Anti-Human Trafficking Bulletin 14

A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Anti-Trafficking Co-ordinator.

Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 Centre for Social Justice report into the UK response to trafficking 1.2 Journal article on organ trafficking 1.3 Review of ‘Human trafficking, human misery’ 1.4 IPPR report on trafficking from Nigeria to the UK 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Council of Europe calls for measures on labour trafficking 2.2 Early Day Motion on human trafficking 2.3 Parliamentary questions 3. Campaigns 3.1 Staff Wanted Initiative 3.2 ‘Cut them free’: petition launched 4. In the news 4.1 Trafficking of children 4.2 ‘UK trafficking victim: “it is a form of mental imprisonment”’ 4.3 ‘UK anti-trafficking efforts need overhaul, says report’

1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 ‘It happens here: equipping the UK to fight modern slavery’, March 2013 Centre for Social Justice study into the UK response to trafficking. http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/ UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Slavery_Full_ Report_WEB(5).pdf 1.2 ‘The battle for human organs: organ trafficking and transplant tourism in a global context’, February 2013 Qualitative study based on the demand for kidneys (‘transplant tourism’) in the Netherlands which also considers the global patterns of the contemporary organ trade, Global Crime 14(1): 1-26. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/174405 72.2012.753323 1.3 Review of ‘Human trafficking, human misery: the global trade in human beings’, February 2013

4.4 ‘“Shameful” failure to tackle slavery and human trafficking in the UK’ 4.5 ‘Seven men charged with rape after Met police raids’ 4.6 ‘Scheme to tackle human trafficking in London launched’ 4.7 ‘Jail for man who exploited trafficked Polish workers’ 4.8 ‘Trafficking trial: woman “forced to touch employer”’ 4.9 ‘Human trafficking: four people arrested in Flintshire’ 4.10 ‘Four charged with conspiracy to traffic women’ 4.11 ‘Three jailed for human trafficking of Slovakian couple’ 4.12 ‘Anglesey anti-human trafficking summit’s “message of hope”’ 4.13 ‘Foreign national prisoners lose right to legal aid’ 4.14 ‘Trip home refused to sex trafficking accused’ 4.15 ‘Portsmouth couple “kept men like modernday slaves”’ 4.16 ‘Government under pressure to review prostitution laws in the UK’

Review of Alexis Aronowitz 2009 publication on human trafficking, Global Crime 14(1): 113 – 115 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/174405 72.2012.754350 1.4 ‘Beyond borders: Human trafficking from Nigeria to the UK’, January 2013 IPPR case study report which presents the findings of research into the causes, processes and effects of human trafficking from Nigeria to the UK. http://www.ippr.org/publication/55/10189/beyondborders-human-trafficking-from-nigeria-to-the-uk 2. Political and legislative 2.1 Council of Europe calls for measures to combat trafficking into labour exploitation In a Resolution adopted on 25 January 2013, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) calls for measures to be taken to combat trafficking in

This bulletin covers material produced during the period 13 December 2012 – 11 March 2013 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.

migrants for forced labour, but ensuring that victims of this trafficking are not penalised. The measures proposed include the approval of laws to condemn the organisers of this crime, improvements in the regulation of employment and the revision of policies relating to migration and the return of immigrants. http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/XRef/X2H-DW-XSL. asp?fileid=19480&lang=EN 2.2 Early Day Motion on human trafficking 13 February, MPs called for UK companies to audit their supply chain to prevent human trafficking: ‘That this House recognises that human trafficking represents a form of modern-day slavery and that many victims are held under conditions of enforced or bonded servitude whilst being exploited for their labour; urges the Government fully to implement the Council of Europe’s Convention on Human Trafficking, including appointing an independent rapporteur or ombudsperson and to work closely with other EU member states to adopt an effective regime to combat this appalling practice; notes that, as well as sustaining the criminal economy, human trafficking infiltrates the mainstream economy and the high street; further recognises that many innocent consumers buy products and use services that have been in some way produced or sustained by human trafficking or modern-day slavery; and calls on the Government to introduce a framework for UK companies to audit their supply chain in order to eradicate any trace of human trafficking or modern-day slavery from their goods and services.’

2.3 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order.

February 14 Sir Tony Baldry (Banbury): To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what the (a) nationality and (b) gender was of each suspected victim of trafficking referred to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme operated by The Salvation Army in January 2013; in which region each of the suspected victims was found; and which agency referred each case to the scheme.

Mrs Grant: In January 2013 there were 66 referrals to the Government-funded support service for adult victims of human trafficking in England and Wales administered by The Salvation Army. In the interests of victim safety the region in which the victim was encountered is provided rather than the local authority. Details are provided in the following table: Nationality Afghan Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Algerian

Gender Female Female Female Female Female Female Female

Region West Midlands North West South East Not Known Yorkshire Yorkshire South

Referring Agency UKBA UKBA Legal Representative Legal Representative UKBA UKBA Self Referral

North American Bangladeshi British Bulgarian Bulgarian Congolese Czech Czech Hungarian Indian Indian Indian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Malian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Pakistani Pakistani Pakistani Pakistani Pakistani Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Russian Slovakian Slovakian Sri Lankan Thai

Female Male Male Male Female Female Male Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Female Female Female Male Female Male Male Male Male Female Male Male Male Male Female Female Female Female Male Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Female Female

South South East North West South North West South Yorkshire South West South East West Midlands South West East Midlands South South East South East Yorkshire South South South East West Midlands Yorkshire West Midlands West Midlands Yorkshire Yorkshire North West North West North West North West North West North West West Midlands Yorkshire Yorkshire Yorkshire Yorkshire Yorkshire Yorkshire Yorkshire South South West Midlands North West East Midlands West Midlands West Midlands South South South East East South Wales Yorkshire

Self Referral Legal Representative Self Referral Other Police Local Authority NGO Police Police UKBA Other NGO Other Police Police NGO Self Referral Legal Representative NGO Local Authority UKBA Police UKBA Police Police UKBA UKBA UKBA GLA GLA GLA Police NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO Police Police Police Self Referral Police Other NGO Police Other NGO Police Police Other UKBA

February 13 Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for Education, how many children placed in care ran away or went missing from local authority care in each of the last three years.

Mr Timpson: Data on the number of children who go missing from their care placements for more than 24 hours is collected by the Department for Education and shown in the table. While these figures will include some children who may have been trafficked, it is not possible to disaggregate the number of trafficked or potentially trafficked children.

There are however significant differences between the data collected by DFE and the police on children who go missing from care. We want better, consistent data, and more importantly, better practice to keep these young people safe. An expert group on data has been looking at this issue. We will begin piloting a new data collection in the next few months. This will, for the first time, collect information on all children who go missing from their placement, not just those missing for 24 hours, enabling better analysis and more effective practice to safeguard these young people.

In England and Wales over 18,000 police staff have completed an e-learning package on human trafficking.

Many forces also have their own human trafficking training.

Local authorities have an overall statutory duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. This includes preventing and mitigating the risk of them going missing from care. Local authorities work in close cooperation with the police and the UK Border Agency to support, and provide protection for, potentially trafficked children. Our forthcoming revised statutory guidance on children who go missing from home or care will include advice on how to safeguard trafficked children. We have also asked the Refugee Council and The Children’s Society to carry out a review of the practical care arrangements for children in care who may have been trafficked.

Mr David Amess (Southend West) (Con): What steps she has taken to tackle human trafficking groups in their country of origin.

Looked after children who were missing from their agreed placement, years ending 31 March 2010-12, Coverage: England Children looked after who went missing during the year (number) 2010 2011 2012

820 950 1,510

Source: SSDA903 Sir Tony Baldry (Banbury): To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, if he will record which local authority areas victims of slavery were found in prior to their referral to the National Referral Mechanism.

Mr Harper: I have been asked to reply on behalf of the Home Department. Data on the location of the local authority where victims of human trafficking have been found is not routinely recorded at present. As set out in the inter-departmental ministerial group report on human trafficking, published on 18 October 2012, the Government are focusing on improving its collection of data on human trafficking victims to strengthen the UK’s response to this crime.

February 11 Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps she is taking to train police officers to help identify victims of slavery.

Mr Jeremy Browne: Combating human trafficking is part of core police business. All new police officers receive mandatory training on trafficking and existing officers have access to awareness material.

Andrew Griffiths (Burton): To ask the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, what estimate he has made of the amount of benefit fraud procured through the victims of human trafficking.

Mr Hoban: The information requested is not available.

The Minister for Immigration (Mr Mark Harper): The UK works closely with partners in source countries to disrupt organised human trafficking gangs. We work hard to apprehend criminals both in those countries and in the United Kingdom.

Mr Amess: What assessment has my hon. Friend made of section 14 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009 in protecting the victims of trafficking in the UK domestic prostitution market?

Mr Harper: That issue was raised during a recent debate in Westminster Hall, and the Government continue to keep it under review. My hon. Friend may be interested to know that this afternoon I will meet officers of the all-party group on human trafficking, including my hon.

Friend the Member for Wellingborough (Mr Bone), the Baroness Butler-Sloss and Anthony Steen, and I hope we will have further discussions in due course.

Dr William McCrea (South Antrim) (DUP): Does the Minister believe that the sentences available to the courts are stringent enough to stop unscrupulous agents misleading and forcing women into harsh domestic labour and the sex industry in the United Kingdom?

Mr Harper: I think the sentences that are available are harsh enough. It is sometimes difficult to get evidence to prosecute people for the right offences. For example, people are often not necessarily prosecuted for trafficking offences when other offences are more easily proven. The range of sentencing powers is available: it is our job to make sure that they are properly used by prosecutors.

Nicola Blackwood (Oxford West and Abingdon) (Con): What assessment she has made of the operational readiness of the National Crime Agency.

The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Mrs Theresa May): Excellent progress is being made in establishing the new National Crime Agency which will be an effective operational crime fighting agency, under the leadership of Director General Keith Bristow. Operational activity is already taking place under the NCA’s four commands, building on the previous work of the Serious Organised Crime Agency. I am pleased to say in particular that the shadow border policing command is doing work to improve collaboration at ports.

Nicola Blackwood: My constituents are daily hearing truly shocking evidence of child sexual exploitation emerging in the ongoing trial of nine Oxford men at the Old Bailey. I know that the Home Secretary is unable to comment on the case, but can she tell me how she intends to work with Keith Bristow, Peter Davies and others at the NCA to strengthen our national policing response to child sexual exploitation in our communities?

Mrs May: I am grateful to my hon. Friend for raising this difficult issue, which I know will be a concern to Members on both sides of the House. We all agree that child sexual exploitation is an abhorrent form of abuse, and I know that the police are committed to tackling that crime in all its forms. An increasing number of cases are being brought before the courts, which reflects the increasing attention that the police are paying to this issue. Work is being carried out to coordinate a response under the organised crime strategy and the child sexual exploitation action plan, which of course includes the vital work of the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. I referred to the shadow border policing command in my previous response: it has been working with CEOP so that, for the first time, the team has been able to target high-risk outbound flights to identify and interdict sex offenders.

February 6 Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps she is taking to improve data collection about victims of slavery.

Mr Harper: The report of the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group (IDMG) on Human Trafficking, published on 18 October 2012, highlighted data collection as one of three areas the Government wishes to strengthen in its response to this crime. The Home Office is working with a range of partners and progress on this area will be set out in the next IDMG report.

Baroness Doocey: to ask Her Majesty’s Government how often meetings have been held between the British Transport Police and Eurostar to discuss child trafficking.

The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office (Lord Taylor of Holbeach): Policing at St Pancras comes under the British Transport Police’s jurisdiction.

The British Transport Police attend quarterly industry led meetings with Eurostar, at which control authority issues such as child trafficking are discussed. Paladin is a Metropolitan Police led operational team and stakeholder engagement is handled by the British Transport Police.

February 5 Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for Education, what pilot schemes his Department is funding to improve the care of child victims of human trafficking.

Mr Timpson: The Department for Education (DFE) is supporting a Barnardo’s project through an investment of £1.4 million over two years from 2011-12 to 2012-13. This project is developing specialised foster care placements for victims of trafficking and child sexual exploitation, and a high quality two day training course for foster carers. The DFE is currently considering applications from voluntary and community sector organisations for grants for the years 2013-14 and 2014-15.

Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for International Development, what steps she is taking to help victims of human trafficking return to their countries of origin and provide reintegration support.

Lynne Featherstone: Responsibility for helping victims of trafficking return to their countries of origin rests with the UK Border Agency (UKBA), with support from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). The Department for International Development (DFID) supports reintegration for victims of trafficking indirectly through its contribution to the Returns and Reintegration Fund, jointly managed by UKBA, FCO, DFID and Ministry of Justice. In 2012-13, DFID contributed £2 million.

Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for International Development, which organisations and countries are in receipt of Government funding for the rehabilitation and reintegration of victims of human trafficking to their country of origin; and what the value of such funding is.

Lynne Featherstone: Responsibility for helping victims of trafficking return to their countries of origin rests with the UK Border Agency (UKBA), with support from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). The Department for International Development (DFID) supports reintegration for victims of trafficking indirectly through its contribution to the Returns and Reintegration Fund, jointly managed by UKBA, FCO, DFID and Ministry of Justice. In 2012-13, DFID contributed £2 million.

Mrs Louise Ellman (Liverpool, Riverside): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, in which local authority areas victims of human trafficking in England and Wales were discovered prior to their referral to the Salvation Army victim support scheme in each of the last five years; and if she will make a statement.

Mr Harper: Data on the location of the local authority where victims of human trafficking have been found is not routinely recorded. As set out in the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group report on human trafficking, published on 18 October 2012, the Government is focusing on improving its collection of data on human trafficking victims to strengthen the UK’s response to this crime.

Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for International Development, how many victims of human trafficking and slavery have been returned to their country of origin; and how much funding her Department has provided to help with their reintegration to date.

Lynne Featherstone: Responsibility for helping victims of trafficking return to their countries of origin rests with the UK Border Agency (UKBA), with support from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). The Department for International Development (DFID) supports reintegration for victims of trafficking indirectly through its contribution to the Returns and Reintegration Fund, jointly managed by UKBA, FCO, DFID and Ministry of Justice. In 2012-13, DFID contributed £2 million.

Mr Henry Bellingham (North West Norfolk): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps her Department is taking to rehabilitate children who have been trafficked into the UK. Mr Harper: The Government is fully committed to safeguarding victims of child trafficking. Where a child has been trafficked and is identified as a child in need, the local authority must carry out an assessment to establish the child’s support needs. Where a child is likely to suffer, or is suffering, significant harm, the local authority must investigate under section 47 (child protection) and provide the necessary support services. Those that come into care, and this includes unaccompanied migrant children, receive the full range of support and care that all looked after children are entitled to. A social worker must assess the needs of each child and draw up a care plan which sets out how the authority intends to respond to the full range of the child’s needs. This includes access to health, education, psychological support and appropriate and safe accommodation.

February 4 Keith Vaz (Leicester East): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what mandatory and voluntary training she has put in place for UK Border Agency employees responsible for (a) casework decisions and (b) writing reports; and what proportion of employees have undergone that training.

Mr Harper [holding answer 28 January 2013]: All UK Border Agency staff receive mandatory e-learning in Information Management and Information Assurance, Keeping Children Safe, Human Trafficking, Health and Safety Awareness, Introduction to Diversity and Equality, Counter Fraud, and Bribery and Corruption. There are a number of different case-working functions in the UK Border Agency. Each has a specific mandatory training programme which all caseworkers undertake prior to making casework decisions. Caseworkers also receive counter-terrorism training and Casework Information Database training. Caseworkers who interview applicants attend a mandatory two-day Personal Safety Training course. This is followed by an annual one-day refresher course. Additional training is provided as caseworkers develop and progress in their role. Report writing training is provided by Civil Service Learning and is mandatory for those engaged in providing reports for court or for intelligence reports. All officers engaged in these activities have completed this training.

Mr Frank Field (Birkenhead): To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what information is used to map the location of victims of slavery in England and Wales.

Mr Harper: Intelligence and organised crime group mapping techniques are used to identify areas of the UK where exploitation occurs. Data on the local authority area where victims of human trafficking have been found are not currently routinely recorded. As set out in the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group report on human trafficking, published on 18 October 2012, the Government is focusing on improving its collection of data on human trafficking victims to strengthen the UK’s response to this crime.

Mr Henry Bellingham (North West Norfolk): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what procedures the UK Border Agency has put in place to identify possible child trafficking victims.

Mr Harper: The UK Border Agency and Border Force play vital roles in disrupting trafficking attempts abroad and detecting trafficking both at the border and within the UK. All front-line staff are trained in child safeguarding and to spot indicators of human trafficking; multiagency child safeguarding and investigation teams are in place at the UK’s major ports; and a system of alerts and other intelligence tools are used to give officers the information they need to intervene in cases of suspected trafficking. The UK Border Agency and Border Force are also two of the key agencies involved in the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), the UK’s framework for identifying and supporting trafficking victims. Together with other front line agencies such as the police, local authorities and voluntary sector organisations, the NRM shares information and expertise that can be used to confirm victim status and ensure appropriate care is provided.

January 24 Lisa Nandy (Wigan): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what her Department’s plans are to fulfil its obligations to appoint guardians to child victims of trafficking under Article 14(2) and Article 16(3) of the EU Directive on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims.

Mr Harper: The Government believes the UK is already compliant with this measure in the directive. Local authorities have a statutory duty to ensure that they safeguard and promote the welfare of all children under section 11 of the Children Act 2004, regardless of their immigration status or nationality. In addition to a social worker and independent reviewing officer, a looked after child also has access to an independent advocate. Under these arrangements, looked after children are provided with access to all their needs be they in relation to education, accommodation, psychological or health needs.

January 23 Michael Connarty (Linlithgow and East Falkirk): To ask the Secretary of State for Education, what plans he has to raise awareness in schools of the prevalence and effect of human trafficking within the UK.

Elizabeth Truss: Awareness of human trafficking can be covered by schools, should they wish to do so, as part of Personal, Social, Health and Economic (PSHE) education.

It is up to schools to decide what to cover in PSHE education, according to the needs of their pupils.

January 16 Mr Frank Field (Birkenhead): To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what the (a) nationality and (b) gender was of each suspected victim of trafficking referred to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme operated by The Salvation Army in December 2012; in which local authority area each of the suspected victims was found; and which agency referred each case to the scheme.

Mrs Grant: In December 2012, there were 40 referrals to the Government-funded support service for adult victims of human trafficking in England and Wales administered

by The Salvation Army. In the interests of victim safety the region in which the victim was encountered is provided rather than the local authority. Details are provided in the following table:

Nationality Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian British Bulgarian Cameroon Chinese Chinese Ghanaian Ghanaian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Iranian Kenyan Latvian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian Nigerian/ Liberian Polish Polish Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Sierra Leone Slovakian Slovakian Slovakian Slovakian Slovakian Sri Lankan Togolese Ugandan

Gender Female Female Female Female Female Male Female Male Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Female Female Female Female Female Female Female

Region Yorkshire West Midlands South East North East South Yorkshire East South West South South East South North West Yorkshire West Midlands South South East Yorkshire Yorkshire South South South East South East West Midlands South East

Referring agency Legal representative UKBA NGO Police Legal representative Social services Prison Service Legal representative UKBA Police NGO Police NGO Police UKBA UKBA Police UKBA UKBA Counselling Service Self-referral UKBA UKBA Self-referral

Female Male Female Female Male Female Female Female Male Male Female Female Male Male Male Female

Yorkshire West Midlands West Midlands West Midlands Wales Wales North West North East North East North East North East South East East South West Midlands South East

Police Police Police Police The Salvation Army The Salvation Army Police Prison Service The Salvation Army The Salvation Army Police Social Services Police Legal representative NGO Solicitor

January 7 Andrew Griffiths (Burton): To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 31 October 2012, Official Report, columns 243-4W, on human trafficking, what the legal costs to the Government of the 17 decisions challenged at judicial review were.

Mr Harper: The Government’s legal costs to date for the 17 human trafficking National Referral Mechanism decisions challenged at judicial review between 1 April 2009 and 29 October 2012, has been £91,376. This figure represents costs billed and therefore does not necessarily represent the total cost of the cases. It is provisional and subject to change.

December 18 Andrew Selous (South West Bedfordshire): To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, how many victims of trafficking referred to the Trafficking Victim Support Scheme operated by The Salvation Army in the last 12 months failed to receive a Conclusive Grounds decision; and if he will make a statement.

Mrs Grant: Information produced by the UK Human Trafficking Centre indicates that there were 17 negative Conclusive Grounds decisions in the period October 2011 to October 2012 on victims who have been referred to the Government-funded support service for adult victims of human trafficking in England and Wales administered

by The Salvation Army.

3. Campaigns 3.1 Staff Wanted Initiative (SWI) campaign Campaign led by the Institute of Human Rights and Business and Anti-Slavery International which aims to highlight the plight of exploited workers in the hotel and tourism industry. Phase I of the project was initially focused around the 2012 Games and London hotels.

2013 will see the implementation of phase II, providing guidelines and tools for the hotel industry around the UK. http://www.staff-wanted.org/ 3.2 ‘Cut them free’ campaign: petition launched As part of the campaign to raise awareness of child sexual exploitation, Barnardo’s has launched a petition that calls on legal services to remember that young victims of sexual exploitation are children. http://e-activist.com/ea-action/action?ea.client. id=108&ea.campaign.id=18798 4. In the News 4.1 Trafficking of children Articles documenting the experiences of younger victims of trafficking: ‘Oxford exploitation trial: girl “refused world of sex and drugs”’ BBC, 8 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21717994

‘Seven men charged with rape and trafficking of teenage girl’ BBC, 8 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlondon-21712251

‘Oxford gang drugged young girls and sold them as prostitutes, court told’ Guardian, 15 January http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/15/oxfordgang-girls-prostitutes-bailey?INTCMP=SRCH

‘Sex slave trial: three guilty of abducting girl aged 13’ BBC, 27 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21606658

‘Child trafficking on the rise – Barnardo’s’ BBC, 13 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21002388

‘Three men convicted of sex-trafficking 13-year old girl’ Guardian, 27 February http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/feb/27/menconvicted-sex-trafficking?INTCMP=SRCH

4.2 ‘UK trafficking victim: “it is a form of mental imprisonment”’ BBC, 10 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21732500

‘Oxford exploitation trial: man “prepared girl for gang rape”’ BBC, 25 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/search/news/?page=2&q=traffic king&dir=fd&news=19&news_av=3 ‘Oxford exploitation trial: girl “branded with hairpin”’ BBC, 22 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandoxfordshire-21548438 ‘Oxford child abuse trial: woman says she was branded at age of 12’ Guardian, 22 February http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/feb/22/ oxford-child-abuse-trial-branded?INTCMP=SRCH ‘Teenager tells court how she was raped at age of 11’ Guardian, 20 February http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/feb/20/teenagertells-court-raped-11?INTCMP=SRCH ‘Oxford abuse trial: woman tells of rape at 15 and treatment as a “piece of meat”’ Guardian, 25 January http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/25/oxfordchild-abuse-rape-trial?INTCMP=SRCH ‘Oxford child sex abuse ring witness tells court: I did not have a choice’ Guardian, 21 January http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/jan/21/ oxford-child-sex-abuse-ring?INTCMP=SRCH ‘Oxford exploitation trial: girl had “back-room abortion”’ BBC, 17 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandoxfordshire-21059681 ‘Gang used girl as sex slave in Ipswich, court hears’ BBC, 16 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandsuffolk-21048865 ‘Oxford “child sex ring committed depraved abuse”’ BBC, 15 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandoxfordshire-21027681

4.3 ‘UK anti-trafficking efforts need overhaul, says report’ BBC, 10 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21732184 4.4 ‘“Shameful” failure to tackle slavery and human trafficking in the UK’ Observer, 9 March http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/mar/09/ shameful-failure-slavery-trafficking-uk?INTCMP=SRCH 4.5 ‘Seven men charged with rape after Met police raids’ Guardian, 8 March http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/mar/08/sevenmen-charged-rape-met?INTCMP=SRCH 4.6 ‘Scheme to tackle human trafficking in London launched’ BBC, 6 March http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlondon-21681205 4.7 ‘Jail for man who exploited trafficked Polish workers’ BBC, 22 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandhampshire-21548436 4.8 ‘Trafficking trial: woman “forced to touch employer”’ BBC, 21 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlondon-21530121 4.9 ‘Human trafficking: four people arrested in Flintshire’ BBC, 20 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-eastwales-21523148 4.10 ‘Four charged with conspiracy to traffick women’ BBC, 1 February http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlondon-21292652 4.11 ‘Three jailed for human trafficking of Slovakian couple’ BBC, 14 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-taysidecentral-21013814

4.12 ‘Anglesey anti-human trafficking summit’s “message of hope”’ BBC, 8 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20943198 4.13 ‘Foreign national prisoners lose right to legal aid’ Guardian, 8 January http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/ jan/08/foreign-national-prisoners-lose-legalaid?INTCMP=SRCH 4.14 ‘Trip home refused to sex trafficking accused’ BBC, 7 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-20937345

4.15 ‘Portsmouth couple “kept men like modern-day slaves”’ BBC, 3 January http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandhampshire-20904018 4.16 ‘Government under pressure to review prostitution laws in the UK’ Guardian, 26 December http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/dec/26/ government-pressure-review-prostitutionlaws?INTCMP=SRCH

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