CITIZENS FIRST! by Sally Alawady

Community Empowerment In Urban Renewal Projects

SALLY ALAWADY

“IF ARCHITECTS DO INDEED HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY IN THIS PROCESS, IT SHOULD INVOLVE DEMONSTRATING HOW AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL OF PRACTICE AND PRODUCTION CAN SERVE OTHERS” Doina Petrecu From AAA Paris

CITIZENS FIRST! Author Sally Alawady Master Dissertation International Master of Science in Architecture KU Leuven, Faculty Of Architecture, Campus Sint Lucas, Brussels Towards An Architecture Of Peace Academic Promoter - Lilet Breddels Academic Year 2020-2021 Publication Date June 2021

© 2021 Copyright by KU Leuven Without written permission of the promoter and the author it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to - KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture Paleizenstraat 65-67, 1030 Brussels, Belgium. A written permission of the supervisor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contexts.

MANY THANKS TO Firstly, I would like to thank all citizens and friends that participated in this research, to everyone that filled the survey and participated in the interviews, and to all people who shared their thoughts and helped in every way they could. Special thanks to Nadira Assous for introducing and including me in the case study of this research, for all your help in reaching out to the neighbors and most importantly for taking an active role of changing your neighborhood for the better. Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my promoter Lilet Breddels for teaching and guiding me throughout the process, directing me when needed and having a positive spirit all along. Lastly, many thanks to my family, friends and partner for the great amount of help and support.

ABSTRACT This research paper is written as a part of the “Towards An Architecture Of Peace” master dissertation, that is promoted by Lilet Breddels. The paper focuses on community empowerment in urban renewal projects and the role of architects in these processes. Nowadays, designing and planning with citizens is becoming a crucial practice. Furthermore, in recent years the participatory topic has become prominent throughout many discourses. However, public participation is still globally an unsystematized process and is frequently done to inform citizens rather than to include them in the design process. In addition, there is a lack of clear frameworks and lack of understanding of how participation is done in practice. As the role or roles of architects in these processes remains unclear, this paper investigates the different roles of architects and diverse participatory methodologies, frameworks and case studies, in order to suggest an alternative participatory framework for urban renewal projects and the possible role/s for architects in it. To offer an alternative approach, a focus site was chosen as a case study, that was then explored and analyzed. As part of the analysis an online survey was conducted as well as several in depth interviews with the residents. Then an alternative framework was suggested correlating to the findings. The final conclusion of this paper suggests that the participatory process itself and how it is done are more important than the actual architectural outcome.

A public engagement guide by P!D, Source: http://participateindesign.org/shop/designing-with-people-and-not-for-people-a-publication-by-pd, Edited by author

CONTENTS

01 02 03 04 05

INTRODUCTION

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

1.1 The City & Urban Peace 1.2 Urban Planning Trends 1.3 Top-Down Vs. Bottom-Up

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

2.1 Public Participation 2.2 Participatory Framework 2.3 Participatory Methods 2.4 Participatory Case Studies

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

3.1 How The Zionist Movement Shaped The Country? 3.2 Urban Renewal Or Urban Removal? 3.3 Public Participation In Israel

JAFFA & THE SITE

4.1 Jaffa, Tel-Aviv, Location & Identity 4.2 From Ghetto To Artistic Touristic Attraction 4.3 The City In Numbers 4.4 The Site

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

129

CONCLUSION

181

BIBLIOGRAPHY

183

5.1 An Alternative Framework A1. Study The Site A2. Inviting, Data Collecting & Analyzing A2(2). Data Collection & Analysis Create Today! B. Suggest, Collect And Brainstorm

INTRODUCTION PUBLIC PARTICIPATION INFORMING While urban planning and architecture can be a great catalyst to peace-building and democracy they are, unfortunately frequently used as a power and control tool especially in areas with divided communities. After working for several years in urban planning in Israel I’ve come to understand how extremely Top-Down and excluding the process is, participating in public “participation” meetings was a frustrating moment for all, the atmosphere was mostly negative and being a part of the planning team I always felt as I am on the wrong side, i.e. the “bad guy”. Citizens were almost not involved throughout the entire process of designing their future built environment, and these public participation meetings were informing the residents and then hearing them, rightly so, complain and object to the suggested plan. This approach leaves the residents with the sole role of the objector rather than an active decision maker in an outcome that will have a direct affect on their daily lives. And so, I believe that the lack of involvement and exclusion of community from the planning process is one of the major issues in contemporary urban planning, especially in my home country, resulting in the lack of sense of belonging by the citizens that subsequently lead to vandalism of property as well as social, cultural, political and environmental conflicts. For this reason, I have decided to dedicate my master thesis to this topic and address the absence of community inclusion in the planning process in Israel and attempt to suggest an alternative Bottom-Up approach that aims to empower citizens in shaping their built environment together with architects and other facilitators. Thus, my two main questions through this research are: 1. What is the role of architects in participatory processes? 2. How can we empower citizens and overcome Top-Down power structures in urban renewal projects?

To answer these questions I started by exploring the roles architects had during the 20th and 21st century, I then investigated participatory methodologies, tools, case studies and frameworks. At the same time, in order to suggest and implement an alternative framework, a site was chosen as a case study. As the context in which this discussion is taking place is crucial to understand the suggested framework, the paper will initially discuss the fragile background and history of the country and the city and only then will I discuss the specific location in question. The site that was chosen is an urban renewal project I was previously involved in by consulting the residents vis-a-vis the authorities, it is located in the south of Jaffa in central Israel. My short involvement in this project was during 2019 when one of the residents informed me that they want to object to the suggested master plan and would like me to assist, we drafted and submitted our objections to the plan and since then the project was put on hold. As this was not the desired outcome neither by the residents nor the authorities, I arrived to propose an alternative approach. I started by studying the site, its surroundings and the suggested master plan more into depth, and decided that the parameter of the suggested master plan needs to be broadened, as such my mappings and investigations are done on a wider parameter. After an initial understanding of the site an Online survey was prepared and shared on social media, afterwards several in depth interviews were conducted. The responses were then gathered and analyzed and according to them an alternative framework for participatory process was suggested.

The Tantour Master Plan, an examples of a Top-Down planning of the Israeli government in Arab localities , on the right the existing villages and on the left the new city, residents of the existing villages objected since they prefer to expand their villages rather have a new settlement built next to them, Source: https://magdilim.co.il/2612201822/ , Edited by the author

01.

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS 12

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

1.1 THE CITY & URBAN PEACE In uncertain times such as in post-conflict areas or in politically and socially divided cities urban planning can play a major role towards peace-building. In these fragile situations planning becomes a powerful tool that can, on the positive side, be used to include and empower communities or, on the negative side, lead to inequality, exclusion and corruption. Here the urban space becomes the soul of the city which can bring together diverse communities allowing them to interact and to create social urban life. In “The social life of the small urban space”(1980) Whyte expresses how the presence and participation in public spaces can create a healthy urban life and a successful sustainable city, however, he also explains why some spaces are suitable to certain groups but not to others and how many times spaces are designed intentionally to be unattractive, for instance, not providing enough sitting places or putting fences, in order to prevent the “unwanted” groups of using the space. Cities therefore can be open, inviting and inclusive or closed, hostile and excluding. Bollens (2006) suggests that urbanism can assist in creating a political opposition and since it is both shaped and the shaper of democracy it can also solve un-urban topics and actualize abstract ideologies such as tolerance and openness towards others. Furthermore, urban interventions can contribute to peace-building by

“THE CITY IS IMPORTANT IN PEACE BUILDING BECAUSE IT IS IN THE STREETS AND NEIGHBORHOODS OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS THAT THERE IS THE NEGOTIATION OVER, AND CLARIFICATION OF, ABSTRACT CONCEPTS SUCH AS DEMOCRACY, FAIRNESS, AND TOLERANCE” Scott A. Bollens, 2006

using bottom up approaches to increase democracy and empower citizens. Here the need of Urban-Peace is born, Björkdahl (2013) defines it as a peace “that have ‘real’ consequences to the urban dwellers, such as employment, housing and local investments”, it is a context based peace that deals with and addresses the everyday lives necessities of the residents, it is about transforming spaces from being in a state of conflict to a state of peace. In addition, urban peace-building identifies existing peaceful initiatives, strengthen them and transforms tension contributing initiatives to prevent future conflicts and promote peace. Urban peace is important especially in cities where shared spaces are neglected, unused or totally absent, here urban policy that is invested in the public interest is an important tool that architects can use to insure better future urban spaces and to promote urban peace.

THE CITY & URBAN PEACE

National Political Goals

Psychological and material welfare of its citizens

CITY

Diagram 1: The City as a mediator between political goals and citizens needs, based on Bollens (2006)

Access to housing, employment, education...

OPEN

Occupying and utilizing urban spaces

ing

Allow

CITY

CLOSED

Not Allowin

Producing new spaces to meet local needs Resident’s participation in decision making Inclusion

Diagram 2: Open Vs. Closed City, Based on Annika Björkdahl (2013)

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

In Barcelona for example in the 1980s - 90s public squares were constructed after many years under Franco’s dictatorship. “Urban interventions were focused on the improvement of public spaces because these collective areas were viewed as key to imprinting democracy” (Bollens, 2008). These open spaces allowed social interactions, expression and assisted in building community life and identity. Parc de l’Espanya Industrial for example was formerly a textile factory that was converted to a park in the mid 80s. Another example is the Cultural Hub in Venezuela. Núcleo Cultural La Ye was

an existing gambling house, in which weapons were trafficked, was refurbished and repurposed into a cultural and sports space. By this small intervention the project was able to create a multipurpose space for the community with a young collective environment in one of the most dense neighborhoods in the area. The site of the project was chosen strategically aiming and hoping it will turn in future into a central core encouraging peace building processes and radiating cohesion and safety to its surroundings. (picocolectivo.org.ve/2020/03/04/ nucleo-cultural-la-ye_-unidad-social-y-deportiva/).

Parc de l’Espanya Industrial, 1985, Barcelona, Source: Urban Studies Journal, Bollens (2008) P. 1266

THE CITY & URBAN PEACE

Cultural Hub La Ye 5 De Julio, Petare, Venezuela, 2014 , Pico Estudio architects, Source: laud8.wordpress. com/2015/02/13/espacios-de-paz-spaces-for-peace/ 16

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

1.2 URBAN PLANNING TRENDS Urban planning has transformed many times through the 20th century following global, political, social and environmental crises. At times it was used to increase the functionality and efficiency of the city, other times as a tool of resistance and activism, I will introduce shortly some of the major urban planning concepts that affected cities developments and will discuss in each one what was the role of the architect. The role of urban planners has been discussed repeatedly through history - The planner was an elitist figure and the main decision maker, he was also only a technical figure, a moderator and an advocate, the representative of the client or of the community and so on. My main question here is how do these different roles contribute to democracy and peace building? Can they contribute to conflict resolution? Or do they actually do the opposite and contribute to creating new conflicts? The Garden City The concept of “Graden City” was suggested by Ebenezer Howard in 1898. This theory’s goal was to fight the ills of the industrialized city by creating a self efficient low density city surrounded by green belts and agriculture, being small and compact it allowed residents to reach anywhere by foot and encourage the use of trains rather than cars. The idea was not to create a suburb but rather

The Garden City Scheme, 1898, Source: Choay (1969)

Ofuna Garden City Promotion Poster, Tokyo, 1920s, Source: thetokyofilesurbandesign.wordpress.com

URBAN PLANNING TRENDS

the opposite of a suburb - a human scaled city in which everyone is accepted and there is mutual respect and support between neighbors creating a communal feeling. Over time, the original concept of garden city was neglected and developed to other concepts such as the “New City”, “Satellite City”, “Garden Suburb” and so on. The initial idea while having many positive theoretical goals failed in practice it didn’t consider the expansion of the city nor the importance of being close to the city, furthermore, the garden city idea came because of social concerns and was aiming to create a diverse community, the results were far from that, these garden cities became a suburb for the elite encouraging capitalism and individuality (Gatarić et al, 2019). One example of such a case is the Denenchofu town in Tokyo which was constructed in the 1923, the town’s concept was inspired by the garden city, but was designed for the average person and not for a diverse community as Howard suggested, it was also sold in individual parcels rather than to a communal group, throughout the years the town’s housing prices increased leading to the division of lots and high density, it became a prestige town for the upper class were politicians, celebrities and athletes live (Oshima, 1996).

Modernism In the 1920s the modern urbanism concept emerged and although it started from North America and Europe it influenced the development of cities all over the world. The modernism concept in urban planning was focused on functionality and efficiency aiming to create a new Utopian society by solving the present social, economical and environmental issues such as population growth, lack of housing, pollution etc. In addition, modernist planning strove to improve society by reducing the existing inequalities and providing more just urban spaces. As such, the modernist planning showed how the future cities should look like. To be able to suggest a sufficient society the concept of modernism used technology and scientific tools to achieve a systematic, minimalistic design that suits the users needs (Amirjani, 2018). After WW2 the International style emerged as a solution to the housing crisis and the main goal of urban planning was to correct previous failures. Another approach that emerged was the “Rational Planning Model” who questioned not the how of the design but rather how planners should be planning. This has led to the production of “Beautiful” master plans that were drawn by a neutral, no-political planner (Stramrud, 2017).

Ville Radieuse (Radiant City), Unrealized Master Plan, a physical model, 1920s-30s 1

Khavsko-Shabolovsky Modern Residential Block, Moscow, 1920s, Source: wikimapia.org, uploaded by oblom68off

Source: 1 99percentinvisible.org/article/ville-radieuse-le-corbusiers-functionalist-plan-utopian-radiant-city/

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

“TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING WAS CONCERNED WITH THE ‘PHYSICAL’ ENVIRONMENT AND WAS THUS MOST APPROPRIATELY DESCRIBED AS PHYSICAL PLANNING, AS OPPOSED TO ‘SOCIAL’ AND ‘ECONOMIC’ PLANNING” (Taylor, 1998, p.5) The modernist architecture approach, therefore ,was trying to resolve past problems by the creation of master plans focusing on logic and order rather than the social aspects of inclusion and identity. Le Corbusier regarded the city as a “machine” that needs to work properly disregarding the communities needs and locality and regarded the residents as subjects that don’t have anything valuable to contribute. The characteristics of the international style were fast construction timelines and low building costs which all together achieved very efficient buildings, the major issue with this approach was that it was too general, without any cultural characteristics, lacking relation to the local communities and the existing architectural traditions. This resulted in a dissonance between the architecture and the place resulting in “Placelessness”. The Radiant City of Le Corbusier, although it wasn’t built, it had all characteristics of modernism - well planned transportation system, green space and natural light were considered, strict grid and standardization (Amirjani, 2018). “PLANNING AS A PROCESS IS THEREFORE

SEEN AS A SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL APPROACH WHICH ONLY THE PLANNER HAS THE CAPACITY AND SKILLS TO COPE WITH” (Stramrud, 2017, p.5)

Pruitt-Igeo project in St. Louis, Missouri, can explain well the issues that the rational planning approach created. Designed by Minoru Yamasaki it was a residential complex. After WW2 the wealthy residents were moving out of the city to the surrounding suburbs, the empty lands of the city got filled with slums. In the late 1940s cities around the US were given loans by the government for slums demolition and urban renewal.

The mayor and city engineer decided to take this loan and use it in one single project out of efficiency reasons, it was supposed to be divided according to racial boundaries part for the black and the other for the white, however, before the project was constructed a law against racial segregation was approved and the whole project became one big entity, consisting of 33, eleven stories buildings inspired by the works of Le Corbusier. Many of the architect’s suggestions were dismissed since they were too expensive and many changes were made in the initial plan to create a more economical project. After it was built all the mid-income families both white and black moved out of the project leaving the building to only low income families which couldn’t pay high rents, the buildings maintenance was low and even low-income families start to move out, leaving the project almost empty it was uneconomical for the housing authority to keep it standing and so in 1972 it was decided to demolish it. The main issue here was not only because of some design mistakes, it is also the disregarding of the architect’s opinion, the rooted racism and putting in first priority economical efficiency, it is why Pruitt-Igoe is known today as one of the biggest failures of modernism (Fiederer, 2017). New Towns Another urban planning trend that emerged after WW2, started in the UK, it was the “New Town” concept. New towns were the development of the garden city concept by Howard. They “were designed from a common assumption that, by laying out residential areas in physically distinct neighbourhoods, with ‘their own’ local shops, recreational open spaces, primary schools, etc., there was a greater likelihood that a ‘social’ neighborhood (i.e a ‘community’) would develop” (Taylor, 1998, p. 7).

“IT SEEMED SELF-EVIDENT TO TOWN PLANNERS AT THIS TIME THAT THEIR PRIME TASK WAS THE PRODUCTION OF PLANS - TOWN PLANS, REGIONAL PLANS, PLANS FOR VILLAGE EXTENSIONS AND SO ON” (Taylor, 1998, p.14)

URBAN PLANNING TRENDS

Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project - The Failure Of Modernism, 1954, Source: The Pruitt-Igoe Myth, www.archdaily.com

Critical Regionalism Known as the architecture of resistance, it was first introduced in 1981 by Alexander Tzonis & Liane Lefaivre. It was developed as an opposition movement to the international and the postmodern style aiming to reconnect the spatial space to the local place and to its users. The characteristics of this movement are - creating an urban space that is driven from the context and the specific site rather than a free standing object as modernism suggests, this also includes taking into account the conditions of the site such as climate, traditional elements and natural light, it takes the benefits from universal civilizations but also from the local cultures and lastly it puts in its priority the tactile sense rather than the visual, all this combined together results in “Place Making” the opposite of the placelessness of modernism (Amirjani, 2018) Although it was only introduced in the 80s, many architects were already planning in this concept since the 50s, for instance, the master plan of New Gourna village, Egypt, by Hassan Fathy in the 1945. In this project Fathy proposed a vernacular architecture that uses local materials and shapes while considering the climate and encouraging citizens participation. Although the village was never

completed it presented a different approach already in the 40s when modernism was the most common style. Fathy‘s architecture resembled a combination of tradition and modernism (El-shorbagy, 2001). Another example is Alvaro Siza, who believes in architecture for the people and by the people, in his social housing project “Quinta Da Malagueira” he had a series of discussions with the future residents, officials and local housing co-op leaders. He created a full-scale model of the quarters, kitchens and living rooms after the finalization of the plans to explore the user’s input about their thoughts and experiences. Siza emphasizes the “engagement of the user” as a crucial element that takes precedence over all phases of the design process. By highlighting pre-existing data, Siza shows how the presence of an architect could prevent “placelessness” and gain advantages by creating a deep sense of place and belonging for future residents. The modernist approach of the Tabula Rasa was firmly opposed by Siza; he never looked at project sites as a white page and used pre-existing elements for his works as the beginnings and solid foundations (Amirjani, 2018).

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

Post Modernism “At one level, postmodernism represented a reaction against the styles of art and design which had been promoted by the modern movement. Postmodernists rejected the pared-down simplicity of modern ‘functional’ architecture, and so sought to ‘bring back style’ to enrich the aesthetic content of contemporary buildings” (Taylor, 1998, p. 163). .

“THE SOCIETY OF THE FUTURE WILL BE AN URBAN ONE, AND CITY PLANNERS WILL HELP TO GIVE IT SHAPE AND CONTENT”

The master plan of New Gourna, Egypt, by Hassan Fathy, 1945, Source: dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/73753

(Paul Davidoff, 1973, p.1)

Advocacy Planning & The Right To The City Paul Davidoff introduced Advocacy planning in the 1960’s. He believed that an urban planner shouldn’t be solely acting as a technical member who mainly provides information in the planning process but also should act as an advocate fighting for social justice and contribute to the development of future societies. He should be critical about his own work, research deeper and inform other actors of the conditions and issues. He declares that although the profession of urban planner is supposed to have a huge role in creating better and more just urban life, they have had little to say, and urge urban planners to “ train a future generation of planners to go well beyond us in its ability to prescribe the future urban life” (Davidoff, 1973, p. 296). Davidoff claims that “If the planning process is to encourage democratic urban government then it must operate so as to include rather than exclude citizens from participation in the process” (Davidoff, 1973, p. 280). And so, urban planners have another important role in conflict resolution which is to encourage participatory approaches and community inclusion in the decision making process. New Urbanism - The Walkable City New urbanism was introduced in the 70s-80s, it believes in the designing of a compact human scaled urban spaces by promoting walkability, minimizing the use of cars and allowing mixed use developments in addition to

Quinta Da Malagueira social housing, Evora, Source: www.architectural-review.com, article by Ellis Woodman, 2015, Edited by the author

“TO CLAIM THE RIGHT TO THE CITY IN THE SENSE I MEAN IT HERE IS TO CLAIM SOME KIND OF SHAPING POWER OVER THE PROCESSES OF URBANIZATION, OVER THE WAYS IN WHICH OUR CITIES ARE MADE AND RE-MADE AND TO DO SO IN A FUNDAMENTAL AND RADICAL WAY” (Harvey, 2019, p.5)

URBAN PLANNING TRENDS

encouraging and strengthening the sense of community. Jane Jacobs was one of the activist planners of the 60s that was associated with this movement. (Ghorbi et al, 2017) Jacobs was against the modernist concept and believed that the city is rich and should offer a dense mixed used functions and shouldn’t be divided by zones as the modernists suggested. Jacobs also criticized the missing of social and economical aspects in the modern movement ideology (Taylor, 1998) (Peponis,1989).

“FOR THE NEW URBANISTS, PLANNERS MUST GO BEYOND MANAGING PROCESSES TO TAKE POSITIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN COMMUNITIES. EQUIPPED WITH A THEORY OF GOOD URBAN FORM, AND THE POWER OF THEIR CONVICTIONS, PLANNERS WOULD HAVE THE EXPERTISE NEEDED TO GENERATE GOOD COMMUNITIES”

Sea Side, New Urbanism, Florida, 1983, Source: seaside.library.nd.edu/essays/the-plan

(Ghorbi et al, 2017, p. 92)

Mediating And Peace Building Bollens suggests that urban planners can also act as mediators which can support and enhance democracy processes. He claims that when urban planners are able to react on times of uncertainty they can majorly contribute to peace building, for instance, in the case of Barcelone in the 1970’s, Bollens explains that during the 70’s when there was a political transformation from dictatorship to democracy urban planners saw the opportunity of making a change and took action and initiated the general metropolitan plan of Barcelona which aimed to reduce future density almost by half and to double the amount of open spaces and public buildings. Here, Urban planners prioritized the public interest over the private interest. Bollens also discusses a situation where an active conflict is occurring and claims that under these circumstances the role of architects in peace building is less relevant, then, the role of urban planners is to envision an alternative urban scenario and create urban guidelines that would be used in future when there is no active conflict and when local politics allow for them to happen (Bollens, 2008).

Celebration, New Urbanism, Florida, 1994, Source: www.cnu.org/what-we-do/build-great-places/celebration

The General Master Plan of Barcelona in 1976, Source: urbanisme.amb.cat/visions/40-anys-de-planejamenturbanistic

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

Neo Liberalism - Market Oriented “A neo-liberal policy is one that is promoted by neoliberal regimes and implies a shift from government to (partly) private strategies, or a conversion from publicly planned solutions to competitive and market-oriented ones, or at least the serving of business companies and their favored customer groups” (Sager, 2011, p. 148). So what would be the role of architects here? Sager (2009) suggests when accepting a Neo-Liberal capitalist market the architect becomes no more than a service provider.

“NEO-LIBERALS, SEE THE PLANNER ROLE PRIMARILY AS PROVIDING EXPERTISE IN SUBSTANTIVE AND LEGAL-PROCEDURAL MATTERS RATHER THAN PROMOTING PARTICIPATION, CONSENSUS BUILDING, AND EMPOWERMENT OF WEAK GROUPS”

Ogsu Neighbourhood Before & After redevelopment, Seoul, Source: Photographs provided through the courtesy of The Seoul Institute, Edited by the author

(Sager, 2009, p.66)

21st Century Urban Planning Urban Planning in the 21st century is very diverse. There is not one common trend but a mixture of many concepts, some continued from the 20th century while others were recently invented, And some are criticizing past top-down trends and offering an alternative while others enforce and expand previous top-down concepts. Starchitects Starchitects are the architects that became a brand, with a unique style that attracts clients. Molina (2015) points out that one of the reasons for the expansion of this phenomena in the beginning of the 21st century, is the highly competitive market, in order to stay attractive and become an international icon an architect must have his/her own signature. Zaha Hadid, for example, has a very unique style that no one can miss. Today Zaha has projects all over the world and in 2019 got the highest rank in the Monograph Starchitect ranking, in second place came Norman Foster and in Third Le Corbusier (Baldwin, 2019).

Kartal Masterplan, Istanbul, Turkey, 2006, renders by Zaha Hafif Architects, www.zaha-hadid.com/masterplans/kartalpendik-masterplan/

”IN TERMS OF THEIR INTERVENTIONS AND APPEARANCES (LECTURES, TELEVISION DOCUMENTARIES, AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, ETC.), “STARCHITECTS” ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE LIKE AUTHORS AND ACTORS, HIGHLIGHTING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR UNIQUENESS AND THEIR STYLE, IN THE PROCESS DEVELOPING A SPECIFIC PERSONA AND IDENTITY” (Molina, 2015, p.2)

URBAN PLANNING TRENDS

Communicative Planning Another role planners were given is the “negotiator” role, in which architects are seen as the negotiating body between authorities, experts and the residents. This role is very dominant in the “communicative/collaborative planning” approach that aims to involve all the actors in the decision making process, including citizens, and to produce a more democratic planning process. “This planning style is commended as a respectful, interpersonal discursive practice adapted to the need of liberal and pluralist societies where one social group cannot legitimately force its preferred solutions to collective problems on the other groups” (Sager, 2009, p. 67). Nowadays there are plenty of bottom up communicative approaches, I’ll discuss two that search for an alternative ways for the architectural practice:

“IT IS EVIDENT THAT THE ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ARCHITECT BOTH AS A PRACTITIONER AND AN INTELLECTUAL NECESSITATES TO BE REOPENED FOR CHALLENGE TODAY. ATTAINING AN ENHANCED AWARENESS OF THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES TOWARDS THE SOCIETY AND THE CITY, ARCHITECTS MAY ACT AS A COORDINATOR OR CONCILIATOR BETWEEN PRACTITIONERS OF THE PROFESSIONS WHO PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE CREATION OF BUILT ENVIRONMENTS. THE ARCHITECT MAY ALSO PLAY MORE ACTIVE ROLES IN ESTABLISHING DIALOGUE BETWEEN CITIZENS AND POLITICIANS”

The Architect-Organizer In this role architects have several responsibilities, they should work and communicate with the local community and businesses, they need to use clear language and translate the professional and technical jargon into simple language that is then shared to bring awareness, in addition to providing a stage for criticizing social and political processes. All of these when combined in a genuine and transparent participatory decision making process lead to the empowerment of the community and other involved local actors (Harriss, 2020).

Varyap Meridian, Istanbul, Turkey, RMJM Architects, Source: https://rmjm.com/, Edited by the author

When The Architect Is Not An Architect Holly Lewis from “We Made That” practice admits that “by not focusing on buildings, they realized they were better able to serve the public good, by working with local authorities, charities and community groups, to help them achieve their varied aims” (Harriss, 2020, p. 178). This practice believes in design by research, they don’t have many built projects and believe that a deep understanding of the place and its inhabitants is necessary in order to create better designs that will eventually improve the relationship between the community and its built environment (Harriss, 2020).

(Yorgancioglu, 2014, p.4)

Small Interventions, London, 2018, by WeMadeThat Source: www.wemadethat.co.uk, Edited by the author

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

1.3 TOP DOWN VS. BOTTOM UP When discussing urban design we cannot ignore two main approaches of the 20th century- TopDown and Bottom-Up. These symbolize, nowadays, the level of community involvement in the design process. To better understand these contrary approaches we must acknowledge that they both have advantages and disadvantages in regards to the amount of actors involved, to the project’s scale and its objectives.

Top Down

This approach starts with governmental and official bodies which are the main decision making members throughout the planning process. As so, it supports centralism and de-politicizing of the decision-making as well as increases the role and power of the involved experts (Sabatier, 1986). Strengths a. Focuses on the overall and thus effective when there is one large public goal to execute b. There is one dominant actor Weaknesses a. The focus on one dominant actor controlling the decision making process while neglecting all other actors involved, thus it doesn’t work when having many dominant actors. b. In top-down local needs are ignored in order to benefit the main actor needs c. Always starts with official bodies (Pissourios, 2014)

Bottom Up

Is a Participatory Communicative planning approach which considers the local needs and allows greater citizen participation in decision-making. It starts by identifying the local actors, their goals and needs and then moves to understand the broader national goals and actors (Sabatier, 1986). This approach “allows the members of the community to share their own views and convictions in planning strategies to improve and solve issues related to their communities” ( El Asmar, 2012, p.38). Strengths a. Works well when many different public and private actors are involved without hierarchy b. Focuses on local dynamics c. Citizens are empowered and encouraged to play an active role in planning and designing their communities, creating a self-organizing and managing local system d. Can be used to research and test design on the ground Weaknesses a. Overemphasizes the actors goals and strategies - When many actors are involved it can become a very inefficient process b. Difficulty to legalize and formalize the outcomes c. Larger issues such as sustainability are easier to face on the national scale (Pissourios, 2014)

TOP DOWN VS. BOTTOM UP

Top Down

Government

Politicians

Experts

Municipality

Planners

Local Figures

Stakeholders

Citizens

Bottom Up The Main Actors In Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches Diagram, By the author

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS

Utopia Creator

The Technician

TOP-DOWN

The Socio- Economist

The Advocate

BOTTOM-UP 1898

1920

1940s

Garden - City

Modernism

New Towns

City+Countryside Concluding Diagram, By the author

The Ideal City

1960s-70s Post-Modernism

TOP DOWN VS. BOTTOM UP

Procedural Knowledge Technician

The Starchitect The Illustrator Procedural Knowledge Technician

The Socio- Economist

Designing For People

The Place Maker

Designing With People The Organizer The Advocate Not An Architect 1980s New-Urbanism

1980s Critical Regionalism

The Just + Human Scaled City

1980s-90s

Neo Liberalism The Market Driven City

21st

Smart City Sustainable City

02.

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS? 30

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

2.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION “Participatory Design Is An Attitude About A Force For Change In The Creation And Management Of Environments For People. Its Strength Lies In Being A Movement That Cuts Across Traditional Professional Boundaries And Cultures. Its Roots Lie In The Ideals Of Participatory Democracy” (Sanoff, 2010, p. 1) Including community in the decision making process has many levels. It ranges from not including citizens at all, which can many times lead to conflicts between the community and the government, to the inclusion of them since the very first planning steps of concept and setting the project’s goals and objectives. Nowadays, not only there isn’t a clear acceptable participatory process but even the definition of participation itself is unclear and has been defined again and again through history. In 1969 Sherry Arnstein defined it as “a categorical term for citizen power. It is the redistribution of power that enables the havenot citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future” (p. 216). Others define participation as the amount of involvement and influence an individual has in decision making on projects that affects him (Glucker et al, 2013). Arnstein also introduced the ladder of participation which illustrates the different levels and scales in which the public is involved in the decision making process. She

believed that in order to achieve real public participation we need to be on the three top levels of the ladder, since participation without changing the hierarchy of power is a useless and frustrating process for all participants. While the bottom part of the ladder represents little to no power of citizens in participatory processes the upper part represents high rate of citizen power, she strongly believed that by rearranging the power hierarchy and

Citizen Control

Delegation

Partnership

Placation

Consultation

Informing

Therapy

Manipulation

Citizen Control

Tokenism

Nonparticipation

The Ladder Of Citizen Participation, Arnstein’s Ladder (1969) Sherry Arnstein, (1969), Source: https://www. Degrees of Citizen Participation citizenshandbook.org/arnsteinsladder.html

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

giving more power to citizens they will be able to take action and shape their city. Though many things have changed since Arnstein’s ladder it still remains as an important point in the history of public participation that assisted in widening the discussion on participatory processes (Gaber, 2019). Even when discussing participatory approaches there are many different levels regarding the role that the citizen plays in the decision making process. While some approaches refer to inhabitants as users, others consider the resident as a designer and an important partner in decision making. In ethnography for example community is mainly involved in order to study its needs and everyday lives experiences in order to design more fitted solutions (Van Dijk, 2010). In Empathic design “the leading role would remain with the architect who would lead with empathy, taking the actual needs of the user into account” (Sandman et al, 2018). Here the designer moves towards the users. In Co-design on the other hand communities together with professionals and academics work and design together to develop better solutions. In participatory design citizens become designers, they are more involved in decision making, this kind of participation is deeper and is not always suitable as Sandman claims, it takes longer time and more effort and in some cases such as in developing countries it is harder and sometimes not even possible to initiate, under these circumstances the empathic design approach of can become more handy (Sandman et al, 2018).

Worksite at Doctors’ Housing in Rwanda, MASS Design Group 1

Diagram showing the different participatory human-centered approaches, Source: Sandman et al (2018)

Source: 1 www.architectural-review.com/awards/ar-house/doctors-housing-in-rwanda-by-mass-design-group

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

BUT WHY SHOULD WE EVEN INCLUDE? To Make The Invisible Visible The objectives of public participation are wide and versatile, and up until today there is no one clear list of the objectives that can be achieved by including the public in decision making. Participate in design practice from Singapore believes that participation can “A. Reduce the risk of failure and consequently, cost, B. Build ownership of the outcome, C. Boost confidence and self-reliance of the residents, D. Enable realistic expectations to form and lower resistance to change. E. Foster stronger bonds, and in turn, greater community involvement.” (participateindesign.org/approach/what). Glucker et al. (2013) adds to these the resolving of conflicts, harnessing local data and knowledge which will increase the quality of the output, enhancing democratic capacity and empowering marginalized individuals and groups. Loftus (vimeo.com/283904861) claims that

“The City Belongs To All Of Us, And Yet Not All Of Us Have The Tools Or Understanding To Shape It” Damon Rich, Center for Urban Pedagogy when we do include citizens we reduce the maintenance costs of the project because people living in it will be invested in the process and won’t vandalize their neighborhood. She also adds that including citizens in decision making doesn’t bring any bad press to politicians and can even benefit them. Hanchey (1998) puts the objectives under three main categories: public relations, information and conflict resolution in which he then details more as seen on the figure below. In the public relations objective, for instance, he points out that people are unaware and uninformed about the rules of the game - who is responsible for what, who makes decisions and so on, by involving citizens we can provide this insight and assist in clearing up why authorities are

Objectives Of Public Participation, Source: Hanchey, 1998, P. 16

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

taking some decisions and the limitations that they have to face. Building trust and solving conflicts comes again and again in scholars and practices objectives which shows the importance of the two. When the process isn’t transparent and open to the public a mistrust in authorities and their intentions grows leading by the end to conflicts. By involving citizens and empowering them from the beginning of the process and throughout the process we can avoid these conflicts and build trust between the public and authorities or as Loftus oftus (vimeo.com/283904861) phrase it “ Bridging the gap between the political and the personal”.

CHALLENGES IN PARTICIPATORY DESIGN Public participation has many advantages but also many challenges and barriers, this is many times due to the huge misclarity up until today in public participation procedures and the objectives that we want to get from including citizens. Some of the challenges that are mentioned in Loftus’s talk (https://vimeo. com/283904861) are - The lack of a good democratic system, it takes a long time and costs a lot of money, raises tons of expectations, we (architects) don’t believe that people are as smart as us, and we don’t share data. Hanchey (1998) adds that “there are many objectives which can be achieved by public participation and there is no single procedure, such as public hearings, which is effective in achieving all of them”. Other barriers that practices mention include the difficulty of involving all

“Participation Keeps Being Reinvented” “ We Wouldn’t Be Here Talking About It If We Already Had A Good Democratic System” (Loftus , vimeo.com/283904861)

“Despite The Increased Attention Given To Public Participation In Planning By Many Of The Federal Agencies Involved In The Development And Management Of Natural Resources, The Initial Efforts To Implement This Concept Reflect Numerous Uncertainties About The Development Of Effective Programs, And The Absence Of Criteria By Which To Measure Its Effectiveness And Overall Worth. This At Least Partially Stems From The Fact That There Has Seldom Been An Adequate Resolution In Policy Or Practice Of What Is Expected To Be Accomplished By Involving The Public In Planning.” (Hanchey J. , 1998, p.15) people, not everyone wants to be involved or have the time to participate, unfortunately, this is the case of many underdeveloped countries, minorities and low income citizens that can’t afford to give so much time to this process (Sandman et al, 2018). In these cases citizens that are involved are mostly more privileged and don’t represent all of which are affected by the decisions. Calderon (2020) adds to these challenges also the different ways that people use space which can lead to many disagreements and conflicts, he suggests that these differences come from gender, age, class, ethnicity and so on. Hou (2011) declares that another challenge today is that there are many different interests on the table that the public good is no longer the most important one. Lastly, he adds that we as professionals still have aesthetics criterias that are believed to be under a threat when including the public which leads to the general disapproval of the participatory process.

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

2.2 PARTICIPATORY FRAMEWORK “There Is A Lack Of Systematic Empirical Studies On How Public Participation Is Actually Practiced, How Participation Processes Are Designed And With What Objectives In Mind” (Uittenbroek et al, 2019)

Nowadays there is a wide range of examples for participatory tools and methods but there is still a huge lack of a systematic approach. In “The design of public participation: who participates, when and how?” the authors suggest a conceptual framework that can be used in different participatory projects to evaluate them, they call it the “Who, When and How?”. The Who is asking who is participating essentially it means stating which actor is participating, the When is for when do we involve these actors and the How is for how do we include these actors? is it online or offline? is it by a survey or a public meeting? and so on. On the other side of the table the authors suggest adding the objectives of the participation, meaning what do we want to achieve from this involvement, and in between they added arrows that show how each of the three questions influence the objectives. These objectives are based on Glucker et al (2013) since the authors believe that it’s the best available overview of participatory objectives that were published by then. Glucker et al (2013) points out that different objectives require different tools and methods.

While one method can fit one objective it doesn’t mean it’ll meet the requirements needed to achieve the other objective, and so in order to meet several objectives a specific mix of tools is needed to be created and adjusted for each project. In order to examine this methodology they chose three case studies from the Netherlands that were known to have had an intensive participatory process and implemented the Who, When and How framework on them. After understanding how the participatory process was held in each one they have come to understand that sometimes using too many participatory tools doesn’t mean that you did a better participatory; process this was in the case of Kockengen village. Another interesting point they make is that achieving as many objectives as possible shouldn’t be your goal and again doesn’t mean that your participatory process is successful. Lastly, they state that much research still has to be made and there is a huge gap between literature and practice and a general lack of understanding of how participatory processes are actually practiced (Uittenbroek et al, 2019).

“Acknowledgment Of Citizens’ Input Is Even More Important Than The Amount Or Type Of Participation Practices The Municipality Installs” Uittenbroek et al (2019)

PARTICIPATORY FRAMEWORK

DESIGN OF PARTICIPATION

INFLUENCES

WHO: Interest Representation •

•

The general public versus complete representation of interests; Equal versus skewed representation

WHEN: Degree Of Participation •

•

Participation during all/multiple/one stage(s) of policy processes; Before or after decisionmaking

HOW: Degree Of Deliberation • •

Variety in types of participation practices; Accessibility in terms of amount, frequency and location (online/offline)

OBJECTIVES OF PARTICIPATION 1. Inﬂuencing decisions 2. Enhancing democratic capacity 3. Social learning 4. Empowering and emancipating 5. Harnessing local info and knowledge 6. Incorporating experimental and value-based knowledge 7. Testing the robustness of information from other sources 8. Generating legitimacy 9. Resolving conﬂict

Conceptual Framework, Uittenbroek et al (2019) p. 2535, Edited by the author

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

COMPONENTS OF GOOD PARTICIPATORY DESIGN “Good Participatory Design Depends On Three Key Areas: Adhering To Core Principles, Designing A Suitable Process, And Applying The Right Tools And Methods” Participateindesign

P!D is a planning and educational practice based in Singapore. They assist and believe in designing with people and not just for them. They collaborate with neighborhoods, public institutions and the private sector. Together with them they implement participatory design projects on different scales and for different uses. They believe that a good participatory design process should depend on three main actions: A. Concentrating On Core Principles B. Creating A Suitable & Site Specific Process C. Applying The Correct And Most Relevant Methods and Tools

The three components of a good participatory design, source: http://participateindesign.org/approach/what

The practice has three units: 1. P!D Studio - implementing participatory design 2. P!D School - Training and educating 3. P!D Lab - Creating, researching and experimenting with innovative participatory tools

Source: http://participateindesign.org

“Participatory Design Is Not Only An Approach To Design… But Most Importantly A Design Attitude” Participateindesign

PARTICIPATORY FRAMEWORK

The practice’s design approach in 4 steps, source: http://participateindesign.org/approach/what, Edited by author

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

2.3 PARTICIPATORY METHODS 36 Research approach

4.2. Data Collection Methods

workshops for children and parents, at the

commute, advantages and disadvantages of having children and living in an urban environment, and mapping activities to point out walking route and locations. The interviews were fully transcribed and the results of the survey collated. The families and parents interviewed used the city and various facilities on a daily basis in various ways, with positive and negative experiences. The interviewees spoke about their daily involvement and experiences, and the transcripts about the city from the perspective of family friendly planning.

Following up on the surveys and spatial analysis done by the student’s further investigations were done in the form of a workshop. The aim of the workshop was to investigate the perceptions of the children on their play environment and how to develop these places from their viewpoint. Children are asked to come up with changes to improve the playscapes in their neighbourhood

school and a community centre, to verify This section will discuss some of the diverse tools and challenges and identity methods of possible Eindhoven co-creation to address planning for families. methods that are available nowadays and are used in Apart from this, neighbourhood coordinaThe data collection for the four neightors, and policy-makers were interviewed to bourhoods was carried out by a group of practices to includedocument citizens in participatory design current attempts at addressing fifty graduate students over a period of changing needs and existing initiatives. four weeks from the master course on the conducted both desk-based projects, eachUniverone hasFinally, its weadvantages and disadvantages public domain from the Eindhoven studies of literature and policy documents on sity of Technology. Each neighbourhood the initiatives in the city and global respons- as being had between twelveeach to thirteen students and one can achieve different objective, es. working together to collect quantitative and qualitative streets, and should use a specific combination of sodatatheon play, facilitators green. The surveys and interviews covered, Workshop with school children among other topics, housing preferences, these methods to fit the each site and project. play areas, green spaces, daily activities, Suggestions how to further improve the school yard. Drawing from the workshop with school children.

2 DIMENSIONAL TOOLS

Include - Surveys, drawings, questionnaires, pictures, maps and so on. They are used in diverse ways and at De Trinoom, a Montessori elementary different stages of the process. These toolsin are useful school, was approached to participate small workshop with their pupils. Through working with generation, in De trinoom theyounger school 15 children were approached Results fromwhen the four neighbourhoods were the to participate in the research and they all compared with each other to identify the The selection requirement elementary school inparticipated. The Netherlands, for example, a best possible neighbourhood to carry out was that they had to live in Bergen neighthe next phase of the research. Phase two bourhood. There was an equal distribution of the work was carried out in a gentrifyquestionnaire of “Howbetween to improve the school’s yard” was boys and girls and they were of ing inner-city neighbourhood that is facing various age were groups, and the median age of demographic changes, has active done with theparticipachildren, they asked to come up with the children was 10 years. The workshop tion from parents of the neighbourhood and held in three subsequent sessions with the schools in the area. We held two intensive suggested changes for their playgrounds. “The aim of the workshop was to investigate the perceptions of the children on their play environment and how to develop these places from their viewpoint“ (Krishnamurthy et al,

Examples of scanned forms from the workshop with school children with results from the questionnaire.

2018), p.37).

Another example is the use of postcards, in the case of Guimaraes, Portugal children from the children’s activity center were asked to draw and express themselves on postcards in order to improve the youth participation in local developments and to promote the involvement of youth in urban matter (Danenberg, 2018, p. 303-304).

Drawings from the workshop with De Trinoom elementary school children, Krishnamurthy et al (2018), p.37

PARTICIPATORY METHODS

Illustrated postcards of guimarães, Danenberg (2018) p. 304, Edited by the author

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

DIGITAL PARTICIPATION

The growth and development of new technologies is also to be seen in participatory tools. Nowadays, there are many available digital tools - Online questionnaires and platforms, mobile phone softwares, virtual reality and social media - these all are used to invite citizens to participate in decision making processes. The biggest advantage of digital interfaces is that it allows to reach many people in short time (Gün, A, 2020). In addition, under a global situation as such we are in today with “Covid19” this tool can become very useful in order to continue the participatory process and the involvement of citizens. However, digital tools also suffer from one important issue which is accessibility to technology and to the knowledge of how to use it. Not all people have Internet connection or know how to use it making it inaccessible for some and thus, hurts the democratic notion. During the pandemic in May 2020 there was a conference named “Engagement at a distance” held by Public Practice, on this conference there was a discussion on how are practices managing to cope with the distant engagement. The speakers said that the digital tools are important since you can continue to engage under the current circumstances but they also insisted that using digital tools alone isn’t enough to engage and the personal physical interactions has to combined (https://vimeo.com/417680888). In Turkey the use of social media is very wide and popular, as being so using information technologies for public participation was a logical tool. Through this platform the participatory process became shorter in time, provided equal presentation of the community and more transparent. This tool, on the right, empowered citizens to express their desires concerning the urban space (Gün, A, 2020).

Move your quarters, Survey on mobility and neighborhood perception with residents, Essen’s northern district, Germany, Source: https://bewegdeinquartier.de/

The user interface of participation platform and of the mobile participation application, Source: Gün, A(2020)

PARTICIPATORY METHODS

Another interesting participatory Online platform was designed by Confers, their website not only allows to pinpoint on a map but also to put notes on a street view, this can assist tremendously in spatial perception and suggest even more into detail comments from the residents. This was used in the Hexham Market Place in the UK in which users were asked “How can we improve the market place?” (hexhammarketplace.confers.com) Nowadays, there are many existing digital participatory platforms offering different tools to collect and share data and ideas from the citizens. On the right you can see only some of the many available Online platforms, when searching for one that I can use in this research I’ve came to understand that there are 3 main issues: 1. Platforms are not free even for research purposes 2. Most of them don’t support many languages but only the local language and English, this particularity is hard to adjust when a right to left language is needed. 3. Many times users need to register to the website in order to use it. This in my point of view can decrease the amount of participants.

Confers Online Platform, the Hexham Market Place Project, Source: hexhammarketplace.confers.com, Edited by the author

Logo’s of some of the many Online participatory platforms, Source: Platforms websites, Edited by the author

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

GAMES AND CITY MAKING

This approach creates an accessible environment of games, free from professional terms, in which players engage with each other and reach shared solutions. One of the examples is the “Play the City” approach created by Dr. Ekim Tan which suggests games as a collaborative tool in the decision making process. “We use gaming as an integral problem solving method; bringing policy makers, market parties, and citizens around the table”(www.playthecity.eu). These games are used in Amsterdam and Istanbul in order to help governments to better collaborate with multiple stakeholders.

“Play Amsterdam West” is one of the games developed by Tan. It is a youth participation tool with school children, aiming to increase the awareness of the city and safety in the city among the younger generation. Another game this practice suggests is “Play Mahonda” it was developed for Zanzibar, Tanzania, “the game proposes a set of design principles to organize a potential new town settlement”, by providing as little as possible rules to maximize local community organization and self management it is able to avoid a top-down planning (www.playthecity.eu/playprojects/Play-Mahonda).

Play Amsterdam West, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2019, Source: www.playthecity.eu, Edited by the author

PARTICIPATORY METHODS

Squares, 2016, By Studio Oa, Jerusalem Is an urban strategy board game designed for 3-10 players. The goal is to discuss planning on an urbanneighborhood scale and to establish a common architectural plan that maps the ideas, thoughts, opinions and needs that were raised during the game. Game’s parts include different categories such as - built, park, streets etc’, it also includes a disagreement jeton. After the data is collected it is translated to an architectural scheme. (o-plus-a.com)

SQUARES Physical Model, Source: o-plus-a.com, Edited by the

author

Wego: Tailor-Made Housing By “The Why Factory” Aims to explore the craziest desires of the inhabitants in a housing block and to understand the density potential of it. It is a human driven participatory game for housing design which the developers believe can lead to unexpected housing typologies, in addition to the optimization of land use and the overcoming of inequality. (thewhyfactory.com)

Wego City Game - Physical Model, The Why Factory, Source: thewhyfactory.com, Edited by the author.

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

THE CITY AS A LABORATORY

Closing off busy streets, taking parking spots, placing huge street furniture and other temporary interventions in order to understand how people use the urban space, learn their needs and collect information. This is also called “Tactical Urbanism”. This approach believes that short term action can lead to a long term change, “This approach allows a host of local actors to test new concepts before making substantial political and financial commitments“(Lydon, 2012, p.1).

“The Lack Of Resources Is No Longer An Excuse Not To Act. The Idea That Action Should Only Be Taken After All The Answers And The Resources Have Been Found Is A Sure Recipe For Paralysis. The Planning Of A City Is A Process That Allows For Corrections; It Is Supremely Arrogant To Believe That Planning Can Be Done Only After Every Possible Variable Has Been Controlled” Jaime Lerner, former mayor of Curitiba, Brazil (Lydon, 2012, p.iv)

Creating a car free zone for 6 months in a busy district, Ottensen, Hamburg, Germany. Source: https://urbanista.de/en/

PARTICIPATORY METHODS

3 Day Pop-Up, Cachoeirinha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2019, Source: https://www.itdp.org/event/power-of-tactical-urbanism/270419_ belohorizonte_kids_dhoppe-18/

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

CO-DESIGN

Means involving community in all design stages - From the first steps of site analysis and concept development to the later phases of final design and planning. This approach was used in the apartment complex project in Schilderswijk, Alvaro Siza was appointed to this project. Siza believes in creating places by understanding the locality of the site including the citizens who live in it, and so in this project he visited residents houses and implemented participatory tools to include citizens in the design process. Since one of the issues of participatory processes is the knowledge differences, such as how to read a plan, Siza decided to illustrate the design of the future apartments to the residents by building a 1:1 mockup of the apartments which is shown below (Mota, 2019).

Alvaro Siza with residents in a 1:1 scale prototype of the apartments, Schilderswijk, Netherlands, 1986, Source: Photograph by Fred van der Burg, 1986. Courtesy of Adri Duivesteijn/STROOM Den Haag

PARTICIPATORY METHODS

CO-DESIGN & CO-CREATE

This approach means involving community not only throughout the design process but also in the construction phase. Solidair Mobiel Wonen used this method in creating 8 temporary housing units for previously homeless people in Brussels, Belgium. They involved the future residents from the very beginning and initiated during the project’s timeline several construction workshops in which the residents acquired construction and technical skills that they can use in future to adapt their unit according to their needs. (solidairmobielwonen.be/overons/co-building)

Solidair Mobiel Wonen, Temporary Homeless Housing, Designing and Building With the Future Residents, Brussels, Belgium, Source: https://solidairmobielwonen.be/

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

2.4 PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES Four case studies were chosen to showcase diverse participatory approaches that had different outcomes, some more successful than others: 1. Dakpark, Rotterdam, The Netherlands - An example of how the country can encourage intensive participatory processes by a financial aid 2. Upper & Lower Fosters, London, UK - Is A Residential Urban Renewal Project Suggesting New Affordable housing, this project is an proves that an overall short timeline is possible even with a very intensive participatory process 3. Quinta Monroy, Iquique, Chile, shows the importance of a co-design and co-create process but also shows that we as architects need to consider also the aftermath of our design and the future conflicts it can lead to 4. Civic Line Project, Paris, France - As an example of an intensive and rich participatory process that was canceled due to the objection of the “privileged”

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

2 1 4

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

1. DAKPARK

ROTTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, BURO SANT EN CO, 2015 HOW NATIONAL SUBSIDY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CITIZENS EMPOWERMENT The rooftop park project’s initial goal was to create a dike against possible floods from the Meuse river. This project became multi functional when the residents insisted on the development of a park that will benefit the adjacent residential areas and so it became a combination of a major open space, a dike and commerce underneath.

Before - 20121 Source: 1 https://www.dakparkrotterdam.nl/over-ons/ 51

What’s refreshing in this project is the way the participatory design process was held. To start with, the municipality was able to initiate a thorough process and put so much money and effort into the participatory process because by doing participation they would get a national subsidy. In addition, when noticing that only one group of residents are being heard an effort was put into collecting other residents opinions and needs by visiting local facilities for example. Moreover, inhabitants were

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

given many participation opportunities through many different events and tools the municipality was able to reach and involve more people. Another example is that at first there were 4-6 residents involved in the decision making and these residents were supposed to represent all residents, since other residents felt unheard and the representatives weren’t unable to continue with this role the municipality hired a “professional facilitator”, this facilitator was the communication body between the residents and the municipality, he represented the residents in the planning meetings and was able to communicate their needs to the professional team. The facilitator together with the residents created the “Eight Commandments Document” that explained the design of the park, this document later on was accepted by the municipality. Even after the park was finished residents were still deeply involved; they initiated the “Foundation Friends Of Rooftop Park” which organizes their participation in the maintenance and oversight of the park. (Uittenbroek et al, 2019) A top view of the park 2

After - 20151

Source: 2 https://www.europan-europe.eu/en/session/europan-15/site/rotterdam-kop-dakpark-nl

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

Residents maintain the park 1

Residents initiate activities for children in the park 2 Foundation Friends Of Rooftop Park

Created Together ‘Eight Commandments’ Document Hired

The Municipality

Professional Facilitator

Residents

Development Phase 1998 Rail Yard

2000 Double Land Use

2004 Master Plan

2008 Zoning Plan

Timeline of the park, Source: Based on https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/1864/Martens%2C_Anke_1. pdf?sequence=1 , translated made and edited by the author

Source: 1 https://www.dakparkrotterdam.nl/meedoen/ 2

https://www.dakparkrotterdam.nl/over-ons/

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

Residents maintain the park 1

Management Phase Municipality + Residents (Foundation Friends Of Rooftop Park)

2009 Construction Starts

2011 Roof park Construction Starts

2014 Opening

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

2. UPPER & LOWER FOSTERS LONDON, UK, HAT PROJECTS, 2015 WHEN PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS CAN ALSO STAY IN A REASONABLE TIMELINE Intense Co-Design of the masterplan with community members for over two years. The proposed masterplan goals are to create: New affordable rent, shared ownership and market sale homes, with 50% of the new homes being affordable, 75 affordable extra care homes for elderly residents, A renewed public realm on the estate including new play areas, benches, open green space, tree planting and paths. A new street layout and improved provision and control of car parking.1 The participatory process included 22 community steering group meetings, 5 rounds of open events and more than 175 people involved. The meetings and events included various methods to understand the residents’ needs and to come up with a suitable solution. 1 Physical model, Source: www.hatprojects.com/projects/ upper-lower-fosters/

2017 Listening & Learning

2018 Detailed Design

Summer 2019 Planning Application Submitted

The total timeline of the master plan was 4 years, based on the combination of 2 timelines, Sources: www.barnet.gov.uk/ fostersestate and thebarnetgroup.org/bh/fosters/ , combined and made by the author

Sources: 1 https://thebarnetgroup.org/bh/fosters/ , https://www.hatprojects.com/projects/upper-lower-fosters/ , https://www.barnet.gov.uk/fostersestate

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

“Early sketches of the three different concepts. The park concept was preferred by the community as it kept the open, green character of the estate. This directed the layout in the masterplan”, Source: www.barnet.gov.uk/fostersestate Edited by the author

The Final Master Plan and Illustrations, Source: www.barnet.gov.uk/fostersestate

2019 Planning Application Submitted

August 2020 Tenders

Spring 2021 Works Begin

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

Some of the participatory tools that were used - a physical model, maps and pictures, Source: www.hatprojects.com/projects/upper-lower-fosters/ Edited by the author

The intensive participatory process, Source: www.barnet.gov.uk/fostersestate , Edited by the author

Sources: https://thebarnetgroup.org/bh/fosters/ , https://www.hatprojects.com/projects/upper-lower-fosters/ , https://www.barnet.gov.uk/fostersestate

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

3. QUINTA MONROY IQUIQUE, CHILE, ELEMENTAL, 2004

THE AFTEREFFECTS WE SHOULD THINK OF WHEN DESIGNING The site has been illegally occupied by 100 families since the 1960s. The informal housing suffered from many issues, yet the residents insisted on remaining there, and so the main goal of the project was to resettle the families in the same central site, instead of displacing them in the periphery which would have created many social issues such as - Isolation, social conflicts and inequality. Elemental initiated several public participation meetings with the existing community throughout the design and construction process. The idea was to co-design and co-create with the inhabitants to encourage community inclusion and empowerment. Residents showed a huge interest in taking action in the redevelopment of their neighborhood and started to develop a sense of belonging and positive feelings towards their neighborhood. The participatory approach created a dialogue between the experts and the residents while explaining and clarifying the opportunities but also issues and limitations to the inhabitants. These participatory meetings were held on site and included physical models, drawings and maps, in addition, residents were asked to draw how they imagine their future neighborhood, houses, facades and the common areas. (Alawady, 2021) Inhabitants drawings from the co-design workshops, Source: https://www.slideshare.net/dbasulto/elemental-chile

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

Co-Design workshops with the community, Source: www.redfundamentos.com/blog/es/obras/detalle-143/, Edited by the author

A meeting with the residents on site, Source: www.slideshare.net/dbasulto/elemental-chile , Photo By Tomas Cortese, Edited by the author

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

The project allowed personal adaptation and expansion after it was finished, each family could expand its apartment according to its needs and financial means. The inhabitants expressed their unique personality and identity through the expansions’ materiality and colors. Since the project is in a central location the expansions of the houses increased their value and developed a sense of dignity, ownership and belonging of the inhabitants to their homes. The project’s initial concept was to include inhabitants in the design and construction process by offering guidance not just during the process, but also after the new dwellings have been occupied.

The participatory procedures, however, finished the day residents were handed over their homes. The current condition of the Quinta Monroy, therefore, has a physically progressive development of individual housing but does not include an overall collective development vision. Here, I believe that the architect should and could have predicted the future conflicts that occurred because of the design that was allowing residents to expand their houses without following any rules which at the end led to the abuse of other neighbors basic needs such as natural sun and ventilation (Alawady, 2021)

The previous informal housing , Source: docplayer.com.br/114579612-Sistema-modular-para-uma-habitacao-evolutiva-acustos-controlados.html, p. 190

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

Different Adaptations Of the apartment, Source: docplayer.com.br/114579612-Sistema-modular-para-uma-habitacaoevolutiva-a-custos-controlados.html , p. 190

Before and after the adaptation, Source: www.archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elementale ,by Elemental, Edited by the author

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

4. Civic Line Project PARIS, FRANCE, AAA

WHEN NOT ALL PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES ARE SUCCESSFUL The civic line project is “an example of the limitations of participatory processes in the context of a weakened democracy” Doina Petrescu (Harriss, 2021). The project aimed to transform an abandoned space under the metro line which currently hosts illegal and informal activities into a new public space together with the inhabitants. The aim at the end was that after it is finished it will be managed and governed by citizens and include many community activities for all. (www.urbantactics.org/projets/promenade-urbaine/) An intensive participatory process was held during 2017, it included consultation, communication and dialogue sessions, prefiguration and identification of preferred uses and lastly the possible actors and project leaders.

All phases were done through the usage of different participatory tools, consultation phase for example was done through a stand located on site to attract passers by, the identification of uses were done through 2 public workshops and so on. After all these phases were done a document was created, this document included a detailed documentation of all the participatory process, all the activities that were held, people’s comments on social media, how they shared and communicated through social media, the methodologies that were used and the objective of each phase and even a graphical branding for the project, in addition, it included all the ideas that were suggested by the inhabitants and illustrations of the possible future Civic line. (issuu.com/atelierdarchitectureautogeree/docs/ bilancvlfinal_issuu_light_pages).

A schedule of all participatory activities that were held in 2017, Source: issuu.com/atelierdarchitectureautogeree/docs/ bilancvlfinal_issuu_light_pages, Edited by the author

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

The team included many diverse actors (issuu.com/atelierdarchitectureautogeree/docs/bilancvlfinal_issuu_light_pages)

Project’s diagram, Source: www.facebook.com/civiclab.bcs/photos/ , Edited by the author

WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

The project had a very profound participatory design process and was awarded the “European innovation in Politics”. However, it had one big issue - “the privileged residents” - they are the retired, white and educated residents who were well organized, had time to participate in all meetings and learn the professional lexicon and at the end also managed to interrupt the process and lead to the suspension of the project. In addition, this group was able to overshadow any other participants especially the weaker ones which the practice was so keen to give a voice to, these were the immigrants, the local organizations and other participants who eventually weren’t given a stage to express their thoughts and needs (Harriss, 2021). Nevertheless, Doina Petrescu from the AAA practice still believes that a failure as the one that happened in the Civic Line project is also very important and maybe even good for the participatory practice since it teaches us to continue to push boundaries and make the participatory better and better and demand for more (Harriss, 2021).

Consultation stand on site, Source: innovationinpolitics.eu/showroom/project/civicline-a-citizen-run-innovative-public-spacein-a-contested-territory/

PARTICIPATORY CASE STUDIES

Occupying the space, Source: www.urbantactics.org/projets/promenade-urbaine/ , Edited by the author

Illustration of the outcome, Source: innovationinpolitics.eu/showroom/project/civicline-a-citizen-run-innovative-public-spacein-a-contested-territory/

DO’S WHY & HOW TO INCLUDE CITIZENS?

1. Create A Multi-Directional Dialogue - Talk And Listen To People Informally 2. Share Data With Citizens, Be Transparent And Make Everything Fully Accessible 3. Allies Aren’t Always Your Advocates 4. Make Efforts To Engage Everyone 5. Learn, Use & Respect The Local Knowledge 6. Look Also At The Bigger Picture (The City, Economy, Socially, Environment...) 7. Create Multiple Opportunities For Residents To Participate 8. Combine Different Participatory Practices And Diverse Physical & Online Tools 9. Learn From Other Practices And Use New Technologies 10. Include Citizens From The Beginning And Throughout The Whole Process 11. Make Readable And Simple Visualizations And Writing 12. Explain The Rules Of The Game 13. Focus On The Process 14. Research And Deeply Understand The Lifestyle Of The Residents 15. Be Prepared, Clear, Direct And Neutral 16. Leverage Existing Networks And Local Skills 17. Design With People & Not For Them! 18. Develop Common Interests And Concerns In Order To Create A Common Vision 19. Make It Local - Tailor Suitable Methods And Design Process For Each Case 20. Make It Fun!!! 21. Involve Other Experts

DON’TS 1. Don’t Use Professional Lexicon 2. Don’t Think You Are Smarter 3. Don’t Use Commercial Renders 4. Don’t Expect Them To Stay Committed 5. Don’t Try To Achieve As Many As Possible Objectives 6. Don’t Sugar Coat Too Much 7. Don’t Tell Them How They Should Feel 8. Don’t Present Them A Complete Solution 9. Don’t Use Only One Participatory Tool 10. Don’t Take Sides 11. Don’t Expect People To Agree With You 12. Don’t Force People To Participate - Some Just Don’t Want to 13. Don’t Set Rules For The Discussions

03.

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING 70

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

1948

1924

1882

El-NAKBA

End Of 3rd Emigration Wave

First Emigration Wave

1921 - Ein Harod, Communal Settlement

1948 - Palestinian Refugees On their Way To Jordan

The foundation of the Israeli state

1888 -Bethlehem 1947 - Jewish Immigrants 1920s-30s Immigrants

1894 - Nazareth

1939 1930s - Nahalal Town, Agricultural + Communitarian Zionist Ideology

1917

BALFOUR DECELERATION

End Of 5th Emigration Wave Rural Ideology

1931

1950

End Of 4th Emigration Wave

Law Of Return + Absentee Assets Law 1950 - An Immigrant Sitting In A Palestinian House

1914 End Of 2nd Emigration Wave

1950

1944

1937

1931

1925

1922

1914

1882

50s New Towns

HOW THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT SHAPED THE COUNTRY

1977

2000

2014

New Right Wing Government + National Plan For Neighborhood Renewal

Second Intifada

Initiating Vatmal Committee

70s Protests

1977

1960

2007

1990

Establishing The Land Administration, Constructing new towns, neighborhoods and villages

Until 1995 Soviet Union Immigrants + Emergency Housing Construction

Blockade On Gaza 1990s

1993 Oslo Accords 1966 - New Neighborhoods

1965 Creation Of Planning And Building Law

1987 First Intifada

1967

JEWS

Six-Days War Israel Occupied Gaza and The West Bank

2020

2019

2010

2000

1990

1980

1970

1960

ARAB PALESTINIANS

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

3.1 HOW THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT SHAPED THE COUNTRY “From the Ottoman rule to the present, the planning and political processes of each regime has left its foot print on Palestine land with regard to land use, urban form, urban morphology, and in its urban development of the urban areas in the Palestine land” (Moghayer et al, 2017, p. 2) 1850 - 1917 Ottoman Rule In the mid 19th century the majority of Palestinians were living in villages on hills. Palestine was known for its fertile soil producing fruits, citrus and wheat (Reilly, 1981), at the same time cities were also developing and modernizing and the Palestinian urbanity was linked to “urban liberalism” (Kallus, 2013). During the late 19th century the Zionist movement was spreading and in 1882 a first Jewish migration wave came to Palestine from

“THE AMAZING ABILITY TO DISCOVER THE LAND WITHOUT DISCOVERING THE PEOPLE DOVETAILED NEATLY WITH EARLY ZIONIST VISIONS. IN THE MINDS OF MANY EUROPEANS, ESPECIALLY ZIONIST JEWS, PALESTINE WAS “EMPTY” BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST WAVE OF JEWISH SETTLERS IN 1881-84” (Doumani, 1992, p.8) Eastern Europe (Reich, 1991). The Zionist movement was created as a response to the oppression of Jews, it originated in Europe with the ideology of creating a Jewish nation that will be safe and secure place for all Jews around the world that can come to this nation and seek refuge. The choice of Palestine for this nation wasn’t the only option

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

2019

2016

2013

2010

2007

2004

2001

1998

1995

1992

1989

1986

1983

1980

1977

1974

1971

1968

1965

1962

1959

1956

1953

1950

1939-1945

1919-1923

50,000

Jewish Immigrants to Palestine / Israel By Period Of Immigration, Based On The Central Bureau Of Statistics Of Israel, Made by the author

HOW THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT SHAPED THE COUNTRY

they had at first. However, Palestine was chosen as the homeland of the Jews due to the historical and religious connection of the Jewish people to this land (Hermann, 2013). Until the end of the Ottoman rule the Jewish population increased with more migration waves coming. 1917 - 1948 British Mandate At the end of the Ottoman rule and during WW1 the planning system changed, the British had planners, architects and engineers and a much more systematic, central and hierarchical approach (Waterman, 1971). During the British mandate new regulations and rules were established concerning budgets and administration. Urban planning rules that were used were based on the British ones with several adaptations (Moghayer et al, 2017). The Balfour Declaration in November 1917 announced that the British government sympathized with the Jewish community and declared that they could establish a Jewish “national home” in Palestine. After the declaration there were several more Jewish migration waves to Palestine (Reich, 1991). In the midst of the mandate, Zionists were mostly focused on establishing their social agricultural settlements; they invested much of their time and resources on developing their rural communal ideology. However, many of the 1920s immigrants chose to live in the new Jewish city of Tel Aviv or in the suburbs of other cities. The Judaization strategy of the Zionists included the creation of a separated Jewish settlements network mainly on the coast and in the north Palestinian valleys (Yiftachel, 2003). During the 30s With the Nazi regime in Germany Zionist planners have put even more emphasize on building settlements in order to prove that Palestine can accept Holocaust refugees (Troen, 1988) and the Jewish migration continued to increase rapidly. The indigenous Palestinians were against the influx of Jewish immigrants but they kept coming despite the British restrictions. By the end of the British mandate tensions and violence grew between Palestinians and the Zionists and in November 1947 the U.N. special committee on Palestine decided on partitioning Palestine into two nations - Jewish state and Arab state, and to have Jerusalem as an international zone. The Zionists agreed with this plan but the Arab League

rejected the partitioning plan and a war was declared to insure that all Palestine is included in the Arab state (Reich, 1991). The war started in December 1947, aided by the Arab armies, Palestinians fought against the Zionists in the first Arab-Israeli war, which Israelis call the “independence war”, it was a long bitter war between the Zionist army and the armies of Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq and other Arab League members, the war ended in 1949 with an agreement signed between the new state of Israel and the surrounding Arab countries, this agreement remained until the 1967 war (Reich, 1991). 1947-49 The Nakba - Palestinian Catastrophe During the war 750 thousand Palestinians were uprooted and became refugees in neighboring Arab countries, around 160 thousand Palestinians remained under the territory of Israel were transformed from majority to minority, becoming refugees on their own lands, 50% out of them were prevented to go back to their houses, 4 to 5 hundred villages were demolished overall resulting in the destruction of the Palestinian society. Palestinians that remained in Israel became Israeli citizens and were under a military rule during the period of 19481966, traumatized by the war and the militant regime they suffered from poverty, discrimination, anxiety and social and cultural issues. The war of 1948 created two narratives the Palestinian, which I explained above, and the Israeli. The Israeli one suggests that there wasn’t a Nakba and that Palestinians “fled” and it doesn’t admit up until today that there was a massive ethnic cleansing of Palestinians (Ghnadre-Naser el al, 2016).

“THE COMBINED DISCOURSES OF NATIONALISM, MODERNITY, AND PROFESSIONAL PLANNING, SHAPED AN EXCLUSIVE FORM OF JEWISH TERRITORIALITY DURING THE LATE 1940S AND 1950S, AIMING TO `INDIGENIZE’ IMMIGRANT JEWS QUICKLY, AND TO CONCEAL, TRIVIALIZE, OR MARGINALIZE THE PRIOR EXISTENCE OF PALESTINIANARABS” (Yiftachel et al, 2003, p.680) 74

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

1950s -1960s In 1950 two laws supporting the massive Judaization of Israel and the taking control over Palestinian properties were initiated Law Of Return “The Law of Return declares the right of every Jew (defined as a person with at least one Jewish grandparent) to settle in Israel and receive full citizenship rights. However, the religious... establishment defines a Jew as either born to a Jewish mother, or converted according to the orthodox rule” (Yiftachel et al, 2003, p. 686). The Absentees Property Law The law passed in March 1950 and declares that any Absentee 1 property is now the property of the state (The Absentee Property Law official document). This law was only enforced on Palestinians and allowed the taking over of their properties and created a phenomenon called “Present-Absentees” which are Palestinians that are Israeli citizens who were present in Israel but were declared as Absentees and not allowing them any right to their properties (Flapan, 1987). In the 1950s while Palestinians were under a military regime the and upon the declaration on the state of Israel in May 1948 many immigrants came doubling the country’s population in 3 years, this massive Jewish migration wave Origin Of Palestinian Refugees In Israel

Number Of Refugees From Each District

Origin Of Palestinian Refugees In Gaza

135 000 75 000 35 000 7 000 500

Armistice Line In 1949

“THE JUDAIZATION PROJECT IS DRIVEN BY THE ZIONIST PREMISE THAT ISRAEL IS A TERRITORY AND A STATE THAT `BELONGS’ TO, AND ONLY TO, THE JEWISH PEOPLE. IT WAS HENCE CONSTRUCTED AS AN IDEOLOGICAL AND MORAL PROJECT THAT IMPLEMENTS THE JEWISH `RIGHT’ TO THE LAND AND STRIVES TO FILL IT WITH A MAJORITY OF JEWISH PEOPLE, THEREBY OFFERING A SOLUTION TO THE HISTORY OF ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE DIASPORA” (Yiftachel et al, 2003, p.679)

increased poverty, unemployment and the immediate need of housing solutions. In order to overcome the housing issue the government constructed and supplied many apartments until the early 70s (Carmon et al, 1984). And so, the first decade of the Israeli state was characterized by the neglect of older urban patterns and the massive construction projects of new neighborhoods, towns and villages; these developments were highly influenced by British and American planning schemes (Carmon, 1999). The base for all these developments was the “First National Plan” by Arieh Sharon, the plan suggested a national urban network with hierarchical settlements scheme, this plan has replaced the initial rural Zionist ideology with a 20th Origin Of Palestinian Refugees In West Bank

Percentage Of Refugees To Destination By District

<25

50-75

25-50

75-100

Palestinians Displacements, Husseini, J. A. (2013). Jordan and the Palestinians. In Atlas of Jordan (pp. 230–245). Presses de l’Ifpo. 75

The law declares that An “Absentee” is ”A person who, at any time during the period between 29th November 1947 and 19th May 1948, was: a. In one of the specific Arab countries or b. A citizen of them or in any part of Palestine that is outside of the area of Israel, or c. A Palestinian citizen who left his ordinary place of residence”

HOW THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT SHAPED THE COUNTRY

modern utopia combined with collective countryside patterns. The main goal of this plan was to balance and spread the population throughout the new state since up until then the population was concentrated in small areas. Having most of the land under the state’s ownership made it easier to implement this national goal, yet, the rural ideology was hard to combine since many immigrants still preferred to reside in more urban patterns and so during the 60s and 70s the construction was focusing more on urban communities and many new towns were built (Troen, 1988). 1967 - The Six Day War The war happened between Israel and Egypt, Jordan and Syria, the Israeli forces were able to push the other armies back and take over and occupy the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, Golan Heights from Syria and Gaza and Sinai peninsula from Egypt (Reich, 1991). The post 1967 Zionist settlements scheme changed to a national ideology of expanding, constructing and settling in all types of inhabitations. These developments were especially focused on annexing East Jerusalem and the West bank by building large suburbs on their lands (Beinin,2013). Since the 1967 war land grabs by the Israeli government continue especially in the 67th occupied territories, laws as the two that I have mentioned, and other laws and “legal” tools that came later on, are used up until today as a powerful mechanism to evacuate and demolish Palestinian houses, erase any Palestinian narrative or any link of Palestinians to their lands. In addition, settlers gain more power, control and support, and continue to spread over the occupied territories and between Palestinian communities inside Israel (Weizman, 2012).

“THE POLICY OF SEPERATION DOES NOT ONLY DIVIDE JEWS AND PALESTINIANS BUT ALSO CREATES DIVISIONS BETWEEN PALESTINIANS. PHYSICAL BARRIERS NOW CUT APART THREE MAIN DISTRICTS OCCUPIED IN 1967 - GAZA, JERUSALEM AND THE WEST BANK - AND SEPARATE THEM FROM THE PALESTINIANS IN ISRAEL” (Weizman, 2012, p.xv)

First National Plan Proposed Growth, 1950, By arieh Sharon, Source: Planning Administration website, www.mavat.moin.gov.il, Edited by the author 76

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

THE PALESTINIAN COMMUNITY HABITATION OPTIONS IN ISRAEL “BEFORE 1948, THE ARABS LIVED IN A DIVERSIFIED NETWORK OF 963 TOWNS AND VILLAGES. URBANIZATION AMONG THE ARABS CREATED A RANK SIZE AND HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE THAT INCLUDED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES AND HAMLETS” (Khamaisi, 2004, p. 42) Before the establishment of the State of Israel, the Arab1 population mostly lived in small rural traditional farming villages. At the same time, urbanization and industrialization processes were evolving and villagers migrated from rural areas to Palestinian cities such as Jaffa, Haifa and Acre. After the establishment of the state of Israel, Arabs had to face a new reality in which they turned from majority to minority (Khamaisi, 2004). The Zionist planning and development policies of the new state led to the unique situation of separated and segregated settlements that were divided into Arabs and Jews (Khamaisi, 2004), and so Arabs were put under a military rule between 19481966 which damaged them economically and socially. The population of the villages kept increasing and their cultivations weren’t enough to feed everyone which almost led to starvation in 1954, the military rule was then relaxed a bit and allowed Arabs to work in Jewish towns (Schnell, 1994). In recent years, most Arab Palestinians live in the Galilee region in north Israel (Khamaisi, 2013), Palestinians live in different inhabitations typologies rural, urban and some has become a unique hybrid between the two, I’ll shortly introduce two of them since they are more relevant for my research:

ARAB CITY - THE URBAN VILLAGE Since 1948 large villages such as Um El-Fahem kept growing, eventually becoming a municipality. Despite this growth and change of status, the population continued living in traditional rural patterns socially and physically, remaining with similar characteristics as smaller villages. Here an interesting phenomena occurred as Khamaisi(2013, p. 189) explains it: “The Arab rural to urban migration rate has been modest. Instead, Arab society “imports” the city into their communities” ,and so Arabs were not moving massively from the rural to the urban but actually preferred to stay in the communal pattern although they weren’t working in agriculture anymore (Khamaisi, 2004). MIXED-CITIES Mixed cities is a term that is widely used in Israel, it is described as “an urban situation in which Jewish and Arab communities occupy the same urban jurisdiction” (Yiftachel et al, 2003 p. 673), this term was born during the British mandate and has been used since 1948. There are only a few of this type in Israel - Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Haifa, Acre, Ramleh, Lydda, Jerusalem and Upper Nazareth, these are the only urban entities in which Arabs and Jews live under the same space in the whole country. In these cities similar inter-community characteristics have evolved there is - inequality, political division and a sense of otherness between Arabs and Jews (Kallus, 2013), and so, although they are called mixed - cities they are anything but mixed they are segregated and dominated by the Jewish majority while Arab citizens are discriminated against especially in the spatial planning aspect (Yiftachel et al, 2003).

“A CLEAR SPATIAL AND MENTAL SEGREGATION EXISTS BETWEEN ARABS AND JEWS IN ISRAEL, AND HENCE THE OCCURRENCE OF `MIXED’ URBAN SPACES WHERE JEWS AND ARABS RESIDE WITHIN THE SAME CITY IS GENERALLY BOTH EXCEPTIONAL AND INVOLUNTARY”

(Yiftachel et al, 2003)

In 1948 Jews living in Israel became Israelis, while the Palestinian Arabs got various terminologies: just “Arabs” , Israeli Arabs, Arab of the 48 and so on. For this research I’ll be using the short term of “Arabs” to distinguish between the Palestinian Arabs and the Israeli Jews

Acre

Haifa

Upper Nazareth

West Bank

Tel Aviv -Jaffa Lydda

Ramleh

Jerusalem

Gaza

Mixed City Total Arab Population 100,000 ≤ 99,999-50,00 49,999-2,00 2,000 ≥ Arab Population Percentage From The Total Population In The Natural Area 90.1 ≤ 90.0-60.1 60.0-40.1 40.0-10.1 10.0 ≥

Arab population by natural area in 2019, Source: Central Bureau Of Statistics Edited By The author

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

Palestinian refugees expelled from the city of Ramleh, July 1948, Source: Courtesy of The national library of Israel 79

HOW THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT SHAPED THE COUNTRY

“The Nakba has a dual meaning today. On one hand, it is about the hundreds of villages that were razed in 1948 and the hudreds of thousands of refugees who lost their homes. On the other hand, Palestinians continue to suffer the Nakba daily – the separation of families, continuous confiscations of land and settlements choking every Palestinian village and town” (Rashed et al, 2014, p. 12) 80

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

3.2 URBAN RENEWAL OR URBAN REMOVAL? A Neo-Liberal Top-Down Statutory Process Urban planning in Israel is a top-down, centralized process that begins with national zoning and land allocation plans developed by the Planning Administration in the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Housing and the Israel Lands Authority that manages state land. (Alfasi, 2003). Urban renewal projects started already in the 70s with the “National Plan For Neighborhood Renewal“, this plan was initiated after many protests against the low housing conditions citizens live in.

Institutions Composition

Nowadays, there are 3 main tracks of urban renewal In Israel: 1. Tama 38: A national plan that was approved in 2005, it enables apartment owners in old residential buildings (which do not meet the requirements of Standard 413 for earthquake resistance), to strengthen their building against earthquakes by providing economic and planning incentive: additional space to expand existing housing units and build new apartments (that are given to the developer) or by demolishing the existing building and rebuilding it.

Statutory Plans

Statutory Institutions Government

National Outline Plan

32 Unelected Professionals

National Planning + Building Board District Outline Plan

17 Unelected Professionals

District Planning + Building Commission Local Outline Plan

Local Council

Local Planning + Building Commission Local Construction Plan

Non Elected Professional Appointed By The Mayor

City/Council Engineer Planning Application

Diagram of the urban planning Institutions, Source: Based on Alfasi, N. (2003), made by the author

Approves

Propose

Planning Instructions

URBAN RENEWAL OR URBAN REMOVAL?

2. Local authorities: In this track, the local authority initiates the project, promotes a plan for the complex, and works to organize the tenants in the complex and involve them in the process, support and funding of the government authority for urban renewal. 3. Entrepreneurs Track - Taxation: This track is initiated by the private market: developers and property owners communicate with each other and promote the plans and moves needed to implement the projects. The three main actors in urban renewal projects are: Authorities, developers and organizers. For developers to carry out an urban renewal project, the project must be Feasibility Study

economically viable for them, and so projects begin with a feasibility study depending on standard 21 (15% profit) and a first planning scheme in order to get a first understanding of the total amount of apartments needed for the project to be financially viable. This creates many times projects that are only concerned with numbers and not with the existing residents needs or with the future quality of living in these projects. In addition, in areas that have lower land prices developers need to build even more apartments to cover the demolition and construction costs. For example, in Lydda one of the projects I was working on had to have a multiplier of ±4.5 to be profitable (from 258 to 1160 apartments).

STANDARD 21

Social Report

First Planning Scheme

Financial Report

In-depth Feasibility Study

Project Approval

Internal Discussion

3 Project Development

STANDARD 21

SOCIAL REPORT

Publishing The Plan To The Public Public Has 60 Days To File An Objection

4 Discussing Objections

Fixing Project According To The Decision Of The Committee

Urban Renewal Phases Based On Jerusalem’s Urban Renewal Administration Website: https://housing.org.il/?page_id=65

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

2. In 2014 the government understood that Vadal law didn’t improve housing supply dramatically, and so, they created the Vatmal Committee instead. The Vatmal is the national committee for the planning and construction of preferred housing complexes that was initiated in order to quickly increase the housing supply and create a supply of long-term rental housing units, at a reduced price. It has several unique characteristics: a. Plans are discussed and approved by only one committee, b. Tight schedule, it approves/rejects a plan within 24 months from the date of its submission. Between 2014-2020 it was able to approve 140 projects, out of them 29 plans (with a total of 80,698 new apartments) are under construction or already had their apartments marketed (Source: Vatmal’s annual report, 2019). 3. Reduced-price housing program started in the 90s but got its boost only in 2015 when Moshe Kahlon became the minister of finance and therefore got the nickname of “Moshe Kahlon’s Plan”, he renewed and extended the program with the main goal of providing affordable housing and lowering housing prices for homeless people, couples or singles above the age of 35. To do so the state holds a tender between developers and those who offer the lowest final apartment prices can purchase lands from the state at a discounted cost (Israel land authority website, Land.gov.il).

2005

2008

Amount of dwellings that have been constructed per a year and the average annual housing prices, Source: Based On The Central Bureau Of Statistics, Made by the author

2009

2008

Housing CrisisPrices Start To Rise Dramatically

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

Tama 38

2007

Since 2008 housing and rental prices increased dramatically, according to the Central Bureau of Statistics, the housing price index rose by about 55% and the average price of rent rose by about 30%. One of the reasons for this is the shortage of tens of thousands of apartments created due to the limited amount of construction in relation to the increase in the number of households. While housing prices rose significantly the average household income rose moderately. These two trends have led to a significant burden of household housing expenditure, which mainly affected the weaker sections of the population and those belonging to the middle class. In order to overcome this issue the government initiated several committees throughout the last decade with the aim of significantly increasing the construction of new housing units, affordable housing and new fast tracks for permits approvals. The major tools the government used to provide a solution are: 1. In 2011 the “Vadal Law” was approved, allowing the creation of local cities committees that can approve housing construction plans quickly.

Though all these plans and laws did succeed in increasing housing supply they have extremely failed in the recession of housing prices. Furthermore, these projects have many planning issues, firstly, since the planning processes are done in the shortest possible time it doesn’t allow a meaningful public participation process which raises many objections from citizens. Secondly, all construction works start with the apartments, leading to lack of basic infrastructure when residents have already moved to their apartments, these include streets, public buildings and open spaces etc. A, great, example, is the new city of Harish which was built in 2012 almost without any

commerce or employment areas until today, no railway connection and no connection to major national highways (David Shlomovich, 2020, bizzness.net). Other major issues are the low quality of construction, increasing density tremendously, ecological issues such as building on agricultural lands and one open spaces. Lastly, in cases that existing low income residents are involved these projects also lead to gentrification, since they aren’t almost involved in the planning process and wouldn’t be able to pay the high maintenance costs of the new building. (Zero In Planning Serie https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=zVjJw5GDuVo).

2014 Vatmal Committee

Sde Dov master plan, Tel Aviv, render by Israel Land Authority, source: www.globes.co.il

2015 “Moshe Kahlon’s Plan”

2011 Vadal Law

A protest against the “Vatmal” and Kahlon’s planning monopoly, 2016, Source: Magma Yeroka, www.globes.co.il

Housing Prices

The tent city protest in Tel Aviv, 2011, Source: Moti Kimche, www.haaretz.com

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

New Apartments Built

2011

2010

URBAN RENEWAL OR URBAN REMOVAL?

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

3.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ISRAEL “IN ISRAEL, THE ONLY LEGAL RIGHT THAT INDIVIDUALS HAVE IN REGARD TO PLANNING IS TO OBJECT TO STATUTORY PLANS. AS INDIVIDUALS DO NOT FORM A COHESIVE BODY AND DO NOT PLAY A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN PLANNING PROCESSES THEY ARE LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DECISION-MAKING LADDER, OR SOMETIMES OUT OF THE PICTURE ALTOGETHER” (Alfasi, 2003, p.189) In Israel, public participation in planning firstly appeared in the 70s during the national “Neighborhood Renewal” project, until then Sadan(2012) states it met with many large barriers, here are some: 1. The hierarchical planning structure was largely set by the British mandate and is still used nowadays 2. Many citizens come from a non-democratic regimes and aren’t familiar with the citizens rights approach 3. Planning professionals, officials and politicians saw themselves, and still see themselves, as the experts who know the best how to plan for citizens 4. When the idea of participation came up no one was prepared for it or knew how to deal with it Moving to recent times, public participation is still facing many issues, citizens participation appears in the law only to allow citizens to object, the law doesn’t require public participation from early stages nor does it prevent it, leaving the decision open for the officials and planners to make. In addition, the moment that citizens can object to a plan comes only later on in the process when everything has already been set and decided and the plan is ready to

be published for the public. During this objection phase citizens are given 60 days to understand the plan and prepare the objection, which brings me to another issue, citizens can’t read plans or all the statutory documents that comes with them, moreover, plans regulations are only written in Hebrew and in a very “lawyerish” language making it even harder to read and object to. To all of the previously mentioned Sadan and Churchman(2012) add issues that appear when participation actually takes place they mention the communication gap between professionals and citizens, also that citizens are not familiar with the “rules of the game”, in addition, citizens lack the knowledge of how planning decisions can affect their daily lives while professionals shows lack of respect to the local knowledge that citizens do have. Lastly they address the lack of timing issue which means that citizens don’t have enough time to organize and suggest an alternative plan, here Sadan and Churchman (2012) also mention the socio-economical differences between communities, while poor communities lack organization and power the upper middle class communities can afford to bring experts, they are able to ask for other professional opinions, learn the plan and finally object to it and suggest an alternative (Sadan et al ,2012).

“THE LAW DOES NOT PREVENT PARTICIPATION FROM TAKING PLACE EARLIER IN THE PLANNING PROCESS, BUT BECAUSE IT DOES NOT REQUIRE IT, UNTIL NOW, THERE HAVE BEEN VERY FEW INSTANCES WHERE THIS HAS TAKEN PLACE” (Sadan, 2012, p.67)

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ISRAEL

Governmental poster showing public engagement at the outer circle of participants Source: www.gov.il/he/departments/publicparticipation, Edited by the author

Alfasi(2003) reemphasizes and claims that the current institutionalized participatory framework not only is flawed but it has even become a barrier preventing a dialogue between planners and citizens rather than a communication channel. Informal Bottom-Up Planning Although amendment 43 was passed in 1996, allowing individuals to propose local outline plans, bottomup planning in Israel still faces many obstacles, even getting a permission to plan is difficult. This has led to an informal alternative systems which includes citizens, NGO’s, academics and planners that are all united to fight for citizens rights of being included and against the nontransparent and undemocratic planning process. However, these systems are done through voluntary channels and do not have any formal or legal definition leading to wide, varied and incoherent practices and frameworks. In addition, the outcomes of these processes, when municipalities are not involved are non-statutory plans that again don’t have any legal rights, these for example include strategic and development plans (Alfasi, 2003) which are treated more as “recommendatory documents” rather than an actual planning document, unlike statutory plans such as zoning plans which can determine land use and planning rights.

“THE PLANNING AND BUILDING LAW REQUIRES HEARING THE OBJECTORS, BUT IT DOES NOT SAY ANYTHING ABOUT LISTENING TO THEM” (Alfasi, 2003, p. 190) The Palestinian Community Public Engagement and trust building become difficult to achieve when planning in the Palestinian communities in Israel due to the regional geopolitics. Khamaisi (2013) explains that the biggest issue is that the Arab community doesn’t support or believe in the central government and so they are excluded from shaping their built environment both regionally and nationally. As such planning becomes a control tool that limits the spatial planning of Arab localities instead of benefiting and empowering them. This sense

1 https://www.gov.il/he/Departments/General/arabictranslation_program_instructions

“THE CENTRALIZED PLANNING POLICY DID NOT MEET THE NEEDS OF THE ARAB POPULATION, WHICH AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE WAS TRANSFORMED FROM A MAJORITY TO A MINORITY SUBJECT TO MAJORITY RULE” (Khamaisi 2017, p. 4) of alienation becomes stronger since, and as previously mentioned, most regulations and planning documents exist only in Hebrew, making them less accessible to Arab citizens, localities and professionals, the only place that the law demanded, up until recently (December 2020), for writing in Arabic or any other language was when the majority of the citizens affected by the plan are minorities and even then it’s only forcing that the brief of the plan to be translated, only in December 2020 (based on the national planning administration website1) Arabic was added to the basic regulations template, however, the majority of documents and most importantly the law itself remain in Hebrew. In a participation report done by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Bar-Ner, 2018) an interview with Dr.Bana-Jaris reveals another problematic aspect - the Palestinian objection to plans is in many times perceived for an outsider as merely coming from stubbornness, but for her the main issue is that planning approaches are not taking into account the different lifestyle of the Arab community which has specific issues, and so suggested plans should be adopted to fit their needs and not follow a general planning scheme that isn’t suitable. In addition, she adds that even when public participation meetings are said to have been done with the community there is no documentation of it. Lastly, she insists on the importance of having local Arab representatives and professionals as part of the planning team that can understand the existing situation and dynamics and suggest a more fitted solution.

“INDIVIDUALS CONTINUE TO DEMAND GREATER INVOLVEMENT IN PLANNING PROCESSES, WHILE PLANNING ESTABLISHMENTS CONTINUE TO ‘DEFEND’ THEMSELVES” (Alfasi, 2003, p. 190)

Citizens protesting against the outline master plan of Taybeh, Taken by: The Arab Center For Alternative Planning, Source: Hila Bar-Ner (2018)

“Tantour Is Ours”, Protest against a Vatmal master plan for new city next to Jadeidi-Makr villages, Photo: Jamal Shaaban and Said Gnam, Source: www.mekomit.co.il

ISRAEL & THE POWER OF URBAN PLANNING

Hymn to Gentrification - Majd Kayyal & Faraj Suleiman Where do you want us to live?

Who wiped us out the story?

I’m aware the house is old

Who renewed the flea market?

I see your eyes, sadness inside

Who smoked the petrol?

But what can I do

And inflated the anxiety clouds?

In the face of this great beast Eating up the guts of the city

Who dug through the mountain? Who demolished Wadi El Salib?

Who says the streets will stay the same

Who militarized the sea?

Who says you can still cross the city by foot

And in people’s houses settled a stranger?

Who said the neighborhoods are still our innocent toy Who stole our nature and told us to protect the environment

They want me to leave the hood and turn my home into a bar Paint all the streets in blond and hide out the darker colored

Who has put the market inside a mall

My uncle’s bakery was turned into a gallery they say its vibes are authentic

Who forced us out of our homes?

If a capitalist had you on their mind no one will protect you

Who divided them and rented us a Studio smaller than a coffin?

Who undermined the people? And unleashed the police dogs?

Who came here from Tel aviv?

Who threatened the father?

I mean, who arrived from Poland?

And got a job for the son?

Who constructed towers of glass And demolished our balconies?

Who paid the costs of yearning? Who bought us out of peace?

Who started selling Mujadara as if it’s a gourmet meal

Who tripped over hope?

Why a Hummus plate costs 30 and nobody cares to ask why

Who stole the soul of this place?

Where are the simple shops why should everything have a concept Why is it necessary for fruit to grow all year round

Song Released in 2020, Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXohY3fgC7k, English version was taken from the video’s subtitles, by Majd Kayyal & Faraj Suleiman

‫?‪URBAN RENEWAL OR URBAN DISPLACEMENT‬‬

‫ﻣﯾن أﺟﺎ ﻣن ﺗل أﺑﯾب؟‬ ‫ﻗﺻدي‪ ،‬ﻣﯾن أﺟﺎ ﻣن ﺑوﻟﻧدا؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻋﻣّر اﺑراج ﻗزاز؟‬ ‫وإﺣﻧﺎ ھدﻟﻧﺎ اﻟﺑرﻧدة؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺻﺎر ﯾﺑﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺟدّرة ع اﺳﺎس وﺟﺑﺔ ﭼورﻣﯾﮫ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ﺻﺣن اﻟﺣﻣص ﺑﺛﻼﺛﯾن وﻣﺎ ﺣداش ﺳﺎﺋل ﻟﯾﮫ؟‬ ‫وﯾن اﻟدﻛﺎﻛﯾن اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻟﯾش ﻛﻠﺷﻲ ﻻزﻣﮫ ﻛوﻧﺳﭘت؟‬ ‫ﻟﯾش ﺿروري ان اﻟﻔواﻛﮫ اﺗﺿﻠّﮭﺎ ﻛل اﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺗﻧﺑت؟‬

‫ﺷﺎرع ﯾﺎﻓﺎ ‪ -‬ﻣﺟد ﻛ ّﯾﺎل وﻓرج ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺎن‬ ‫وﯾن ﺑدك اﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﻛن؟‬ ‫ﻧﺳﻛن؟‬ ‫إﻧﮫاﯾﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌرفﺑدك‬ ‫وﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾت ﻗدﯾم‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﺟدّد ﺳوق اﻟ ُﻌ َﺗق؟‬

‫ﺣزﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﯾوﻧك‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾت ﻗدﯾم‬ ‫وﺷﺎﯾفإﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﻌرف‬

‫ﻣﯾن ّ‬ ‫دﺧن اﻟﺑﺗرول؟‬

‫ﺑس أﻧﺎ ﺷو ﺑﻘدر أﻋﻣل‬ ‫وﺷﺎﯾف ﻋﯾوﻧك ﺣزﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗدّام اﻟوﺣش اﻟﻌظﯾم‬ ‫ﺑس أﻧﺎ ﺷو ﺑﻘدر أﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻋم ﺑﻧﮭش ﺑطن اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗدّام اﻟوﺣش اﻟﻌظﯾم‬

‫وﻧ ّﻔﺦ ﻏﯾوم اﻟﻘﻠق؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺣ ّﻔر اﻟﺟﺑل؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ھ ّد وادي اﻟﺻﻠﯾب؟‬

‫ﺑﻧﮭشإﻧﮫﺑطن‬ ‫ﻋم‬ ‫اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔراح اﺗﺿﻠﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس اﻹﺷﻲ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺷوارع‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺎل‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﻋﺳﻛر اﻟﺑﺣر؟‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺎل إﻧﮫ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺑﺗﻧﻘطﻊ ﻣﺷﻲ؟‬

‫وﺑدور اﻟﻧﺎس ﺳ ﱠﻛن ﻏرﯾب؟‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺎل إﻧﮫ اﻟﺣﺎرات ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻟﻌﺑﺗﻧﺎ اﻟﺑرﯾﺋﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺎل إﻧﮫ اﻟﺷوارع راح اﺗﺿﻠﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس اﻹﺷﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺳرق ﻣ ّﻧﺎ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ وﻗﻠّﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﻓظوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺎل إﻧﮫ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺑﺗﻧﻘطﻊ ﻣﺷﻲ؟‬

‫ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻟﻌﺑﺗﻧﺎ اﻟﺑرﯾﺋﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺣط إﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎراتﻣول؟‬ ‫اﻟﺳوق ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﯾن‬

‫ﺑدھن أﺗرك اﻟﺣﺎرة وﯾﻔﺗﺣوا ﻣطرح ﺑﯾﺗﻲ ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﯾدھﻧوا ﻛل اﻟﺷﺎرع أﺷﻘر ﯾﺧﻔوا أﻟوان اﻟﺳﻣﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺑز ﻋﻣﻲ ﺗﺣوّ ل ﻏﺎﻟﯾري ﻗﺎل أﺟواءه اوﺛﻧﺗﯾك‬

‫ﻣن ﻟﺑﯾوت؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن طﻠّﻌﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ وﻗﻠّﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﻓظوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺳرق ﻣ ّﻧﺎ‬

‫وان ﺣطك راس اﻟﻣﺎل ﺑراﺳﮫ ﻓش وﻻ ﺣدا ﺑﺣﻣﯾك‬

‫ﺳﺗودﯾو أﺻﻐر ﻣن ﺗﺎﺑوت؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺣط اﻟﺳوق ﻓﻲ ﻣول؟‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﻋرﺑد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺎس؟‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺳّﻣﮭﺎ وﻣﯾن أﺟّ رﻧﺎ؟‬

‫ﻣﯾن طﻠّﻌﻧﺎ ﻣن ﻟﺑﯾوت؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن أﺟﺎ ﻣن ﺗل أﺑﯾب؟‬ ‫ﻣنرﻧﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻗﺻدي‪ّ،‬ﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻗﺳ‬ ‫وﻣﯾن أﺟّ‬ ‫ﺑوﻟﻧدا؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن أﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻗزاز؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑوت؟‬ ‫اﺑراجﻣن‬ ‫ﺳﺗودﯾوﻣّرأﺻﻐر‬ ‫وإﺣﻧﺎ ھدﻟﻧﺎ اﻟﺑرﻧدة؟‬

‫ﻣﯾن أﺟﺎ ﻣن ﺗل أﺑﯾب؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺻﺎر ﯾﺑﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺟدّرة ع اﺳﺎس وﺟﺑﺔ ﭼورﻣﯾﮫ؟‬ ‫ﺻﺣنﻣﯾن أﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺻدي‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑوﻟﻧدا؟وﻣﺎ ﺣداش ﺳﺎﺋل ﻟﯾﮫ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣصﻣنﺑﺛﻼﺛﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗزاز؟ﻟﯾش ﻛﻠﺷﻲ ﻻزﻣﮫ ﻛوﻧﺳﭘت؟‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدﻛﺎﻛﯾن‬ ‫اﺑراج‬ ‫وﯾن ﻋﻣّر‬ ‫ﻣﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﻧدة؟اﻟﻔواﻛﮫ اﺗﺿﻠّﮭﺎ ﻛل اﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺗﻧﺑت؟‬ ‫ﺿروري ان‬ ‫ﻟﯾش‬ ‫وإﺣﻧﺎ ھدﻟﻧﺎ‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﺻﺎر ﯾﺑﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺟدّرة ع اﺳﺎس وﺟﺑﺔ ﭼورﻣﯾﮫ؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻣﺣﺎﻧﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻘﺻّﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺑﺛﻼﺛﯾن وﻣﺎ ﺣداش ﺳﺎﺋل ﻟﯾﮫ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣصق؟‬ ‫ﺻﺣنﺳوق اﻟ ُﻌ َﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺟدّد‬ ‫وﯾن ّ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺗرول؟‬ ‫دﺧن‬ ‫ﻣﯾن‬ ‫اﻟدﻛﺎﻛﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻟﯾش ﻛﻠﺷﻲ ﻻزﻣﮫ ﻛوﻧﺳﭘت؟‬ ‫وﻧ ّﻔﺦ ﻏﯾوم اﻟﻘﻠق؟‬ ‫ﻟﯾش ﺿروري ان اﻟﻔواﻛﮫ اﺗﺿﻠّﮭﺎ ﻛل اﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺗﻧﺑت؟‬ ‫‪90‬‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﻣﺣﺎﻧﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻘﺻّﺔ؟‬

‫ﻣﯾن ﺣ ّﻔر اﻟﺟﺑل؟‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﻘﺻّﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻠﯾب؟‬ ‫وادي‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ھ ّد‬ ‫ﻣﯾن‬

‫ھﺟّ م ﻛﻼب اﻷﻣن؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ھدد اﻷﺑو؟‬ ‫ودﺑّر وظﯾﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺑن؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن دﻓﻊ ّ‬ ‫ﺣق اﻟﺣﻧﯾن؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺷرى ﻣ ّﻧﺎ اﻷﻣﺎن؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﻓرﻛش اﻷﻣل؟‬ ‫ﻣﯾن ﺳرق ﻋﻣر اﻟﻣﻛﺎن؟‬

04. JAFFA & THE SITE Jaffa ‫يافا‬

Tel Aviv

JAFFA & THE SITE

4.1 JAFFA, TEL-AVIV, LOCATION & IDENTITY JAFFA THE HISTORICAL PORT CITY VS. TEL- AVIV THE MODERN BAUHAUS CITY The site is located in the south part of the city of TelAviv - Jaffa, one of the 5 mixed cities1 in Israel, The city is located in the center of the country along the coast. It is essential to understand that even though Jaffa became part of Tel-Aviv they can be seen as separated - historically, spatially, culturally and socio-economically. Jaffa is one of the oldest port cities in the world, its history goes back to Early Bronze Age III (Burke, 2011). It was a fortified port city until the mid of the 19th century when the Ottoman rule took over in the 1840’s the city developed economically, more effort was put into administration and order. In addition, gates were opened gradually until their total removal in the 1870s creating better access to the previously fortified Jaffa. At the end of the 19th century the first Palestinian railway was opened connecting between Jerusalem to Jaffa and the port became one of the busiest ports in the eastern Mediterranean (Kark, 2012). Surrounding the city there were wide landscapes of agricultural fields which were one of the locals main incomes. The port of Jaffa was the departure point of all the fruits and citrus that the Jaffa’s Palestinians farmers grew to Europe. Jaffa was the second most important city to the Arab Palestinian after Jerusalem (Radai, 2011) and by the beginning of WW1 it became the second largest city of Palestine (Kark, 2012). In 1917 the British mandate took over and ruled Palestine. Jaffa under the British mandate modernized and developed economically, which resulted

in an internal migration from Arab villages into the city of Jaffa. “Jaffa was considered the richest Arab city in the country, with its concentration of wealthy businessmen who had made their fortune in the citrus industry and in port-based commerce. There were affluent central neighborhoods, such as Ajami and northern Jabaliyya, as well as the modern Nuzha quarter, inhabited by magnates and an educated upper middle class that sprang up and flourished in the Mandate period” (Radai, 2011, p. 25). Under the British mandate Jaffa’s population was mostly Arabs, however, the Jewish community with the many waves of migration to Palestine grew rapidly and by the end of WW2 became one third of Jaffa’s population. Although they were living in the same city Arab and Jews were separated, Jews lived in separate neighborhoods in north Jaffa on the border with the rapidly expanding Tel Aviv and in the late 1940s were even getting serviced by the municipality of Tel-Aviv (Radai, 2011).

“BEFORE 1948, JAFFA WAS KNOWN AS THE “BRIDE OF PALESTINE” AND WAS THE COUNTRY’S CULTURAL AND LITERARY CENTER, HOME TO NUMEROUS NEWSPAPERS AND PUBLISHERS, AS WELL AS SPORTING AND CULTURAL ASSOCIATION” (LeBor, 2007, p.61)

JAFFA, TEL-AVIV, LOCATION & IDENTITY

1. View of Jaffa port from Sea, 1880 - 1910, Felix Bonfils 1 2. Bustrus Streett, Jaffa, 1908-1912, Soskin, Abraham 1 3. Picking oranges in Jaffa, 1912, Leo Kahn, The central Zionist archives 1

Source: Courtesy of The national library of Israel, Lenkin Family Collection

5 4. Plan of Jaffa, 1918, From: Palestine pocket guide-books, Cairo 1 5. A postcard of the customs house and the port traffic, Jaffa, 1925 1 94

JAFFA & THE SITE

1. Gardens of Jaffa, 1888 2. Arab Cafe on the sea-shore, Jaffa, 1925, J. Benor-Kalter 3. Railways in the Port of Jaffa, 18uu-19uu 95

Source of all photos on this page: Courtesy of The national library of Israel, Lenkin Family Collection

JAFFA, TEL-AVIV, LOCATION & IDENTITY

4. Market Place, Jaffa, 18uu-19uu 5. Arab Restaurant, Jaffa, 1925, J. Benor-Kalter 6. Marketplace at Jaffa, 18uu-19uu, Zangaki Source of all photos on this page: Courtesy of The national library of Israel, Lenkin Family Collection

JAFFA & THE SITE

Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 with the idea of a modern Jewish neighborhood of Jaffa, it’s initial idea was to become a modern garden suburb (Golan, 2020). “In five years from its foundation the garden suburb had developed rapidly, and on the outbreak of the First World War its population numbered some 1,500, many of whom belonged to the upper social and economic echelons of Jaffa’s Jewish society, among them prominent Zionist leaders” (Golan, 2020, p. 198). Tel Aviv’s population and boundaries grew rapidly and in 1921 it achieved the status of a “township”. The garden suburb idea was introduced by Patrick Geddes in 1925 who was a town planner and biologist from Scotland. He prepared a master plan for Tel Aviv introducing the “Garden City” concept which he brought with him from the Western cultures. Geddes suggested that this modern garden city is “a transition place and a link between the over-crowded cities of Europe and the renewal of Agricultural Palestine”(Welter, 2009, p.106), by this statement he was able to attract the attention of Zionist representatives. And so, From the mid 1920s Tel Aviv grew according to Geddes’s plan. During the implementation of the plan it went through several changes but the main idea was kept - North-south and east-west streets grid that were categorized into four

Rothschild Blvd, Tel Aviv, 1947, Marlin Levin 1

Source: Courtesy of The national library of Israel

“TEL AVIV’S WHOLE RATIONALE WAS THAT IT WAS NOT JAFFA”. AS SUCH, TEL AVIV WAS PERCEIVED AS “THE BIGGEST ZIONIST COLONY… AN UNSETTLING EUROPEAN IMPLANT… WHOSE INHABITANTS SPOKE HEBREW… PLOTTING THEIR STEADY TAKEOVER OF PALESTINE” (Tzfadia, 2011, p.156)

types (the wider ones connected between north and south, some were characterized by having trees and so on. Between this grid he suggested large residential blocks, which at the center had gardens (Welter, 2009). Most of the buildings that were built during the 30s and 40s in Tel Aviv were according to the Bauhaus style which supported the idea of a modern European city. Bauhaus emerged in Palestine after several Zionist Jewish architects that studied in the Bauhaus school migrated to the country. The Zionist movement thought that the Bauhaus style fits well with their ideology of renewal and so it was also used in other cities, however, the biggest use of it was still in Tel Aviv which for that reason got the nickname of “The White City”(Levin, 2007).

JAFFA, TEL-AVIV, LOCATION & IDENTITY

Rothschild Blvd, Tel Aviv, 1938, Zoltán Kluger 1

Rothschild Blvd, Tel Aviv, 1935 2

Rothschild Blvd 117, Tel Aviv, 1935 2

By Zeev Alexandrovich, Source: Courtesy of The national library of Israel

Patrick Geddes’ Garden City Plan, 1926, Source : Tel Aviv–Yafo Municipal Historical Archives

JAFFA & THE SITE

1909

1926

1938

1943

Tel-Aviv’s Development, Based On “Tel-Aviv and it’s sites”, Ariel, 48-49 March 1997, PP. 17, Edited By The author

The township of Tel-Aviv kept growing and after a decade in 1934 it became a “municipal corporation” and separated itself legally from Jaffa. And so although the initial idea of Tel Aviv was to become an extension to Jaffa it actually developed into a separate central urban entity (Karlinsky, 2012). While Jaffa grew at a moderate pace Tel-Aviv was growing and expanding rapidly. The map of 1943 shows the difference between the two and how the Patrick Geddes “Garden City” plan was largely implemented. In addition, looking at Tel-Aviv’s development diagram it can be seen how quickly the city developed and became a major independent urban entity. The numbers in the chart Below shows the rapid Jaffa growth Non Jews in the Jewish population. These numbers changed even more drastically after the Nakba in 1948. In which many of the Palestinians, as shown previously, were displaced inside and outside of Palestine.

Yaffa & Tel Aviv Before 1948

“THE CITIES OF JAFFA AND TEL AVIV CONSTITUTED BRITISH MANDATORY PALESTINE’S LARGEST METROPOLITAN AREA AND MAJOR ECONOMIC CENTRE, THE LOCATION OF THE COUNTRY’S TWO SECONDARY PORTS AND A MAIN ROAD JUNCTION. BOTH ALSO HELD SENTIMENTAL VALUE: THE DYNAMICALLY DEVELOPING MODERN JAFFA WAS A SYMBOL OF AN EMERGING PALESTINIAN NATION4 WHILE TEL AVIV, Tel AvivTHE ‘FIRST Tel AvivHEBREW CITY’, Jaffa WASJews THE ZIONIST NonIDEAL Jews OF URBAN Jews DEVELOPMENT” (Golan, 2012, p. 997)

200,000

Tel-Aviv Jews

150,000

100,000

Jaffa Non-Jews 50,000

Jaffa Jews

Tel-Aviv Non-Jews 1925

1930

1935

1940

Jaffa & Tel Aviv before 1948, based on the Central Bureau Of Statistics Israel, Edited By The author 99

Year

1945

JAFFA, TEL-AVIV, LOCATION & IDENTITY

Map of Jaffa and Tel Aviv in 1943, Source: Courtesy Of The National Library of Israel, Edited by the author

100

JAFFA & THE SITE

THE NAKBA 1948 In the end of 1947 Jaffa became a battlefield between the Jewish and Arab militia. The British army withdrew from TelAviv allowing them to develop an army, the Arabs weren’t as organized and the lack of coordination resulted in breaches in their frontline allowing the Jewish army to reach the city’s center. During this time many of Jaffa’s Arabs suffered financially since many working for Jews were dismissed and weren’t allowed to sell at their markets, and so many Arabs left the city, the wealthy were able to move to neighboring Arab countries and Jaffa reached its lowest point. In 14 May 1948

‫النكبة‬

the Israeli independence was declared and Jaffa was put under a military regime (Golan, 2012). By the end of 1948 almost all remaining Palestinians of Jaffa were gathered and forced into the Ajami neighborhood which was surrounded by fences and all their houses were declared as Absentee Property (Saliba, 2014). Their houses were then repopulated by Jews in order to provide housing for immigrants and prevent Palestinians from going back to their houses. On 24 of April 1950 the government announced the unification of Jaffa and Tel-Aviv, and so Jaffa became the neglected backyard of Tel-Aviv (Golan, 2009).

Jaffa Ghetto, A Palestinian sits outside a building in Jaffa after its occupation, 1948, Source: Courtesy of the IDF Archives

101

JAFFA, TEL-AVIV, LOCATION & IDENTITY

1. “Danger the house is for demolition” Jaffa’s ruins, 1950, Boris Karmi 3. Members of the defense at positions on the Jaffa border, 1948, Boris Karmi 5. Members of the defense at positions on the Jaffa border 1948, Boris Karmi

Source: Courtesy of The national library of Israel

2. Members of the defense position at the beach on the border of Jaffa, 1948, Boris Karmi 4. Jaffa during the war, 1947, Beno Rothenberg 6. Ruins in Ajami neighborhood Jaffa, 1950, Boris Karmi 102

JAFFA & THE SITE

4.2 FROM GHETTO TO ARTISTIC TOURISTIC ATTRACTION THE ETHNIC CLEANSING AND GENTRIFICATION OF JAFFA SINCE 1948 After the Nakba Jaffa transformed from a successful cultural and economical Arab city in Palestine to one of the poorest neighborhoods of Tel Aviv (Levin, 2007). During the 50s and the 60s many residential buildings were built in Jaffa’s open spaces to accommodate permanent immigrants. At the same time a master plan for Tel-Aviv Jaffa was being prepared, it was presented in the mid 50s and suggested that almost all Jaffa and south TelAviv be demolished and redeveloped with modern housing since the existing Arab buildings were unstable (Golan, 2009). Although the plan wasn’t fully accepted since the municipality couldn’t give a solution to the evacuees demolitions were still happening. Old Jaffa was Evacuated and Demolitions of major parts of it continued until late 1950 and faced protests by artists and archaeologists that were mainly focusing on the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of this district. Artists claimed that it should become an artist district and that several artists had already moved to Old Jaffa and opened their studios there, they kept pressuring the municipality and in 1951 demolitions were stopped. In 1954 a master plan for Tel-Aviv Jaffa was prepared and part of the old city was announced as the art and tourism district. During this whole time buildings were massively invaded and many buildings also collapsed. Eventually, in 1960 a development company for the old city was set and by the

103

IN THE FACE OF CREEPING DISLOCATION, ACCOMPANIED (AND SUPPORTED) BY DAILY MEDIA AND TELEVISION PORTRAYALS OF JAFFA AS POOR AND CRIME-RIDDEN AND CHIC, EXOTIC, AND ROMANTIC (AND THUS THE IDEAL TOURIST SITE) (LeVine, 2007, p. 181) beginning of the 70s it was rehabilitated and rented to local artists and businesses (Alfasi et al, 2009). At the same time, during the 60s, Jews moved out of Palestinian homes and most of these houses were demolished. Jaffa since then and until the 80s was neglected and underdeveloped, there was no new construction and infrastructure was very poor (Meishar, 2012). Gentrification processes were renewed in the 1980s with the arrival of bourgeois middle-class Jews, and in the late 1980s and early 90s, Jaffa developed as “both a site for tourism and as a new neighborhood for the growing Jewish elite of “global Tel Aviv” (LeVine, 2007, p.181). The municipal policy of neglect transformed into redevelopment and rehabilitation which led to the gentrification of Jaffa and exclusion of the Palestinian residents (Saliba, 2014). In the 90s with the rise of Neoliberalism and the wave of Soviet Jewish immigrants the Judaization and gentrification processes of Jaffa proceeded (Golan, 2020).

FROM GHETTO TO ARTISTIC TOURISTIC ATTRACTION

Neglected Ajami, 1973, By IPPA Staff photographer, Source: Courtesy of The national library of Israel

Tourists in the old city of Jaffa, 1980, By Boris Karmi, Source: Courtesy of The national library of Israel

104

JAFFA & THE SITE

105

In the late 90s the interest in Jaffa kept growing and so “THUS WHILE POL ICY GUIDELINES IN THE EARLY in 1999 “The Mishlama” was established as a special 2000s DECLARED THAT THE NEW REGIONAL department in Tel-Aviv municipality which is responsible PLAN FOR TEL AVIV MUST INVOLVE RESIDENTS for rehabilitation and development of Jaffa (LeVine, 2007). IN PLANING AND WORK TO INCREASE HOUSING The 90s also symbolized the increase of new exclusive FOR YOUNG COUPLES, WHEN PALESTINIAN gated community complexes which were designed for COMMUNITY LEADERS COMPLAINED THAT rich newcomers and not for the local inhabitants of Jaffa MOST YOUNG PALESTINIAN COUPLES CANNOT (Saliba, 2014). One of these projects was the “Andromeda AFFORD TO LIVE IN JAFFA, OFFICIALS HAVE Hill Project” in which a housing unit starts at 300,000$ RESPONDED BY EXPLAINING THAT “THE MARKET (Monterescu, 2009). “The destruction of Jaffa is not just IS THE MARKET,” AND THAT “SELLING SOME physical but also includes destruction of the imagination, APARTMENTS MORE CHEAPLY WOULD HURT society, culture and history; for example, changing the old PROFITS” (LeVine, 2007, p.192) Arab names of streets and neighborhoods” (Saliba, 2014, p. 123), for instance, one of the recent popular posts on Jaffa Facebook groups was the “Roosters” phenomena which created a major debate and disagreement between newcomers who were against the amount of free roosters walking around in the city and the old Jaffan’s who saw it as one of the symbols of Jaffa. In parallel to these developments and up until today the Palestinian community keeps being under a threat of evacuation To Buy or Not to Be from theircapable houses(onoftheresisting base of thethe Absentee law) by the structures precepts of Halamish the ‘pure ” (Bauman 1999: 28; who andmarket’ Amidar quasi-governmental companies, seewere alsoassigned Bourdieu dissolving as the1998: owners3). of By Palestinians houses and thesocial bonds of sociality reciprocity and there housing after 1948and (Saliba, 2014). Nowadays submitting the laws ofprojects the market, are severalthem ongoingtourban renewal in Jaffa, many neoliberalism risefortotheintense preocof them are stillgives designed rich, however, in recent cupation withhave safety securitytoand years there been and also attempts offeripso affordable facto to an obsession with their emotional housing for the Arabs of Jaffa, this still remains by a lottery corollaries risk and offer fear enough (Bauman 1999). mechanism—and doesn’t houses for all.* Paradoxically, urban risk society’s search for certainty perpetuates a self-defeating cycle by reproducing the very alterity it seeks to eliminate (Beck 1992: 49; Isin 2002). With its hollowing out of sociality, urban neoliberalism reduces lived spaces to commodities to be consumed and thus exposes place and property to theft, transgression, and pollution. In search of a secure form of social organization — protected from the urban lurking outside gated comRight:chaos the prestige housing project— “Andromeda Hill” in Ajami (2005), next to it old Palestinian houses which were later Figure 2 on Marketing munities arise nexus around whichinaAndromeda new discourse of Daniel demolished. Left:as“Tothe Buyspatial Or Not Toand Be” -cultural Ad encouraging to buy an apartment (2003), By: Monterescu, the gated community: Monterescu, p. 409) fearSource: of violence and2009, crime “legitimates and rationalizes class-based exclusion and “To buy or not to be.” residential segregation” (Low 2001: 45). While operating chiefly as a mechanism Photograph by the * apnews.com/article/ap-top-news-lifestyle-business-middle-east-religion-21642d247e50b2e9706d64f7339fa29c of depoliticization, gated communities lead inevitably to the extreme enclaving of author, 2005 social inequalities and hence to the politicized spatialization of privileged “out-

FROM GHETTO TO ARTISTIC TOURISTIC ATTRACTION

“Kokoriko In The City” New Residents complaining about the amount of roosters in Jaffa, January 2021, by: Diana Polenski, Source: www.davar1.co.il/272301/

A protest against the gentrification and Judaization of Jaffa 24 April 2021, By: Ariel Schalit, Source: apnews.com

“Jaffa Is Not For Sale” graffiti in Arabic & Hebrew, by Ahmad Gharabli, April 30, 2021, Source: www.timesofisrael.com

106

JAFFA & THE SITE

4.3 THE CITY IN NUMBERS In 2017 - While The Whole City Is At A Socio-Economic Index Of 8, Most Jaffa Is Below 4 Socio-Economic index is calculated on the base of 4 variables - Demography, Education, Employment and Standard of Living. Between 2008 and 2017 the SocioEconomic index of most of the city increased, this is due to many new housing projects attracting residents from other cities. Jaffa Population in 2018 was 52,628 20%

of them are immigrants that came to Israel after 1990. As of 2019 the total population is at 460,600, out of them 20,700 are Arabs (Muslims, Christian and Druze). (Source: Statistical Abstract 2020, by Tel-Aviv Yafo Municipality). The average age in Jaffa in 2018 was 34.6 with more than 25% being under the age of 19.

400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000

1922

1931

1937

1944

1950

1959

1980

Population By Religion (2019) - Total Population - 460,000 1

1990

2000

Jews

2010

2019

Non-Jews

8.3%

6.8%

11.6%

13.75%

19.3%

12.6%

9.91%

9.01%

5.33%

3.37%

0-4

5-9

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-79

80+

Age Groups Of Jaffa (2018) - Average Age = 34.6 2

107

1 2

Based on Tel-Aviv-Yafo population report, 2019, Source: https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Transparency/Pages/Statistics.aspx, Made by the author Based on population, by neighborhood and age report, 2018, Source: https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Transparency/Pages/Statistics.aspx, Made by the author

Arabs

THE CITY IN NUMBERS

The socio-economical maps show the major difference between north and south Tel-Aviv Jaffa, and when comparing between the map from 2008 and 2017 it can be noticed that the south is rapidly also being gentrified. In Jaffa, it started with the north part and nowadays it has spread and continues to spread all over the city.

In 2018 8.5% of the households in Tel-Aviv Jaffa lived below the poverty line which represents 6.9% of the total population of the city. (Based on statistics retrieved from the municipality’s website - households, persons and children Below poverty line report).

* * *

* *

The North Vs. The South (2008)3

Most Jaffa Is Below 4 (2017) 4

3 Based On Socio-Economical Index Map From Tel-Aviv Yafo Municipality Statistics Edited by the author. 4 Based On The Statistical Areas Within Municipalities From The Central Bureau Of Statistics Israel Report, Made by the author, The Stars On The Map Indicate missing data from the 2017 report and are based on the 2008 report

108

JAFFA & THE SITE

“DISCRIMINATION HAS CONTINUALLY PLAYED A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE SOCIAL LIFE OF JAFFA’S PALESTINIAN RESIDENTS. IT IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, ACCESS TO JOBS, AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL BETWEEN PALESTINIANS AND JEWS, ALL OF WHICH HAVE BEEN EXACERBATED BY THE LARGE INCREASE IN ITS PALESTINIAN POPULATION AND THE INFLUX OF RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS WHICH TOOK AWAY JOBS AND HOUSING FROM THE LOCAL POPULATION AFTER 1989” (LeVine, 2007, p. 182) LeVine (2007) also adds that the living conditions and opportunities of the Palestinian community in Jaffa got even worse in the 90s with the major Russian migration, leading to an even more depressed and deprived community. Maps shown on these two pages illustrate how Jaffa is on such a low socio-economic index. Firstly, while the poverty index is very high the average values of sqm of housing are also accordingly extremely high,

making Jaffa unaffordable to the local existing community, not being able to buy an apartment young Palestinians couples are left with two options: Either to live in a rented apartment or to leave Jaffa. In addition to housing issues there are also many social issues, as you can see in the two social services diagrams below there is a high demand of social services in Jaffa and the main reason for using the social services is a “dysfunctional parents or children” the second main reason is poverty and income difficulties, while in center and north Tel Aviv the main reason is elderliness. Education also plays a big part when looking at the bigger picture, in Jaffa there is a high percentage of citizens without a school diploma (higher than 30%). Moreover, there aren’t many holders of an academic degree (Less than 35%). In all these maps I’ve pointed out in a black dot the location of the focused site of this research, as you can see it is in almost all categories in the lowest or highest indexes making it an underprivileged area which is in need of urgent attention and intervention.

District Boundry

Main Reason

Per 1,000 Residents

Old Age

17.4 - 88.0 88.1 - 123.0

Poverty and income difficulties

123.1 - 160.0

Dysfunction of parents or children / youth

160.1 - 225.0

No Data

225.1 - 546.6

No Data

Residents Registered In Social Services (2012)

109

The Most Common Reason For Using Social Services (2012)

Source: The Face Of Society In Israel” 7th Report Done By The Central Bureau Of Statistics, 2012, 43 Edited By The author

THE CITY IN NUMBERS

District Boundry Among 25-69 Years Old (%) ≤ 10.0 10.1 - 20.0 20.1 - 30.0 30.1 - 40.0 ≥ 40.1 No Data

Aren’t Holders Of A School Diploma (2018)

District Boundry According To Level Of Income 1 (Low Poverty) 2

Poverty Index (2012)

District Boundry Among 25-69 Years Old (%) 65.1 ≤ 55.1 - 65.0 45.1 - 55.0 35.1 - 45.0 20.1 - 35.0 ≤ 20.0 No Data

Holders Of An Academic Degree (2018)

District Boundry Average value per sqm in NIS National Average - 12,500 NIS

11,425.7 - 8,147.0

11,425.8 - 13,907.0

13,907.1 - 17,548.1

5 ( High Poverty)

17,548.2 - 34,592.3

No Data

Average Value Per Sqm In NIS (2012)

110

“Although Repopulated By Jews And Annexed To Tel Aviv, Jaffa Has Retained A Unique Urban Character. Down The Years, Its Arab Community Seems To Have Risen From The Ashes. Former Urban Arab Areas Have Undergone Re-Arabization. The Arab Population Has Developed A Sense Of Communality, Demanding The Implementation Of Civil Rights As Israeli Citizens On The One Hand, As Well As The Preservation Of Arab-Palestinian Culture And Identity On The Other” (Golan, 2020, p. 203)

Palestinians in Jaffa protesting against the evictions of Palestinians neighborhoods in Jerusalem, Credit: Tomer Appelbaum/Haaretz, May 2021, Edited by the author 111

“Whilst the daily living reality for a Palestinian citizen of Israel inevitably differs from a Palestinian living in the West Bank, Gaza or the diaspora, the underlying techniques employed by the Israeli government are the same” (Rashed et al, 2014, p. 17)

112

JAFFA & THE SITE

4.4 THE SITE

113

Image Source: simplex-mapping-data.com, 13.06.2020

THE SITE

Jabalyia

114

JAFFA & THE SITE

115

1930s First Buildings Of Jabaliya

1944

Neighborhood Growing And Densifying

1976

Demolition Of Palestinians Houses

1988

Demolition Of More Structures And Th

2002

Adding A Pedestrian Bridge Connecting Between Two Sides

2005

The Strat Of Park “Kidron”

Sources: 1930 - www.govmap.gov.il retrieved in 08.02.2021 1944 - https://palopenmaps.org/view retrieved in 01.02.2021

he Construction Of Apartment Buildings

THE SITE

1963

After 1948 The Area Was Settled By Jewish Immigrants

3178

1997

Constructing 3178 Street - Dividing Between North And South Jabaliya

1963

2020

‫ באוגוסט‬31‫ גבעתהתמריס בגבול יפובתימ ב‬:8 (81/4175 ‫ מ"מ‬,‫ מחלקת המדידות‬:‫)המקור‬

The Situation Today

Sources: 1963 - 1988 - Courtesy of The Neiman Library of Exact Sciences & Engineering, Tel Aviv University, received by email on 02.04.2021 1997 - 2020 Tel Aviv GIS - https://gisn.tel-aviv.gov.il/ retrieved in 08.02.2021

116

JAFFA & THE SITE

OPEN SPACES & LANDMARKS C

JABALIYA MOS

ABU NASSAR

CASIS RESTAURANT

3 PERES CENTER

1. Kidron Park Yefet Street 117

Source: Author, pictures were taken in 09.01.2021

2. Kidron Park

3. Kidron Park

THE SITE

The most important landmark in this area is Jabaliya beach which many citizens like to visit especially on weekends. Peres Center is another landmark but one that locals don’t like since it is sitting on public land but doesn’t act as a public building. Kidron park isn’t used much, it is interrupted with informal houses that occupy almost half of it and don’t allow a very qualitative open space, in addition, there aren’t many trees or benches. A.

AJYAL HIGHSCHOOL

Jabalyia’s Beach

3178 STREET

SQUE

2 1

Peres Center

Jabaliya’s Mosque

“Window To Jaffa” Bridge

4. The Olive Trees Plot 118

JAFFA & THE SITE

SHIKUNAT EL- ARAB

‫شيكونات العرب‬

“SHIKUNAT AL-ARAB” (ARAB HOUSING), “THE GHETTO”, “THE JUNGLE”, “THE SAFARI” In 1980 Dozens of families living in protected tenancy1 were evicted from their homes in Ajami on the grounds that the buildings in which they lived were dangerous. At the same time a complex of apartment buildings was constructed in Shem - Hagdolim street by the contractor company “Shikun Ovdim”, these apartments were initially intended to be sold to young Arab couples, therefore, they were not properly designed for the purpose of social housing. The contractor barely sold half of the apartments and decided to sell the rest to the state. The municipality moved them for a “short time” to rented apartments units under ‘public housing’ conditions and promised them that after their houses are renovated they will move them back. The tenants thought that after a year they’ll be back to their original houses but were never moved back. Most of the buildings from which the protected tenants were evicted have been renovated and turned into attractive properties (BIMKOM, 2009). The families were transferred to three public housing units: A. Michlol Yofi - Built In 1983 B. Kedem 163 - Built In 1983 C. Shem - Hagdolim, Built In 1985

- Kedem and Michlol Yofi were built as housing for minorities and were owned by Halamish2 - Shem Hagdolim was built by the “workers housing” company, Originally 3 buildings were built, the latest one (Marked as C3 in the figures on the right) was left as a skeleton, it was never completed and was demolished around 2003, since then the lot was left empty and olive trees were planted. The inhabitants that were evicted from their houses to these complexes transformed from “protected” residents that had some ownership rights to “public housing” residents without any ownership rights; these residents up until today (April 2021) never got any refunds. Some residents got a very small amount of money to buy basic furniture such as beds and closets (Montresco, 2017). Today these complexes suffer from high neglect and vandalism - hostile graffiti, no mailboxes, scattered garbage and waste burning, since the municipality doesn’t collect it in high tendency, crumbling stairways and a great deal of frustration and restrained rage. Half of the apartments in complexes C1,C2 & B are owned by Halamish but since most of the families are in a low socio-economic index they can’t pay rent and even owe money to the company, for this reason Halamish refuses to make necessary renovations in the complexes. Being next to the sea makes the situation even worse, the salty and humid sea wind causes erosion resulting in crumbling walls and facades.

A protected tenant is a tenant to whom the rules of the Tenant Protection law (1972) apply. “The tenant pays a minimal and fixed rental contract throughout their lifetime, so long as they continue to live in the property and have no ties to any other property”, Plonski (2015) 2 Halamish is A public company jointly owned by the Ministry of Construction and Housing (50%) and the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality (50%), to help provide housing solutions for residents who had difficulty finding suitable housing or financial issues ( http://www.halamish.org/BRPortal/br/P102.jsp?arc=182646) 1

119

THE SITE

C3 C2

YE FE T

KE DE M

21.04. 1988 - Aerial View number am/119 , Source: Courtesy Of The Neiman Library of Exact Sciences & Engineering, Tel Aviv University, received

by email on 02.04.2021

C3 B

2021

120

JAFFA & THE SITE

VANDALIZED & NEGLECTED SHARED SPACES

1. Graffiti and Crumbling walls and ceilings 1

2. Scattered waste 1

5. No sitting areas, youth bring their own chairs, Lack of parking - 6. Lack of parking - residents even park between waste bins 2 motorcycles and cars park on the sidewalk 2

121

Sources: 1 michaelarch.wordpress.com (2010) edited by the author, 2 Author - 09.01.2021 , 3 Author - 25.12.2020

THE SITE

HAGD

OLIM

SHEM

KEDEM

3. Graffiti 1

4. Unused and neglected terraces 1

7. Motorcycles parking on the crumbling terraces, Very little

8. Missing Mailboxes 2

greenery 3

122

JAFFA & THE SITE

MASTER PLAN N. 507-0468389 FROM 98 APARTMENTS -> 294 APARTMENTS

THE OBJECTION

The urban renewal master plan was initiated by the municipality in 2011, the area of the plan is about 12 dunams (around 3 acres).

The municipality believed that it did a very intense participatory process, However, through my talks with several residents I understood that not all residents felt they were part of this plan, one resident, for instance, mentioned she wants to hear more about the plan and gave them her details but no one contacted her, other residents said that their voices weren’t heard in these meetings and so they stopped participating in them. This whole process led to an even bigger mistrust of the residents in the municipality and led after 8 years of planning and bureaucracy to an objection that was signed by 48 apartment owners.

The plan’s parameter includes the building on Kedem 163 , the two buildings in Shem Hagdolim and all their shared spaces and parking, and the olive tree plot. The main aims of this plan are: 1. Renewing the existing buildings and improving the current physical condition of the infrastructure of the plan parameter. 2. Reinforcing and restoring the existing buildings by: adding elevators, extending apartments by adding a bunker room (12 m2) and a balcony (12 m2) for each apartment and adding additional rights for 2.65 new floors above the existing buildings. 3. Constructing a new residential building with 100 apartments in the empty olive tree lot in addition to 410 m2 of built public spaces. 4. Improving open spaces 5. Regulating parking spaces 6. The plan also allows tenants of the public housing to receive their apartments. “The new apartments will be designated as much as possible to the citizens of Jaffa” 1

123

Source: 1 mavat.moin.gov.il/mavatps/forms/SV4.aspx?tid=4

These are some of the topics that were mentioned in the objection: 1. There was no public participation. Most of the complex did not know about these moves and the plan was not explained or presented to residents. 2. The neighborhood suffers from neglect - poverty, vandalism, crime, drugs and more... The plan does not present any alternative for dealing with the current situation and it will only make it worse with a greater density. 3. The plan doesn’t offer enough parking 4. The new suggested building does not take into account its surroundings. 5. We request to see other possible alternatives 6. Future maintenance of the buildings and shared spaces was not mentioned 1

THE SITE

LIM

O AGD MH SHE

KE Existing Condition, June 2020, Source: Municipality’s Website, Edited by the author

0 -> 100 Apartments

42 -> 86 Apartments

56 -> 108 Apartments

KEDEM

An Illustration of the proposal, Source: Municipality’s Website, Edited by the author

124

JAFFA & THE SITE

KEDE M A

SH EM HA G IM

DO L

Proposed Roofs Plan 1

A-A

B-B Proposed Sections 1

125

Source: 1 mavat.moin.gov.il/mavatps/forms/SV4.aspx?tid=4

Existing

Expansions

Additions

New Building

THE SITE

ACTORS Many Actors Involved, Some With A Conflict Of Interest / Not A Clear Role Actors include 3 types of residents with different socioeconomic status, 2 landowners and many in between actors that were part of the public participation and planning team. Looking into the municipality’s meetings protocols and the legal clinic annual reports I have noticed that some actors had 2 roles during this process, for instance, the architect of the plan was also a studio tutor at the architecture school of Tel Aviv university which took

this project as a case study. Another example is today’s senior mayor assistant which is also part of the legal clinic of the law department in Tel Aviv university. This raises the question of the legal clinic and university part in this project, are they there to research, support and protect the residents? or are they just another extension of the municipality?

Owns and manages 90% of The State Land Owner Of The Olive Plot the country’s land

+ TLV Municipality

Land Owner + Plan Initiator

Hamishlama

(The Jaffa Department)

Halamish

The Planning Team

The Architect

The Architecture Studio Was Promoted By

The Legal Clinic Tel Aviv University Architecture and Law Departments

Public Participation

The Residents

Apartment Owners

Me + Lawyer

Together Wrote And Filed An Objection Against The Plan

50%

Renting

Public Housing 50%

A resident asked me to take a look at the purposed plan, I read it and explained it and together with a lawyer we added more points to the objection

126

JAFFA & THE SITE

PLAN’S TIMELINE

Survey Of Residents’ Needs

2017

2011

The plan started in 2011, in 2013 the Public Housing Law (Purchase Rights) was approved, allowing social housing tenants to buy their apartments. The law was approved for 5 years and was supposed to end on 31.12.2017. In 2018 it was decided to extend it until 31.12.2022.

After the objection was filed in 2019 , there was a public meeting (N. 19-0013 b’) discussing the objections at the municipality, which resulted in an internal meeting in which the mayor requested from the planning team to check other alternatives and give a fair proposal for all. At the end of 2019 a new alternative was considered - Constructing in the empty plot -> moving the existing tenants to the new building -> demolishing the old buildings and constructing new buildings in their place.

Several Meetings With Residents To Update

18 Jul 2018

10 Years Preparing The Master Plan, Many Things Changed Even Several Laws.... And Now We Are Back To The Start

The Local Committee Gives A Green Light

Updating The Residents About The Plan’s Status

March 2019

15 July 2018

Establishment of a Residents’ representation

2013

2011

Start Of Plan

Preparation Of The Plan

Plan Is Published For Public’s Objections

Back To The Start 127

Dates and events are based on municipality’s protocols and the annual reports of the legal clinic

THE SITE

This alternative means around 360 apartments need to be constructed to be profitable. Since then no open to the public protocols were published and one of the residents was told that the plan is on hold. After trying to reach a representative from Hamishlama (the Jaffa department) I was directed to the senior mayor assistant1 which explained to me the status of the plan, she informed me that the state don’t want to be part of the this plan anymore and so the olive trees plot can’t be considered in the alternative. She further on explained

that the Jaffa department is examining alternatives now without the state’s land and would show it to the residents after they check that it works financially. On 25.03.2021 a tour was scheduled in the neighborhood with the CEO of Hamishlama and the residents it was postponed and rescheduled to 19.05.2021 then again postponed to 16.06.2021. Meanwhile the residents continue to live in a neglected and under maintained complexes

An Internal Meeting --> A New Plan Is Considered

2021

The Project Is On Hold

2021

20 Nov 2019

2020

Public Meeting Discussing Objections

Residents File An Objection

24 Jul 2019

Mayor Asks Staff To Check Other Alternatives 2 Tours With The Municipality And Residents Have Been Set And Were Twice Canceled

Municipality Is Checking An Alternative Without The state’s Land

We had a Zoom call on the 21.04.2021

128

05.

129

PROPOSALAN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH 130

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

5.1 AN ALTERNATIVE FRAMEWORK EXISTING VS SUGGESTED EXISTING “FRAMEWORK”

Currently, and as explained previously, there is no existing participatory framework in Israel but I attempted, from my own experience of public participation meetings that I was part of in 2018-2019, to map one as an example for the existing situation. And so, the existing mechanism does not require the inclusion of citizens in the process but it does recommend doing so, it is mainly focused on how the project can succeed financially in order to be profitable enough for the developers. As such, the first step is a feasibility check that uses “standard 21” as a base, here there is already a first planning scheme, during this time a social report is made to better understand the existing housing situation and the demographic composition. After the initial examinations, alternatives for the master plan are produced in a back and forth process in which the planning team creates and shares with municipality and other authorities and in some cases also with the residents. As it can be seen from the diagram the most important actors throughout the existing process are the municipality/other authorities and facilitators, the residents are only involved when numbers needs to be gathered at the first step of the process, they are then only informed once in a while on public participation meetings, on these meetings they get an opportunity to speak and express their opinions, this usually includes them voicing their fear from the huge amount of new apartments and asking about what do they get at the end. They are then informed on the final master plan, after the plan gets a green light from the approving institution it is published and is available for the public to note their objections or reservations.

131

SUGGESTED FRAMEWORK - WHO WHAT & HOW?

I propose an alternative approach that puts the residents and their daily needs as the most important priority. The Who What & How framework will start by working with the residents and not the municipality in order to empower citizens and define a bottom-up process right from the start. The first phase of this framework is studying the site and collecting local knowledge through talking to residents and being on site, after that I suggest the brainstorming loop in which alternatives are suggested and discussed by all participants, this phase only ends when the majority decides on several principles that have to be present in any suggested alternative, then alternatives can be created and a principle document for a master plan can be suggested, this is the point where I believe the municipality can join the process. I’ve decided to position the municipality later on in the process because in my opinion we (the facilitators) together with the residents need at first to create something that can be shown to the municipality. As Hana Loftus suggested in her talk on the “Beyond Participation 2” conference in Ireland “It Is More Powerful To Show Them (Municipality) A Nice Package Of The Results Than Just Try To Talk About It Theoretically”. In addition, I added the “Create Today” phase which runs in parallel throughout the whole process. Since master plans take a long time until they are constructed it is important to think of what can be done in the present by the residents in collaboration with the facilitators to enable an improved quality of life in the interim period, until the master plan is constructed.

AN ALTERNATIVE FRAMEWORK

A.LEARN & CHECK FEASIBILITY

1. Study The Site

B.SUGGEST, CREATE & ADJUST

2. Data Collection

3. Suggest + Create

STANDARD 21

Fix

Share With Authorities

And In A Few Public

Participation Meetings

C. SHARE

4. Inform Residents On

The Final Master Plan

5. Publish Master Plan

For Public’s Objection

AFTER THE PLAN GETS AN OK FROM THE APPROVING INSTITUTION

Existing “Framework”

A. LEARN & INVITE

1. Study The Site

B. SUGGEST, COLLECT AND BRAINSTORM

2. Inviting, Data Collecting & Analyzing

3. Analyze + Share + Suggest + Get Responses & Ideas

Analyze + Create Ideas

WHEN REACHING A COMMON AGREEMENT

And Alternatives

C. CREATE Preferred 4. Create Alternatives

CREATE TODAY!

5. Create A Principle Document For A Master Plan

D. SHARE 6. Share Info & Collect Responses / Ideas

Interventions Designed With And By The Community

Suggested Framework - WHO WHAT & HOW?

132

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

DETAILED SUGGESTED FRAMEWORK WHO, WHAT & HOW? On Each Phase There’s A Need To Define: 1. Who will be involved & who will be participating? 2. What is the main goal of this phase and what will be achieved? 3. How will this be achieved? Through which tools?

For The Who I defined 4 main actors: The Facilitators - Can Be A Group Of Architects, Residents, Students, Social Workers, Activists, NGOs and so on Focus Group - The Residents Of This Area

A. LEARN & INVITE

1. Study The Site

A. Digitally - By A Survey Shared On Facebook + Whatsapp + Instagram B. Physically - Setting On Site Stand, Putting Flyers In Mail Boxes, Knocking On Doors

ONLY WHEN REACHING A COMMON AGREEMENT

C. CREATE Preferred 4. Create Alternatives Illustrate By Collages / Schemes / Maps / Plans / 3d Views / A Physical Model...

The “Public” - Anyone Who Uses The Intervened Site The Municipality Or Representatives

133

CREATE TODAY!

Interventi

After Gathering D Create: Street Ga

AN ALTERNATIVE FRAMEWORK

B. SUGGEST, COLLECT AND BRAINSTORM

Inviting, Data Collecting & Analyzing

3. Analyze + Share + Suggest

Through Site Visits, Learning The Site’s History, Articles, News, Statistics, Surroundings, Future Developments, Municipality’s Vision, Local Actors, Possible Local Collaborations

+ Get Responses & Ideas

A. Find Major Similarities -> Present them graphically Individual Interviews, Workshops - With Physical Model, On Site Stand - With Physical Model, Interactive Poster, Flyers + Ideas Box,Coffee Stand, Volunteering Residents

Analyze + Create Ideas And Alternatives

A. Find Similarities & Important Points -> Present them graphically B. Based On Point A Create Ideas and Alternatives -> Present In Collages / 3d...

5. Create A Principle Document For A Master Plan

Using Collages / Schemes / Maps / Plans / 3d Views / A model... To Illustrate Points

D. SHARE 6. Share Info & Collect Responses / Ideas

A. Share Document On Facebook + Whatsapp + Emails + Mail Boxes...

ions Designed With And By The Community

Data And Until The Realisaiton Of The Urban Renewal Project We Can Start To ames, Community Garden, Benches, Paths....

134

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

A1. STUDY THE SITE After an initial study of the site, I’ve come to understand that the parameter that the municipality has taken into account when suggesting the new Master Plan was too narrow and so I’ve decided to study a broader parameter in order to understand existing opportunities and challenges. This included looking at future master plans around the site, understanding of the land use and land ownership, as well as, existing or missing public facilities etc.

Youth centers in 500m and 1 Km radius, they are mostly a part of a community center or belongs to a certain religious group

135

STUDY THE SITE

Land Ownership

Main Land Use - Mostly residential

Fully owned by the municipality

Residential

Public Building

Special Public Building

Open Space

Cemetery

Streets

Partially owned by the municipality

Mix Use

Commerce

136

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

RETHINKING THE GREEN AXIS A Policy document made for an urban renewal project in South Jaffa it suggests to rearrange and strengthen the green axis by: 1. Creating inner connections by adding pedestrians and bicycles passages 2. Removing all physical boundaries and fences and moving the pedestrians activity from the park’s boundaries to its center 3. Strengthening the north-south connectivity by adding crossing points along the green axis 4. Conserving the existing uses and rearranging sports courts, especially the tennis courts 5. Adding additional leisure uses along the axis

Existing condition of the green axis, Aerial view 2020, Tel Aviv GIS - https://gisn.tel-aviv.gov.il/, edited by the author

HABASHAT

YEFET Policy document for urban renewal in South Jaffa, https://www.ur-platform.com/jaffa-south, by kisselov-kaye Architects, Pertzov Architecture and UR-PLATFORM

137

JERUSA

STUDY THE SITE

AYALON

VOLFSON HAIM HELER

ALEM BLVD

138

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

1 3 6 5

139

9-10 4

STUDY THE SITE

Informal Housing

New Apartment Building

50s - 80s Apartments Buildings

2012 it was designed by the architect Ilan Pivko, who is responsible for many luxurious projects in Jaffa, an apartment in these kinds of projects costs around 1,000,000 euros while an apartment in the 80s apartment buildings (number 1) costs around 500,000 euros (www.madlan.co.il). These new complexes are part of the ongoing gentrification process of Jaffa they are increasing housing prices in the city which many of the current Palestinian residents can’t afford.

Palestinians Houses Built Before The 5os

On the site and around it there are several housing typologies, these can show the diverse residents of the area and the difference between rich and poor especially when noticing the amount of buildings constructed after 2004 (marked in dark gray). Most of these complexes have similar characteristics - they are surrounded with high fences creating gated communities, residents living in them are from a high socio-economic index, for example the “Laura” project (marked in number 8) was marketed as a luxury complex with a sea view, built in

Source: Pictures taken from google street view and edited by the author

140

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

SPATIAL ISSUES 0

5 10

15 20

Steep Topography + Many Fences

Mainly Residential Land Use + No Diversity In Public Buildings 141

Education

Sports Hall

Religious

Informal

50-80s Housing

30s

New

Commerce

Public

Cemetery

STUDY THE SITE

Poor Quality Of Open Spaces + Many On Ground Parking Lots Parking

Green Open Space

Paved Open Apace

Pedestrian Path

3178 Street -> A Physical Border 142

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

OPPORTUNITIES

Strengthening The Green Axis And Connections To The Beach Green Axis

Increasing Uses Diversity 143

Beach Connections

STUDY THE SITE

1. Putting Parking Underground -> More Open Spaces 2. Another Possibility Is To Build Above Existing Parking Lots

Reviving Underused Plots 144

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

A2. INVITING, DATA COLLECTING & ANALYZING A CAMPAIGN - ANNOUNCING AND INVITING TO PARTICIPATE

1. INTERACTIVE POSTER

2. SOCIAL-MEDIA

I WANT: A market

FUN

IN JABALIYA

3. FOLDABLE POP-UP STAND :

CASIS RESTAURA

AJYAL

ABU NASS

AR JABALIYE

PERES

145

CENTER

HIGHSCHO

MOSQUE

3178 STRE

INVITING, DATA COLLECTING & ANALYZING

In the learn and invite phase the facilitator should use different methods in order to reach out to as many residents as possible and attract different community groups. In this site I believe that a combination of all 7 methods illustrated below should be used. 1. The interactive poster is a useful method not only to gather ideas but also to publish the project and create a collaborative art wall for all. 2. Social media and other Online tools are good for reaching a wide

audience, 3. The foldable stand is to be present on the ground in order to have face to face interactions, 4. Volunteering residents that will hand out flyers and inform other neighbors, 5. Interactive flyers will invite people to put their ideas on a map and share it online or in the ideas box, 6. The ideas box to gather flyers, concerns, ideas and more from the residents, 7. A coffee stand that will be operated by a resident that will hand out flyers.

4. VOLUNTEERING RESIDENTS

5. INTERACTIVE FLYER !

IDEAS BOX

7. COFFEE STAND

SHARE HERE YOUR IDEAS / CONCERNS / FEELINGS...

146

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

INTERACTIVE FLYER POP-UP FLYER + STICKERS OF OBJECTS - A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR ALL

INVITATION FOR ALL RESIDENTS PLAN & DESIGN YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD WITH US!

Scan Me!

NO MAN HERE IS BETTER

To Get Updates, And Upload And Share Your Ideas

I WANT A TREE HERE!

Join & Follow Us To Make A Change In Your Neighborhood: www.instagram.com/ CITIZENSFIRST!/

https://www.facebook.com/ groups/CITIZENSFIRST!/

CITIZENS FIRST! Email: Citizens_First@gmail.com

147

FIND US ON THURSDAY AND FRIDAY IN THE OLIVE GARDEN OR SHARE YOUR IDEAS IN THE IDEAS BOX THAT IS LOCATED IN YOUR BUILDING

INVITING, DATA COLLECTING & ANALYZING

Where Would You Like A: ‫زﺟﺎج‬

‫ورق‬

ANYTHING YOU WOULD LIKE TO SAY:

‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﮏ‬

Trash Bin

Recycling Bin

Shading

Drinking Fountain

Trees And Greenery

NAME AND AGE:

Picnic Tables

Tennis Table

Board Games

Benches

Coffee Stand

Street Light

Community Garden

AJYAL HIGHSCHOOL

ABU NASSAR

JABALIYE MOSQUE

3178 STREET

CASIS RESTAURANT

PERES CENTER

148

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

LOCATIONS FOR INVITING INPUT FROM CITIZENS 3

CASIS RESTAURANT

ABU NASSAR

JABALIYE

3+4

3+4 3+4

149

1. Pop-Up Stand

2. Interactive Poster

3. Flyers

A Stand That Will Be Set Up Once/Twice A Week , Each Week On A Different Spot

Inviting People To Participate And Express Their Thoughts And Feelings

Putting In Commerce

E MOSQUE

INVITING, DATA COLLECTING & ANALYZING

This map shows possible campaign locations, Flyers can be presented on local kiosks and grocery stores gallery, they can be also available at a local school and the mosque. The pop up stand can be every week on a different spot to attract as many people as possible, a map and a schedule of all of these will be presented on posters and also on the website of the project.

3+4

All Mail Boxes And In Local e , Mosque and School

CLALIT HEALTH SERVICE AJYAL HIGHSCHOOL

KATEH GROCERY

KIOSKS

SHARE HERE YOUR IDEAS / CONCERNS / FEELINGS...

4. Ideas Box

5. Coffee Stall

Will Be Set On Each Building (Have A Guarding/Collecting Volunteer), In The Mosque And High-school

A Temporary Mobile Coffee Stall Operated By One Of The Residents, That Will Hand Out & Collect Flyers 150

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

A2(2). DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS WHAT I WAS ACTUALLY ABLE TO DO --> ONLINE SURVEY While the broad campaign is the ideal way to invite to participate for the purposes of this research I conducted an Online trilingual survey (Arabic, Hebrew and English) in order to study how people use and experience the space. The survey was done through kuleuven.eu.qualtrics.com, it was shared on Whatsapp, Facebook and Instagram, first respondent was in 24.03.2021 and last respondent in 24.04.2021. Not all respondents completed the survey and so I used the ones that completed it or filled most of it. Total respondents were 59 from which 42 filled more than 70% of the survey. The survey consisted of 40 questions that were divided into seven main topics: 1. General Details 2. Transportation & Mobility 3. Rating Open Spaces 4. Favorite And Least Favorite Spot 5. The Neighborhood In Future 6. Previous Experience Of Public Participation Events 7. The Survey & Future Contact

151

The Focus Area Of The Survey

DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

Under 18

8.4%

37.3%

13.5%

15.2%

23.7%

18-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

1.6% 65-74

75-84

+85

Respondents Age Group

NO BUT I USED TO LIVE THERE 22%(13)

68% Live there more than 20 years

YES 64%(38)

47% Are Families With Children Over 18

NO 14%(8)

Respondents Mostly Visit This Area To Visit Family & Friends + To Use The Beach

Do You Live In This Area? Community-oriented which makes you feel safe but sometimes things are unsafe Rough Gentriﬁed & Quickly Changning Home Quiet, Rural, Interesting, Authentic Complicated Terrible overcrowding, the buildings are crumbling, there is not enough parking for the tenants' vehicles

Many Trees

Many Public Facilities

Safe

Unsafe

Child Friendly

Other

How Would You Describe This Area?

152

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

By Foot 10.34% Bicycle 5.17% Public Transportation 5.17% Motorcycle 15.52% Private Car 60.34% Other 3.45% 0

How Do You Get Around The City? Private Car

Too Many Cars

22.63%

Not Safe For Walking / Cycling

13.87%

Narrow Sidewalks

10.22%

Too Many Parking 0.7% Spaces Not Enough Private Parking Spaces

25.55%

Not Enough Public Parking Spaces

14.60%

The Steep Topography

5.84%

Too Many Fences

2.19%

Other

4.38% 0

What Do You Believe Are The Most Significant Mobility Challenges Of This Area ? Too Many Cars + Not Enough Private Parking Spaces

153

DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

More Connection To Other Parts Of Jaffa

9.76%

Qualitative Open Spaces

18.70%

Better Public Transportation

14.63%

Better Maintenance Of Shared Spaces

21.14%

More Trees & Greenery

10.57%

More Trees & Greenery Yes

17.89% 29.3%

Other

7.32% 0No

6 70.7%

What Is Currently Missing & Important For You To Have? Better Maintenance Of Shared Spaces + Qualitative Open Spaces 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 + More Trees & Greenery

25% Did Not Participate Beacuse They Don’t Think It Will Make A Change

No 70.7%(29)

YES 29.3%(12)

±64% Were Unsatisﬁed With The Participatory Meetings

Have You Ever Taken Part In A Public Participation Meeting?

154

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

FAVORITE SPOT

The beach is amazing and not crowded I love the beach

It is the landscape of Jabaliye, brings memories wind and beauty Childhood memories

THE MOST BEAUTIFUL BEACH

It’s quiet and less hectic than main beach

I CAN NEVER FIND PARKING HERE

The most beautiful beach

Because its the Beach

Good for dogs and children to walk and chill

I moved h mainly bac of the bea

The View

Calmness and the view

I love this spot at sunset it’s so calm

No option to walk to the beach but to pass steep hill

Although it was built for the residents of Jaffa it doesn’t serve them, most of the activities are of a political nature and personal interests Unnecessary foreign object that blocks the sea

Inaccessible

I never visited this building, I have no idea why it was built and for what

Poor infrastructure, old dilapidated buildings

Very noisy restaurant at night

It’s dark usafe and unuseful

Not a very useful bridge

A spot of unemployed men and for training violent dogs late at night The density is terrible and there is neglect from the authorities

I can never ﬁnd parking here

Very neglected needs to be reconstructed

Needs reconstruction and more light at night, Very crowded It’s a municipal hazard the city doesn’t care about I don’t usually enjoy walking there because of the cars and noises

155

DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

CHILDHOOD MEMORIES A green area to watch the sea is soothing

here cause ach Where the casis restaurant meet the beach

A beautiful view of the sea

Quiet, there is parking, you can watch the sunset

My house overlooks the olive ﬁeld and the beautiful sea all year round and there is clear air at all hours of the day

The view explains it all, opening a window and looking at the sea calms the mind

Green and lovely Yefet is the centre of all commerce, culture, food and where you can bump into friends

It’s where I grew up

LEAST FAVORITE SPOT Too many cars buses and always stuck in traffic

Crowded Crowded, traffic jams, dangerous, no parking spaces and no supervision Very crowded and dangerous

Too crowded and dangerous

Too much noise and very narrow sidewalks

Traffic light barely turns green

It's dreary and depressing

POOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND NEGLECTION FROM THE AUTHORITIES

156

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

SURVEY CONCLUSIONS WHAT THEY DON’T LIKE? PERES CENTER -> BLOCKS THE VIEW DOESN’T GIVE ANYTHING TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY NARROW SIDEWALKS YEFET STREET -> TOO NOISY AND ALWAYS JAMMED OLIVE TREES LOT -> UNSAFE AND USELESS THE BRIDGE -> USELESS ‫פתרון פינוי אשפה‬

157

‫עצים‬

‫חנייה‬

‫תאורה‬

‫גינה קהילתית‬

‫מעברים‬

‫בית קפה‬

‫ב‬

DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

‫מרכז קהילתי‬

‫מתקני‬/‫מרכז‬ ‫ספורט‬

‫ מועדון‬/ ‫ספריה‬ ‫פנאי ותרבות‬ ‫לילדים‬

‫מועדון הדרכה‬ ‫לבני נוער‬

WHAT IS MISSING? QUALITATIVE GREENERY AND SHARED SPACES STREET LIGHTS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PARKING REGULATED WASTE COLLECTION BETTER INFRASTRUCTURE CAFE, YOUTH CENTER, LIBRARY, COMMUNITY CENTER AND SPORTS CENTER MORE PATHS TO THE BEACH 158

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

CREATE TODAY! UNTIL THE CONSTRUCTION STARTS TODAY

ONLY AFTER MUNICIPALITY’S/OTHERS APPROVAL

JAB

ABU NASSAR

PERES CENTER x

159

CREATE TODAY!

The survey results and interviews taught me that something needs to happen today! The situation keeps getting worse and since master plans take several years to be approved and constructed interventions should be initiated in parallel until then. These interventions even if done temporarily can improve residents daily lives and give them hope and maybe even build some trust in the process and in this way already include them in shaping

their future neighborhood and start with the participatory design process. I’ve divided the interventions into two: 1. In red - interventions that can happen already today AJYALorHIGHSCHOOL without an approval any major change 2. In blue - interventions that can only happen after an approval of authorities or a private owner/organization, they are larger interventions that include demolition of walls, adding a street connection etc.

3178 STREET

BALIYE MOSQUE

x x x

x x

160

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

SUGGESTED USES TEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS THAT RESIDENTS CAN ALREADY INITIATE TODAY USES

PATHS

PATH

GAMES

SITTING AREA

OLIVE TREES LOT SITTING AREA

COMMUNITY GARDEN

COMMUNITY GARDEN COMMUNITY GATHERING AREA

GAMES

SITTING AREA

WASTE SHED 161

PARKING +ART WALL

CREATE TODAY!

The temporary uses I’m suggesting are based on what residents told me and on my observations from the site visits. For example, I saw kids playing between the olive trees and on another visit a mother with her child walking in this field, there aren’t any existing playful elements or basic infrastructure in this field and so I suggest to locate there paths and street games. In addition, since this field has a nice view to the sea a sitting area can be

implemented there. Another example, is the unregulated and lack of parking issue which was an important point made by many respondents, for that I propose to remove the waste bins out of the parking area and to mark parking spaces where possible. These interventions are from my observations but I strongly believe they should be decided, initiated and designed by the residents.

COMMUNITY GARDEN

LIBRARY

PARKING +ART WALL

WASTE SHED

x STORAGE

SITTING AREA

STORAGE

PARKING +ART WALL

YOUTH ROOM PATH

162

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS For each intervention I’ve tried to imagine how can it look like and how residents can create them on their own with a few simple materials and tools. Point A for example is today a public pedestrian pass, but residents told me it’s not a very nice pass since it is open for everyone so it gets vandalized and motorcycles pass there all the time to park inside the complex. I suggest creating a green wall and a quiet reading zone for children allowing a more supervised passage. In point C I saw kids playing and an improvised sitting area that youth created by bringing their own chairs, this can become a sitting and playing area for the residents also with minimal tools and materials. Underused sheltered shared spaces can become a meeting space for the community and so on.

A OLIVE TREES LOT

163

CREATE TODAY!

B 3178 STREET

C x

164

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

YOU AND YOUR NEIGHBOURS CAN DESIGN AN

A DIY MANUAL WITH POSSIBLE MATER

165

CREATE TODAY!

ND CREATE BETTER SHARED SPACES TODAY!!!

RIALS, IDEAS, DESIGNS & LOCATIONS

8 5

2 1

166

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

ELEVATED COMMUNITY GARDEN

HERE YOU CREATE THIS:

1x SCAN THIS TO SEE HOW OR GET MORE IDEAS:

167

Placing a poster on the site to encourage citizens to act

± 600 Liter Of Soil

12 x

120 mm

CREATE TODAY!

YOU’LL NEED 14.4 cm

± 600 Liter Of Soil

12 x

120 mm

48 x

ASSEMBLY

The community garden on site

168

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

POSSIBLE FUTURE COLLABORATIONS & FUNDING IN JAFFA YAFFA YOUTH COMMUNITY

YAFFA YOUTH COMMUNITY PODCAST

SADAKA REUT

AJAMI YOUTH CENTER

AJYAL HIGH SCHOOL

SARAYA THEATER

AROUS ELBAHAR

DE YAFFA

A non-partisan, non-sectarian Arab movement that includes young men and women from Jaffa, seeking to strengthen identity and create an aware and educated generation

Arab-Jewish Youth Partnership - focuses on creating educational activities for the youth by teaching them how to be politically and socially active in order to bring to a social change

Located next to the site it can be also a partner by working with the high school students

(Bride of the Sea) Association for women empowerment in Jaffa, it encourages women to be actively involved in their community 169

Pictures Source: taken from every organization’s website

A platform to share stories and ideas in different cultural and social topics by the youth of Jaffa

A multi-service center for youth at risk, aged 12-18, provides a diverse educational-therapeutic services that helps to integrate them into study and work frameworks

The Arabic theater of Jaffa, initiates many art and culture activities focusing on the Palestinian community

Is a restaurant owned and managed by a Palestinian woman from Jaffa, creating a place that encourages the Palestinian cuisine and local economy

CREATE TODAY!

IN PALESTINE “A funding and support model that aims to raise hope, build trust and dignity, and promote successful alternative local solutions generated by Palestinian communities” (rawafund.org/about)

Collaborates with local bodies and nonprofits to assist them in launching crowdfunding campaigns in order to fulfill their highest potentials and promote a more sustainable Palestine

“An Israeli human rights organization formed by a group of professional planners and architects, in order to strengthen democracy and human rights in the field of spatial planning and housing policies, in Israel and in Area C of the West Bank” (bimkom. org/eng/home-mobile/)

A non-governmental NGO, they became an organization that nationally represents the needs of Palestinian citizens of Israel in topics regarding to planning, housing and lands issues

“ The center was established to develop new tools in the field of housing and urban regeneration and to advance policies to help medium and low-income households in Israel secure adequate and affordable housing” (www.israhc.org/home-english)

INTERNATIONAL The UN programme for human settlements and sustainable urban development. They collaborate with partners to build inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and communities

The support cultural creators and their initiatives around the globe through their grants and exchange programmes

A British charity with the goal of assisting the Palestinian community living in Israel by promoting development and fighting poverty and by making a positive change on the lives of young Palestinians

A British grant-making charity. Through its funding programmes,it is able to invest in a resilient and empowered communities and youth

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PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

B. SUGGEST, COLLECT AND BRAINSTORM INTERVIEWS - SUGGESTED 3 ALTERNATIVES AND GATHERED IDEAS/OPINIONS ETC...

ABU NASSAR

PERES CENTER

OLIVE TREES LOT

171

SUGGEST, COLLECT AND BRAINSTORM

For the future phase of brainstorming I suggest creating a discussion between the facilitators and residents by creating physical and online workshops in which ideas are presented and discussed. This phase should continue until certain principles of the master plan are accepted by the majority and alternatives can be presented to the municipality and public. Since I couldn’t be on the ground I’ve decided to create 3 alternatives based on my site studies and the survey responses and present and discuss them with the residents in an online interview. 6 residents mentioned in the survey that they’ll be available for an interview, but

Ramadan and Eid-El-Fiter came and then the situation between Palestinians and Israelis escalated enabling me to have only 2 interviews (15.04.21 + 26.04.21). In both interviews I’ve gathered local knowledge, listened to their needs and frustration with the municipality, I then presented the survey conclusion and asked if they disagree with anything, and showed some references of innovative parking ideas in order to give them ideas and then we discussed the 3 alternatives from which I’ve also was able to collect ideas and inputs. Overall I believe that this phase should be more of a conversation with them and not me presenting to them.

AJYAL HIGHSCHOOL

JABALIYE MOSQUE

3178 STREET

172

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

ALTERNATIVE 1 SWAPPING BETWEEN THE OLIVE LOT AND UNUSED PUBLIC LOTS

OLIVE TREES LOT

GroundFloor Scheme

173

SUGGEST, COLLECT AND BRAINSTORM

As a first alternative I suggest to use the unbuilt public lots build there residential buildings instead of constructing in the olive tree lot, in addition there is a public lot next to the complex which is also unbuilt, here we can add a public building that can be used by the locals and give an answer to social and cultural services and facilities that are missing today in the neighborhood such as a youth center. In addition, two floors of the public building can provide parking spaces for the surrounding residents. This can assist in solving the parking issue and can free up lands to be reused as public spaces. Lastly I suggested to create a public rooftop on the public building, as well as,

to design the ground floor in a way that will allow a continuous park. In addition, I propose to extend the existing apartments and add two more floors. When showing this option to one resident she asked who will maintain this new greenery in the complex. I then suggested transferring it into a public open space in order to put it under the municipality’s responsibility. She also said that she doesn’t think this new public building is needed. She rather have all these facilities in Peres Center which is supposed to be a public building for everyone. She suggested having on the roof of Peres center a public rooftop which will have an open view to the sea.

3178 STREET

PARKING

OLIVE TREES LOT

Volumetric Scheme

EXTENSIONS

NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDING/FLOOR

NEW PUBLIC BUILDING

174

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

ALTERNATIVE 2 SWAPPING BETWEEN THE OLIVE LOT AND OTHER UNUSED EMPTY LOTS (RESIDENTIAL & PUBLIC)

OLIVE TREES LOT

GroundFloor Scheme

175

SUGGEST, COLLECT AND BRAINSTORM

For the second alternative, I suggested adding a new residential building instead of the empty public lot in order to have a new building with a sea view which can be profitable for the state. In addition, adding new housing to the area can add new diverse residents. In order to keep the ground floor public, I suggest to place there public uses and create an open space facing the existing buildings. Since this lot is not enough the lot on Yefet street also needs to be added. In addition, opening up the existing building on Kedem street to the sea and street by demolishing part of it and adding a new residential building on its south part.

In this option the existing buildings are also extended and two new floors are added on top of them. One resident said that she do agree with the new residential buildings and likes the idea of having a new open space facing them but she said that they once discussed a similar option with other neighbors and a resident living in C1 building objected this idea since the new building blocks the only nice view his apartment has which is towards the park. I then suggested having a new open space also in this option replacing the existing parking lot, on this she replied that she believes it can be a suitable solution.

3178 STREET

OLIVE TREES LOT

Volumetric Scheme

EXTENSIONS

NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDING/FLOOR

PUBLIC BUILDING

176

PROPOSAL - AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH

ALTERNATIVE 3 CONSTRUCTING IN EMPTY LOTS -> DEMOLISHING -> CONSTRUCTING

OLIVE TREES LOT

GroundFloor Scheme

177

SUGGEST, COLLECT AND BRAINSTORM

For the third option, I’ve tried to follow the numbers that the municipality suggested as an alternative at the meeting of 20th Nov 2019. Their alternative suggests: A. Maximum of 360 apartments - with 15% of profit 147 of them will be affordable and 115 at market prices the rest are the new apartments of the existing tenants. B. 7.5 floors C. Existing owners get a new apartment + 12 m2 and a balcony, tenants of the social housing become owners of their apartments, they get a new apartment at the same size they currently live in and a balcony. D. One underground parking floor

In my alternative, I also added public buildings and open spaces which were not mentioned in the municipality’s alternative. I was able to reach approximately 268 apartments with 8 floors. When showing this option to the residents they were shocked from the density, they said they do like the idea of constructing and demolishing and reconstructing, they also liked that the buildings of phase 1 are getting many sea facing facades but they would certainly lower the buildings to fit the low buildings of the surroundings and to Jabaliya’s context. Specifically in this option a plan helped the residents to understand the alternative better.

3178 STREET

8 FLOORS

7 FLOORS

OLIVE TREES LOT

8 FLOORS

Volumetric Scheme

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

PUBLIC BUILDING

DEMOLISHED BUILDINGS

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“IF YOU CAN’T SOLVE LEAKING GUTTER WHY WE EVEN START TO TALK ABOUT THEIR FUTURE ESTATE?“ Hana Loftus

179

“IT IS NOT ABOUT YOUR GREATNESS AS AN ARCHITECT, BUT YOUR COMPASSION“ Samuel Mockbee

180

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION The research / learning is not ending here for me, since during this thesis I understood that in order to do a thorough participatory design process we will need to dedicate the necessary time and energy. I also learned that there is still a lack of knowledge in literature and practice on public participation frameworks and that more practitioners should share their experiences in order to create an international open data resource dedicated to lessons learned from citizens empowerment in planning processes. I would like to share a list of best practices that I deduced from the research: 1. THE PROCESS IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE ACTUAL OUTCOME You must focus on the process itself and not the final planning outcome 2. BOTTOM-UP IS THE MAIN KEY!! Bottom-Up planning should be encouraged by authorities, in Schaarbeek, Brussels, for example, the municipality has recently initiated a participatory budget project, in which the residents are encouraged and assisted by the municipality to propose and design neighborhood projects1 3. WE MUST STUDY THE EXISTING SITE THOROUGHLY In order to escape creating a placeless place we must study the existing site thoroughly, its challenges and opportunities and the existing social relations, in addition, we must always look at the bigger picture, and the larger socio-political context we are acting in 4. WE MUST STOP ACTING MERELY AS SERVICE PROVIDERS OR TECHNICIANS An architect has many roles and responsibilities, we must stop acting merely as service providers or technicians and must act for a better and more inclusive planning processes

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5. LOCAL NETWORK FOR URBAN REGENERATION Architects many times can’t work alone with citizens so we must create a local network for urban regeneration that includes: residents, professionals, community leaders, local NGO’s etc. 6. RULES ON PUBLIC PARTICIPATION NEED TO BE LEGISLATED IN ISRAEL The Israeli planning law and regulations should enforce a transparent participatory process, requiring from professionals to produce accessible and readable documents that non-professionals can understand. In parallel the public should be enabled to participate in municipal meetings. Rules should also demand a framework that indicates the interaction points with the public, and lastly, any project that does not have an appropriate participatory process should be sanctioned or not approved. 7. A NATIONAL SPATIAL PLANNERS COUNCIL FOR PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY In addition to laws, a national spatial planners council such as ECTP-CEU should be set in each country and to be considered as a governmental body that is responsible and advocates for participatory democracy. 8. LOOK FOR AN ALTERNATIVE FINANCIAL SCHEME A scheme that elevates the residents daily needs to a priority and provides alternative solutions to the current neoliberal approaches. 9. USE DIVERSE PARTICIPATORY TOOLS Online tools alone do not work and aren’t accessible for All! 10. WE NEED TO CREATE SOMETHING TODAY!! Since Master plans take several years, we should create together with the residents small scale local initiatives that can be done today rather than wait until the master plan takes shape.

https://www.renovas.be/fr/revitalisation-des-quartiers/brabant-nord-saint-lazare-2018-2022/news/article/budget-participatif-cru-brabant-nord-saint-lazare

GAIN

HARVEST

CRE E

REATIN

T IN C

ASSIS

COM E

AND UDE INCL WER O EMP

ICAT

VEST

MUN

HAR

ACT & CREATE TODAY!

USING AND RESPECTING THE EXISTING

THINK LOCAL AND SITE SPECIFIC

RESOLVE AND PREVENT CONFLICTS

ICAT

FACILITATORS

MUN

MAKE A CHANGE

COMMUNICATE

ATE

D AN DE LU WER INC PO EM

CITIZENS

CITIZENS - STATE TRUST

ILD

COM

DIFFERENT GROUPS

LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

A LOCAL ACTIVIST NETWROK

PROFFESIONAL KNOWLEDGE

LEGAL AND FINANCIAL FRAMWORK ATE

CRE

AUTHORITY

L CA LO K E IN TH D SIT C AN ECIFI SP

Concluding Diagram

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CITIZENS FIRST!

Articles inside

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION