitoring stations. The tables below represent the pollutant concentration levels of PM10, PM2.5 and CO during the periods of peak traffic at the intersections considered as; 9-11 AM and 6-9 PM respectively. 6.5.4 Impact of air pollutants: Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a natural or man-made process, e.g. Nitrogen dioxide from vehicles. Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical
6.4 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
reactions, e.g. photochemical smog. Major air pollutants and their impacts on human health are listed in Table 1.
Table 6.1: Impacts of various air pollutants
Name
of
Source
Health Impacts
Dust storms, Forest and grassland
Pneumoconiosis,
fires, and burning of fossil fuels in
diseases, asthma, cancer
vehicles, power plants and industries Dust storms, Forest and grassland
Respiratory illness, chronic bronchitis,
fires, and burning of fossil fuels in
heart diseases
Pollutant PM10
PM 2.5
restrictive
lung
vehicles, power plants and industries Industrial
SO2
NO2
processes,
coal
and
Heart diseases, respiratory problems
petroleum, acid rain
including
pulmonary
emphysema,
High temperature combustion
cancer, eye burning, headache Lung irritation, viral infection, airway resistance, chest tightness
Incomplete combustion of natural
CO
Unconciousness, death by asphyxiation
gas, coal or wood, Vehicular exhaust
6.5.4.1 Particulate Matter (PM10)
Table 6.2: PM10 concentration at Morning peak
Sam
Location
Observe
Index
ple 1 2
Karunamoyee Technopolis
d 1189 795
444 373
Hazardous Hazardous
3
CC2
560
331
Hazardous
4
Chinar Park
464
313
Hazardous
5
Baguiati
1227
451
Hazardous
6
Bengal Chemicals
666
350
Hazardous
7
CC1 Junction
580
334
Hazardous
6.5 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Description
Environment an Tourism
Table 6.3: PM10 concentration at Evening peak
Sam
Location
Observe
ple
Index
Description
d
1
Karunamoyee
375
231.81
Very Unhealthy
2
Technopolis
282
164.34
Unhealthy
3
CC2
274
160.38
Unhealthy
4
Chinar Park
230
138.07
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
5
Baguiati
306
176.22
Unhealthy
6
Bengal Chemicals
268
157.41
Unhealthy
7
CC1 Junction
224
135.09
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
6.5.4.1
Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Table 6.4: PM2.5 concentration at Morning peak
Sam
Location
Observe
Index
ple 1
Description
Karunamoyee
d 390
487
Hazardous
2
Technopolis
375
467
Hazardous
3
CC2
382
476
Hazardous
4
Chinar Park
280
340
Hazardous
5
Baguiati
301
368
Hazardous
6
Bengal Chemicals
280
340
Hazardous
7
CC1 Junction
239
290
Very unhealthy
Table 6.5: PM2.5 concentration at Evening peak
Sam
Observe
Index
Description
Karunamoyee
d 166
225.12
Very Unhealthy
2
Technopolis
144
205.50
Unhealthy
3
CC2
159
218.88
Very Unhealthy
4
Chinar Park
106
176.76
Unhealthy
5
Baguiati
115
187.46
Unhealthy
6
Bengal Chemicals
106
176.76
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
7
CC1 Junction
100
173.66
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
ple 1
Location
6.6 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
The levels of PM10 and PM2.5 are observed to be higher at Karunamoyee, Technopolis, CC2, Baguiati and Bengal Chemicals intersections, making the quality of air very unhealthy for people as per the standards mentioned by CPCB.
Immediate addressal of issues are to be considered at the intersections of Karunamoyee and Baguiati, surrounded by residential zones that could have ill effects on health due to prolonged interaction.
At Karunamoyee the major factors include construction activites, upcoming metro activities, informal market spaces, and dust particles from the fair ground, other commercial and informal activites at the bus terminal.
At Baguiati the factors include construction activites, informal commercial activites and poor road infrastructure.
Measures should be taken to reduce these components. Provisions to control theses pollutants from spreading along the buffer spaces on either sides of the main transportation corridors as these spaces mainly comprise of residential zones.
6.5.4.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Table 6.6: CO concentration at Morning peak
Sampl Location e No. 1
Observed
Index
Description
(µg/m3) 7
76.72
Moderate
Karunamoyee
2
Technopolis
0
0.00
Good
3
CC2
2
23.00
Good
4
Chinar Park
2
23.00
Good
5
Baguiati
4
44.44
Moderate
6
Bengal Chemicals
0
0.00
Good
7
CC1 Junction
2
23.00
Good
Table 6.7: CO concentration at Evening peak
Sampl Location e No. 1
Observed
Index
Description
3
Karunamoyee
(µg/m ) 7
76
Moderate
2
Technopolis
7
76
Moderate
3
CC2
6
66
Moderate
4
Chinar Park
3
34
Good
5
Baguiati
2
23
Good
6.7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism 6
Bengal Chemicals
9
98
Moderate
7
CC1 Junction
4
44
Good
Higher levels of Carbon monoxide are a major result of vehicular emissions. The levels of CO are moderate at Karunamoyee and Baguiati due to heavy traffic flow during peak hours. The other intersections have fairly acceptable levels of CO and are in the moderate scale. However measures are to be considered with regard to future traffic volumes and changes in surrounding development activities.
6.5.5 Air quality index (aqi) The parameters recorded along these major intersections during peak hours were used to calculate Air Quality Index of the following regions. The AQI values for the chosen sample points are as mentioned in Table__ and Table__ for 9-11 AM and 6-9 PM respectively. The maximum value obtained by considering all these locations is considered as the Air Quality Index of the Bidhan Nagar Municipal Area which is estimated as 487. Table 6.8: AQI at Morning peak
Sample No. 1
Location
PM10
PM2.5
SO2
NO2
CO
AQI
Karunamoyee
232
225
13
78
76
232
2
Technopolis
164
205
9
65
0
205
3
CC2
160
219
9
65
23
219
4
Chinar Park
138
177
9
65
23
177
5
Baguiati
176
182
9
65
45
187
6
Bengal Chemicals
157
177
9
65
0
177
7
CC1 Junction
135
174
9
65
23
174
Table 6.9: AQI at Evening Peak
Sample No. 1
Location
PM10
NO2
CO
AQI
Karunamoyee
444
PM2.5 487
SO2 13
78
76
487
2
Technopolis
373
467
9
65
76
467
3
CC2
331
476
9
65
66
476
4
Chinar Park
313
340
9
65
34
340
5
Baguiati
451
368
9
65
23
451
6.8 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism Figure 6.3: Bengal Karunamoyee Junction Chemicals 6
7
CC1 Junction
350
340
334
290
Figure6 4: Technopolis Junction 9 65 98
9
65
44
The observations from the Air Quality Index simulation reveal that the intersections of Karunamoyee, Technopolis and CC2 have poor air quality and thus immediate actions are to be considered in these areas. The next range of values correspond to the intersections of Chinar Park, Baguiati Junction, Bengal chemicals and CC1 which could go to critical levels if not addressed with precautionary approaches at this stage.
6.6
Pollution dispersion simulations
Figure 6.5: Bengal Chemicals Junction
6.9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 6.6: Baguiati Junction
350 334
Environment an Tourism
Figure 7: City Center 2 (CC2) Junction
Figure 8: Chinar Park Junction
The images above depict the possible dispersion of pollutants about the intersections with respect to the regional meteorological aspects. The intersections of Karunamoyee and Baguiati observe major pollutant dispersion into the residential areas causing inconvenience to the residents. Also, the intersection of Chinar Park has greater dispersion concentrations, with commercial activities in the immediate surroundings which make it relatively tolerable as there is lesser impact on the residents. Technopolis intersection also observes dispersion of pollutants i the direction of high density residential zone which is a critical issue. Figure 9: City Center 1 (CC1) Junction
6.6.1 Year wise AQI variations The annual variations in the AQI of Bidhannagar Area are tabulated in the following graph, on extraction from the Annual Report published by WBPCB (West Bengal Pollution Control Board). It can be observed that the pollution level variations are nonlinear with dips and rises over the years from 2010 to 2018 and the maximum AQI was noted in 2016 as 156 which reduced to 136 in 2017. However, the AQI is estimated to rise significantly in 2018 to 232 which is of major concern. 6.10 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism Thus, based on these analyses and observations, the immediate actions and policy measures are proposed accordingly.
6.7
Noise pollution
Noise is an intense factor affecting human health both physiologically and psychologically.In large urban areas, the effect of noise is further aggravated by high concentrations of people living together. Noise pollution is one of the major pollution that has direct effects on human performance.
The noise levels, if increased beyond limits, can have implications on the human body. Noise is 180 152
160
154
153
153
156
143
136
AQI
140 120
121
100 80 60 40 20 0 AQI
2010
Figure 10: AQI annual variation from 2010 to 2017 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2016
2017
121
152
156
136
154
143
153
153
measured by noise meter and expressed in units of decibel (dB). Studies were conducted in the area to measure the existing status of noise levels by recording the noise intensity at various locations. Objective of this study is that none be exposed to noise levels that endanger health or decrease the quality of life.
6.7.1 Measurement locations The major sources of noise pollution being vehicular noise along the roads, measurement locations were taken at the major intersections. Through the traffic surveys conducted as a part of the study, 7 major intersections were identified, along which measurements were taken. These intersections are at Karunamoyee, Technopolis, City Centre 1(CC1), Chinar Park, Baguiati, Bengal Chemicals and
6.11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism City Centre 2(CC2). The readings were taken at the center of the transit corridor and also in the near surroundings to study the impacts.
6.7.2 Experimental results Sample
Location
Land Use
Allowable
Decibels
Limit
level
No. 1
Karunamoyee
Commercial
65(Decibels)
66
2
Technopolis
Commercial
65
76
3
CC2
Commercial
65
72.5
4
Chinar Park
Residential
55
67
5
Baguiati
Commercial
65
64.8
6
Bengal Chemicals
Residential
55
94.2
7
CC1 Junction
Commercial
65
86.3
NOISE LEVEL (DECIBELS)
The noise levels at the various intersections mentioned earlier are as noted in the table below.
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Figure 11: Observed Noise (in Decibels) at various Intersections
ď&#x201A;ˇ It is observed that the noise levels in all the sample points exceed the standard acceptable value, which is considered to be 55 Decibels for Residential areas and 65 Decibels for Commercial areas. ď&#x201A;ˇ The intersection areas of Technopolis, CC2, Bengal Chemicals and CC1 require immediate attention as the noise levels exceed 70 Decibels. 6.12 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
ď&#x201A;ˇ Maximum noise is observed at Bengal Chemicals junction where the noise level was observed to be 94.2 decibels. ď&#x201A;ˇ Increased noise levels in daytime are attributed to consistent human activities and vehicular movement.
6.7.3 Noise dispersion modeling The dispersion of sound waves due to the noise caused at the intersections are simulated to understand the impacts on surrounding areas based on the corresponding zones of activity. The figures below depict the intensity levels of dispersed noise in the immediate surroundings. The intersection of Karunamoyee, Technopolis, City Center 1 and City Center 2 are observed to have high intensity noise impacts on the surrounding area.
Figure 14: Baguiati Junction Figure 16: Technopolis Intersection
6.13 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Figure 13: Bengal Chemical Junction
Figure 18:City Center 1 (CC1 Intersection)
Figure 15: Karunamoyee Intersection
Figure 19: Chinar Park Intersection
6.14 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Figure 17: City Center 2 (CC2) Intersection
Environment an Tourism
Technopolis intersection is seen to cause greater levels of nuisance due to the dispersion of high intensity waves in the direction of residential zones. Chinar Park intersection though surrounded by commercial activities observes high intensity noise dispersion into the residential zones beyond causing nuisance and ill effects to the residents. Immediate measures should be directed in these areas to curb the noise dispersion to the residential zones and also consider policy measures and action plans to prevent such occurrence in the other areas.
6.8
Water pollution
Water pollution, as a vital threat to human health, has become the most remarkable issue for sustainable development. It has been observed that human activities mainly impact surface water quality through effluent discharges, using of agricultural chemicals, in addition to the increased exploitation of water resources. In this context it is crucial to assess the existing status of the various water bodies and other water sources in the urban area to reduce pollution and restore biodiversity thereby aspiring for sustainable development. In India, water pollution is one of the major and most critical issues, as almost 70% of the surface water resources and various groundwater reserves are contaminated by biological, toxic, organic and inorganic pollutants and the major water pollutants are chemical, biological, or physical materials that degrade water quality. As per CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board), the largest source of water pollution in India is the release of untreated sewage from urban areas, industrial effluents and organic and chemical runoffs from agricultural fields. The effects of water pollution are not only devastating to humans but also to the fragile aquatic and riparian ecosystems.
6.8.1 Surface water quality Surface water comprises of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals, wetlands and ponds among others. The area receives fair amount of rainfall in the monsoons which replenishes the surface water resources. However, the impact of urbanization and industrialization is clearly visible on water resources in the urban area of Bidhan Nagar. They are under tremendous stress owing to a dual cause, demand for water supply and release of pollutants in the water. Moreover, the ever increasing population creates more demand for water supply while at the same time it also generates sewage which is often released in the water bodies, untreated causing severe contamination and pollution. Owing to this dual pressure there is a significant need for Water Quality Assessment, which relies on the 6.15 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism procedures of investigation on water pollution, recognition of major pollution factors and identification of highly polluted and critical regions. To realize this initially a study was conducted on the various water bodies in terms of their chronological variations in surface area, to identify critical water system scenarios and then water samples were collected from the identified points and corresponding readings were recorded. The status of water quality using this recorded data set, has been represented by calculating the WQI (Water Quality Index) using the formula developed by K.Yogendra et al.(2008) as it is helpful in the selection of appropriate treatment techniques based on the identified issues. It depicts the composite influence of different water quality parameters in relation to the consumption patterns and sources of pollution and thus communicates water quality information. In this study the analysis of water samples was based on water quality parameters including pH, Temperature, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Chlorides, Nitrates, Ammonia, Iron and Phosphorous. The observations for surface water quality and groundwater have been used to calculate the WQI with the categories as mentioned in Table __. The WQI incorporates data from multiple water quality parameters into a mathematical equation that rates the health of a water body with a number. WQI = â&#x2C6;&#x2018;qn Wn / â&#x2C6;&#x2018;Wn;where qn = Quality rating of nth water quality parameter ; Wn= Unit weight of nth water quality parameter. Table 6.10: Water Quality Index (WQI) and Status of Water Quality
WQI Level
Water Quality Status
0-25
Excellent Water Quality
26-50
Good Water Quality
51-75
Poor Water Quality
76-100
Very Poor Water Quality
>100
Unsuitable for Drinking
A trend of the changes in surface area at the identified points over the last three decades have been presented in Figure and the corresponding pollutant concentrations in Tableto identify the most affected and polluted surface water bodies in the area.
6.16 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
AREA (IN SQM)
140000 120000
2017
100000
2010
80000
2000
60000 40000 20000 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SAMPLE POINTS
Figure 20: Chronological Variations in Area of Water Bodies
6.17 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Figure 21: Location of Sample Points
6.18 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Figure 22: Pollutant levels and Water Quality Index of Identified Sample Points
From the table we can conclude the areas that are having higher water pollution. These are Duttabad Slum area, Krishnapur, Canal Point 4(near New Town Bridge) and in the Wetlands
6.19 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism (East Kolkata Wetland). We are going to analyze these places only according to the concentration of the parameters and their causes which leads to the water pollution.
6.8.2 Krishnapur area- The WQI of this area is 86.03 which come under very poor water quality. This area is having a dependency in terms of waterbody usage for household activities,
Figure 23: Location of Krishnapur Waterbody
Duttabad area: - This area is having higher value of alkalinity and nitrates. Alkalinity can be attributed to the act of washing clothes and taking bath in the ponds. During the primary survey this sorts of activities are observed. Detergents, soaps and other products lead to this sort of water pollution. People donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t wash their utensils in this area and also they use separate ponds for sewage, i.e. they made their community latrine along a specific pond. Figure 24: Location of Duttabad Waterbodies
Canal point 5:- The pollution is higher in this point due to the accumulation of sullage in the water. In this area people also throw garbage and the solid waste into water. The community toilet also connected to the canal that leads to pollution.
Figure 25: Location of Canal point 5
6.20 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.8.3 Ground water quality Groundwater comprises of water located beneath the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface in soil pore spaces and aquifers which form due to formation of cracks in the rocks. Groundwater, recharged from rain and surface water at times the only source for water supply in regions where centralized water supply is not available.
6.8.4 Water Quality of East Kolkata Wetlands In case of Wetlands, research has highlighted the adverse effects of the Dhapa Landfill Site on the local ecosystem. . Also the concentration of nitrate is quite high in this area. This can happen due to the existence of agricultural land nearby; the fertilizers that are used in the agricultural land are washed away into the water. This area also has a lot of fish and other aqua animal. The presence of animals may lead to rise in nitrate levels. The abnormal presence of heavy metals in the flora and fauna of the locality and its ill effects on other corresponding activities has been observed. The statistical observations are as follows: Average Hydraulic loading in the fish ponds is 259 cum/ ha/day , with corresponding average Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) loading of 22 kg/ha/day. Reductions in concentrations of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were observed as : BOD - 86 to 5 mg/l
COD - 256 to 17.9 mg/l TSS - 208 to 40 mg/l
Table 6.11: Concentration of heavy metals in the sediments in the fisheries of East Kolkata Wetlands
Zn
Cr
Pb
Cd
DWF Channel
607.5
291.4
165.05
23.05
Fish Ponds
215.48
106.58
83.74
11.68
Table 6.12: Concentration of heavy metals in the water of the fisheries of East Kolkata Wetlands
Zn
Cr
Pb
Cd
CHACHCHARIA Feeder Channel
0.18
0.04
0.04
0.008
2nd Pond
0.069
<0.01
<0.02
<0.002
3rd Pond
0.045
<0.01
<0.02
<0.002
4th Pond
0.077
0.023
0.02
<0.002
Final Outlet
0.04
<0.01
<0.02
<0.002
NALBAN
6.21 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism Feeder Channel
0.18
0.04
0.04
0.004
Small Pond
0.075
<0.01
<0.02
<0.002
Big Pond
0.075
<0.01
<0.02
<0.002
Final Outlet
0.075
<0.01
<0.02
<0.002
Table 6.13: Concentration of heavy metals in fishes in the fisheries of East Kolkata Wetlands
Species
Part
Maximum Quantum of Heavy Metals
American Ruhi
Gill
179.20 mg/kg
Ruhi
Liver
1.91 mg/kg
Mregal
Gill
2.67 mg/kg
Ruhi
Gill
0.21 mg/kg
6.8.5 Inferences/conclusion At Duttabad area a lot of waterbodies has been embanked with masonry. That disrupts the ecosystem and symbiosis of the living being with the waterbodies. This should be prevented to happen further.
The waterbodies are used for bathing purposes, cloth washing and also disposal of soil waste. This leads to a lot of pollution and hazards for the dwellers.
Dependency on canals of the dwellers must be reduced for throwing soil water into the canal
6.9
Renewal energy potential of bidhannagar municipal corporation
6.9.1 Introduction The inevitable process of urbanization brought with the environmental degradation, besmirched quality of life and knocked out the root of sustainable development of cities and towns. The limited resource bases of cities are not able to cope with the ever increasing pressure of people migrating from rural areas for the variety of reasons. The people and governments are already working hard to cut greenhouse gases, and everyone can help. It should be our moral mission to get actively involved for preventing degradation of our environment and save the planet.
6.9.2 Initiatives taken by the state West Bengal has come up with a first-ever policy on co-generation and generation of electricity from Renewable Sources of Energy. This policy will lead to generate electricity from Renewable sources of Energy. This is a major step to harness renewable energy and develop renewable energy projects in the state. 6.22 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
It shall be mandatory for all the public buildings, commercial and business establishments with more than 1.5 MW to install solar rooftop systems, to meet at least 2% of their total electrical load.
All the existing and upcoming schools and colleges, hospitals, large housing societies and Government establishments having a total contract demand of more than 500 KW will be required to install solar rooftop to meet 1.5 % of the demand.
Any high-rise over five-storey needs to install rooftop solar panels.
Moreover, the industrial infrastructure coming under the recent initiatives of the Government of WB shall mandatorily employ the usage of the rooftop PV installations to meet some part of the demand.
The Policy envisages a target of 16 MW of rooftop and small PV installations by the year 2017.
6.9.3 Mnre subsidy The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) provides Central Financial Assistance through capital and/or interest subsidy (depending on the nature of the applicant). The summary of the subsidy scheme is as shown in. The final cost to setup the PV plant, after factoring in accelerated depreciation and subsidy benefit is as calculated in Table 6.14: Subsidy Calculation
Table 6.15: Items Calculation for Solar Power
ITEM
RUPEES
Cost of a 1kW
1,60,000
rooftop solar plant with backup battery Benchmark cost
1,70,000
Benchmark cost
48,000
Net Cost after
1,12,000
subsidy benefit
ITEM
RUPEES
1KW rooftop solar power
1,00,000
30% Subsidy
30,000
Net cost after Subsidy
70,000
Accelerated Depreciation @80%
56,000
Tax Rate
35%
Tax saved through Depreciation
19,600
NET COST
50,400
The benchmark cost for setting up a solar PV plant is Rs. 170/Watt (With battery providing 6 hours of autonomy) and Rs. 100 per Watt (without battery) i.e. if the actual project cost exceeds this
6.23 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism amount then project cost will be deemed to be the benchmark cost for calculating the subsidy. Benchmark costs are for systems with 5- year warranty for all components (inverters, batteries, switchgear, etc.) other than PV modules which are warranted for 90% of output at end of year 10 and 80% at end of year 25. PV modules have to be made in India to avail subsidy.
6.24 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism Table 6.16: Subsidy Calculation
S
CATEGORY
MAX.
SYSTEM WITH
SYSTEM
INTEREST
.N
CAPA
BATTERY
WITHOUT
SUBSIDY
O
CITY
BACKUP
BATTERY BACKUP
1
Individuals for all
1 KW
applications
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or
Soft Loans
project cost
30% of project
@5%p.a.
whichever is less
cost whichever is less
2
Individuals for
5 KW
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or
Soft Loans
community drinking
project cost
30% of project
@5%p.a
water applications
whichever is less
cost whichever is less
3
Non-commercial
100
Rs.51/Watt or 30% of
Rs.30/Watt or
Soft Loans
/Commercial/Industria
KW
project cost
30% of project
@5%p.a
whichever is less
cost whichever is
l Applications
less 4
Non-commercial
250
Rs.90/Watt or 30% of
Rs.90/Watt or
Soft Loans
/Commercial/Industria
KW
project cost
30% of project
@5%p.a
whichever is less
cost whichever is
l mini-grids
less
6.9.4 Electricity consumption scenario In order to have a better understanding about energy conservation potential, it is imperative to understand the profile of the energy consumption under the business as usual scenario (BAU). The following sections focus on present energy consumption pattern in residential, industrial and commercial sector with its overall energy consumption scenario. As can be seen from the figure, the electricity consumption has become 3.5 times that of the year 2012-2013 and it stands at 184 MU for the year 2012-13. Based on the total electricity consumption data for BMC of the past five year, projections of the next 10 years are as shown in Error! Reference source not found.. It clearly shows that by 202122, the annual electricity consumption of BMC city would be around 1266 MU which is about 10.18 times the total electricity consumption of the city in the year 2011-12.
6.25 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Sectoral Energy Use 3%
16%
Error! Reference sou about sectoral electric 2011-12. It shows residential sectors are
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL
81%
OTHERS
Figure 27: Sector Wise Energy Consumption
Current Electricity Consumption (MU)- Rajarhat 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Figure
Current Electricity Consumption (MU)- Salt Lake 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
EWS
LIG
MIG
HIG
EWS
LIG
MIG
HIG
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 28: Electricity Consumption
The projected growth rate is around 3%. Some of these establishments are HT consumers and others are LT consumers. The total energy consumption from all these commercial consumers have been projected for the next ten years on the basis of past five year data using regression analysis. It clearly
6.26 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism shows that by the end of 2021-22, the annual electricity consumption in commercial sector will be around 1050 MU in BAU scenario, which was 105 MU in FY 2011-12. Table 6.17: Intended Solar Energy Projects in BMC
AREA Between Bagjola and Keshtopur
CAPACITY(kW) 100 x 5
Canal Water Treatment Plant Size
100
AE Park
100
AB Park
20
DD Park
20
BD Park
20
BB Park
20
Charging Stations for battery
150
vehicles TOTAL
6.27 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
740
Environment an Tourism
6.9.5 Projects Currently West Bengal has only 2% of installed capacity from Renewable Energy sources. It has maximum potential in the sector of Solar Power. The upcoming list of projects within BMC is as shown in Error! Reference source not found.. Error! Reference source not found. shows list of completed projects. Table 6.18: Completed Solar Energy Projects
NAME
WA
KWh
RD
LT
Muralidhar Girls School
6
15
Rabi Rahmi Abasan
5
500
Jatin Balika Vidyalaya
8
5
T Kumari Limited
9
60
Daffodil
9
10
CPWD Salt Lake
34
110
Go-Sampad
37
30
Projects
Pvt.
Ltd.
NAME
WARD
(HT)
Bikash
Max Cement PVT LTD
10
15
Sanstha Building
Stepping Stone School
31
20
TOTAL 3 HT
TOTAL 5
65
KWh
700
consumers
LTconsumers
Willingness to Pay (Rajarhat) YES
Willingness to Pay (Salt Lake)
NO
YES
NO
30% 43% 70%
57%
Figure 29: Willingness to Pay
Total no. of LT Consumers in Kolkata = 101; Capacity = 1330 kWhr Total no. of HT Consumers in Kolkata = 37; Capacity = 7378 kWhr As per the willingness to pay by households for installing solar panels, Rajarhat shows an acceptance/ willingness of only 30%, while Salt Lake by 43%. Taking into account the socio 6.28 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism economic conditions of the two areas, Salt Lake becomes a more promising area for developing renewable energy sources, because firstly it is planned area and therefore can be ea easily connected to the electric grid and secondly, the higher percentage of the Higher Income Group in Salt Lake is willing to pay for its installation. Thus, higher returns are expected. According to Solar Resource Map, the annual average electricity produ production ction from a 1KW grid connected solar PV power plant is 1461KWh (4.4KWh daily) of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation.
6.9.6 Budget allocation Indicative Budget for Renewable Energy and Energy efficiency is Rs. 281 Crore and Rs. 35 Crore respectively. The shows the detailed year wise allocation in lakhs (2017 (2017-2022) 2022) and targets of various strategies (RE & EE). The year wise target has been distributed in such a way that initial years target is less and it gradually increases till 5th year as the awareness level of the citizens also increase. The budget is shared among BMC/State Government, MNRE and private share. Table 6.19: Budget Allocation (Phase Wise)
6.10 Vegetation index 6.8 6.29 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism Satellite maps of vegetation shows the density of plant growth over the entire globe. The most common measurement is called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) quantifies vegetation by measuring the difference between near-infrared (which vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (which vegetation absorbs). NDVI always ranges from -1 to +1. But there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a distinct boundary for each type of land cover. Very low values of NDVI (0.1 and below) correspond to barren areas of rock, sand, snow or water body. Moderate values represent shrub and grassland (0.2 to 0.3), while high values indicate temperate and tropical rainforests (0.6 to 0.8). To determine the density of green patch of land, researchers must observe the distinct colours (wavelengths) of visible and near infrared sunlight reflected by the plants. When sunlight strikes objects certain wavelengths of spectrum are absorbed and other wavelengths are reflected. The chlorophyll in leaves absorb visible light within the range 0.4 to 0.7um for use in photosynthesis. On the other hand the leaves reflect near infra-red light from range 0.7 to1.1 um. The more leaves a plant has the more these wavelengths of light are affected.
Vegetation appears different at both visible and near infra-red wavelengths. In visible light the vegetated areas with more leaves appear very dark almost black, while places with sparse vegetation appear light. At near infrared wavelength the vegetation is brighter. Thus by comparing the visible and infra-red light the relative amount
of
vegetation
can
be
measured. Nearly all Satellite based Vegetation Indices use difference formula to quantify the density of plant growth on Earth. The obtained result from the difference formula is called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Figure 30: NDVI Example
6.30 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
FEBRUARY 2011 Figure 31: NDVI for FEB 2011 and FEB 2018
Formula (6.1)
Here Band 4 (Visual Light Range) and Band 5 (Infra-Red Range) data have been used from the LANDSAT images of February 2011 and February 2018.
6.31 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.10.1 Results and discussions The dark blue region indicates absence of vegetation whereas the green shades indicate the presence of vegetation. In the 2018 image we can observe a significant decrease in the NDVI in Baguiati, Udayan Pally, Kestopur. Changes can be observed in the Salt Lake Region as well. The VIP Road is the spine for the development as observed in the map. In the Northern part of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation multiple dark blue patches in the Feb 2011 map can be seen converted to green patches. These are actually water bodies that are now covered by water plants due to no maintenance and improper usage; open dumping in these water bodies. Table 6.20: Ward wise Vegetation Cover
Ward
Recreational(2018)
No.
Primary
Vegetation
Percentage
Percentage
Activity(2018)
cover(2018)
vegetation
vegetation
cover(2011)
cover(2018)
1
12778.30
1083447.15
1096225.45
37.43
35.29
2
17417.65
0.00
17417.65
2.6
1.17
3
205703.02
221771.10
427474.11
25.1
23.92
4
30179.69
11971.28
42150.96
3.2
2.4
5
8030.49
0.00
8030.48
0.96
0.73
6
0.00
7300.32
7300.31
5.4
0.66
7
7277.71
0.00
7277.7
8.21
1.55
8
0.00
0.00
0
2.7
0
9
1170.08
0.00
1170.08
1.94
0.18
10
6703.21
0.00
6703.21
2.65
0.89
11
0.00
0.00
0
3.11
0
12
3462.69
1761.44
5224.12
2.87
0.37
13
0.00
0.00
0
2.32
0
14
1.86
0.00
1.85
1.48
0.0001
15
2597.24
0.00
2597.23
4.15
0.64
16
0.00
0.00
0
1.87
0
17
15742.67
0.00
15742.66
5.31
2.08
18
13151.77
0.00
13151.77
4.46
3.04
19
2700.11
0.00
2700.1
3.32
0.93
20
0.00
0.00
0
2.98
0
21
1204.11
0.00
1204.1
4.77
0.34
22
1456.21
0.00
1456.21
3.065
0.26
6.32 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism 23
0.00
0.00
0
2.63
0
24
0.00
0.00
0
1.69
0
25
2052.24
0.00
2052.24
2.13
0.44
26
6190.05
0.00
6190.05
1.24
0.8
27
30588.57
0.00
30588.57
3.41
2.24
28
43300.12
3714.62
47014.74
6.65
4.71
29
86485.97
0.00
86485.96
7.03
6.59
30
33349.92
0.00
33349.92
4.09
3.58
31
676296.92
0.00
676296.91
37.54
36.67
32
19194.03
0.00
19194.03
5.12
4.42
33
55825.19
0.00
55825.19
5.34
4.77
34
60954.12
0.00
60954.11
6.29
5.29
35
3081.50
50019.49
53100.98
6.58
6.38
36
29226.03
0.00
29226.028
1.26
0.16
37
554135.28
0.00
554135.28
44.01
43.64
38
8106.26
0.00
8106.26
3.25
2.74
39
71608.83
0.00
71608.83
9.89
9.38
40
19158.35
0.00
19158.34
2.71
2.52
41
51348.92
0.00
51348.92
7.61
6.15
6.10.2 Land surface temperature The analysis of temporal remote sensing data helps in understanding the land cover changes and their impact on the environment. The thermal infrared bands of remote sensing data of space borne At the global scale anthropogenic changes and developments in terms of land cover and land use have brought about significant changes in microclimates and the biochemistry associated. Examples of such changes include those of rainfall pattern change, increase in temperature, shift of seasons etc. Geo spatial technologies such as remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) are very effective in measuring, monitoring and predicating the land use/cover changes. Timely information with higher accuracy of land use (LU) and land cover (LC) changes is crucial for longterm
planning,
economic
development,
resources.(Ramachandra T. V., April 2012)
6.33 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
and
sustainable
management
of
natural
Environment an Tourism The temporal analysis of LANSAT data helps in understanding the land cover changes over time and thereby helps us in associating their impact on environment. The thermal infrared bands of remote sensing data of satellite borne images help in obtaining the land surface temperature. LST is the measure of heat emission from land surface due to various activities associated with the land surface. Increase in paved land cover is an indication of concentrated human activities, which often leads to increased LSTs. Increased LST in certain urban pockets in comparison to its surroundings consequent to the increase in paved surfaces is known as urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon (Ramachandra T. V., April 2012). Land surface temperatures rise by various anthropogenic activities like increased land surface coverage by artificial materials with higher heat capacity and conductivity and increased energy consumption, decrease in vegetation and water surfaces which are the natural carbon sinks and are the major factors that reduce surface temperature through evapo-transpiration
6.10.3 .1 steps for calculating land surface temperature Temperatures can be monitored through space borne remote sensing(rs) sensors, which account for the top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiances in the thermal infrared (TIR) region.TOA radiance is the net radiance of the emitted radiance from the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface upwelling radiance from the atmosphere, and radiance from the sky. This is used for analysis and calculation of the LST Band 4, Band 5 and Band 10 only. First, these have to be converted to TOA reflectance values using Band 10 data and the following equation: Conversion to TOA Radiance LA = ML x QCAL+ AL
Formula (7.1)
LA = TOA Spectral Radiance (Watts/ (m2 * srad * Âľm ML = Band specific multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata QCAL = Band specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata AL = Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values
The brightness temperatures (also known as blackbody temperatures) can also be derived from the TOA radiance [15]. These brightness temperatures account for various properties of the land surface, the amount and nature of vegetation cover, the thermal properties and moisture content of the soil The reflectance value is converted into Satellite Brightness Temperature, which is Kelvin. 6.34 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism Conversion to At Satellite Brightness Temperature Formula (7.2) T = Brightness temperature (K) K1= Band specific thermal conversion constant from metadata K2= Band specific thermal conversion constant from metadata Landsat 2011 thematic mapper is composed by seven bands, six of them in the visible and near infrared, and only one band located in the thermal infrared region. Next step is the NDVI calculation as discussed before in details. The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If we have low reflectance (or low values) in the red channel and high reflectance in the NIR channel, this will yield a high NDVI value and vice versa.
Formula (7.3)
The NDVI cannot be used to calculate the emissivity hence it is converted to proportion of vegetation cover. Hence, proportion of Vegetation quantifies the weather component. The weather-related NDVI envelope is linearly scaled to 0 for minimum NDVI and 100 for the maximum for each grid cell and week. It is defined as
PV=
(NDVI- NDVImin) Formula (7.4)
(NDVImax- NDVImin) where NDVI, NDVImax , and NDVImin are the smoothed weekly NDVI, multiyear maximum NDVI and multiyear minimum NDVI, respectively, for each grid cell. Proportion of vegetation changes from 0 to 100, corresponding to changes in vegetation condition from-to extremely unfavorable to optimal. The emissivity is calculated using the Proportion of Vegetation. . It is the efficiency with which a surface radiates its thermal energy. 6.35 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Formula (7.5) Finally the land surface temperature is measured because the warmth rising off Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscapes influences (and is influenced by) our worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weather and climate patterns.
E= 0.004 * PV + 0.986 Formula (7.6)
BT = Brightness temperature(K) E = Emissivity LST= Land Surface Temperature
6.36 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.10.4 Results of land surface temperature estimation
Figure 32: LST for FEB 2011 and FEB 2018
We can observe that there are variations from 29.5 to 36.4 in the higher range which depicts almost a change of 7. Also a similar change can be observed in the lower range but the rise of LST isby 4. A major change can be seen in the adjacent Airport area. The LST is high along the VIP Road Spine. Slight rises can be observed in the Baguiati Region due to the development in thepast decade as well as the use of reflecting material like glass for building facade. Although a colour change can be observed in the Northern pat of BMC from yellow to green it does not indicate fall in LST. Rather it is due to the increase in the lower range of LST in 2018 which is equivalent to the medium range of LST in 2011. 6.37 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.11 Biodiversity 6.11.1 Introduction The definition of biodiversity in brief note is the types of living species in a particular area or zone living in concordance with each other to form an entire ecosystem or ecosystems. It consists of the living animal or plants in terrestrial, marine, aquatic ecosystems. Often these ecosystems are interdependent. They form a living dynamism for their sustenance and create a healthy symbiosis to tackle any threat or to utilize resources important for their living mechanism. It canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be ignored that the human well-being is minutely and intrinsically connected with these complex structure of biodiversity. So, the importance of the system canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be ignored or at least shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be tampered with. The activities of an ecosystem is mostly the functions related to metabolism of the interlinked species, forms a chain of events happening the entire biosphere. Biodiversity includes all types of ecosystems managed or unmanaged. Sometimes biodiversity is considered as organisms found in wildland, national parks, sanctuaries, forests. However this is not true. The varieties of living beings in any unmanaged sectors are also form the biodiversity. The anthropogenic features of land parcel, such as plantation, farms, cropland, and urban parks also have their own biodiversity.
6.11.2 Measurement of biodiversity There are no particular measurements that can quantify the richness of biodiversity. However there is no need to precisely determine that. We can devise easily based on observed figures how and where the biodiversity is getting changed, or can assess its impact on the environment and human well-being. The complexity of systems in the atmosphere, geosphere and hydrosphere makes the formation of indicator very difficult. Predominantly measurement happens by many processes such as Taxonomy (creation of a dataset of species), functional classification and interaction among species (nitrifying or denitrifying bacteria, pollinating species etc.). Another important aspect could be turnover of species which use temporal data of species rather than single point dataset.
6.12 Studies conducted in BMC There are different segments that constitute the large and varying species of aqua, marine, air and land species of BMC area near Kolkata. Bidhannagar Corporation consists of a chunk of waterbodies in its south-eastern part. This part of East Kolkata Wetlands constitutes a significant amount of species in the entire area. Also the Central park acts as an urban park to cater to lots of flora and fauna. However, briefly we can say that according to report BMC cherishes a rich no of animal and plant species.
6.38 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.13 Fisheries There a number of fisheries in the area that is a hub of physical & socio-economic activities. The systems of fisheries are dependent on the waste water of the entire east Kolkata and it filters the water to feed the fish in the aquaculture ponds. It generates lot of fishes and hub thousands of people that are engaged in job purposes. Table 6.21: Fisheries Status
Fisheries 4 no Bheri
Maintainin
Area
Depth
Dependency
Production
g Authority
(bighas)
(ft.)
(Person)
(fish/person)
government
100
3-3.5
120-130
1000-1200
100
2.5-3
148
500-520
120
(no data)
200
300-500
219
5'-7'
80
100-120
90
2'
35
200-250
100
3'
50-55
1000-1100
150
3'-3.5'
65-90
350-400
100
2'-2.5'
60-70
250-300
950
2'-2.5'
240-250
1000-1100
75-80
3'-3.5'
50-55
300-350
100
2'-2.5'
70
400-450
90
3'-3.5'
45-50
150-200
undertaking Nator Bheri
Sameer Sarkar
Sahimara
Sameer
Bheri
Sarkar
Choker Bheri
Sameer Sarkar
Choto
Sameer
Choinabi
Sarkar
Nabanga bheri
Sameer Sarkar
Goltanki Bheri
government undertaking
Boro Choinabi
government undertaking
Nolbon bheri
government undertaking
Choto
government
Pareshnath
undertaking
Boro
Community
Pareshnath
Based
Sardar (adibasi
Not Given
bheri) From the tables we get to know about the condition of the fisheries which provides a huge share of the biodiversity in the BMC area. At present there are 12 numbers of fisheries present. Among which 5 are government run, 6 are privately owned, 1 is community based. The area of these 6.39 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism fisheries is almost 2200 bighas (880 acres). Almost 1200 persons are directly involved in the process of pisciculture. It can produce produces almost 5lakhs no of fish per month.
6.13.1 Flora and Fauna The entire biodiversity part has been divided into two parts of flora and fauna. According to Institute of Wetlands Management and Biodiversity, there are 35 species of flora and 85 types of fauna enlisted. Among the floras there are 27 types of trees and 8 types of plants. Among the fauna there are 58 types of birds 17 types of fishes, 6 types of birds, 4 types of mammals. But the lists do not end here. Since the EKW area has a vast diversity in terms of microbes. There are 30 types of planktons, 96 species of vascular plants, 17 species of zooplanktons.
6.13.2 Trees Table 6.22: List of trees and their tentative usage S. no.
Tree Name
Scientific Name Leguminosae Bauhinia
Utility
1
Rakto Kanchan
2
Sonal/ Sonajhuri
Cassia Fistula
Medicinal purpose
3
Krishnachura
Delonix regia
Furniture making
4
Radhachura
Peltophorum inerme
Furniture making
5
Tetul
Tamarindus Indica
6
Shirissh
Albizzia lebbek
7
Polash
Butea monosperma
8
Akashmoni
Aecia monilioformis
Furniture, fuel, honey,
9
Bok Ful
Sesbania grandiflora
Food, some medicine
10
Jayanti
Sesbania sesban
11
Deua
Artocarpus lakoocha
Kuchcha house structure
12
Dumur
Ficus hispidia
Food, medicine
13
Rubber
Ficus elastica
Aesthetics
14
Jogyo Dumur
Ficus racemosa
Food, religious proceedings
15
Pakur
Ficus reumphil
Firewood
16
Olot Kombol
Sterculiaceae Abroma augusta
Aesthetics
17
Shimul
Bombaceac Bombax ceiba
purpurea
6.40 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Medicine, Tanning, Fibre
Cooking, Food items, Skin used as medicine Furniture, Medicine, Fuel (woods) Fuel, Religious items, organic utensils
Cootton making, matches,packing case, glue for
Environment an Tourism book binding 18
Stholpodmo
Malvaceae Hibiscus mutabilis
Worshipping
19
Amloki
Phyllathus emblica
Ayurved & other medicine
20
Shal
21
Jaam
Syzigium cumini
22
Jaamrul
Syygium samarangenese
23
Kul
Ziziphus mauritiana
Fruits
24
Tulsi
Occimum sanctum
Medicine, religious tasks
25
Basok
Adhathoda vasika
Medicine
26
Debdaru
Polythia longifolika
27
Telakucha
Cephalandra indica
Dipterocarpaceae shorea robusta
Furniture, construction works Furniture, food, drinks
Medicinal plant
Table 6.23:Tables showing types of plant Sl no
Plant name
Scientific name
utility
1
Durba ghas
Cynodon dactylon
Worshiping, medicine
2
Kalmegh
Andrographis paniculata
Medicinal use
3
Shushni shak
Marselia minuta
Vegetables
4
Gime shak
Polycarpon prostratum
Vegetables
5
Champak
Magoliaceae mechelia champaka
6
Nona
Annoreceaea Arrona reticulata
7
Sitaphal
Annona squasa
8
Brahmi shak
Bacopa monnieri
Medicinal use
According to its usage the trees can e broadly categorized in 4 divisions. There are 10 medicinal plants, 8 fruit bearing trees, 12 species having commercial usage (furniture, paint making,) 3 of them are used as firewood. Most of the plants have either used as vegetables or have local orthodox medicinal usage.
Utility of Trees 15
Figure 33: Type of trees in terms of Utility
10 5
6.14
0 Medicine
Fruit
Commercial
Types (No.)
6.41 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Firewood
Environment an Tourism
6.14.1 Birds Name
Scientific name
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Quantity of Species
7
31 7
42
Extinct
Very Less
Less
Moderate
Name
High
Figure 34: No of species in terms of their existence
Scientific name
No of Species
46
12 Migratory
Non-Migratory
Figure 35: No of species in terms of migration
Birds are one of the major components that constitute the fauna. As stated earlier there are as many as 58 types of birds that can be found in different seasons and time of day. Among them 12 are migratory and 46 are non-migratory. One species has been identified as extinct among them, which is vulture.
6.42 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Duburi
Phalacrocoradidae Podiceps ruficollis
Gang chil
Sterna hirundo
Pankoudi
Phalacrocorus niger
Gola paira
Columba livia
Go bok
Egretta garzetta
Konthi ghughu
Streptopelia decaocto
Rat Bok
Nycticorax nycticorax
Telia ghughu
Streptopelia chinemets
Kath Bok
lxobrychus sinensis
bulbul
Clamator jacobinus
Shyamkhol
Ciconiidae osetitans
Tia
Psittacula krameri
Kokil
Cuculus canorus
Bali hnas
Nettapus coromondeliamus
Chil
Milvus migranas
Choto Arau
Cacomantis merulinus
Corral
Haliacetus lucoryphus
Laxmi pecha
Tyto alba
Shokun
Gyps gengalensis
Kuture pecha
Athene brama
Tika bauri
Circus aeroginosus
Machranga
Ceryle rudis
Utkosh
Pandion haliaetus
Bashpati
Merops orientalis
Shikara
Falco chicquera
Nilkontho
Coracias bengalensis
Dahuk
Porzanna puzilla
Harewoa
Chloropsis aurifrons
Kalo bulbul
Pycnontus cafer
sipahi bulbul
Pycnonotus jocosus
Dumri
Turboides caudatus
Chatar
Turdoides striatus
Dourbaj Jol Morog Sona batan
Amaurornisphoenicuru s Gallicrex cinerea Pluvialis dominica fulva
Batan
Tringea erythropus
Chota Batan
Tringea totanus
Kadakhocha
Gallinago gallinago
Cisticola exilis
Kadakhocha
Gallinago steruna
Cisticola juncidis
Kadakhocha
Gallinago minima
Gunpigoba
Erithacus palliope
Kadakhocha
Gallinago minima
Gurpiobah
Erithacus svecicus
Lal Kadakhocha
Callidris rufficollis
Doyel
Copsychus saularis
Choto kadakhocha
Calidris minuta
Khanjan
Motacilla flava
Jhi jhi kadakhocha
Calidris teminckii
Motacilla citreola
Keri pakhi
Larus ridibundus
Motacilla indica
Gang chil
Chilodonias lucopterus
Sar munia
Gang chil
Sterna aurentia
Munia
6.43 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Bradypterus thoracicus
Lonchura punctulata Lonchura malacca rubroniger
Environment an Tourism
6.14.2 Fish In the state run and privately owned fisheries that have been successfully running as a supplier in fish market is the source of such enriching and astounding fish species. Table 6.24: Table showing types of fishes Quantit
Name
Scientific Name
Quantity
Name
Scientific Name
Rui
Labeo Rohita
Huge
Magur
Clarias batrachus
content
katla
Catla catla
Huge
koi
Anabus testudineus
content
Kalbosh
Labeo calbasu
Huge
Tyangra
Mystus gulio
content
Huge
Bele
Glossogobius giuris
Content
Content
Gnute
Lepidocephalus guntea
less
Mourala
less
Bhetki
Cirrhinus
Mrigel
mrigala
shol
Channa striatus Channa
Shal
marulius Channa
Lyata
punctiatus Channa
Chyang
orientalis Heteroponeustes
Shingi
fossils
less content
Nailonti ka Magur
Amblypharingoton mola
y
Very less less
Lates calcarifer
Content
Oreochromis niloticus
Content
Clarias batrachus
content
Though fish are plenty in those fisheries but not all of them are being cultured in equal quantity. Though there is no precise measurement regarding the quantity of the food that is being generated. But it has been categorized in 4 segments. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
No. of Species
4
8
4
1
Huge
Medium
Less
Very Less
Figure 36: Quantity of fish in terms of production quantity
6.44 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.15 Wetlands 6.15.1 Introduction The East Kolkata Wetlands consists of 125sq.km. Area is a natural system of waterbodies and lands. Among the 12500ha of land 602 ha of it comes under the present Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation area. Most of the land parcel is utilized as agricultural or pisciculture. The area as stated before is a huge reservoir of natural resources. Almost 20,000 families live in the area. They are mostly dependent on the activities of farming or production of fish. Besides that the ecological importance of EKW is enormous. Having a rich bio-diversity and acting as a natural mechanism of liquid waste management system are the notable features of it. It creates the backbone of cities
pollution and flood reduction system with virtually no cost. Source: - www.ekwma.in/maps
Figure 37: Map of Kolkata
6.45 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Figure 38: Total area of East Kolkata Wetlands
Source: - EKWMA website
Figure 39: Total area of East Kolkata Wetlands Part of EKW under Bidhannagar Corporation
Source: - google maps
6.15.2 Brief history It was existed as spill area of river Vidyadhari and salty marsh areas. Later local fisherman started pisciculture in this brackish water.
In the 19th century Kolkata decided to spill its storm and sewage water into this marshy area. So the salinity was sparsely reduced.
While the Vidyadhari River dried up in early 20th century the fisherman lost their jobs due to the loss of salinity.
The farmers used the rich nutrient of waste water thrown away by the city dweller for growing up their crops.
From 1929, the fisherman started to use the wastewater for the cultivation of fish.
In 1944 the Chief Engineer of Calcutta Corporation noticed the merit of this place and reported to protect the place as it is.
In 1983, a report to the Department of Fisheries re-focused the attention on community run waste-fed fisheries.
The State Planning Board recognized the importance of the EKW in 1985 and a map is prepared.
The CMDA Plan 1990–2015 lists this as a Conservation Area.
6.46 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
Subsequently its natural resource resource-based based utilization of waste water was noticed. In EKW was brought under the Ramsar Convention.
It gained a status of Wetland of International Importance. 6.15.3 Ramsar intervention Headquartered in Geneva, Ramsar Convention is an international body for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. India has 26 Ramsar Sites or ‘wetlands of international importance’, including East Kolkata Wetlands. Other sites include Chilika Lake Lake,, Dal Lake and Bhitarkanina Mangroves. According to Ramsar Convention East Kolkata Wetlands has been regarded as the model for solid waste treatments of a city. It saves the cost of running a treatment plant, which is 2 million USD annually. It treats 1000 liters of sewage water every day. Here are some statements regarding Ramsar Charter.
Wise use management of wetlands.
Guidelines for establishing and strengthening local communities’ and indigenous people’s participation in the management of wetlands.
Wetland Risk Assessment Framework.
Guidelines for the management of groundwater to maintain wetland ecological character.
Restriction on activities like: industries; construction of boat jetties, 50m from HFL; solid waste dumping- provided that the existing ting practices, if existed before the rules, shall be phased out within a period of 6 months. This system of wise use treatment takes 20 days to clean the entire sewage of Kolkata. A thorough review of the EKW map, its ecosystem, people living there and their th livelihood is being prescribed by the Ramsar convention
Figure 40: Diagram showing the functional system of wetlands
6.47 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Environment an Tourism
6.15.4 Changes over the years East Kolkata wetlands have gone through a lot of changes through spatially, geographically, temporally and in function. The major changes are in terms of its landuse. The entire Saltlake city has come up by filling up the marshy lands. Present day EKW face its greater threats in terms of development. Land sharks are ready to build sky scrapers by converting the relatively cheap land with well connectivity by E.M. bypass. Already there are some reports where the waterbodies are
Changes in Land Area 250000 200000 150000
AREA (Ha)
100000 50000 0 1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
2015
Figure 41: Changes of EKW area over time
being converted into developed properties. To study the adversity of the increasing land pressure we try to measure the total EKW area through a span of 20 years via satellite images. We tried to understand how much of landmass is being replaced
1998
2018
2018 6.48 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
2008
Environment an Tourism Figure 42: Satellite images showing change in EKW area
2
Figure 43: Photos of wetlands (source: -Primary survey)
6.15.5 Issues There are problems of having real estate development in the peripheral lands. It is a threat that might lead to encroachment.
Lack of enforced legal actions for the defaulters. People are making shanties for temporary dwellings
Lack of physical or social infrastructure for the dwellers of wetlands.
No monetary or technical support to the wetland people for their sustenance and upgradation of the situations.
No policy or project made to make people from outside to aware of the importance of EKW & to generate economy
A debatable project of construction of flyover through the wetland has been proposed by the city’s respective authority. Green activist are fighting to stop the construction.
6.49 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
7 Development Management and Finance
7.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
7.1
Introduction 7.1.1 About the BMC
The Panchayat area of Mahishbathan-II Gram Panchayat and the Municipalities of RajarhatGopalpur and Bidhannagar were combined to form the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC), on June 18th, 2015. This was done under the West Bengal Municipal Corporations Act, 2006. The Board of Council was formed on October 16th, 2015. The PouraBhawan or the head office of Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is situated in Bidhannagar, which falls in the North 24 Pargana district of West Bengal. It is under the Bidhannagar sub-division of the district. The area under BMC falls under the jurisdiction of Bidhannagar City Police.
7.1.2 Functions of BMC The West Bengal Municipal Corporations Act, 2006 (WBMCA, 2006), enlists the functions of a Municipal Corporation under Section 96, Chapter 8. The following matrix in Table 1 is a comparison between the functions suggested by WBMCA, 2006 and the functions carried out by BMC as of 2018. In Table 1, Red represents function not undertaken by BMC, Green represents functions undertaken by BMC, and Yellow represents inadequate information available. Table 7.1 Comparison of Functions of BMC with WBMCA, 2006
Sr. No.
Functions listed by WBMCA, 2006(GoWB, 2008)
1. Obligatory duties of the Corporation: 1.1. Public Works: 1.1.1. Construction and maintenance of waterworks 1.1.2. Supply of water for public and private purposes 1.1.3. Construction, maintenance and cleaning of sewers and drains, sewerage 1.1.4. 1.1.5. 1.1.6. 1.1.7.
and drainage works Construction and maintenance of Street furniture, bridges, culverts, flyovers and subways Naming of streets and numbering of premises Lighting of public streets and other public places Construction and maintenance of municipal markets and slaughterhouses, and regulation of all markets and slaughterhouses
1.2. Public Health and Sanitation: 1.2.1. Scavenging, removal and disposal of filth, rubbish, and other obnoxious 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.2.5. 1.2.6. 1.2.7. 1.2.8.
or polluted matters Reclamation of unhealthy locations, removal of noxious vegetation Regulating and abating offensive and dangerous trades or practices Measures for preventing and checking the spread of dangerous diseases Public vaccination and inoculation Removal and disposal of unclaimed dead bodies and carcasses of all dead animals Maintenance of all public tanks and regulating re-excavation, repair of all private tanks Conversion of all service privies into sanitary latrines and providing adequate facilities for sanitation Disposal of solid and liquid wastes
1.2.9. 1.3. Town Planning and Development: 1.3.1. Devising town planning within the limits of the corporation area 7.2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Undertaken by BMC (Primary survey)
Development Management and Finance
1.3.2. 1.3.3. 1.3.4. 1.3.5. 1.3.6. 1.3.7. 1.3.8. 1.3.9.
Regulating land use pattern in the fringe areas Control of regular lines of streets Control of all building operations and regulation of building uses Coordination of all over ground rights enjoyed by service agencies Coordination of activities of agencies relating to laying and maintenance of underground pipelines, tubes and cables Redevelopment of thecongested area Planned development of new areas within the jurisdiction of the corporation for human development Preservation of monuments and places of historical, artistic and other importance
1.4. Administration 1.4.1. Survey of lands and buildings and preparation and maintenance from 1.4.2. 1.4.3. 1.4.4. 1.4.5. 1.4.6. 1.4.7.
time to time of survey maps and plans of the corporation area Removal of obstruction and projections in, or upon, streets, bridges and other public places Securing or removal of dangerous buildings and places Registration of births and deaths Providing boundary marks for the corporation area Destruction of noxious animals or diseased unclaimed dogs Compilation and maintenance of records and statistics relating to administrative functions of the corporations Removal of unauthorized encroachment on public streets Protecting public and civic properties Abatement of pollution of all kinds Controlling stray animals and birds
1.4.8. 1.4.9. 1.4.10. 1.4.11. 2. Discretionary Functions: 2.1 Public works: Establishing and maintenance of relief works 2.1.1 Constructing and maintenance of libraries, museums, community halls, 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4
offices, shops, markets, old age homes, orphanages etc. Constructing and maintenance of, or providing aid to, hospitals, asylums, rescue homes, maternity houses and child welfare centres Construction of low-cost sanitary dwellings for the economically weaker sections
2.2 Education: Establishing and maintaining preprimary schools 2.2.1 Promotion of civic education, adult education, social education 2.2.2 Promotion of cultural activities including music, sports 2.2.3 Advancement of civic consciousness of public health and general 2.2.4 welfare by organizing discourses, seminars and conferences
2.3 Public health and sanitation: Provision of water supply for non-domestic uses 2.3.1 Promotion of the use of biogas and other non-conventional energy 2.3.2 Provision for sewerage treatment 2.3.3 Abatement of smoke nuisances 2.3.4 Ambulance service for carrying patients 2.3.5 2.4 Administration: Installation of statues, portraits and pictures inan appropriate manner 2.4.1 Organization and management of fairs and exhibitions 2.4.2 7.3 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance Construction and maintenance of garages, sheds and stands for vehicles 2.4.3 Establishing and maintenance of art galleries and botanical gardens 2.4.4 2.5 Development: Encouraging formation of cooperative societies 2.5.1 Providing shelter for homeless 2.5.2 Reclamation of wastelands and promotion of forestry 2.5.3 Promotion of agriculture and improvement of cattle breed 2.5.4 Assistance to small small-scale, cottage and craft industries 2.5.5 It is evident that the Obligatory Functions listed in WBMCA, 2006 are well carried out by BMC, and however there exists a scope for improvement in a few sectors. Out of discretionary Functions mentioned in WBMCA, 2006, around half arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t being carried out by BMC. An improvement in efficiency of resource management may result in better performance of BMC in the matters of Discretionary Functions.
7.2
Governance 7.1.3 Organisational structure
The area under BMC is divided into 41 wards. Each ward has a ward office with a body of elected members. A group of wards are joined together to form a borough (Figure 1). Apart from the borough offices, there is an office of the Mayor Mayorand and a Commissioner which is also a part of the organizational structure. The Commissioner overlooks various departments that function under the purview of BMC. There are two (2) committees apart from Standing Committees currently functional.
BMC
Mayor
Commisioner
Borough Offices
Standing Committes
Public Accounts Committee
Ward Offices
Figure 7.1Organisational Structure of BMC (BMC, 2017)
7.4 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Advisory Committee
Development Management and Finance
Water Supply Health Mass Education Board of Concilors
Mayor
Environment & Social Welfare Services Lighting & Park SWM Youth & Sports PWD
Engineering Wing
PHE Office of Building Plans
BMC
Conservancy Mass Education
Commissioner NonEngineering Wing
Borough Offices
Assessment and Mutation
Ward Offices
Property Tax
SWM
Trade License
Water Supply
Standing Committee
Finance and Resource Mobilisation
Public Account Committee
Health, Education and Poverty Alleviation
Advisory Committee
Public Health and Sanitation
Figure 7.2 Organogram of BMC (BMC, 2017)
7.5 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Office of Paschimamchal Unnayan Affairs Dept.
Birth/ Death Registration
Development Management and Finance
7.1.4 Administrative Structure at BMC The Head Office of BMC is governed by an elected representative called Mayor, for a period of maximum 5 years. The Mayor heads the various councils in the BMC. As of 2018, there are seven (7) councils in BMC. These councils are headed by elected members fr from om the Wards. The Commissioner is a nominated member, heading the bureaucratic and technocratic domain of BMC. The Commissioner heads the Engineering and Non Non- Engineering Wings, under which various departments function. As of 2018, there are 10 department departmentss functional in BMC. The organogram of BMC is detailed out in Figure 2.
7.1.5 Administrative structure of Borough Offices The Borough office is headed by a Borough Chairman who overlooks the Ward Offices falling under the respective Borough. The Ward Office is headed by a Ward Councilor who is an elected representative of the respective ward. The Structure of Borough offices is illustrated in Figure 3. Each Borough has approximately 6-88 wards under it (Figure 4).
Borough 01
•Ward 01-07
Borough 02
•Ward 08-13
Borough 03
•Ward 14-19
Borough 04
•Ward 20-28
Borough 05
•Ward 29-34
Borough 06
•Ward 35-41
Figu Figure 7.4 Division of Wards in Boroughs (BMC, 2017)
Borough Office
Ward Offices
Ward Councilor
Officers
Borough Chairperson
Officers
Figure 7.3Structure of Borough Offices(BMC, 2017)
7.6 | City Development Plan of BMC BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
7.3
Taxation 7.1.6 Taxation structure
Under Section 102 ‘Power to Impose Tax’ of WBMCA, 2006, the Municipal Corporation (MC) is entitled to levy the following taxes (GoWB, 2008):
a. b. c. d.
a property tax on lands and buildings, a tax on advertisements, other than advertisements published in newspapers, a tax on carts, carriages and animals, and toll on i. ferry, ii. bridge, and iii. heavy truck which shall be a heavy goods vehicle, and bus which shall be a heavy passenger motor vehicle, within the meaning of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, (59 of 1988) plying on public street. Apart from these, the MC is allowed to levy the following fees and charges: a. fee on congregation, b. fee on tourist, c. special conservancy charges, d. administrative or special cleaning charges, e. fee on license issued or permission granted, f. surcharge on transfer of immovable property. Table 2 provides the comparison of taxes that the BMC is entitled to levy, and the current taxes levied. Table 7.2 Taxes and Charges levied by BMC
Sr. No.
Taxes and Charges listed by WBMCA, 2006
1. 2.
A property tax on lands and buildings A tax on advertisements, other than advertisements published in newspapers A tax on carts, carriages and animals Fee on congregation Fee on tourist Special conservancy charges Administrative or special cleaning charges Fee on license issued or permission granted Surcharge ontransfer of immovable property
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
BMC Taxes and Charges
7.1.7 Property tax calculation
The Property Tax in BMC is calculated using formulae, which are different for RajarhatGopalpur Area, which has wards 01-28, and Biddhannagar Area which includes wards 29-41.
7.1.7.1 Property Tax Calculation for Bidhannagar Area(BMC, 2017) i. The Valuation Rates vary as per floor. These are as follows: a. for Ground Floor- Rs. 40 per square feet, b. first floor onwards- Rs. 35 per square feet. ii. Building Valuation (BV)= (Ground Floor Built up area x 40) + (Remainder of Built up Area x 35) iii. Annual Building Valuation (ABV) = 5% of BV iv. Final Building Valuation (FBV) = ABV – 0.1 x ABV 7.7 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
v. vi. vii.
viii.
Annual Land Valuation (ALV) = 5% of Land Value (as per Sale Deed/Lease Deed) Annual Holding Valuation (AHV) = FBV + ALV Holding Tax Rate (R) structure as a percentage of AHV is calculated as follows: a. 3.5% for Rs. 1- Rs. 999, b. 5.25% for Rs. 1000- Rs. 5000, c. 7% for Rs. 5001- Rs. 9999, d. 10.5% for Rs. 10000 and above. Total Tax Amount (A) = AHV + 1% AHV for Garbage Cleaning + 0.75% AHV for Sewerage
7.1.7.2 Property Tax Calculation for RajarhatGopalpur Area(BMC, 2017) i. First the weightage of the Building is found out on the basis of Use, Zone, and Cost. ii. Annual Valuation (AV) = Area of Building in sqft. x weightage x 0.2 iii. Holding Tax is calculated as follows: a. If AV is less than Rs. 999, then Holding Tax = (10+ AV/100)% of AV, b. If AV is above Rs. 999 and below Rs. 9999, then Holding Tax = (20+ AV/100)% of AV, c. If AV Rs. 9999 and above, then Holding Tax = 30% of AV. 7.4
Municipal income 7.1.8 Sources of Income
The Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation depends on majorly twelve (12) sources of income. These are broadly classified as in Table 3. Table 7.3 Sources of Income of BMC and Collection (Amount in Lakh) (BMC, 2017)
Sources of Income
FY 2015-16
FY 2016-17
1
Tax Revenue
1260
1762.82
2
Fees and Fines
801
802.86
3
User Charges
591
593.81
4
Other Non-Tax Revenue
806
807
5
Other Revenue Incomes
11
15
6
Revenue from Properties
12
131.48
7
State Assigned Revenue
413.2
416.17
8
State Capital Account Grants
2574.02
3671.14
9
Central Capital Account Grants
732.16
444.73
10
Other State Government Transfers
2705.02
2621.43
11
Other Central Government Transfers
1075.22
2286.55
12
Other Income
870.06
702.72
11850.68
14255.71
Total
7.1.9 Collection Under each head of Source of Income
7.8 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
FY 2015-16
Other Income
Other Central Government Transfers
Other State Government Transfers
Sources of Income
Central Capital Account Grants
State Capital Account Grants
State Assigned Revenue
Revenue from Properties
Other Revenue Incomes
Other Non-Tax Revenue
Fees and Fines
User Charges
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Tax Revenue
Income (in Lakh Rs)
Table 3shows the actual collection under each head for Financial Year (FY) 2015-16 and 2016-17.
FY 2016-17
Figure 7.5Actual collection under various heads in FY 2015-16 and 2016-17(Amount in Lakh)
FY 2015-16
FY 2016-17
7.34
4.93
10.63
9.07
6.76
12.37
16.04
5.63
4.99
4.17
6.80
22.83
0.09 0.10
5.66 0.11 18.39
0.92
3.49 6.18
2.92
21.72 25.75 3.12
Tax Revenue User Charges Other Revenue Incomes State Assigned Revenue Central Capital Account Grants
Fees and Fines Other Non-Tax Revenue Revenue from Properties State Capital Account Grants Other State Government Transfers
Figure 7.6Share wise comparison between different sources of income as % of Total Income
The numbers have been obtained from audit reports of accounts of BMC. Figure 5 shows the change in each head of thesource of income in absolute numbers. Figure 6 shows a comparison of the change in sources of income as ashare of actual income for the two financial years.
7.9 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance In the Financial Year 2015-16, BMC earned total revenue of Rs. 11850.68 lakh and in Financial Year 2016-17, it raised Rs. 14255.71 lakh. The growth observed by BMC between FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17 in its revenue was 20.29%. A major share, in both years, of this revenue was obtained from State Capital Account Grants, allocated for schemes by the State Government (Non Plan Grants), followed by Other State Transfers such as from State Finance Commission, State Transfer for salaries, etc., followed by the Central Government Transfers under NOAPS, NUHM, SJSRY, etc. The detail under the highest income source (Non-Plan Grants) in Annexure 1 shows that the BMC has earned money for Capital expenditure under Non-Plan Grants. Table 4 shows the various comparative ratios of expenditure. It can be inferred that the share of revenue raised by BMC is fairy less. Table 7.4Comparitive ratios for Income
Ratio FY 2015-16 Revenue Collected:Income 29.37% A detail bifurcation under each head is given in Annexure 1.
7.5
FY 2016-17 28.85%
Expenditure 7.1.10 Expenditure heads
The Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation spends its income in six (6) major categories, which can be compiled in two major categories: Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure. The 6 categories are listed in Table 5. Table 7.5 Broad Expenditure Categories of BMC
Revenue Expenditure
1
Administrative, and Establishment Expenses
2
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
3
Capital Expenditure
Others
4
All Development works under central, State Specific Schemes
5
Loan Repayments (Principal Amount)
6
Other Capital Expenditure
7.1.11 Spending under each head of Expenditure
Table 6 shows the money spent on various categories under each head in FY 2015-16 and FY 201617. The figures have been extracted from audit reports of accounts of BMC.
7.10 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance Table 7.6 Expenditure for FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17 (Amount in lakh) (BMC, 2017)
FY 2015-16 FY 2016-17 Administrative, and Establishment Expenses 1721.23 1872.31 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 5068.52 3145.25 Others 910.51 599.16 All Development works under central, State Specific Schemes 3191.55 5251.99 Loan Repayments (Principle Amount) 41.61 0 Other Capital Expenditure 32.02 522.61 Total 10965.44 11391.32 Figure 7 shows the change in each category of spending in absolute numbers. Figure 8 shows a comparison of the change in spending as ashare of total expenditure.
In FY 2015-16 and 2016-17, Total Expenditure was Rs. 10891.81 lakh and Rs. 11391.32 lakh. The rate of expense between the two financial years has been 4.59%. A detail of all the heads and subheads of Expenses has been provided in Annexure 2.
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Other Capital Expenditure
Loan Repayments (Principle Amount)
All Development works under central, State Specific Schemes
Others
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
FY 2015-16 Administrative, and Establishment Expenses
Expenditure (in Lakh Rs)
In FY 2015-16 a major share was spent on Operation and Maintenance of the existing facilities. However, in FY 2016-17, Capital Expenditure was the highest. In both the years, highest capital expenditure was on Roads and Pavements. In FY 2015-16, second highest capital expenditure was on Reservoir, whereas in FY 2016-17, it was on Public Lighting. In both the financial years, the spending was highest in terms of revenue expenditure on Electrification.
FY 2016-17
Amount Spent on Category
Figure 7.7Actual Amount Spent on different categories in FY 2015-16 and 2016-17 (Amount in Lakh)
7.11 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
Table 7 shows the various comparative ratios of expenditure. Table 7.7Comparitive Ratios of Expenditure
Ratio Revenue Expenditure: Capital Expenditure Revenue Expenditure: Total Spending 0.00
FY 2015-16
FY 2015-16 236% 70.2%
3.76
15.80
4.59
FY 2016-17
0.00 16.44
25.54
8.36
FY 2016-17 97.2% 49.3%
46.54 46.11
27.61
5.26
Administrative, and Establishment Expenses Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
Figure 7.8Spending as a % share of the Total Expenditure
7.6
Fiscal standing
Figure 9 shows that for both the years BMC was making aprofit and earning interest returns. The trendline forecasts show that the amount of cash inflow is higher than the spending. Following inferences can be drawn based upon the figure:
i. ii. 7.7
The BMC is performing well financially for the two years after the formation. There can be a scenario where more capital can be mobilised for developmental activities.
Issues
The following issues have been identified for BMC:
i.
The Municipal Corporation depends largely on State Finance Commission for its income.
7.12 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
ii. iii. iv. v.
The staff strength of BMC is currently low, and therefore much thrust in this area would mean a part of this profit going as salaries. There is a need to make the governance more transparent. The social outreach of the ULB needs to improved. The revenue collected by BMC is about 28-30% of total income. 35000
Rupees (in Lakh)
30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2015 Income
2016
2017
Expenditure
2018
2019
Linear (Income)
2020 Linear (Expenditure)
Figure 7.9 Comparison between income and expenditure of the BMC
7.13 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
7.8
Annexures
7.9
Annexure 1
The following table shows the structure of Income and earnings for FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17. The amounts mentioned are in Lakhs(BMC, 2017). INCOME HEADS Total Receipts (A+B)
FY 2015-16
FY 2016-17
11850.68
14255.71
8544.5
10139.84
A
Revenue Receipts (1+2+3)
1
Own Revenue Receipts (a+b) Tax Revenue
3458
3966.49
a)
1260
1762.82
i)
Property Tax
1235
1734
ii)
Other Tax Advertisement tax
25
28.82
b)
Non-Tax Revenue
2198
2203.67
i)
Fees and Fines
801
802.86
53
61.3
Miscellaneous development fees & Collections (ATM, Bank, Chattal) Miscellaneous Permit fees and Collections (Cable Tower)
15
30
License fees for Shops (Trade License)
139
317.08
Plan sanction fees
525
326.19
57
60
Parking fees Birth and death certificate fees ii)
iii)
12
8.29
591
593.81
House connection for water
72
40.9
House connection for Sewerage
30
33.52
Mutation/ Amendment processing charges
33
39.66
Examination charges in Hospital
42
18.38
Site Clearance Charges (Conservancy Charges)
201
230.41
Other Charges
191
201
Sale and Hire Charges
22
29.94
Other Non-tax Revenue
806
807
51
52
755
755
User Charges
Tourist Levy Road damage Recovery Other Revenue Receipts Income from Interest or Investments
23
146.48
a)
2
11
15
b)
Other Revenue Income
12
131.48
3
63.24
Rent from Markets Rent from Municipal properties 3 a)
9
68.24
Transfers/ Grants/ Assigned revenues State Assigned Revenue
5063.5
6026.87
413.2
416.17
Entertainment tax
286.68
283.08
Trade Profession Callings
126.52
133.09
b)
State Finance Commission Grants
739.14
918.07
d)
Other State Government Transfers
1965.88
1703.36
309.89
483.85
Salary grant
7.14 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance Fixed Grant Road Development Grant
640.79
763.29
600
0
Grant for any other purpose
415.2
456.22
e)
Central Finance Commission (CFC) Grant
740.5
1516.25
f)
Other Central Government Transfers
334.72
770.3
49.76
247.95
0
0
34.55
68.14
50
153.21
NOAPS/ Widow/ Disability BSUP/ HUP/ HFA SJSRY/ UWEP/ NULM IPP VIII- Health/ UPHCS/ NUHM Mid- Day Meal
200.41
301
Others
870.06
702.72
West Bengal Urban Wage Employment Generation
724.87
501.01
MPLADS/ BEUP Fund
145.19
201.71
Capital Receipts Sale of Municipal Land
3306.18
4115.87
1
0
0
2
Loans (from State Govt. or Banks etc.)
0
0
3
State Capital Account Grant (Under State Schemes etc.)
2574.02
3671.14
Grant from CMDA/ GoWB
g)
B
4
2574.02
3671.14
Central Capital Account Grant (Central Schemes etc.)
732.16
444.73
KUSP/ RAY/ AMRUT/ SBM
477.16
81.61
255
363.12
0
0
Other Central Government Grants ( Water logging, Census) 5
Other Capital Receipts
7.15 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance
7.10 Annexure 2 The following table shows the structure of expenditure for FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17. The amounts mentioned are in Lakhs(BMC, 2017). EXPENDITURE HEADS Total Expenditure (1+2) 1 1.1
Revenue Expenditure Administrative Expenses, Establishments and Salaries Security Expenses Communication Expenses
FY 2016-17
10891.81
11391.32
7700.26
5616.72
1721.23
1872.31
33.1
32.78
3.1
3.26
28.41
30.34
Travelling & Conveyance
1.54
0.46
Insurance on Vehicles
0.79
2.07
Printing & Stationary
Internal Audit fees
11.62
9.08
Legal Fees
34.76
31.77
Professional& Other Fees
11.18
18.5
Advertisement & Publicity
35.89
43.09
Other Administrative Expenses
47.15
60.09
242.49
283.32
1145.32
1275
125.88
82.55
5068.52
3145.25
876.3
946.48
127.33
146.72
31.8
39.6
27.96
22.15
1.6
0.99
Repair & Maintenance - Roads and Pavements
879.29
305.22
Repair & Maintenance - Water Supply
580.17
206.73
Repair & Maintenance - Street Light
470.75
237.31
Repair & Maintenance - Drainage & Sewerage
601.46
257.86
Repair & Maintenance - Parks & Playgrounds
358.78
88.57
Repair & Maintenance - Markets
27.76
28.55
Repair & Maintenance - Public Toilets
Salary of Staff Wages Exgratia 1.2
FY 2015-16
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Electricity Expenses Petrol &Diesel Consumption of Store Hire Charges Repair & Maintenance - Statues
30.29
31.75
Repair & Maintenance - Nursery
7.14
8.07
Repair & Maintenance - Hospital
68.38
64.01
Repair & Maintenance - Office Buildings
28.67
65.12
Repair & Maintenance - Halls, Auditorium, Shop & Markets
82.84
34.5
Repair & Maintenance of Other Municipal Buildings
64.34
55.92
45.4
52.12
79.61
47.75
Repair & Maintenance - Vehicles Repair & Maintenance - Others (Furniture & fixture, Electric) Testing & Inspection
0.45
0.24
Garbage Clearance Expenses (Conservancy)
321.65
184.69
Repair & Maintenance - Pro Poor Activity
356.55
320.9
0
0
910.51
599.16
1.3
Loan Repayment
1.4
Others
7.16 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Development Management and Finance Expenditure in Connection with Flood relief/ Fire
0
Welfare of Women, children and Aged
716.97
327.59
Misc. Programme Exp. (Mosquito Eradication)
114.89
78.94
0.96
15.4
77.69
0
Misc. Expenditure (Mayors relief etc.) ICT Expenses Municipal General Fund (Councilors) 2 2.1
177.23 3191.55
5774.6
2781.6
5251.99
Improvement of Parks
165.51
274.31
Development of Open Markets
Capital Expenditure All Development works under central, State Specific Schemes
103.09
394.51
Building
35.75
25.34
Public Conveniences
91.92
114.25
Parks and Play grounds (Greenery)
122.39
294.23
Const. and Renovation of Work sheds etc.
243.25
57.66
0
535.84
Roads & Pavements (Black topped)
798.49
834.58
Drain Closed (Sewerage& Drainage and Conservancy)
288.51
535.59
Provision for Mechanised Waste Collection
178.03
480.33
75.51
205.35
Water Pipelines
124.18
259.12
Reservoirs
360.25
417.94
Public Lighting
74.05
647.19
Water Pumping Plants
47.04
49.95
0
80.41
Plant &Machinery in relation to Parks & Play grounds, Sports Academy (Swimming Pool)
41.61
0
Vehicles
32.02
45.39
0
0
409.95
522.61
Roads & Pavements (Concrete & Others)
Pumps for Sewer Lines
Expensive Vat/ Container/ Dust Bin
2.2
Loan Repayments (Principle Amount)
2.3
Other Capital Expenditure Computer
1.17
30.98
Air Conditioner
86.82
21.95
Furniture, Fixtures & Fittings
63.72
69.14
90.3
377
167.94
23.54
Advance for Public Works Beautification of boulevard, Rotary etc.
7.17 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
8 Bibliography About BMC. (2015). Retrieved March 7, 2018, from Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation : www.bmcwbgov.in Bidhannagar.
(2017,
August).
Retrieved
Dec
17,
2017,
from
Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar BMC. Bidhannagar municipal corporation. (1991/2001/2011). Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs. Climate : Bidhannagar. (2016, 04 15). Retrieved 03 05, 2018, from Climate data : https://en.climate-data.org/location/767204/ CPCB. (2006). Status of Sewage Treatment Plant in India. New Delhi. Department of Women and Child Development & Social Welfare. West Bengal: Government of West Bengal. IPHS, D. G. (2012). Indian Public Health Standards Guidelines. Retrieved December 2016, from National Health Mission: http://nrhm.gov.in/ Jaipur development Authority. Jaipur Development Plan 2025. Jaipur: Jaipur development Authority. Kolkata/Dum
Dum
Airport.
(2017,
Dec).
Retrieved
from
Windfinder:
https://www.windfinder.com/forecast/kolkata_dum_dum_airport North
24
Parganas
district.
(2009,
Nov).
Retrieved
from
Egiye
Bangla:
http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Demography Primary Census Abstract. (2011). Retrieved March 5, 2018, from Census of India Web site: http://censusindia.gov.in/ Primary survey. Primary Survey. (n.d.). Primary Survey.
8.1 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018
Toskovic, D. (2008). A review on salt lake city, Kolkata, India: Master planning and realization. Spatium , 98-105. Toskovic, D. (2008). A review on Salt Lake India: Master planning and realization. Spatium , 98-105.
8.2 | City Development Plan of BMC-2018