LATIN GCSE - A REVISION HANDBOOK

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

Latin GCSE 1

A Revision Handbook

Iraklis Lampadariou

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Iraklis Lampadariou

Iraklis Lampadariou has studied Classics in the Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (2005-2009). He loves learning foreign languages; he already speaks English, French, Spanish and he has started learning Slovak and Chinese. He has travelled in many places in Europe, involving himself in a multicultural dialogue that has certainly affected his way of thinking. He writes stories for the child each one of us hides inside and constantly tries to figure out ways in which schools could cultivate students’ creativity and imagination.

Website: www.lampadariou.eu

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

IRAKLIS LAMPADARIOU

Latin GCSE A Revision Handbook

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Iraklis Lampadariou

Iraklis Lampadariou, Latin GCSE, A Revision Handbook ISBN: 978-618-5147-92-1 February 2017

Cover photo:

Julius Caesar. Commissioned in 1696 for the Gardens of Versailles, to go with the Annibal by SĂŠbastien Slodtz. photographer: Marie-Lan Nguyen (2006)/ Wikipedia

The page layout and any errors you may find is the author's responsibility.

Saita Publications Athanasiou Diakou 42 , 65201, Kavala T: 2510831856 M.: 6977 070729 e-mail: info@saitapublications.gr website: www.saitapublications.gr

Creative Commons License AttributionsNon-Commercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 With the agreement of the author and the publisher, you are free to share and distribute this material (fully or partially) using any means under the conditions of source reference and no commercial use of the material. You also cannot alter or use it for derivative works.

Detailed information on the license cc, can be found at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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Iraklis Lampadariou

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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Non scholae sed vitae discimus We learn not for school but for life Moral Letters to Lucilius, Seneca the Younger

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Contents Preface...........................................................................................................................................10 Checklist for your revision about Grammar points............................................................13 Verbs vs Nouns............................................................................................................................14 Cases ..............................................................................................................................................16 Nouns.............................................................................................................................................17 Adjectives .....................................................................................................................................23 Comparison ..................................................................................................................................28 Pronouns.......................................................................................................................................32 Indeclinable..................................................................................................................................37 Adverbs.....................................................................................................................................37 Prepositions.............................................................................................................................39 Conjuctions..............................................................................................................................40 Verbs..............................................................................................................................................41 Regular verbs ..........................................................................................................................43 Deponent verbs.......................................................................................................................48 Semi-deponent verbs ............................................................................................................49 Irregular verbs........................................................................................................................49 Subjunctive..............................................................................................................................51 Imperative ...............................................................................................................................55 Indirect commands ....................................................................................................................56 Prefixes, suffixes and compound verbs.................................................................................57 Clauses...........................................................................................................................................58 Explanatory clauses...............................................................................................................59 Cum clauses .............................................................................................................................59 If clauses (conditionals)........................................................................................................59 Purpose clauses.......................................................................................................................60 Relative clauses.......................................................................................................................61 Result clauses ..........................................................................................................................62 Time clauses ............................................................................................................................62 Participles.....................................................................................................................................63 Gerundives ...................................................................................................................................64 Gerunds.........................................................................................................................................65 Ablative absolute ........................................................................................................................66 Direct questions ..........................................................................................................................67 Indirect questions.......................................................................................................................67 Indirect speech............................................................................................................................69 Time expressions ........................................................................................................................70 Numerals.......................................................................................................................................71

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Defined Vocabulary Lists OCR Level 1/2 GCSE (9-1) in Latin - J282 (Spec. 2016).........................................................73 WJEC Eduqas GCSE (9-1) in Latin (Spec. 2016)......................................................................83 OCR GCSE in Latin, Unit A401 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) ........................93 OCR GCSE in Latin, Unit A402 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) ......................100 WJEC Eduqas Level 2 Certificate in Latin Language, Units 9521, 9524 (Spec. 2009)...110

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Preface 'Repetitio mater studiorum est' 'Repetition is the mother of all learning' and also the mother of confidence, satisfaction and achieving good results that follow you throughout life. But to do that, is not as easy as it sounds. You have to develop a specific strategy that will not let you down on the exam day.

This handbook is aimed at being a simple but efficient synopsis of all the grammar and syntax points that are required for the GCSE in Latin Language.

It is designed for students in Year 11, but also for people who want to taste what Latin is all about. It might, however, be suitable as a resource for teachers who wish to teach their students following the way that it helped me to learn this highly inflected language; by using tables, diagrams and notes, all in nice memorable 'boxes'.

By cracking down every topic and trying to put it into 'boxes' on a piece of paper, it is much easier to put it into your mind. It is better than a whole bunch of words trying to explain you something (even with examples most of the times). In this book, you will find 'maps' of the most important things that you should carry with you during the fascinating journey to the language of the centurions and gladiators.

Writing this book, I had in my mind even the weakest student who struggles with endings and muddles the declensions with conjugations by declining verbs and conjugating nouns. I had drawn the same visual material as if I was sitting next to this student trying to explain him/ her through an easy and fully understanding way, how to deal with the topics and also to retain this knowledge. Moreover, I had given him/ her some tips and advice about some aspects of the topics, not very clear sometimes, by using the margins of the page. So, you can find them in the dotted boxes as well.

Another challenging part of the GCSE in Latin is the vocabulary that students have to learn (yes, by heart as well). I made an effort to respond to this

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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challenge by separating the words in their 'families', having them with their friends and relatives. The aim of this is double: first of all, the students can understand better the groups in which the nouns, adjectives, verbs etc. are separated and, secondly, to learn the words by their families (first declension nouns for example, in -a, -ae for today, two termination adjectives for tomorrow and goes on...). It should be a plain sailing now and, unfortunately, with no excuses.

This book came out as a result of my teaching experience with KS3, KS4 and A-Level students of the Thornleigh Salesian College in Bolton, United Kingdom.

I am grateful to David Banner for reading the draft of the book and pointed out some faults and errors with patience and kindness, being, above all, a real friend.

Iraklis Lampadariou Manchester, February 2017

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Iraklis Lampadariou

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

Checklist for your revision about Grammar points

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Verbs vs Nouns Before starting our revision, we need to develop a special code for describing or referring to grammar or syntax points. This code is called Terminology and it is all about terms (words and compound words or even expressions with many words that in specific contexts are given specific meaning).

Unfortunately, there is no other way to learn a language without knowing the terms and lots of stuff by heart - yes, by heart!

conjugations

cases (Nom., Voc., Acc., Gen., Dat., Abl.)

(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, mixed) persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd singular, 1st, 2nd, 3rd plural)

stem

moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

declensions (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th)

Verbs

tenses (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect)

genders (masculine, feminine, neuter, common)

Nouns voices (active, passive)

stem numbers (singular, plural)

numbers (singular, plural)

Let's give a definition for each of those terms now... conjugation: family or group of verbs that share the same endings person: who is doing the verb (I, You-sg., He, She, It, We, You-pl., They, or a noun when it replaces one of these)

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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mood: indicates if the action of the verb is real or factual (indicative), possible to be done (subjunctive), command (imperative) tense: when the verb is happening (now-present, yesterday-past, tomorrowfuture) voice: the relationship between the verb and its subject. If the subject is doing the verb's action, then we have active voice. If the subject is being acted upon, then we have passive voice. number: one or many? Verbs: if we have a verb its subject can be either in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person singular (only one person) or in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person plural (more than one). Nouns: if we have a noun, it can be either one (singular) or more than one (plural). stem: part of the verb/ noun that remains the same. Verbs: we have to find the stem from the principal parts of the verb. Nouns: we have to find the stem from the genitive case in singular number. declension: family or group of nouns that share the same endings. case: is the form of a noun that gives us its role to the sentence (Nominative, Subject, Vocative, Addressing someone, Accusative, Object, Genitive, something belongs to someone -possession- translation 'of', Dative, translation 'to' or 'for', Ablative, translation 'with', 'by' or 'from'). We can find this term in pronouns and in adjectives as well. gender: tells us about the sex of the noun. It can be masculine (male), feminine (female), neuter or common (can be masculine or a feminine, for example a 'leader' can be a male or a female).

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Cases We had a quick look at the cases on the previous page. Let's add some more information and make a nice table.

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

Subject Addressing (direct address) Object (direct) Of (possession/ origin/ quality) To/ For (indirect object) With/ By/ From (prepositional object)

When translating a Latin text, have the above table on your mind and follow these steps: Have you found a verb?

No Keep searching...

No verb-no sentence!

Example: amabamus

ama ba mus verb? tense? person?

amo: I love, like Imperfect 1st person plural (We)

Is the verb intransitive? verb: to be the subject called complement and it is in the nom. (same case as the Subject).

Yes

Verb?

Tense?

Person?

Subject - Who? always in the Nominative case Is the verb transitive?

Object - What? always in the Accusative case

Translate the sentence following the rules of the English language.

Some cases are identical. This is why you should always check the context! transitive: verb with object intransitive: verb without an object The subject could be: 1. a noun: in nom.

2. a pronoun: in the verb (do not expect to find it in the sentence).

In Latin ďƒ˝ word order ďƒž word endings

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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Nouns There are five declensions (families or groups) of nouns in Latin and you can pretty easily say the declension in which a noun belongs to by following this table: Declension

Nominative, Genitive (sing.)

1st -a, -ae

Examples

Genders

mēnsa, -ae

all fem. except: poeta, nauta, agricola (masc.)

2nd -us, -i -er, -i -um, -i 3 irregular

dominus, -ī puer, puer-ī/ ager, agr-ī bellum, -ī deus, fīlius, vir

masc./ fem. masc./ fem. neut. masc.

3rd increasing

rēx, rēgis opus, operis cīvis, cīvis cubile, cubilis gradus, -ūs domus, -us genū, -ūs rēs, reī

masc./ fem. neut. masc./ fem. neut. masc. (almost all) fem. neut. all fem. except: dies,

non-increasing 4th -us, -us -u, -us 5th -es, -ei

meridies (masc.)

If you really want to learn a Latin word, you should learn these four things: Nominative singular (the simplest form of a noun)

Gender (really important for the GNC rule)

NOM., GEN. (G.): meaning Genitive singular it gives you the STEM (the noun without the ending)

How you should translate it (check the case for translating it correctly)

Remember that you are not allowed to change the STEM. The noun in the genitive case without the ending gives you the stem of the noun. Even a tiny mistake in the process of finding the stem, will have a huge impact on writing it correctly in all the cases in singular and plural (decline the noun).

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Let's have a look at the endings of the nouns now...

1st declension nouns (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) Singular Nominative Subject mēns-a Vocative mēns-a Addressing Accusative mēns-am Object Genitive mēns-ae Of Dative mēns-ae To/ For Ablative With/ By/ From mēns-ā

Plural mēns-ae mēns-ae mēns-ās mēns-ārum mēns-īs mēns-īs

2nd declension nouns (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) Singular Nominative Subject domin-us Vocative domin-e Addressing Accusative domin-um Object Genitive domin-ī Of Dative domin-ō To/ For Ablative With/ By/ From domin-ō

Plural domin-ī domin-ī domin-ōs domin-ōrum domin-īs domin-īs

2nd declension nouns (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) - they keep their -e Singular Plural Nominative Subject puer puer-ī Vocative puer puer-ī Addressing Accusative puer-um puer-ōs Object Genitive puer-ī puer-ōrum Of Dative puer-ō puer-īs To/ For Ablative puer-īs With/ By/ From puer-ō 2nd declension nouns (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) - they drop their -e Singular Plural Nominative Subject ager agr-ī Vocative ager agr-ī Addressing Accusative agr-um agr-ōs Object Genitive agr-ī agr-ōrum Of Dative agr-ō agr-īs To/ For Ablative agr-īs With/ By/ From agr-ō

'they keep their -e' The e remains in all the cases in singular and plural.

'they drop their -e' The e is vanished after the nom. and the voc.

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

2nd declension nouns (Nom. -um, Gen. -i) Singular Nominative Subject bell-um Vocative bell-um Addressing Accusative bell-um Object Genitive bell-ī Of Dative bell-ō To/ For Ablative With/ By/ From bell-ō

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Plural bell-a bell-a bell-a bell-ōrum bell-īs bell-īs

2nd declension nouns - 1st irregular noun: deus, -i (m.): god Singular Plural Nominative Subject deus dī (de-ī) Vocative deus dī (de-ī) Addressing Accusative deum deōs Object Genitive deī deōrum (deum) Of Dative deō dīs (de-īs), deābus To/ For Ablative dīs (de-īs), deābus With/ By/ From deō 2nd declension nouns - 2nd irregular noun: filius, -i (m.): son Singular Plural Nominative Subject fīli-us fīli-ī Vocative fīlī fīli-ī Addressing Accusative fīli-um fīli-ōs Object Genitive fīlī (fīli-ī) fīli-ōrum Of Dative fīli-ō fīli-īs, filiabus To/ For Ablative fīli-īs, filiabus With/ By/ From fīli-ō 2nd declension nouns - 3rd irregular noun: vir, viri (m.): man Singular Plural Nominative Subject vir vir-ī Vocative vir vir-ī Addressing Accusative vir-um vir-ōs Object Genitive vir-ī vir-ōrum Of Dative vir-ō vir-īs To/ For Ablative vir-īs With/ By/ From vir-ō

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3rd declension nouns Please be extra careful with the 3rd declension nouns. Keep calm and follow these steps: increasing: the nom. is different from the gen. with the genitive form having more syllables than the nominative’ 'from 1 syllable

non-increasing: nom. is the same with the gen.

3rd declension noun

'remains the same'

increasing

non-increasing

goes to 2, from 2 to 3 and go on'.

Masc./ Fem./ Com.

syllables:

like rex, regis

1 1 1 (1ďƒ 2)

Neuter

Masc./ Fem./ Com.

like opus, operis

like civis, civis

1 1 1 1 1 (2ďƒ 3)

Neuter like cubile, cubilis

1 1 1 1 (2=2)

1 1 1 1 1 1 (3=3)

Just three key-words to remember for some exceptions that apply on the above figure: family, 1-syllable, -al/ -ar. If you find a noun that can be fitted in any of these key-words, then forget about the diagram and follow these: iuvenis, iuvenis, m. young man senex, senis, m. old man frater, fratris, m. brother

The non-increasing nouns that belong to the first keyword (family) go like rex.

pater, patris, m. father mater, matris, f. mother

Family 1-syllable

-al/ -ar

canis, canis, c. dog

Nouns with only one syllable (monosyllables) with their stem ending in two consonants go like civis.

Increasing neuter nouns ending in -al/ -ar go like cubile.

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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3rd declension nouns - Increasing (Masc., Fem., Com.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject rēx rēg-ēs Vocative rēx rēg-ēs Addressing Accusative rēg-em rēg-ēs Object Genitive rēg-is rēg-um Of Dative rēg-ī rēg-ibus To/ For Ablative rēg-ibus With/ By/ From rēg-e 3rd declension nouns - Increasing (Neut.)

Singular Nominative Subject opus Vocative opus Addressing Accusative opus Object Genitive oper-is Of Dative oper-ī To/ For Ablative With/ By/ From oper-e

Plural oper-a oper-a oper-a oper-um oper-ibus oper-ibus

3rd declension nouns - Non-increasing (Masc., Fem., Com.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject cīvis cīv-ēs Vocative cīvis cīv-ēs Addressing Accusative cīv-em cīv-ēs Object Genitive cīv-is cīv-ium Of Dative cīv-ī cīv-ibus To/ For Ablative cīv-ibus With/ By/ From cīv-e 3rd declension nouns - Non-increasing (Neut.)

Singular Nominative Subject cubīle Vocative cubīle Addressing Accusative cubīle Object Genitive cubīl-is Of Dative cubīl-i To/ For Ablative With/ By/ From cubīl-i

Plural cubīl-ia cubīl-ia cubīl-ia cubīl-ium cubīl-ibus cubīl-ibus

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4th declension nouns (Nom. -us, Gen. -us/ Masc., Fem.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject exercit-us exercit-ūs Vocative exercit-us exercit-ūs Addressing Accusative exercit-um exercit-ūs Object Genitive exercit-ūs exercit-uum Of Dative exercit-uī exercit-ibus To/ For Ablative exercit-ibus With/ By/ From exercit-ū 4th declension nouns (Nom. -u, Gen. -us/ Neut.)

Singular Nominative Subject gen-ū Vocative gen-ū Addressing Accusative gen-ū Object Genitive gen-ūs Of Dative gen-ū To/ For Ablative With/ By/ From gen-ū

6 cases are identical - don't worry, check the context and use common sense

Plural gen-ua gen-ua gen-ua gen-uum gen-ibus gen-ibus

4th declension - irregular noun domus, -us, f.: house, home Singular Plural Nominative Subject dom-us dom-ūs Vocative dom-us dom-ūs Addressing Accusative dom-um dom-ōs/ dom-ūs Object dom-uum/ dom-ōrum Genitive dom-ūs/ dom-ī Of Dative dom-uī/ dom-ō dom-ibus To/ For Ablative dom-ibus With/ By/ From dom-ō/ dom-ū 5th declension nouns (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Singular Nominative Subject di-es Vocative di-es Addressing Accusative di-em Object Genitive di-ei Of Dative di-ei To/ For Ablative With/ By/ From di-e

Plural di-es di-es di-es di-erum di-ebus di-ebus

dies is masculine except when used to refer to an appointed day.

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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Adjectives To describe a noun, we have to use an adjective. You can only learn an adjective properly if you can remember these four things: Nominative singular of the masculine

Nominative singular of the neuter

NOM. Masc., NOM. Fem. NOM. Neut.: meaning Nominative singular of the feminine

How you should translate it (depends on the case of the noun where the adjective refers to)

We can separate the adjectives into three big categories according to their endings: Adjectives

-us, -a, -um

-er, -a, -um

3rd declension adj.

bonus, bona, bonum 'keep their -e'

termination: the ending of the adjective in nom. masc., fem. and neut.

'drop their -e'

miser, misera, miserum pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum To say if an adjective keeps or drops its -e, check the nom. of the fem.

3-termination adj. celer, celeris, celere

2-termination adj. tristis, tristis, triste

1-termination adj. ingens, ingens, ingens

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When dealing with adjectives, you should always have in your mind the GNC rule:

noun

adjective

=

GNC

GNC

GNC rule: when an adjective describes a noun, it must always agree with the noun in Gender, Number and Case.

Example:

rex GNC G.: masculine N.: singular C.: nominative

=

bonus GNC G.: masculine N.: singular C.: nominative

How you are going to decline the adjectives so they can be in the correct case and agree with the nouns? You already know the endings! Here is the proof: Adjectives

-us, -a, -um -us: 2nd declension nouns -us, -i, like dominus, -i -a: 1st declension nouns -a, -ae, like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension nouns -um, -i like bellum, -i

3rd declension adj.

3-termination adj.

- some of them keep their -e, some of them drop it - singular: like a non-increasing noun but in the ablative: -i instead of -e - plural: like a non-increasing noun, gen. plural: add an i (-ium), nom.-voc.acc. of the neuter: add an i (-ia)

-er, -a, -um 'keep their -e' -er: 2nd declension nouns -er, -i like puer, pueri -a: 1st declension nouns -a, -ae like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension nouns -um, -i like bellum, -i

2-termination adj.

- singular: like a non-increasing noun but in the ablative: -i instead of -e - plural: like a non-increasing noun, gen. plural: add an i (-ium), nom.-voc.acc. of the neuter: add an i (-ia)

'drop their -e' -er: 2nd declension nouns -er, -i like ager, agri -a: 1st declension nouns -a, -ae like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension nouns -um, -i like bellum, -i

1-termination adj.

- singular: like a non-increasing noun but in the ablative: -i instead of -e - plural: like a non-increasing noun, gen. plural: add an i (-ium), nom.-voc.acc. of the neuter: add an i (-ia)

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

Adjectives ending in -us, -a, -um Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative bon-us bon-a Vocative bon-e bon-a Accusative bon-um bon-am Genitive bon-ī bon-ae Dative bon-ō bon-ae Ablative bon-ō bon-ā Plural Nominative bon-ī bon-ae Vocative bon-ī bon-ae Accusative bon-ōs bon-ās Genitive bon-ōrum bon-ārum Dative bon-īs bon-īs Ablative bon-īs bon-īs Adjectives ending in -er, -a, -um (keep their -e) Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative miser miser-a Vocative miser miser-a Accusative miser-um miser-am Genitive miser-ī miser-ae Dative miser-ō miser-ae Ablative miser-ō miser-ā Plural Nominative miser-ī miser-ae Vocative miser-ī miser-ae Accusative miser-ōs miser-ās Genitive miser-ōrum miser-ārum Dative miser-īs miser-īs Ablative miser-īs miser-īs

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Neuter bon-um bon-um bon-um bon-ī bon-ō bon-ō bon-a bon-a bon-a bon-ōrum bon-īs bon-īs

Neuter miser-um miser-um miser-um miser-ī miser-ō miser-ō miser-a miser-a miser-a miser-ōrum miser-īs miser-īs

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Adjectives ending in -er, -a, -um (drop their -e) Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative pulcher pulchr-a Vocative pulcher pulchr-a Accusative pulchr-um pulchr-am Genitive pulchr-ī pulchr-ae Dative pulchr-ō pulchr-ae Ablative pulchr-ō pulchr-ā Plural Nominative pulchr-ī pulchr-ae Vocative pulchr-ī pulchr-ae Accusative pulchr-ōs pulchr-ās Genitive pulchr-ōrum pulchr-ārum Dative pulchr-īs pulchr-īs Ablative pulchr-īs pulchr-īs 3-termination adjectives (3rd declension adjectives) Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative celer celeris Vocative celer celeris Accusative celer-em celer-em Genitive celer-is celer-is Dative celer-ī celer-ī Ablative celer-ī celer-ī Plural Nominative celer-ēs celer-ēs Vocative celer-ēs celer-ēs Accusative celer-ēs celer-ēs Genitive celer-ium celer-ium Dative celer-ibus celer-ibus Ablative celer-ibus celer-ibus

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Neuter pulchr-um pulchr-um pulchr-um pulchr-ī pulchr-ō pulchr-ō pulchr-a pulchr-a pulchr-a pulchr-ōrum pulchr-īs pulchr-īs

Neuter celere celere celere celer-is celer-ī celer-ī celer-ia celer-ia celer-ia celer-ium celer-ibus celer-ibus

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

2-termination adjectives (3rd declension adjectives) Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative trīstis trīstis Vocative trīstis trīstis Accusative trīst-em trīst-em Genitive trīst-is trīst-is Dative trīst-ī trīst-ī Ablative trīst-ī trīst-ī Plural Nominative trīst-ēs trīst-ēs Vocative trīst-ēs trīst-ēs Accusative trīst-ēs trīst-ēs Genitive trīst-ium trīst-ium Dative trīst-ibus trīst-ibus Ablative trīst-ibus trīst-ibus 1-termination adjectives (3rd declension adjectives) Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative ingēns ingēns Vocative ingēns ingēns Accusative ingent-em ingent-em Genitive ingent-is ingent-is Dative ingent-ī ingent-ī Ablative ingent-ī ingent-ī Plural Nominative ingent-ēs ingent-ēs Vocative ingent-ēs ingent-ēs Accusative ingent-ēs ingent-ēs Genitive ingent-ium ingent-ium Dative ingent-ibus ingent-ibus Ablative ingent-ibus ingent-ibus

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Neuter trīste trīste trīste trīst-is trīst-ī trīst-ī trīst-ia trīst-ia trīst-ia trīst-ium trīst-ibus trīst-ibus

Neuter ingēns ingēns ingēns ingent-is ingent-ī ingent-ī ingent-ia ingent-ia ingent-ia ingent-ium ingent-ibus ingent-ibus

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Comparison

Degrees: Positive Comparative Superlative

Example:

STEM: genitive singular without the ending (tener-)

Example:

STEM1: nominative singular of the masc. (pulcher-)

Example:

Because there is not just one table or just one author on this planet, there is the need to compare nouns. With other words, there is the need to use the Comparative and the Superlative of the adjectives. So, how you can form the degrees of the adjectives in Latin? Here is the answer: Adjectives in -us, -a, -um Positive Comparative Masc:. STEM-us Masc.: STEM-ior Fem.: STEM-a Fem.: STEM-ior Neut.: STEM-um Neut.: STEM-ius

Superlative Masc.: STEM-issimus Fem.: STEM-issima Neut.: STEM-issimum

STEM: genitive singular without the ending (long-us)

longus, longa, longum

longior, longior, longius

longissimus, longissima, longissimum

long

longer, more longer

longest, most long, very long

Adjectives in -er, -a, -um (keep their -e) Positive Comparative Masc:. STEM Masc.: STEM-ior Fem.: STEM-a Fem.: STEM-ior Neut.: STEM-um Neut.: STEM-ius

Superlative Masc.: STEM-rimus Fem.: STEM-rima Neut.: STEM-rimum

tener, tenera, tenerum

tenerior, tenerior, tenerius tenerrimus, tenerrima, tenerrimum

tender

more tende

Adjectives in -er, -a, -um (drop their -e) Positive Comparative Masc:. STEM1 Masc.: STEM2-ior Fem.: STEM2-a Fem.: STEM2-ior Neut.: STEM2-um Neut.: STEM2-ius

most tender, very tender

Superlative Masc.: STEM1-rimus Fem.: STEM1-rima Neut.: STEM1-rimum

STEM2: genitive singular without the ending (pulchr-)

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

pulchrior, pulchrior, pulchrius

pulcherrimus, pulcherrima, pulcherrimum

beautiful

more beautiful

most beautiful, very beautiful

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

3rd declension adjectives Positive Masc:. STEM-ending Fem.: STEM-ending Neut.: STEM-ending Example:

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Comparative Masc.: STEM-ior Fem.: STEM-ior Neut.: STEM-ius

Superlative Masc.: STEM-issimus Fem.: STEM-issima Neut.: STEM-issimum

brevis, brevis, breve

brevior, brevior, brevius

brevissimus, brevissima, brevissimum

short, brief

shorter, briefer

shortest, briefest

The following six adjectives in -ilis (mas.: -ilis, fem.: -ilis, neut.: -ile) go -limus instead of -issimus in the Superlative: Latin Positive Comparative facilis facil-ior difficilis difficil-ior similis simil-ior gracilis gracil-ior humilis humil-ior dissimilis dissimil-ior

English

Superlative facil-limus difficil-limus simil-limus gracil-limus humil-limus dissimil-limus

Positive Masc:. STEM-is Fem.: STEM-is Neut.: STEM-e Example:

Positive easy difficult similar slender lowly dissimilar

Comparative easier more difficult more similar slenderer lower, lowlier more different

Superlative easiest, very easy most/ very difficult most/ very similar slenderest lowest, lowliest most/ very different

Comparative Masc.: STEM-ior Fem.: STEM-ior Neut.: STEM-ius

Superlative Masc.: STEM-limus Fem.: STEM-lima Neut.: STEM-limum

facilis, facilis, facile

facilior, facilior, facilius

facillimus, facillima, facillimum

easy

more easy

most easy, very easy

STEM: genitive singular without the ending (facil-)

And these are the six irregular adjectives: Positive bonus malus magnus parvus multus multi

Comparative melior peior maior minor plus plures

Superlative optimus pessimus maximus minimus plurimus plurimi

good bad big small much many

plus, pluris singular: as a neuter noun+gen. plural: as an adjective

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Two possible ways to compare nouns...

quam: than noun 1

quam

same case as noun 2 Example:

ablative of comparison noun 2 noun 1

noun 2

same case as noun 1

in ablative case

dux fortior est quam miles.

dux fortior est milite.

The leader is braver than the soldier.

The leader is braver than the soldier.

How you are going to decline the adjectives in the comparative and the superlative? You already know the endings! Here is the proof: Comparative

-ior 3rd declension noun, increasing, like rex, regis

Superlative

-ius 3rd declension noun, increasing, like rex, regis

-issimus -rimus -limus

-issima -rima -lima

-issimum - rimum -limum

-us: 2nd declension noun in -us, -i, like dominus, -i -a: 1st declension noun in -a, -ae, like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension noun in -um, -i, like bellum, -i

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

Declension of an adjective in the Comparative Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative longior longior Vocative longior longior Accusative longiōr-em longiōr-em Genitive longiōr-is longiōr-is Dative longiōr-ī longiōr-ī Ablative longiōr-e longiōr-e Plural Nominative longiōr-ēs longiōr-ēs Vocative longiōr-ēs longiōr-ēs Accusative longiōr-ēs longiōr-ēs Genitive longiōr-um longiōr-um Dative longiōr-ibus longiōr-ibus Ablative longiōr-ibus longiōr-ibus Declension of an adjective in the Superlative Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative long-issimus long-issima Vocative long-issime long-issima Accusative long-issimum long-issimam Genitive long-issimī long-issimae Dative long-issimō long-issimae Ablative lon-issimō long-issimā Plural Nominative long-issimī long-issimae Vocative long-issimī long-issimae Accusative long-issimōs long-issimās Genitive long-issimōrum long-issimārum Dative long-issimīs long-issimīs Ablative long-issimīs long-issimīs

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Neuter longius longius longius longiōr-is longiōr-ī longiōr-e longiōr-a longiōr-a longiōr-a longiōr-um longiōr-ibus longiōr-ibus

Neuter long-issimum long-issimum long-issimum long-issimī long-issimō long-issimō long-issima long-issima long-issima long-issimōrum long-issimīs long-issimīs

 Masculine & Feminine: identical in singular and plural  gen., dat., abl. singular and plural: identical for masc., fem. and neut.  as every single neut. nom., voc., acc. in singular and plural are identical

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Pronouns In a world without pronouns, the sentences would look like this: "I love the girl. The girl is so beautiful. Yesterday I gave to the girl a rose and the girl liked it so much. I think that I will marry this girl one day." Is anyone yawning? I do not blame you. Without the pronouns the speech would be repetitive and quite boring. So, the pronouns are coming to save the day by replacing nouns and make our sentences more vivid and amusing.

For your GCSE in Latin, we could separate the pronouns into 5 categories.

Pronouns in Latin Definite pronoun

Personal pronoun ego, tu

idem, eadem, idem

Demonstrative pronouns is, ea, id/ hic, haec, hoc/ qui, quae, quod

Relative pronoun

Intensive pronoun

qui, quae, quod

ipse, ipsa, ipsum

Personal pronoun First person

Second person Singular

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ego mē meī mihi mē nōs nōs nostrum/ nostrī nōbīs nōbīs

tū tē tuī tibi tē

Third person (Reflexive) sē suī sibi sē

Plural

vōs vōs vestrum/ vestrī vōbīs vōbīs

sē suī sibi sē

they replace a certain person, thing, or group.

Reflexive: it always refers back to the subject (same gender, same number with it).

Latin uses the demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id as third person (he, she, it).

1st and 2nd person

nom., sing. & pl.: for emphasis or contrast

nostrum, vestrum: partitive gen. (part of a whole) nostri, vestri: objective gen. (the object of the verb).

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Demonstrative pronouns Masculine

Feminine Singular

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

is eum eius eī eō

ea eam eius eī eā

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

eī/ iī eōs eōrum eīs/ iīs eīs/ iīs

eae eās eārum eīs/ iīs eīs/ iīs

Masculine Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

hic hunc huius huic hōc hī hōs hōrum hīs hīs

Plural

Neuter id id eius eī eō ea ea eōrum eīs/ iīs eīs/ iīs

Feminine Singular haec hanc huius huic hāc

Neuter hoc hoc huius huic hōc

Plural

hae hās hārum hīs hīs

haec haec hōrum hīs hīs

A. is, ea, id is used: A. as he, she, it B. as that (to poing to something speecific within a sentence). he, she, it: when used alone that: when used in agreement with a noun his own, her own, its own: use the suus, sua, suum

this (singular, here, close to me), these (plural) he, she, it: when used alone this (hic)/ that (ille): when used in agreement with a noun ille: the former hic: the latter when they are used together in a sentence

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Masculine

Feminine Singular

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ille illum illius illī illō

illa illam illius illī illā

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

illī illōs illōrum illīs illīs

illae illās illārum illīs illīs

Relative pronoun

Masculine

Plural

Feminine Singular

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

quī quem cuius cui quō

quae quam cuius cui quā

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

quī quōs quōrum quibus/ quīs quibus/ quīs

quae quās quārum quibus/ quīs quibus/ quīs

Plural

Neuter illud illud illius illī illō

that (singular, there, away from me), those (plural)

illa illa illōrum illīs illīs

Neuter quod quod cuius cui quō quae quae quōrum quibus/ quīs quibus/ quīs

who, which introduces a relative clause

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

Intensive pronoun

Masculine

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Feminine Singular

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse ipsum ipsius ipsī ipsō

ipsa ipsam ipsius ipsī ipsā

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ipsī ipsōs ipsōrum ipsīs ipsīs

ipsae ipsās ipsārum ipsīs ipsīs

Definite pronoun

Masculine

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

īdem eundem eiusdem eīdem eōdem

Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

eīdem/ īdem eōsdem eōrundem eīsdem/ īsdem eīsdem/ īsdem

Plural

Feminine Singular eadem eandem eiusdem eīdem eādem Plural eaedem eāsdem eārundem eīsdem/ īsdem eīsdem/ īsdem

Neuter

self (singular), selves (plural)

ipsum ipsum ipsius ipsī ipsō ipsa ipsa ipsōrum ipsīs ipsīs

Neuter idem idem eiusdem eīdem eōdem eadem eadem eōrundem eīsdem/ īsdem eīsdem/ īsdem

the same it is the is, ea, id with -dem at the end

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Extra care should be taken when dealing with pronouns and possessive adjectives. As their name explains, they used for expressing possession. Do not forget the GNC rule.

Some of the most common used possessive adjectives meus, mea, meum tuus, tua, tuum suus, sua, suum noster, nostra, nostrum vester, vestra, vestrum

my your (sing.) his, hers, their our your (pl.)

Also, two adjectives that you may find in a GCSE paper are: alius, alia, alium alter, altera, alterum ceteri, ceterae, cetera

other other (of two nouns/ pronouns) others (the rest)

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Indeclinable Adverbs Let's analyse the word: ad+verbs. Words towards verbs. Words that describe verbs. They can also describe adjectives or other adverbs and they are formed from the adjectives. How?

adverbs are indeclinable!

Adjectives in -us, -a, -um and -er, -a, -um STEM Genitive singular without the ending Example:

+

-e

saev-

saeve

ferocious (adjective)

ferociously (adverb)

3rd declension adjectives STEM Genitive singular without the ending Example:

+

-iter

fort-

fortiter

strong, brave (adjective)

strongly, bravely (adverb)

Also, there are some adverbs that are not formed from adjectives. These adverbs provides you with information about why, how or when.

Adverb antea deinde diu forte frustra heri hic hodie iam ibi ita iterum mox numquam

Translation before, previously then, next for a long time by chance in vain yesterday here today now, already there in this way again soon never

Adverb nunc olim paene postea postridie saepe satis semper sic statim subito tandem tum

Translation now once, some time ago almost afterwards on the next day often enough always thus, in this way at once, immediately suddenly at last then

bonus (adj.): bene (instead of bone)

sometimes you may have to use -ter instead of -iter with some adjectives (audax, stem: audac-, adv.: audacter) if the stem of the adj. ends in t, add only -er at the end facilis: facile (instead of faciliter) difficilis: difficile (instead of difficiliter)

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And these are the 5 most common irregular adverbs: Adjective bonus malus magnus parvus multus

Adverb bene male magnopere paulum multum

Comparative melius peius magis minus plus

Superlative optime pessime maxime minime plurimum

well badly greatly littlel much

Comparison of adverbs Adjectives in -us, -a, -um Positive Comparative STEM + e Neuter singular of the adjective (ends in -ius) Example:

Example:

saevius

saevissime

ferociously

more ferociously

very ferociously, most ferociously

Superlative STEM + issime

tenere

tenerius

tenerissime

tenderly

more tenderly

very tenderly, most tenderly

pulchre

pulchrius

pulchrissime

beautifuly

more beautifuly

very beautifuly, most beautifuly

3rd declension adjectives Positive Comparative STEM + e Neuter singular of the adjective (ends in -ius) Example:

Superlative STEM of the Superlative adjective + e (-issim-e)

saeve

Adjectives in -er, -a, -um Positive Comparative STEM + e Neuter singular of the adjective (ends in -ius) Example:

quam celerrime: as quickly as possible

crudele

crudelius

cruelly

more cruelly

Superlative STEM + issime crudelissime very cruelly, most cruelly

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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Prepositions The term gives you a reasonable explanation of their role in a sentence: they take their position pre (before) the noun or pronoun offering a useful way to transate it with a sense of movement or position.

The noun or pronoun after the preposition must be in either the accusative (motion towards or through) or the ablative case (position in a specific place or going far away from a place).

Accusative Preposition ad ante apud circum contra extra in inter intra per post praeter prope propter sub trans

Ablative

Meaning to, towards, at before among around against outside into, onto among, between among through, along after except near because of under across

Preposition a/ ab cum de e/ ex in pro sine sub

Meaning from, by, away from with from, about, down from, concerning out of, from in, on in front of, for without under

Because in every rule, there is always (at least) one exception, make sure that you never forget the TSCDHR. TSCDHR names of towns names of small islands names of cities domus, -i (f.): house, home humus, - (f.): ground rus, ruris (n.): countryside

What's happening?

NO preposition

TO (ad) + accusative

to Romam

or FROM (a/ ab) + ablative

a RomÄ

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Conjuctions Imagine that conjuctions are acting like glue sticks. They connect (or link) words or groups of words (sentences, clauses).

Conjuctions a. et b. -que c. ac d. atque et...et neque/ nec aut...aut sed tamen nam enim itaque igitur priusquam postquam

Translation and both...and and...not either...or but however, moreover

for for and, therefore therefore before after

Notes a. A et B, connects two same things: verbs, nouns, subjects etc. b. A Bque, at the end of the second word c. A ac B, never being used before a vowel or h d. A atque B you can find it as -que...-que as well (always at the end of the words) it can goes with tamen as well (nec tamen: but...not) neque...neque/ nec...nec: neither nor

similar conjuction: autem, is placed second word in the sentence giving an explanation giving an explanation, is placed second word in the clause

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Verbs There are four conjugations (families or groups) of verbs in Latin that can be divided into four categories.

1. Regular verbs

2. Deponent verbs 3. Semi-deponent verbs 4. Irregular verbs

a. Active form, Active meaning

a. 6 tenses in Active voice (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect)

b. Passive form, Passive meaning

b. 6 tenses in Passive voice (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect)

Principal parts: amo, amare, amavi, amatum, I love, I like 6 tenses in Passive voice (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Passive form, Active meaning Pluperfect, Future Perfect)

Principal parts: conor, conari, conatus sum, I try a. 3 tenses in Active voice (Present, Imperfect, Future) a. Active form, Active meaning b. 3 tenses in Passive voice (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect) b. Passive form. Active meaning Principal parts: gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, I rejoice possum (I am able), eo (I go), fero (I carry, bear), volo (I want), nolo (I do not want), malo (I prefer)

The most important thing that you should know when you are dealing with a Latin verb are the principal parts.

Present tense 1st singular (I love, I like)

Form: the verb as you find it on a Latin text.

Meaning: the verb as you should translate it into English.

Perfect tense, 1st singular Stem for Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect (I have loved)

Supine Stem for Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect in the Passive Voice

amō - amāre - amāvi - amātum Present infinitive 1. Stem for Present, Imperfect, Future 2. conjugation (to love, to like)

STEM for 3rd conjugation verbs: verb without the -ere (reg-ere)

As you can see, the second word of the principal parts (amare) gives you two things: the stem for the Present, the Imperfect and the Future of the Active voice and the conjugation in which the verb belongs to.

If the character (the letter) before the -re of the present infinitive is a, then the verb belongs to the 1st conjugation.

If it is ē (with a macron), then the verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation.

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If it is e (without a macron), then the verb belongs to the 3rd conjugation.

If it is i, then the verb belongs to the 4th conjugation.

Present infinitive

Character before the -re

Conjugation

-āre -ēre -ere -īre

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

(2nd word of the Principal parts)

amāre dēlēre legere audīre

Next thing that you have to remember is the way that verbs are conjugated in Active and Passive voice (Indicative) and how you can translate them into English. Here is a table aiming to help you with that.

Regular verbs ACTIVE VOICE

PRESENT

IMPERFECT

FUTURE

PERFECT

PLUPERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT

Conjugations

I VERB, I DO VERB, I AM VERB+ING

I WAS VERB+ING/ I USED TO VERB

I WILL/ SHALL VERB

I HAVE PP

I HAD PP PP: PAST PARTICIPLE

I SHALL HAVE/ WILL HAVE PP

1st 2nd 3rd

amō mone-ō reg-ō

amā-ba-m monē-ba-m regē-ba-m

amā-bō monē-bō reg-am

amāv-ī monu-ī rēx-ī

amāv-eram monu-eram rēx-eram

amāv-erō monu-erō rēx-erō

4th Mixed

audi-ō capi-ō

audi-ē-ba-m capi-ēbam

audi-am capi-am

audīv-ī cēp-ī

audīv-eram cēp-eram

audīv-erō cēp-erō

IMPERFECT

FUTURE

PASSIVE VOICE Conjugations

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Mixed

PRESENT

PERFECT

PLUPERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT

be + PP/ be being + PP

was being + PP

will be + PP

was + PP/ have been + PP

had been + PP PP: PAST PARTICIPLE

will have been + PP

amor

amā-bar

amā-bor

dēle-or

dēlē-bar

dēlē-bor

leg-or

leg-ē-bar

leg-ar

amātus,-a,um sum delētus,-a,um sum lēctus,-a,-um sum

amātus,-a,-um eram delētus,-a,-um eram lēctus,-a,-um eram

amātus,-a,um erō delētus,-a,um erō lēctus,-a-,um erō

audi-or

audi-ē-bar

audi-ar

capi-or

capi-ēbar

capi-ar

audītus,-a,um sum captus,-a,um sum

audītus,-a,-um eram captus,-a,-um eram

audītus,-a,um erō captus,-a,-um erō

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Regular verbs Because in Latin, it is about the ending of the words, make sure you learn the following by heart. Of course, you are not going to learn 48 endings (6 tenses in Active Voice and 6 tenses in the Passive Voice for the four conjugations, 12x4), but only 9 for the Active Voice and 9 for the Passive Voice (18 in total).

How are you going to do that? Have a look at the following diagrams: Active Voice

1st/ 2nd -o -s -t -mus -tis -nt

Present 3rd -o -i-s -i-t -i-mus -i-tis -unt

4th -o -s -t -mus -tis -unt

Imperfect

1st/ 2nd -ba-m -ba-s -ba-t -ba-mus -ba-tis -ba-nt

3rd/ 4th -e-ba-m -e-ba-s -e-ba-t -e-ba-mus -e-ba-tis -e-ba-nt

Future Perfect

Pluperfect Future

1st/ 2nd -bo -bis -bit -bimus -bitis -bunt

3rd/ 4th -am -es -et -emus -etis -ent

Perfect ALL -i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt

Translation of the tenses in Active voice Tense Translation Present* a. I verb, b. I do verb, c. I am verb+ing Imperfect** a. I used to PP, b. I was verb+ing Future a. I will verb, b. I shall verb Perfect** I have PP Pluperfect I had PP Future Perfect I will have PP

ALL -eram -eras -erat -eramus -eratis -erant

ALL -ero -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint

** Imperfect: continuous or incomplete action in the past - translation as Simple Past (I PP, I loved).

Perfect: completed action at some definite point of time in the past translation as Simple Past.

Example a. I love, b. I do love, c. I am loving a. I used to love, b. I was loving a. I will love, b. I shall love I have loved I had loved I will have loved

* Present: can be translated as Past Simple when referring to the past (in a story that happened in the past). This means that you will see a verb in the Present tense but you have to translate it as Past Simple (Historic Present).

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Passive Voice Future Perfect 1st/ 2nd -or -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur

Present 3rd -or -e-ris -i-tur -i-mur -i-mini -u-ntur

4th -or -ris -tur -mur -mini -u-ntur

Imperfect

1st/ 2nd -bar -ba-ris -ba-tur -ba-mur -ba-mini -ba-ntur

3rd/ 4th -e-bar -e-ba-ris -e-ba-tur -e-ba-mur -e-ba-mini -e-ba-ntur

Future

1st/ 2nd -bor -be-ris -bi-tur -bi-mur -bi-mini -buntur

3rd/ 4th -ar -eris -etur -emur -emini -entur

Pluperfect Perfect

ALL supine stem +us, -a, -um sum es est supine stem +i, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

Translation of the tenses in Passive voice Tense Translation Present a. is PP, b. is being PP Imperfect was being PP Future will be PP Perfect a. was been PP, b. have been PP Pluperfect had been PP Future Perfect will have been PP Two key-words

ALL supine stem +us, -a, -um ero eris erit supine stem +i, -ae, -a erimus eritis erint

ALL supine stem +us, -a, -um eram eras erat supine stem +i, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant PP: Past participle eg. go-went-gone gone is the PP of the verb go.

Example a. is loved, b. is being loved was being loved will be loved a. was been loved, b. have been loved had been loved will have been loved

puella a milite tello necatur.

The girl is killed by a soldier with a spear.

agent: the person or animal in ablative case that gives the answer to the question 'by whom' or 'what' the action of the verb is being done (always after the preposition a/ab).

instrument: the thing in ablative case that gives the answer to the question 'with what' (always without preposition).

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Deponent verbs Try to remember these four words: Passive Form, Active Meaning. Let's decode these words now: Passive Form (in a Latin text you will find a verb in the Passive voice), Active Meaning (which you have to translate it as if it was in the Active voice). By learning the principal parts for every verb on the Defined Vocabulary List, you will be able to tell easily if a verb is a deponent one.

Principal parts of a deponent verb look like this: sequor, sequi, secutus sum ('I follow', not 'I am followed')

Do not expect to see a deponent verb in the Active voice (form) and do not attempt to translate it in Passive voice (meaning).

Conjugations of deponent verbs Present conor cona-ris cona-tur cona-mur cona-mini cona-ntur

Imperfect cona-bar cona-baris cona-batur cona-bamur cona-bamini cona-bantur

Future cona-bor cona-beris cona-bitur cona-bimur cona-bimini cona-buntur

Perfect conatus, -a, -um sum es est conati, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

Present vide-or vide-ris vide-tur vide-mur vide-mini vide-ntur

Imperfect vide-bar vide-baris vide-batur vide-bamur vide-bamini vide-bantur

Future vide-bor vide-beris vide-bitur vide-bimur vide-bimini vide-buntur

Perfect visus, -a, -um sum es est visi, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

Present loqu-or loqu-eris loqu-itur loqu-imur loqu-imini loqu-untur

Imperfect loqu-ebar loqu-ebaris loqu-ebatur loqu-ebamur loqu-ebamini loqu-ebantur

Future loqu-ar loqu-eris loqu-etur loqu-emur loqu-emini loqu-entur

Perfect locutus, -a, -um sum es est locuti, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

Present ori-or ori-ris ori-tur ori-mur ori-mini ori-untur

Imperfect ori-ebar ori-ebaris ori-ebatur ori-ebamur ori-ebamini ori-ebantur

Future ori-ar ori-eris ori-etur ori-emur ori-emini ori-entur

Perfect ortus, -a, -um sum es est orti, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

Pluperfect conatus, -a, -um eram eras erat conati, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

Future Perfect conatus, -a, -um ero eris erit conati, -ae, -a erimus eritis erunt

Infinitive: conari Pluperfect Future Perfect visus, -a, -um eram visus, -a, -um ero eras eris erat erit visi, -ae, -a eramus visi, -ae, -a erimus eratis eritis erant erunt Infinitive: videri Pluperfect Future Perfect locutus, -a, -um eram locutus, -a, -um ero eras eris erat erit locuti, -ae, -a eramus locuti, -ae, -a erimus eratis eritis erant erunt Infinitive: loqui Pluperfect Future Perfect ortus, -a, -um eram ortus, -a, -um ero eras eris erat erit orti, -ae, -a eramus orti, -ae, -a erimus eratis eritis erant erunt Infinitive: oriri

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Semi-deponent verbs Semi means that these verbs are neither like regular, nor like deponent verbs.

They have their first three tenses (Present, Imperfect, Future) in Active voice (with an Active meaning) and the other three (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect) in Passive voice (with Active meaning). Again the principal parts can be very useful during the process of recognising and translating them.

Principal parts of a semi-deponent verb look like this: gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum (I rejoice)

Conjugation of a semi-deponent verb Present gaudeō gaudēs gaudet gaudēmus gaudētis gaudent

Imperfect gaudēbam gaudēbās gaudēbat gaudēbāmus gaudēbātis gaudēbant

Future gaudēbō gaudēbis gaudēbit gaudēbimus gaudēbitis gaudēbunt

Perfect gavisus, -a, -um sum es est gavisi, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

Pluperfect gavisus, -a, -um eram eras erat gavisi, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

Future Perfect gavisus, -a, -um ero eris erit gavisi, -ae, -a erimus eritis erunt

Irregular verbs possum, posse, potui: I am able (adjective potis: able + sum: I am, 2 different stems: pos- and pot-) No Passive Voice Present

Imperfect

Future

Perfect

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

pos-sum pot-es pot-est pos-sumus pot-estis pos-sunt

pot-eram pot-eras pot-erat pot-eramus pot-eratis pot-erant

pot-ero pot-eris pot-erit pot-erimus pot-eritis pot-erunt

potu-i potu-isti potu-it potu-imus potu-istis potu-erunt

potu-eram potu-eras potu-erat potu-eramus potu-eratis potu-erant

potu-ero potu-eris potu-erit potu-erimus potu-eritis potu-erint

eo, ire, ii (or ivi), itum: I go (compounds: in-eo: I go in; ex-eo: I go out; ad-eo: I approach; red-eo: I go back, return) - No Passive Voice Present

Imperfect

Future

Perfect

eo is it imus itis eunt

i-bam i-bas i-bat i-bamus i-batis i-bant

i-bo i-bis i-bit i-bimus i-bitis i-bunt

i-i i-isti i-it i-imus i-istis i-erunt

iv-i iv-isti iv-it iv-imus iv-istis iv-erunt

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

i-eram i-eras i-erat i-eramus i-eratis i-erant

i-ero i-eris i-erit i-erimus i-eritis i-erint

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fero, ferre, tuli, latum: I carry, bear (Passive Voice: feror, ferebar, ferar, latus sum, latus eram, latus ero) Present

Imperfect

Future

Perfect

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

fero fers fert ferimus fertis ferunt

fere-bam fere-bas fere-bat fere-bamus fere-batis fere-bant

fer-am fer-es fer-et fer-emus fer-etis fer-ent

tul-i tul-isti tul-it tul-imus tul-istis tul-erunt

tul-eram tul-eras tul-erat tul-eramus tul-eratis tul-erant

tul-ero tul-eris tul-erit tul-erimus tul-eritis tul-erint

volo, velle, volui: I want - No Passive Voice Present

Imperfect

Future

Perfect

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

volo vis vult volumus vultis volunt

vole-bam vole-bas vole-bat vole-bamus vole-batis vole-bant

vol-am vol-es vol-et vol-emus vol-etis vol-ent

volu-i volu-isti volu-it volu-imus volu-istis

volu-eram volu-eras volu-erat volu-eramus volu-eratis volu-erant

volu-ero volu-eris volu-erit volu-erimus volu-eritis volu-erint

volu-erunt (volu-ere)

nolo, nolle, nolui: I do not want - No Passive Voice Present

Imperfect

Future

Perfect

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

nolo non vis non vult nolumus non vultis nolunt

nole-bam nole-bas nole-bat nole-bamus nole-batis nole-bant

nol-am nol-es nol-et nol-emus nol-etis nol-ent

nolu-i nolu-isti nolu-it nolu-imus nolu-istis nolu-erunt

nolu-eram nolu-eras nolu-erat nolu-eramus nolu-eratis nolu-erant

nolu-ero nolu-eris nolu-erit nolu-erimus nolu-eritis nolu-erint

malo, malle, malui: I prefer - No Passive Voice Present

Imperfect

Future

Perfect

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

malo mavis mavult malumus mavultis malunt

male-bam male-bas male-bat male-bamus male-batis male-bant

mal-am mal-es mal-et mal-emus mal-etis mal-ent

malu-i malu-isti malu-it malu-imus malu-istis malu-erunt

malu-eram malu-eras malu-erat malu-eramus malu-eratis malu-erant

malu-ero malu-eris malu-erit malu-erimus malu-eritis malu-erint

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Subjunctive When we are not talking about facts or commands, we should use the Subjunctive. So, this mood is about something hypothetical, for a wish, a desire, an imaginary situation or a possibility (something may happen or may not).

There are only 4 tenses (Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect) in this mood and you should only be able to recognise and translate correclty a verb in the Subjunctive.

Translation of the Subjunctive The way that you will translate this mood depends on how it is being used in the sentence. Usually, it is hiding and waiting to be identified by you in a construction (standard way of forming clauses, usually having as its first word a conjuction). Only then you will be sure about the correct translation of a verb in the Subjunctive.

Active Voice Tense Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

Translation I may verb I might verb I may have PP I might have PP -

Passive Voice Tense Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

Translation I may be PP I might be PP I may have been PP I might have been PP -

Example I may love I might love I may have loved I might have loved

Example I may be loved I might be loved I may have been loved I might have been loved

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Imperative The magic word: 'command'. That's a job for the Imperative, the third and the last mood of the verbs.

How to form the Imperative?

Conjugation Singular 1st present stem 2nd present stem 3rd present stem 4th present stem

Plural present stem + te present stem + te present stem + ite present stem + te

Irregular verbs in the Imperative Verb Singular dico dic duco duc facio fac fero fer sum es

Example ama, amate dele, delete lege, legite audi, audite

Plural dicite ducite facite ferte este

Usually there will be a vocative in your sentence as we give an order to someone by addressing him/ her

The negative version of the Imperative are the prohibitions which can be formed by using two tiny words: we can not use noli (for singular) nolite (for plural) eg.

+ present infinitive

noli amare Do not love (you, sing.)

nolite amare Do not love (you, pl.)

non for expressing a negative direct command. present infinitive: 2nd word of the Principal parts

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Indirect commands If you want to report ('transfer') one's direct command (the exact or actual words) to someone else, then you have to use a verb (the main verb of the sentence) and the verb that was used in the direct command in the Imperfect Subjunctive.

Direct command Example:

verb in the Imperative dux: Leader:

Indirect command Example:

main clause Subject + Verb + Object

milites, pugnate! soldiers, fight!

subordinate clause

ut verb in Imperfect Subjunctive

dux militibus imperavit ut pugnarent.

The leader ordered the soldiers to fight.

The negative version of the indirect commands uses ne instead of ut + non. eg.

dux militibus imperavit ne pugnarent.

The leader ordered the soldiers not to fight.

impero has its object in dat. instead of acc. because the meaning is 'I give an order to someone' iubeo uses the infinitive instead of the 'ut+Imperfect Subjunctive'

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Prefixes, suffixes and compound verbs Prefixes are close friends with prepositions. They go in front of a word and change its meaning.

Suffixes are tiny words (even some letters) at the end of a word.

Compound verbs are verbs starting with a prefix, a preposition that changes the meaning of the verb.

Prefixes Prepositions

Example:

Suffixes Words/ some letters

Compound verbs Suffixes=prepositions

prefix+word

word+suffix

prefix+verb

abnormal

capable

absum

Some of the most common prefixes: a/ab ad de e/ ex in re trans

away, from to down, down from out of into, in back, again across

Sometimes, you may have to change slightly the spelling just for not twisting your tongue. ab+fero: aufero re+eo: redeo re+do: reddo

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Clauses Let's put some things in the right place first so we can all understand the meaning of these little words: sentences, clauses and phrases.

Sentence: a group of words that makes complete sense, contains a main verb, and begins with a capital letter.

Sentence Clause: a group of words that contains a verb. A clause may form part of a sentence (subornidate clause) or it may be a complete sentence in itself (main clause).

Clause

OR

Clause

Phrase: a small group of words that forms a meaningful unit within a clause.

Sentence

Clause

Phrase

For your GCSE in Latin, we could separate the clauses into 7 categories.

Clauses in Latin Explanatory clauses quod, quamquam circumstances, reasons

Cum clauses cum, ubi, quod when, why sth If clauses (conditionals) Purpose clauses happened si, nisi ut, ne If A is true, B the aim of an action will happen

Time clauses dum, ubi, ubi

Result clauses primum, simulac, tam, adeo, tantus,

Relative clauses tot, talis, quantus,

qui, quae, quod gives extra information about a noun/ pronoun

quot, qualis outcome of an action

simulatque, postquam, priusquam when sth happened

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Explanatory clauses Signpost words:

quod quamquam

signpost words: words that help you to identify the type of the clause at a glance

because although

By using an explanatory clause, you have a very nice description about circumstances and reasons related to the main clause ('The A happened because the B happened' or 'Because of the B happened, the A happened'). quod gives the reason why something happened. quamquam gives the reason why it might have been expected not to.

Danger zone! cum (when, since, although) + Subjunctive cum (when) + Indicative cum (with) + ablative

Cum clauses Signpost words:

cum ubi quod

when, since when because

By using a cum clause, you have the answer to when or why the action of the main clause happened.

If clauses (conditionals) signpost words:

si nisi

if if not, unless

By using an if clause, you set the condition for one action to be done/ completed.

In English: If clause If A happens, If A happened, If A had happened,

Main clause B will happen.

B would happen.

B would have happened.

Time line Future Present Past

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In Latin: If clause Si + Indicative, Si + Present Subjunctive, Si + Imperfect Subjunctive

Main clause Indicative Present Subjunctive Imperfect Subjunctive

Type of conditions simple or factual improbable impossible (present)

Translation will would/ should would/ should

Si+ Pluperfect Subjunctive

Pluperfect Subjunctive

impossible (past)

would/ should

Purpose clauses Signpost words:

ut ne

in order to in order not to

By using a purpose clause, you explain the aim with which an action was being done.

In English Verb + infinitive (to...)

as an infinitive

Danger zone! purpose clause: intention of an action result clause: outcome of the action ut + Indicative: as

In Latin ut + Imperfect Subjunctive Translation

in order that/ so that + might/ could + verb

if the subject of the purpose clause = the subject of the main clause

if the subject of the purpose clause is not the same with the subject of the main clause

Subject A did that to (Subject A) do that. (present infinitive: to do)

Subject A did that in order that Subject B might do that.

Remember:

relative pronoun + Imperfect Subjunctive = purpose qui, quae, quod (instead of ut)

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Relative clauses Signpost words:

qui quae quod

who (masc.) who (fem.) which (neut.)

in all the cases, sing. & pl. (relative pronoun)

By using a relative clause, you give more information about a noun or a pronoun that belongs to the main clause. Usually you can find the noun/ pronoun with which the relative clause is linked/ related, before of the relative clause and it is called antecedent.

Antecedent the noun to which a relative clause refers

Example:

Relative clause

Noun/ pronoun, qui/ quae/ quod VERB, VERB.

miles, qui pugnat in proelio, laetus est.

The soldier, who fights in the battle, is happy.

Keep in mind that the relative pronoun (qui, quae, quod) must agree with the antecedent in Gender and Number but not necessarily in case as we could translate the pronoun according to its role in the sentence: Antecedent Nominative case (if it is the subject)

Accusative case (if it is the object)

Relative clause who (nom.) whom (acc.) whose (gen.) to whom (dat.) by whom (abl.) which

To avoid any mistakes while translating the relative clause, it would be easier for you to translate it after you have translated the antecedent.

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Result clauses Signpost words:

tam adeo tantus tot talis quantus quot qualis

so so much, to such an extent so big so many such, of such a sort how big? (answer: tantus) how many? (answer: tot) what sort? (answer: talis)

By using a result clause, you stress the outcome of an action.

The way to form a result clause in Latin is the following: signpost word verb

+

ut verb in Imperfect

You should translate these clauses, using common sense about the tenses of the verbs.

Time clauses Signpost words:

dum ubi ubi primum simulac simulatque postquam priusquam

while when as soon as as soon as as soon as after before

ubi: where (in a question or in a clause about where an action happened)

By using a time clause, you express when exactly an action happened. The verb of these sentences is in the Indicative and can be translated very easy.

Remember:

Latin dum + Present, Perfect. ubi + Future, Future.

English While + Imperfect, Past Simple. ubi + Present, Future.

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Participles A participle is an adjective formed from a verb. It shares some characteristics from both the adjectives (endings, gender, number, case) and the verbs (tense).

A participle can belong to the Present, the Past (Perfect) and the Future.

Present Past (Perfect) main clause

Future

participle

Participles Present Perfect (passive meaning)

Perfect

(active meaning)

Future Declension of participles: Present: 3rd declension, two termination adj.

Perfect: adj. in us, -a, -um Future: adj. in -us, -a, -um

Actions happening at the same time as the main verb

Formation 1st/ 2nd conj.: present stem + -ns 3rd/ 4th conj.: present stem + -ens

happening before the main verb

supine stem + -us, -a, -um

happening after the main verb

supine stem + -urus, -ura, -urum

Irregular participle of eo: Present: iens, euntis (going) Perfect: itus Future: iturus

Perfect passive participle (from regular verbs): because it is passive, you may found an agent/ instrument near it. Also, it is better to translate it as a clause starting with when, after, who/ which.

Perfect active participle (from deponent and semideponent verbs): it is better to translate it as after doing or when they had done.

Example ama-ns loving, while loving leg-ens reading, while reading amat-us, -a, -um having been loved conat-us, -a, -um having tried amat-urus, -a, -um about to love Two options for you to translate easier the participle: A. as a subordinate clause B. as a main clause which can be connected with the second main clause using and

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Gerundives A gerundive is an adjective formed from a verb and has got similar characteristics with Participles.

How to form it?

Conjugations

Formation

1st/ 2nd

present stem + -ndus, -a, -um

3rd/ 4th

present stem + -endus, -a, -um

How to translate it?

The Gerundive has passive meaning (needing to be PP, requiring to be PP, to be PP)

How to identify it easily?

Check for (vowel)-nd-(vowel)

Example port-ndus, -a, -um needing to be loved dele-ndus, -a, -um needing to be destroyed leg-endus, -a, -um needing to be read audi-endus, -a, -um needing to be heard

How you can find useful the gerundive?

A. as an adjective (with the verb to be) - remember the GNC rule B. ad + gerundive: purpose (to...)

C. as a neuter noun (with intransitive verbs) - the agent in dat.

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Gerunds A gerund is a noun formed by a verb. Be careful! It is not an adjective like Participles and Gerundives.

How to form it?

Conjugations

Formation

1st/ 2nd

present stem + -ndum

3rd/ 4th

present stem + -endum

Can be found in the acc. only after prepositions e.g. ad + gerund: in order to, for the purpose of

Translation acc.: for verb-ing gen.: of verb+ing dat.: to verb+ing abl.: by verb+ing

Example ama-ndum loving dele-ndum destroying leg-endum reading audi-endum hearing In Latin, you can not have a gerund in nom. because the infinitive is used for this purpose.

gen. of gerund + causa: for the sake of e.g. legendi causa: for the sake of reading

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Ablative absolute The ablative absolute (easy to be identified because of its case) sets the scene in the sentence.

It's not just a word in the ablative case but a phrase with a noun or pronoun and participle in the ablative. It is related with the main clause but it is separated from it. It sets the background when the main action of the sentence happens. noun/ pronoun in ablative

participle in ablative

main clause

How to translate it?

It depends. You can pick one of the following options: a. with b. as a clause (when, after, while, because, who)

Usually, you will find it with a perfect passive participle.

Usually, you will find it at the beginning of the sentences.

In your sentence, if you have a noun in abl. without preposition referring to a person, you may have found an ablative absolute.

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Direct questions Do you like Latin?

This is a direct question: someone asks someone about something and at the end of the sentence, there is always a question mark.

In Latin, which I am sure you like as a language, there are three possible ways to ask someone about something. With other words to form a question.

Some questioning words cur: why? qualis: what kind of? quam: how? quantus: how big? quid: what? quo: where to? quot: how many?

Some questioning words: quis: who? ubi: where? unde: where from?

Questions in Latin questioning word question mark a. questioning word at the beginning of the sentence with a question mark at the end b. just a question mark (without a questioning word)

Indirect questions

-ne

nonne/ num

add -ne at the end of the first word of the nonne (yes) sentence at the beginning of the sentence when the person that asks, expect a positive answer (yes)

num (no) at the beginning of the sentence when the person that asks, expect a negative answer (no) At the end of a question, you sould always use/ find a question mark. num (direct question): surely not?

If you are going to tell to one of your friends the question that you found on the top of the previous page (the direct question: 'Do you like Latin?'), obviously you are not going to say the exact question because then it will be you that will ask them if they like Latin. But your aim is to 'transfer' my question (so, the author is the subject) to them. It will be something like: 'The author of the book asked if I like Latin'. That's an indirect question as someone is transferring someone's else question.

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verb in the Indicative + ?

Direct question Example:

dux: Leader:

cur pugnatis? why do you fight?

main clause Example:

Indirect question

Subject + Verb in Past + Object dux milites rogavit The leader asked the soldiers

all the questioning words can be used in the indirect questions

subordinate clause

verb in Imperfect Subjunctive or verb in Pluperfect Subjunctive cur pugnarent. why they fight.

Be careful! Remember the word 'back'.

num (indirect question): whether, if

When we form a question and we ask someone, immediately, this question belongs to the past - it does not belong in the Present anymore! So, this is why we have to go back one tense, as in English language concerning the indirect questions.

Direct question Present Past e.g.

Indirect question Verb of the Main clause Verb of the subordinate clause Past Imperfect Subjunctive Past Pluperfect Subjunctive

Direct question

Indirect question

Present? dux: cur pugnatis?

Leader: why do you fight?

Past + Imperfect Subjunctive. dux rogavi milites cur pugnarent.

The leader asked the soldiers why they fight.

Direct question

Past? dux: cur pugnaverunt?

Leader: Why have you fought?

Indirect question

Past + Pluperfect Subjunctive. dux milites rogavit cur pugnavissent.

The leader asked the soldiers why they had fought.

utrum...an: whether...or

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Indirect speech The indirect speech is similar with the indirect questions. We have someone transferring the words of someone else but without a question mark. So, we are talking about statements, sentences with a verb giving us an information without asking (question) or ordering (command).

Indirect statement

In English

Subject + verb

In Latin

Subject + verb

(that)

Subject + verb

accusative + infinitive

All the infinitives and how you should translate them...

The construction of the indirect speech in Latin is always the same: acc.+infinitive verb of the main clause: introductory verb

Conj.

Present active infinitive

Present passive infinitive

Perfect active infinitive

Perfect passive infinitive

Future active infinitive

1st

amare to love

amari to be loved

amavisse to have loved

amatum esse to have been loved

amaturum esse to be going to love

2nd

delere to destroy

deleri to be destroyed

delevisse to have destroyed

deletum esse to have been destroyed

deleturum esse to be going to destroy

3rd

legere to read

legi to be read

legisse to have read

lectum esse to have been read

lecturum esse to be going to read

4th

audire to hear

audiri to be heard

audivisse to have heard

auditum esse to have been heard

auditurum esse to be going to hear

How are you going to translate the infinitive correcly?

By checking the introductory verb and figuring out the tense of the verb in the direct speech (the original statement).

Introductory verb Present

Past

Infinitive Present Perfect Future Present Perfect Future

Introductory verb in the passive voice: subject in nom.

Translation of the infinitive Present Perfect Future Imperfect tense Pluperfect tense was/ were going to

Last 3: you must go back one tense (original verb translated as infinitive)

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Time expressions Definitely time is money and you should know how to express it in Latin if you want to avoid any mistakes.

The big picture is that we never use a preposition but only two cases the accusative (duration) and the ablative (specific time-we know exactly when happened).

Specific time Past Time line

Duration

Present

Future

As for the details, you can find everything on this table: Accusative

Ablative

(duration)

(specific time)

How long How long ago (adverb hinc)

When Within which During which How long before (adverb ante) How long after (adverb post) The adverbs ante or post usually come after at least one of the relevant words in the ablative.

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Numerals There is one simple rule when calculating Roman numerals: you must subtract the smaller number before a bigger number and you must add the smaller number in front of a bigger number.

IX

Ordinals decline line the adjectives in -us, -a, -um. Don't forget the GNC rule!

XVIII

1-10 = 10-1 = 9

10 + 8 = 18

We can have the numerals as: Arabic, Roman, cardinals, ordinals.

0, 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.

I, II, III, IV etc.

one, two, three etc.

first, second, third etc.

Arabic numbers

Latin Cardinals numerals

Ordinals

Arabic Latin numbers numerals

Cardinals

0

-

nihil

-

30

XXX

triginta

1

I

unus

primus, -a, -um

40

XL

quadraginta

2

II

duo

secundus, -a, -um

50

L

quinquaginta

3

III

tres

tertius, -a, -um

60

LX

sexaginta

4

IV

quattuor

quartus, -a, -um

70

LXX

septuaginta

5

V

quinque

quintus, -a, -um

80

LXXX

octoginta

6

VI

sex

sextus, -a, -um

90

XC

nonaginta

7

VII

septem

septimus, -a, -um

100

C

centum

8

VIII

octo

octavus, -a, -um

200

CC

ducenti

9

IX

novem

nonus, -a, -um

300

CCC

trecenti

10

X

decem

decimus, -a, -um

400

CD

quadringenti

11

XI

undecim

500

D

quingenti

12

XII

duodecim

600

DC

sescenti

13

XIII

tredecim

700

DCC

septingenti

14

XIV

quattuordecim

800

DCCC

octingenti

15

XV

quindecim

900

CM

nongenti

16

XVI

sedecim

1000

M

mille

17

XVII

septendecim

18

XVIII

duodeviginti

19

XIX

undeviginti

20

XX

viginti

Cardinals: only unus, duo and tres can be declined. mille can be declined only in plural: NOM. milia/ millia VOC. milia/ millia ACC. milia/ millia GEN. milium/ millium DAT. milibus/ millibus ABL. milibus/ millibus

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Now, treat yourself to a biscuit!

Keep revising and good luck for your GCSE exams!

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OCR Level 1/2 GCSE (9-1) in Latin - J282 (Spec. 2016) Defined Vocabulary List NOUNS

2nd declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i)

1st declension Masculine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae)

amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year captivus, captivi: captive, prisoner cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden inimicus, -i: enemy liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)

nauta, -ae: sailor Feminine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, slave-woman aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal copiae, -arum, pl.: troops, forces cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger patria, -ae: country, homeland pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land, country turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way victoria, -ae: victory villa, -ae: house, country villa vita, -ae: life

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri ager, agri, m.: field liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father

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Neuter (Nom. -um, Gen. -i) arma, armorum, pl.: arms, weapons auxilium, auxilii: help bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven castra, castrorum, pl.: camp consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place gaudium, -i: joy, pleasure imperium, -i: empire, power, command periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit proelium, -i: battle regnum, -i: kingdom templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vinum, -i: wine 3rd declension Masculine Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion consul, consulis: consul custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being imperator, imperatoris: emperor, general, leader labor, laboris: work, toil miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot princeps, principis: chief, emperor rex, regis: king sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old man

Iraklis Lampadariou

Non-increasing civis, civis, c.: citizen hostis, hostis: enemy iuvenis, iuvenis: young man Feminine Increasing ars, artis: art, skill gens, gentis: family, tribe, race, people legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace tempestas, tempestatis: storm urbs, urbis: city, town uxor, uxoris: wife virtus, virtutis: courage, virtue vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship Neuter Increasing caput, caputis: head corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name scelus, sceleris: crime tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing -

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4th declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us)

primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next

exercitus, -us: army

to

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) domus, domūs (irreg.): home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people Neuter (Nom. -u, Gen. -us) 5th declension Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Masculine

Feminine

diēs, diēī: day (fem. if an appointed day)

res, -ei: thing, matter, event spes, spei: hope

ADJECTIVES Adjectives in -us, -a, -um altus, alta, altum: high, deep bonus, bona, bonum: good ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others clarus, clara, clarum: famous, clear dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy lentus, lenta, lentum: slow longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle multus, multa, multum: much, many nonnulli, nonnulae, nonnulla: some, several novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified

quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much?

Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel scelestus, scelesta, scelestum: wicked solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great totus, tota, totum: whole validus, valida, validum: strong Adjectives in -er Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred 3rd declension adjectives Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte: brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? talis, talis, tale: such, of such a kind tristis, tristis, triste: sad

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One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring diligens, diligens, diligens (gen. diligentis): careful felix, felix, felix (gen. felicis): fortunate, happy ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge quot? how many? tot: so many

PRONOUNS Indefinite alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, one (of two), the second (of two) quidam, quaedam, quoddam: one, a certain, some quis? quis? quid? who? what?

Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this, he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that, he, she, it Definite ÄŤdem, eadem, idem: the same Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves Possessive meus, mea, meum: my

Iraklis Lampadariou

noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours vester, vestra, vestrum: your (pl.), yours Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

ADVERBS adeo: so much, so greatly, to such an extent antea: before bene: well cras: tomorrow cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time ecce! look! etiam: also, even forte: by chance frustra: in vain heri: yesterday hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, to such an extent, so itaque: and so, therefore iterum: again libenter: willingly, gladly maxime: very greatly minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely not? whether

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numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day primo: at first prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: on account of, because of quam+superlative adverb: as‌as possible quam: than, how...? how‌! quando? when? quo? to where? quomodo? how? quoque: also, too

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saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way simul: at the same time simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where? where, when umquam: ever unde? from where? vehementer: violently, loudly

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) circum+acc. contra+acc. cum cum+abl. de+abl. e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) inter+acc. per+acc. post+acc. pro+abl. sine+abl. sub+acc./ abl. trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs)

from, away from, by (as prefix: away) to, towards, at around against when, since with from, down from, about from, out of, out in, on into, onto among, between through, along after, behind in front of, for, in return for without under, beneath across

CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque alii...alii dum enim et

and some...others while, until for and, even

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et...et nam ne+subj. nec, neque nisi postquam quamquam -que quod sed si ut (indecl.+subj.) ut (indecl.+indic.)

Iraklis Lampadariou

both... and for that...not, so that...not, that, lest and not, nor, neither unless, except after, when although and because but if that, so that, in order that as, when

VERBS 1st conjugation aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum amo, amare, amavi, amatum appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum celo, celare, celavi, celatum clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. intro, intrare, intravi, intratum invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum narro, narrare, narravi, narratum navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum neco, necare, necavi, necatum nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum oro, orare, oravi, oratum paro, parare, paravi, paratum porto, portare, portavi, portatum

build walk love, like approach, come near to hide shout think, consider wait for, expect hurry live order, command enter invite work, toil (limited PV) weep, cry praise set free tell, relate sail kill announce, report attack beg prepare, provide carry, bear, take

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pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum puto, putare, putavi, putatum rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum servo, servare, servavi, servatum specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum spero, sperare, speravi, speratum sto, stare, steti, statum supero, superare, superavi, superatum voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum

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fight think ask, ask for greet save, protect, keep look at, watch hope, expect stand (impersonal in PV) overcome, overpower call wound, injure

2nd conjugation debeo, debēre, debui, debitum deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum doceo, docēre, docui, doctum faveo, favēre, favi+dat., fautum habeo, habēre, habui, habitum iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum moneo, monēre, monui, monitum moveo, movēre, movi, motum persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum timeo, timēre, timui video, vidēre, vidi, visum

owe, ought, should, must destroy teach favour, support have, hold lie (positional) order remain, stay warn, advise move persuade reply (impersonal in PV) laugh, smile sit be silent, be quiet hold frighten fear, be afraid (no PV) see

3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi ago, agere, egi, actum ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum cado, cadere, cecidi, casum cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum

happen (no Passive Voice) do, act, drive climb drink fall get to know, find out force, compel

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constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. curro, currere, cucurri, cursum defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum dico, dicere, dixi, dictum discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum duco, ducere, duxi, ductum emo, emere, emi, emptum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum lego, legere, legi, lectum mitto, mittere, misi, missum occido, occidere, occidi, occasum opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum peto, petere, petivi, petitum pono, ponere, posui, positum procedo, procedere, processi, processum promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum rego, regere, rexi, rectum relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum resisto, resistere, restiti+dat. scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum traho, trahere, traxi, tractum vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum verto, vertere, verti, versum vinco, vincere, vici, victum vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum

Iraklis Lampadariou

decide eat believe, trust run defend go down, come down say, speak, tell depart, leave lead, take buy wear (clothes), wage (war) burn, set on fire understand, realise read, choose send kill crush, overwhelm show drive make for, seek, beg/ ask for put, place, set up advance, proceed promise search for, look for, ask give back, restore rule leave, leave behind resist (no PV) write get up, stand up, rise raise, lift up, hold up hand over, hand down drag sell turn conquer, win, be victorious live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum audio, audire, audivi, auditum convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum

arrive (impersonal in the PV) hear, listen to come together, gather, meet

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custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum punio, punire, punivi, punitum scio, scire, scivi, scitum sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum venio, venire, veni, ventum

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guard sleep find not know punish know feel, notice come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum capio, capere, cepi, captum conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum facio, facere, feci, factum fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum

accept, take in, receive take, catch, capture, make (a plan) finish, wear out catch sight of, notice want, desire escape make, do (irreg. PV) run away, flee throw kill seize, grab

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum egredior, egredi, egressus sum hortor, hortari, hortatus sum ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum loquor, loqui, locutus sum miror, mirari, miratus sum morior, mori, mortuus sum patior, pati, passus sum proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum progredior, progredi, progressus sum regredior, regredi, regressus sum sequor, sequi, secutus sum videor, videri, visus sum

try go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

encourage, urge enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

speak, talk wonder at, admire die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) suffer, endure (mixed conj. & deponent)

set out advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb) go back, return (mixed & deponent verb)

follow seem, appear

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Iraklis Lampadariou

Semi-deponent verbs audeo, audēre, ausus sum gaudeo, gaudēre, gavisus sum soleo, solēre, solitus sum

dare be pleased, rejoice be accustomed

Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui adsum, adesse, adfui aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum do, dare, dedi, datum poenas do, dare, dedi, datum eo, ire, i(v)i, itum fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum malo, malle, malui nolo, nolle, nolui offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum pereo, perire, perii, peritum possum, posse, potui redeo, redire, redii, reditum refero, referre, rettuli, relatum sum, esse, fui volo, velle, volui

be absent, be away, be distant from be here, be present take away, carry off, steal give pay the penalty, be punished go bring, carry, bear prefer not want, refuse (no PV) offer die, perish can, be able (no PV) go back, come back, return bring/ carry back, report, tell be want, wish, be willing (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum

began (past tenses only)

inquit -ne re- (prefix used with verbs)

say, said introduces question back

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WJEC Eduqas GCSE (9-1) in Latin (Spec. 2016) Defined Vocabulary List NOUNS 1st declension Masculine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) nauta, -ae: sailor Feminine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, maid-servant aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood, forest taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way villa, -ae: house, country house vita, -ae: life 2nd declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) amicus, -i: friend

animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden legatus, -i: commander liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri pater, patris, m.: father Neuter (Nom. -um, Gen. -i) bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place imperium, -i: empire, power, command periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit

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signum, -i: sign, signal, seal templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vestimenta, vestimentorum pl.: clothes vinum, -i: wine 3rd declension Masculine Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being imperator, imperatoris: emperor, commander labor, laboris: work miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot, paw princeps, principis: chief, chieftain, emperor rex, regis: king sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old; old man Non-increasing canis, canis: dog civis, civis, c.: citizen hostis, hostis: enemy ignis, ignis: fire iuvenis, iuvenis: young; young man Feminine Increasing legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night

Iraklis Lampadariou

pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace soror, sororis: sister urbs, urbis: city uxor, uxoris: wife vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship Neuter Increasing caput, caputis: head corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey, route, way mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing 4th declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) vultus, vultus: expression, face Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) domus, domūs (irreg.): house, home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people Neuter (Nom. -u, Gen. -us) 5th declension Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Masculine

Feminine

diēs, diēī: day (fem. if an appointed day)

res, -ei: thing, business, matter spes, spei: hope

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ADJECTIVES Adjectives in -us, -a, -um altus, alta, altum: high, deep benignus, benigna, benignum: kind bonus, bona, bonum: good carus, cara, carum: dear ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful durus, dura, durum: hard, harsh iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy latus, lata, latum: wide longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle, middle of multus, multa, multum: much, many novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified plenus, plena, plenum: full primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next to quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much?

Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great, so much totus, tota, totum: whole tutus, tuta, tutum: safe unus, una, unum: one verus, vera, verum: true, real vivus, viva, vivum: alive, living

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Adjectives in -er Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred 3rd declension adjectives Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte : brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? talis, talis, tale: such tristis, tristis, triste: sad One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring dives, dives, dives (gen. divitis): rich ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge quot? how many? necesse (adj., indecl.): necessary tot: so many

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Iraklis Lampadariou

Adjectives - Comparatives and Superlatives maior, maior, maius bigger, larger, greater (irregular comparative of magnus) maximus, maxima, maximum (superlative of magnus)

Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this; he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that; he, she, it

the biggest, the greatest, very big, very great

melior, melior, melius (irregular comparative of bonus)

better

minor, minor, minus smaller, less (irregular comparative of parvus) minimus, minima, minimum (superlative of parvus) very little, very small

Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which

optimus, optima, optimum (superlative of bonus) the best, very good, excellent peior, peior, peius (irregular comparative of malus)

nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

worse

pessimus, pessima, pessimum (superlative of malus) the worst, very bad plus, pluris (irregular comparative of multus)

Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours vester, vestra, vestrum: your (plural), yours

more

PRONOUNS Indefinite aliquis, aliquis, aliquid: someone, something alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quis? quis? quid? who? what?

ADVERBS adeo: so much, so greatly antea: before bene: well cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time etiam: also, even forte: by chance frustra: in vain heri: yesterday hic: here hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, so itaque: and so, therefore iterum: again

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lente: slowly libenter: willingly, gladly magnopere: greatly, very much minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo, multum: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely‌ not? numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: because of quam: than, how...? how...!

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quo? where to? quo modo? how? in what way? quoque: also, too saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way sicut: just as, like simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where, when, where? umquam: ever unde: from where vehementer: violently, loudly, strongly vix: scarcely, hardly, with difficulty

NUMERALS centum: hundred decem: ten duo, duae, duo: two mille, pl. milia: thousand novem: nine octo: eight quattuor: four quinque: five septem: seven sex: six tres, tria: three

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) ante+acc. apud+acc. circum+acc. contra+acc.

from, by (as prefix: away) to, towards, at before, in front of among, with, at the house of around against

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cum+abl. (as prefix col-/ com-/ con-/ cor-) cum de+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) inter+acc. per+acc. post+acc. pro+abl. sine+abl. sub+acc./ abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs)

Iraklis Lampadariou

with (as a prefix: together) when, since from, down from; about (as prefix: down) from, out of (as prefix: out, away) in, on into, onto among, between through, along after, behind in front of, for, in return for (as prefix: forwards)

without under, beneath (as prefix: under, up to) across

CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque aut...aut dum enim et nam ne nec...nec neque...neque postquam quamquam -que (added to end of a word) quod sed si ut (indecl.+indic.) ut (indecl.+subjunc.)

and either...or while, until for and for that...not, so that...not neither...nor neither...nor after, when although and because but if as that, so that, in order that

VERBS 1st conjugation adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum amo, amare, amavi, amatum appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum celo, celare, celavi, celatum

help walk love, like approach, come near to hide

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clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum curo, curare, curavi, curatum despero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. intro, intrare, intravi, intratum laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum narro, narrare, narravi, narratum navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum neco, necare, necavi, necatum nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum oro, orare, oravi, oratum paro, parare, paravi, paratum porto, portare, portavi, portatum postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum puto, putare, putavi, putatum rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum servo, servare, servavi, servatum specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum sto, stare, steti, statum supero, superare, superavi, superatum voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum

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shout think, consider look after, care for, supervise despair wait for hurry live order, command enter work (limited PV) weep, cry praise free, set free tell, relate sail kill announce attack, assault beg prepare carry demand fight think ask, ask for greet save, look after look at, watch stand (impersonal in PV) overcome, overpower call

2nd conjugation appareo, apparēre, apparui, apparitum debeo, debēre, debui, debitum deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum habeo, habēre, habui, habitum iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum pareo, parēre, parui+dat., paritum persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum

appear owe, ought, should, must destroy have lie (positional) order remain, stay obey persuade

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placeo, placēre, placui+dat., placitum praebeo, praebēre, praebui, praebitum respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum timeo, timēre, timui video, vidēre, vidi, visum

Iraklis Lampadariou

please provide reply (impersonal in PV) laugh, smile sit be silent, be quiet hold frighten fear, be afraid (no PV) see

3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi ago, agere, egi, actum bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum cado, cadere, cecidi, casum cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. curro, currere, cucurri, cursum dico, dicere, dixi, dictum discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum duco, ducere, duxi, ductum emo, emere, emi, emptum frango, frangere, fregi, fractum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum lego, legere, legi, lectum mitto, mittere, misi, missum occido, occidere, occidi, occasum ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum peto, petere, petivi, petitum pono, ponere, posui, positum procedo, procedere, processi, processum promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum resisto, resistere, restiti+dat.

happen (no Passive Voice) do, act, drive drink fall get to know, find out, learn force, compel decide eat believe, trust, have faith in run say depart, leave lead, take buy break wear (clothes), wage (war) burn, set on fire understand, realise read, choose send kill show make for, attack, seek, beg, ask for put, place, put up advance, proceed promise search for, look for, ask give back, restore leave, leave behind resist (no PV)

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scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum traho, trahere, traxi, tractum vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum vinco, vincere, vici, victum vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum

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write get up, stand up, rise raise, lift up hand over drag, draw, pull sell conquer, win, be victorious live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum audio, audire, audivi, auditum dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum scio, scire, scivi, scitum sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum venio, venire, veni, ventum

arrive (impersonal in the PV) open hear, listen to sleep find not know know feel, notice come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum capio, capere, cepi, captum conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum facio, facere, feci, factum fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum

accept, take in, receive capture, adopt (a plan), take, catch finish; wear out, exhaust catch sight of, notice want, desire escape make, do (irreg. PV) run away, flee throw seize, grab

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum egredior, egredi, egressus sum ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum loquor, loqui, locutus sum morior, mori, mortuus sum progredior, progredi, progressus sum regredior, regredi, regressus sum

try go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb) enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

speak die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb) go back, return (mixed & deponent verb)

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sequor, sequi, secutus sum

Iraklis Lampadariou

follow

Semi-deponent verbs -

Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui adsum, adesse, adfui aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum do, dare, dedi, datum poenas do, dare, dedi, datum eo, ire, i(v)i, itum fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum nolo, nolle, nolui offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum pereo, perire, perii, peritum possum, posse, potui redeo, redire, redii, reditum refero, referre, rettuli, relatum sum, esse, fui volo, velle, volui

be out, be absent, be away be here, be present take away, carry off, steal give pay the penalty, be punished go bring, carry not want, refuse (no PV) offer die, perish can, be able (no PV) go back, come back, return bring/ carry back; report, tell be want (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum

began (past tenses only)

inquit ita vero -ne (added to end of a word) re- (prefix used with verbs)

say, said yes introduces question back

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OCR GCSE in Latin Unit A401 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) Defined Vocabulary List NOUNS 1st declension Masculine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) nauta, -ae: sailor Feminine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, slave-woman aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats pecunia, -ae: money porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land, country turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way villa, -ae: house, country villa vita, -ae: life 2nd declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.)

dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) hortus, horti: garden libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father Neuter (Nom. -um, Gen. -i) auxilium, auxilii: help caelum, -i: sky, heaven consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place periculum, periculi: danger templum, -i: temple vinum, -i: wine 3rd declension Masculine Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise frater, fratris: brother

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homo, hominis: man, human being leo, leonis: lion mercator, mercatoris: merchant miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain rex, regis: king senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old man Non-increasing canis, canis, c.: dog civis, civis, c.: citizen iuvenis, iuvenis: young man Feminine Increasing ars, artis: art, skill mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace urbs, urbis: city, town uxor, uxoris: wife vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship Neuter Increasing caput, caputis: head iter, itineris: journey mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name Non-increasing 4th declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) -

Iraklis Lampadariou

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) Neuter (Nom. -u, Gen. -us) 5th declension Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Masculine

Feminine

-

-

ADJECTIVES Adjectives in -us, -a, -um bonus, bona, bonum: good ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy lentus, lenta, lentum: slow longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great medius, media, medium: middle multus, multa, multum: much, many novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified primus, prima, primum: first quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much?

Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of)

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tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great totus, tota, totum: whole Adjectives in -er Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome 3rd declension adjectives Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte : brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every tristis, tristis, triste: sad One termination adjectives ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge quot? how many?

PRONOUNS Indefinite alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quis? quis? quid? who? what?

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Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this, he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that, he, she, it Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing tot: so many

ADVERBS bene: well cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time ecce! see! look! etiam: also, even heri: yesterday hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so ita: in this way, to such an extent, so itaque: and so, therefore minime: very little, least, no mox: soon

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non: not nonne? surely? num...? surely… not? numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly prope+acc.: near quam: than quam? quam! how…? how…! quo? to where? quomodo? how?

Iraklis Lampadariou

quoque: also, too saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where? where, when vehementer: violently, loudly

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) circum+acc. cum cum+abl. de+abl. e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) inter+acc. per+acc. post+acc. pro+abl. sub+acc./ abl.

from, away from, by to, towards, at around when, since with from, down from, about from, out of, out in, on into, onto among, between through, along after, behind in front of, for, in return for under, beneath

CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque et nam ne+subjunctive nec, neque postquam quamquam -que quod sed si

and and for that...not, so that...not, lest and not, nor, neither after, when although and because but if

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ut (indecl.+subjunc.)

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that, so that, in order that

VERBS 1st conjugation aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum amo, amare, amavi, amatum appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum+dat. clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum intro, intrare, intravi, intratum invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum narro, narrare, narravi, narratum navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum neco, necare, necavi, necatum nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum paro, parare, paravi, paratum porto, portare, portavi, portatum pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum servo, servare, servavi, servatum specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum sto, stare, steti, statum supero, superare, superavi, superatum voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum

build walk love, like approach, come near to shout wait for hurry live enter invite work (limited PV) weep, cry praise set free tell, relate sail kill announce prepare carry fight ask, ask for greet save, protect, keep look at, watch stand (impersonal in PV) overcome, overpower call

2nd conjugation debeo, debēre, debui, debitum deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum doceo, docēre, docui, doctum habeo, habēre, habui, habitum iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum

owe, ought, should, must destroy teach have order remain, stay

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persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum timeo, timēre, timui video, vidēre, vidi, visum

Iraklis Lampadariou

persuade reply (impersonal in PV) laugh, smile sit hold frighten fear, be afraid (no PV) see

3rd conjugation ago, agere, egi, actum ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. curro, currere, cucurri, cursum descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum dico, dicere, dixi, dictum discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum duco, ducere, duxi, ductum emo, emere, emi, emptum intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum lego, legere, legi, lectum mitto, mittere, misi, missum ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum peto, petere, petivi, petitum pono, ponere, posui, positum promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum traho, trahere, traxi, tractum vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum vinco, vincere, vici, victum vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum

do, act, drive climb drink get to know, find out decide eat believe, trust run go down, come down say depart, leave lead, take buy understand, realise read, choose send show make for, seek, beg/ ask for put, place, put up promise search for, look for, ask leave, leave behind write get up, stand up, rise hand over drag sell conquer, win, be victorious live, be alive

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4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum audio, audire, audivi, auditum convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum punio, punire, punivi, punitum scio, scire, scivi, scitum sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum venio, venire, veni, ventum

arrive (impersonal in the PV) hear, listen to come together, gather, meet guard sleep find punish know feel, notice come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum capio, capere, cepi, captum conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum facio, facere, feci, factum fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum

accept, take in, receive take, catch, capture catch sight of, notice want, desire escape make, do (irreg. PV) run away, flee

Irregular verbs do, dare, dedi, datum eo, ire, i(v)i, itum fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum nolo, nolle, nolui pereo, perire, perii, peritum possum, posse, potui redeo, redire, redii, reditum sum, esse, fui volo, velle, volui

give go bring, carry, bear not want, refuse (no PV) die, perish can, be able (no PV) go back, come back, return be want (no PV)

inquit -ne re- (prefix used with verbs) salve! (sing.) salvete! (plural) vale! (sing) valete! (plural)

he/ she says, he/ she said introduces question back hello! goodbye, farewell!

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Iraklis Lampadariou

OCR GCSE in Latin Unit A402 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) Defined Vocabulary List NOUNS 1st declension Masculine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) nauta, -ae: sailor Feminine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, slave-woman aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal copiae, -arum, pl.: troops, forces cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger patria, -ae: country, homeland pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land, country turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way victoria, -ae: victory villa, -ae: house, country villa vita, -ae: life

2nd declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year captivus, captivi: captive, prisoner cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden inimicus, -i: enemy liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri ager, agri, m.: field liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father

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Neuter (Nom. -um, Gen. -i) arma, armorum, pl.: arms, weapons auxilium, auxilii: help bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven castra, castrorum, pl.: camp consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place gaudium, -i: joy, pleasure imperium, -i: empire, power, command periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit proelium, -i: battle regnum, -i: kingdom signum, -i: sign, signal, standard templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vinum, -i: wine 3rd declension Masculine Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion consul, consulis: consul custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being imperator, imperatoris: emperor, general, leader labor, laboris: work leo, leonis: lion mercator, mercatoris: merchant miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot princeps, principis: chief, emperor rex, regis: king sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator

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senex, senis: old man Non-increasing canis, canis, c. : dog civis, civis, c.: citizen hostis, hostis: enemy iuvenis, iuvenis: young man Feminine Increasing ars, artis: art, skill gens, gentis: family, tribe, race, people legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace tempestas, tempestatis: storm urbs, urbis: city, town uxor, uxoris: wife virtus, virtutis: courage, virtue vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship Neuter Increasing caput, caputis: head corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey, route, way mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name scelus, sceleris: crime tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing -

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4th declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) exercitus, -us: army portus, -us: harbour, port vultus, vultus: expression, face Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) domus, domūs (irreg.): home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people Neuter (Nom. -u, Gen. -us) 5th declension Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Masculine

Feminine

diēs, diēī: day (fem. if an appointed day)

res, -ei: thing, business spes, spei: hope

ADJECTIVES Adjectives in -us, -a, -um altus, alta, altum: high, deep benignus, benigna, benignum: kind bonus, bona, bonum: good ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others clarus, clara, clarum: famous, clear dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy lentus, lenta, lentum: slow longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle multus, multa, multum: much, many nonnulli, nonnulae, nonnulla: some, several novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no

parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified plenus, plena, plenum: full primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next to quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much?

Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel scelestus, scelesta, scelestum: wicked solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great totus, tota, totum: whole validus, valida, validum: strong verus, vera, verum: true, real vivus, viva, vivum: alive, living Adjectives in -er Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred 3rd declension adjectives Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal

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fortis, fortis, forte: brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? talis, talis, tale: such tristis, tristis, triste: sad

Definite ÄŤdem, eadem, idem: the same

One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring diligens, diligens, diligens (gen. diligentis): careful felix, felix, felix (gen. felicis): fortunate, happy ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge sapiens, sapiens, sapiens (gen. sapientis): wise

Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours vester, vestra, vestrum: your (pl.), yours

quot? how many? satis: enough tot: so many

PRONOUNS Indefinite alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quidam, quaedam, quoddam: one, a certain, some quis? quis? quid? who? what?

Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this; he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that; he, she, it

Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves

Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

ADVERBS adeo: so much, so greatly antea: before bene: well cras: tomorrow cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time ecce! look! etiam: also, even forte: by chance frustra: in vain heri: yesterday hic: here hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, to such an extent, so itaque: and so, therefore

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iterum: again libenter: willingly, gladly magis: more magnopere: greatly maxime: very greatly minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely not? numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day primo: at first prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: because of quam+superlative adverb: as‌as possible

Iraklis Lampadariou

quam: than quam? quam! how...? how...! quando? when? quo? to where? quomodo? how? quoque: also, too saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way simul: at the same time simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where? where, when umquam: ever unde: from where vehementer: violently, loudly

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) ante+acc. apud+acc. circum+acc. contra+acc. cum cum+abl. de+abl. e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) inter+acc. per+acc. post+acc. pro+abl. sine+abl. sub+acc./ abl.

from, away from, by to, towards, at before, in front of among, with, at the house of around against when, since with from, down from, about from, out of, out in, on into, onto among, between through, along after, behind in front of, for, in return for without under, beneath

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trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs)

across

ac, atque alii...alii autem dum enim et et...et nam ne+subj. nec, neque nisi postquam quamquam -que quod sed si ut (indecl.+subj.) ut (indecl.+indic.)

and some...others but, however while, until for and both...and for that...not, so that...not, that, lest and not, nor, neither unless, except after, when although and because but if that, so that, in order that as, when

CONJUNCTIONS

VERBS 1st conjugation aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum amo, amare, amavi, amatum appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum celo, celare, celavi, celatum clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. intro, intrare, intravi, intratum invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum

build walk love, like approach, come near to hide shout think, consider wait for hurry live order, command enter invite work (limited PV) weep, cry praise

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libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum narro, narrare, narravi, narratum navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum neco, necare, necavi, necatum nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum oro, orare, oravi, oratum paro, parare, paravi, paratum porto, portare, portavi, portatum pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum puto, putare, putavi, putatum rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum servo, servare, servavi, servatum specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum spero, sperare, speravi, speratum sto, stare, steti, statum supero, superare, superavi, superatum voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum

Iraklis Lampadariou

set free tell, relate sail kill announce attack beg prepare carry fight think ask, ask for greet save, protect, keep look at, watch hope, expect stand (impersonal in PV) overcome, overpower call wound, injure

2nd conjugation appareo, apparēre, apparui, apparitum debeo, debēre, debui, debitum deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum doceo, docēre, docui, doctum faveo, favēre, favi+dat., fautum habeo, habēre, habui, habitum iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum moneo, monēre, monui, monitum moveo, movēre, movi, motum persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum timeo, timēre, timui video, vidēre, vidi, visum

appear owe, ought, should, must destroy teach favour, support have lie (positional) order remain, stay warn, advise move persuade reply (impersonal in PV) laugh, smile sit be silent, be quiet hold frighten fear, be afraid (no PV) see

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3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi ago, agere, egi, actum ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum bellum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum cado, cadere, cecidi, casum cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. curro, currere, cucurri, cursum defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum dico, dicere, dixi, dictum discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum duco, ducere, duxi, ductum emo, emere, emi, emptum incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum lego, legere, legi, lectum mitto, mittere, misi, missum occido, occidere, occidi, occasum opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum peto, petere, petivi, petitum pono, ponere, posui, positum procedo, procedere, processi, processum promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum rego, regere, rexi, rectum relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum resisto, resistere, restiti+dat. rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum

happen (no Passive Voice) do, act, drive climb wage war drink fall get to know, find out force, compel decide eat believe, trust run defend go down, come down say depart, leave lead, take buy burn, set on fire understand, realise read, choose send kill crush, overwhelm show drive make for, seek, beg/ ask for put, place, put up advance, proceed promise search for, look for, ask give back, restore rule leave, leave behind resist (no PV) break, burst write get up, stand up, rise raise, lift up, hold up hand over

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traho, trahere, traxi, tractum vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum verto, vertere, verti, versum vinco, vincere, vici, victum vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum

Iraklis Lampadariou

drag sell turn conquer, win, be victorious live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum audio, audire, audivi, auditum convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum punio, punire, punivi, punitum scio, scire, scivi, scitum sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum venio, venire, veni, ventum

arrive (impersonal in the PV) hear, listen to come together, gather, meet guard sleep find not know reach, arrive at punish know feel, notice come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum capio, capere, cepi, captum conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum facio, facere, feci, factum fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum

accept, take in, receive take, catch, capture finish, wear out catch sight of, notice want, desire escape make, do (irreg. PV) run away, flee throw kill seize, grab

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum egredior, egredi, egressus sum hortor, hortari, hortatus sum ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum loquor, loqui, locutus sum miror, mirari, miratus sum

try go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

encourage, urge enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

speak wonder at, admire

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morior, mori, mortuus sum patior, pati, passus sum precor, precari, precatus sum proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum progredior, progredi, progressus sum regredior, regredi, regressus sum sequor, sequi, secutus sum videor, videri, visus sum

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die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) suffer, endure (mixed conj. & deponent)

pray (to), beg set out advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb) go back, return (mixed & deponent verb)

follow seem, appear

Semi-deponent verbs audeo, audēre, ausus sum gaudeo, gaudēre, gavisus sum soleo, solēre, solitus sum

dare be pleased, rejoice be accustomed

Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui adsum, adesse, adfui aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum do, dare, dedi, datum poenas do, dare, dedi, datum eo, ire, i(v)i, itum fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum malo, malle, malui nolo, nolle, nolui offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum pereo, perire, perii, peritum possum, posse, potui redeo, redire, redii, reditum refero, referre, rettuli, relatum sum, esse, fui volo, velle, volui

be out, be absent, be away be here, be present take away, carry off, steal give pay the penalty, am punished go bring, carry, bear prefer not want, refuse (no PV) offer die, perish can, be able (no PV) go back, come back, return bring/ carry back, report, tell be want (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum

begin (past tenses only)

inquit -ne re- (prefix used with verbs) salve! vale!

say, said introduces question back hello! goodbye, farewell!

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WJEC Eduqas Level 2 Certificate in Latin Language Units 9521, 9524 (Spec. 2009) Defined Vocabulary List NOUNS

vita, -ae: life

1st declension Masculine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae)

2nd declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i)

nauta, -ae: sailor Feminine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, maid-servant aqua, -ae: water causa, causae: cause, reason, case cena, -ae: dinner, meal copiae, -arum, pl.: troops, forces cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter fabula, -ae: story, play femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hasta, -ae: spear hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insidiae, -arum, pl.: ambush, trap, plot insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood, forest taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way villa, -ae: house, country house

amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year captivus, captivi: captive, prisoner cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden legatus, -i: commander liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall numerus, numeri: number nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news oculus, -i: eye populus, -is: people, nation servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy

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Like ager, agri ager, agri, m.: field, land liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father Neuter (Nom. -um, Gen. -i) aedificium, -i: building arma, armorum, pl.: arms, weapons auxilium, auxilii: help bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven castra, castrorum, pl.: camp consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present ferrum, ferri: iron, sword forum, -i: forum, market place frumentum, -i: grain, corn gaudium, -i: joy, pleasure imperium, -i: empire, power, command ingenium, -i: character, ability periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit pretium, -i: price regnum, -i: kingdom signum, -i: sign, signal, seal templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vestimenta, vestimentorum pl.: clothes vinum, -i: wine 3rd declension Masculine Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion consul, consulis: consul custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader eques, equitis: knight, cavalryman frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being hospes, hospitis: guest, host

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imperator, imperatoris: emperor, commander iudex, iudicis: judge labor, laboris: work mercator, mercatoris: merchant miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot, paw pons, pontis: bridge princeps, principis: chief, chieftain, emperor rex, regis: king sacerdos, sacerdotis, c.: priest, priestess sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old; old man sermo, sermonis: speech, conversation sol, solis: sun Non-increasing canis, canis: dog civis, civis, c.: citizen collis, collis: hill hostis, hostis: enemy ignis, ignis: fire iuvenis, iuvenis: young; young man Feminine Increasing ars, artis: art, skill gens, gentis: family, tribe, race legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace salus, salutis: safety, health soror, sororis: sister tempestas, tempestatis: storm urbs, urbis: city uxor, uxoris: wife vox, vocis: voice, shout

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Non-increasing navis, navis: ship

trustworthiness res, -ei: thing, business spes, spei: hope

Neuter Increasing caput, caputis: head carmen, carminis: song, poem corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey, route, way mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name opus, operis: work, construction scelus, sceleris: crime tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing 4th declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) exercitus, -us: army impetus, -us: attack portus, -us: harbour, port senatus, -us: senate sonitus, -us: sound, noise vultus, vultus: expression, face Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us) domus, domūs (irreg.): house, home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people Neuter (Nom. -u, Gen. -us) 5th declension Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Masculine

Feminine

diēs, diēī: day (fem. if an appointed day)

fides, -ei: faith, loyalty,

ADJECTIVES Adjectives in -us, -a, -um adversus, adversa, adversum: hostile, unfavourable aequus, aequa, aequum: equal, fair, calm altus, alta, altum: high, deep benignus, benigna, benignum: kind bonus, bona, bonum: good carus, cara, carum: dear ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful durus, dura, durum: hard, harsh fessus, fessa, fessum: tired invitus, invita, invitum: reluctant, unwilling iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy latus, lata, latum: wide longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle, middle of multus, multa, multum: much, many nonnulli, nonnulae, nonnulla: some, several notus, nota, notum: known, well-known, famous novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few periculosus, periculosa, periculosum: dangerous perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified plenus, plena, plenum: full primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next to

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quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much?

Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) superbus, superba, superbum: proud, arrogant tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great, so much totus, tota, totum: whole tutus, tuta, tutum: safe ultimus, ultima, ultimum: last, furthest unus, una, unum: one verus, vera, verum: true, real vivus, viva, vivum: alive, living Adjectives in -er Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri acer, acris, acre: keen, eager, fierce pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred 3rd declension adjectives Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte: brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious

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mirabilis, mirabilis, mirabile: strange, amazing nobilis, nobilis, nobile: noble, nobleman omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? suavis, suavis, suave: sweet talis, talis, tale: such tristis, tristis, triste: sad utilis, utilis, utile: useful One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring dives, dives, dives (gen. divitis): rich ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge pauper, pauper, pauper (gen. pauperis): poor, poor man sapiens, sapiens, sapiens (gen. sapientis): wise quot? how many? satis: enough tot: so many

PRONOUNS Indefinite aliquis, aliquis, aliquid: someone, something alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quidam, quaedam, quoddam: one, a certain, some quis? quis? quid? who? what?

Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative

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is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this; he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that; he, she, it Definite ÄŤdem, eadem, idem: the same Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (belonging to you sing.) vester, vestra, vestrum: your (belonging to you pl.)

Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

ADVERBS adeo: so much, so greatly adhuc: up till now, still antea: before bene: well cras: tomorrow cur? why? deinde: then diligenter: carefully, hard diu: for a long time ecce! see! look! etiam: also, even igitur: therefore, and so forte: by chance frustra: in vain

Iraklis Lampadariou

heri: yesterday hic: here hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, so itaque: and so, therefore iterum: again lente: slowly libenter: willingly, gladly magnopere: greatly, very much minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo, multum: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely not? numquam: never nunc: now nusquam: nowhere olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day procul: far away prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: because of quam: than, how...? how...! quo? where to? quo modo? how? in what way? quoque: also, too rursus: again, back again saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way sicut: just as, like simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where, when, where? umquam: ever

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unde: from where valde: very, very much vehementer: violently, loudly, strongly vix: scarcely, hardly, with difficulty

NUMERALS centum: hundred decem: ten duo, duae, duo: two mille, pl. milia: thousand novem: nine octo: eight quattuor: four quinque: five septem: seven sex: six tres, tria: three

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) ante+acc. apud+acc. circum+acc. contra+acc. cum cum+abl. (as prefix con-) de+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) inter+acc. per+acc. post+acc. pro+abl. sine+abl. sub+acc./ abl. trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs)

from, by (as prefix: away) to, towards, at before, in front of among, with, at the house of around against when, since with from, down from; about from, out of in, on into, onto among, between through, along after, behind in front of, for, in return for without under, beneath across

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CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque alii...alii aut...aut autem dum enim et et...et nam ne ne...quidem nec...nec neque...neque nisi postquam priusquam quamquam -que quod sed si ut (indecl.+indic.) ut (indecl.+subjunc.) utrum...an

and some...others either...or but, however while, until for and both...and for that...not, so that...not not even neither...nor neither...nor unless, except after, when before, until although and because but if as that, so that, in order that whether...or

VERBS 1st conjugation accuso, accusare, accusavi, accusatum adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum amo, amare, amavi, amatum appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum celo, celare, celavi, celatum clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum curo, curare, curavi, curatum despero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum

accuse help build walk love, like approach, come near to hide shout think, consider look after, care for, supervise despair wait for

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. intro, intrare, intravi, intratum invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum narro, narrare, narravi, narratum navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum neco, necare, necavi, necatum numero, numerare, numeravi, numeratum nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum oro, orare, oravi, oratum paro, parare, paravi, paratum porto, portare, portavi, portatum postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum puto, putare, putavi, putatum rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum servo, servare, servavi, servatum specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum spero, sperare, speravi, speratum sto, stare, steti, statum supero, superare, superavi, superatum voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum

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hurry live order, command enter invite work (limited PV) weep, cry praise free, set free tell, relate sail kill count announce attack, assault beg prepare carry demand fight think ask, ask for greet save, look after look at, watch hope, expect stand (impersonal in PV) overcome, overpower call wound

2nd conjugation appareo, apparēre, apparui, apparitum debeo, debēre, debui, debitum deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum doceo, docēre, docui, doctum faveo, favēre, favi+dat., fautum habeo, habēre, habui, habitum iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum moneo, monēre, monui, monitum

appear owe, ought, should, must destroy teach favour, support have lie (positional) order remain, stay warn, advise

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moveo, movēre, movi, motum pareo, parēre, parui+dat., paritum persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum placeo, placēre, placui+dat., placitum praebeo, praebēre, praebui, praebitum respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum timeo, timēre, timui video, vidēre, vidi, visum

Iraklis Lampadariou

move obey persuade please provide reply (impersonal in PV) laugh, smile sit be silent, be quiet hold frighten fear, be afraid (no PV) see

3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi ago, agere, egi, actum amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum cado, cadere, cecidi, casum cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum consisto, consistere, constiti, constitum constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum contendo, contendere, contendi, contentum credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. curro, currere, cucurri, cursum defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum dico, dicere, dixi, dictum discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum duco, ducere, duxi, ductum emo, emere, emi, emptum frango, frangere, fregi, fractum fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum gratias ago, agere, egi, actum incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum

happen (no Passive Voice) do, act, drive lose summon, send for climb drink fall get to know, find out, learn force, compel halt, stop, stand still decide eat hurry, march, struggle believe, trust, have faith in run defend go down, come down say depart, leave lead, take buy break pour (limited PV) wear (clothes), wage (war) thank, give thanks burn, set on fire understand, realise

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

lego, legere, legi, lectum mitto, mittere, misi, missum occido, occidere, occidi, occasum opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum peto, petere, petivi, petitum pono, ponere, posui, positum procedo, procedere, processi, processum promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum rego, regere, rexi, rectum relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum resisto, resistere, restiti+dat. scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum traho, trahere, traxi, tractum veho, vehere, vexi, vectum vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum verto, vertere, verti, versum vinco, vincere, vici, victum vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum

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read, choose send kill crush show make for, attack, seek, beg, ask for put, place, put up advance, proceed promise search for, look for, ask give back, restore rule leave, leave behind resist (no PV) write get up, stand up, rise raise, lift up hand over drag, draw, pull carry, convey sell turn conquer, win, be victorious live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum audio, audire, audivi, auditum consentio, consentire, consensi, consensum dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum punio, punire, punivi, punitum scio, scire, scivi, scitum sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum venio, venire, veni, ventum

arrive (impersonal in the PV) open hear, listen to agree sleep find not know reach, arrive punish know feel, notice come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum

accept, take in, receive

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capio, capere, cepi, captum conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum deicio, deicere, deieci, deiectum efficio, efficere, effeci, effectum effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum facio, facere, feci, factum fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum inicio, inicere, inieci, iniectum inspicio, inspicere, inspexi, inspectum interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum reficio, reficere, refeci, refectum

Iraklis Lampadariou

capture, adopt (a plan), take, catch finish; wear out, exhaust catch sight of, notice want, desire throw down carry out, accomplish escape throw out make, do (irreg. PV) run away, flee throw throw in look at, inspect, examine kill, destroy seize, grab repair

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum egredior, egredi, egressus sum hortor, hortari, hortatus sum ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum loquor, loqui, locutus sum morior, mori, mortuus sum patior, pati, passus sum proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum progredior, progredi, progressus sum regredior, regredi, regressus sum sequor, sequi, secutus sum

try go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

encourage, urge enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

speak die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) suffer, endure (mixed conj. & deponent)

set out advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb) go back, return (mixed & deponent verb)

follow

Semi-deponent verbs audeo, audēre, ausus sum gaudeo, gaudēre, gavisus sum soleo, solēre, solitus sum

dare be pleased, rejoice be accustomed

Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui adsum, adesse, adfui aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum do, dare, dedi, datum

be out, be absent, be away be here, be present take away, carry off, steal give

Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

poenas do, dare, dedi, datum eo, ire, i(v)i, itum fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum malo, malle, malui nolo, nolle, nolui offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum pereo, perire, perii, peritum possum, posse, potui redeo, redire, redii, reditum refero, referre, rettuli, relatum sum, esse, fui volo, velle, volui

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pay the penalty, be punished go bring, carry prefer not want (no PV) offer die, perish can, be able (no PV) go back, come back, return bring/ carry back; report, tell be want (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum odi, odisse, osum

begin (past tenses only) hate

inquit ita vero -ne re- (prefix used with verbs)

say, said yes introduces question back

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Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook

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This handbook is aimed at being a simple but efficient synopsis of all the grammar and syntax points that are required for the GCSE in Latin Language. It is designed for students in Year 11, but also for people who want to taste what Latin is all about. It might, however, be suitable as a resource for teachers who wish to teach their students following the way that it helped me to learn this highly inflected language; by using tables, diagrams and notes, all in nice memorable 'boxes'.

ISBN: 978-618-5147-92-1