Bombay Bloom [Acts TWO-FIVE] - Samantha Harrison, Bradley Krom, Elena Sorokina by Samantha Harrison

BOMBAY IN BLOOM | WATER + MONSOON GARDENS | ACTS TWO-FIVE

BIOIMIBIAIYI in BILIOIOIM

Monsoon Gardens of Respite, Revelry & Quiet Revolution Water + Agency Monsoon Gardens Harrison, Samantha & Krom, Bradley & Sorokina, Elena

The [Loving] Metropolitan Landscape Architecture, Landscape and the Ecosophic Object PARA-Situation [Mumbai]

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3 8 1

URBAN FIELD [ Urban Plan 1:1000] Tank location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Banganga Tank Gowalia Two Tanks Nawab Bandra Cawasgi Khara Babula Tank Framjee Cawasgi Tank Bhika Behram Mumbadevi Tank

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9 BOMBAY FIELD CONSTELLATION [General Arrangement 1:2000]

Location Map

MONSOON GARDENS | 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Banganga Tank Gowalia Two Tanks Nawab Bandra Cawasgi Khara Babula Tank Framjee Cawasgi Tank Bhika Behram Mumbadevi Tank

BIOIMIBIAIYI in BILIOIOIM PROJECT INTRODUCTION & ACTS TWO-FIVE MONSOON GARDENS of Respite, Revelry & Quiet Revolution MANGOES & MARIGOLDS; TEA & TURMERIC

Water + Agency Monsoon Gardens Harrison, Samantha & Krom, Bradley & Sorokina, Elena

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INDEX

Setting-up the Axis Mundi [Matthew Gallery Cloudscape General Arrangement 1:100] PROJECT INTRODUCTION 1 [a] Banner [Abstract] [b] Archive - Main [K3] [c] Monsoon Working Model [d] Working ‘Atmosphere’ Drawing [1:2; 1:10; 1:200]

MONSOON GARDENS 3 [a] Glass-scapes Model [Frozen Monsoon Atmosphere 1:200] 4 [a] TLML Drawing: 11 Tank Constellation & 20 000 Marigold Universe [b] Urban ‘Field’ Drawing [1:1 000] [c] Hydrology “Glass-ology [1: 5 000] MONSOON AUDITORIUMS 5 [a] Monsoon ‘Folly’ Gardens [b] Monsoon ‘Folly’ Gardens: CAWASJI [c] Monsoon ‘Folly’ Gardens [d] Monsoon ‘Folly’ Gardens

AXIS MUNDI

in BOMBAY 2 [a] Archive - Act I [K3 - Bombay Site Visit] [b] Bombay Scenographia [Videos] [c] Mumbai Accident Machine Drawing: Measured Intensities [various scales]

APPENDIX [k1]: Of Tea Caddies & Globules Semester I Archives; Drawings; Models > Agency TEA > Agency ASSEMBLY

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AXIS MUNDI

SKY [Heft, Monsoon] ACT II

Datums of Soak [Monsoon as Urban Agent] SCENE i: Sky - Appropriating the Monsoon [monsoon cloud] SCENE ii: Flood as Mechanism [Bombay Hydrology - Stepwell History] SCENE iii: TLML: 11 Tank Constellation SCENE iv: Datums of Soak & Ghat [Banganga Case Study]

ACT 0

Project Introduction SCENE i: Abstract & Hypotheses [eight] SCENE ii: [H]ontology [What was/ is/ could be: a Hauntology-ontology]

ACT IV

Monsoon Auditoriums: Gardens of Respite Revelry & Quiet Revolution [FAB programmes] SCENE i: Urban Follies K311 [renegotiating the landscape] SCENE ii: Constellation Hydrology: Water Purification Processes & Exchanges SCENE iii: FOLLY i: Cawasji [Garland Market & Wedding Hall] FOLLY ii: Bandra [Tea Urn & Turmeric Bathhouse] FOLLY iii: Khara [Dinner Table - Birdbath, Bird Nest & Monsoon Auditor] FOLLY iv: Gowalia [Mausoleum Moot Hill & Skills Scriptorium] FOLLY v: Banganga [Water Shrine & Marigold Reflection Pool] FOLLY vi: Nawab [Bathing & Washing Clothes] FOLLY vii: Babula [Bee Playground, Bakery & Foodmarket] FOLLY viii: Two Tanks [Marigold Stalk and Sacred Animal Asylum & Apticulturist’s House] FOLLY ix: Mumbadevi [Garden High Court & Conspiracy Hallways] FOLLY x: Framijee [Bollywood cinema of water] FOLLY xi: Bhika Bihram [Lotus pond & Drinking Tap]

SOAK [Datums between Sky and Ground; K3] ACT III

Monsoon Gardens: Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers [Urban] SCENE i: Monsoon Thinking Machine [glass-scapes] SCENE ii: Drawing Atmosphere [1:2 working drawing] SCENE iii: Flowers & Datums of Growth SCENE iv: Gardens of India SCENE v: Mumbai Accident Machine - Measured Intensities [Current Conditions]

ACT V

Detail Study: If the [body] won’t come to the [water] SCENE i: Body & Ghat [detail] SCENE ii: Room in a room [detail]

ACT I

Current Conditions [Measured Intensities] In Bombay [Site Visit 12.01.15- 23.01.15] SCENE i: Banganga Tank SCENE ii: Flower Market [Parel & Dadar] SCENE iii: Dhobi Ghat [Colaba & Mahalaxmi] SCENE iv: Panjrapole Cow Sanctuary SCENE v: Kanheri Caves [K1] SCENE vi: Sir JJ College of Art [K2] In India SCENE vii: Markets [New Delhi & Bombay] SCENE viii: Water Tanks SCENE ix: Mughal Gardens SCENE x: Brick Factory Village

GROUND [Surface, Bombay]

PROJECT INTRODUCTION Agency Monsoon Gardens: Bombay in Bloom ACT 0

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SKY [Heft, Monsoon]

Project Introduction SCENE i: Abstract & Hypotheses [eight] SCENE ii: [H]ontology [What was/ is/ could be: a Hauntology-ontology]

SOAK [Datums between Sky and Ground; K3]

AXIS MUNDI

ACT 0

GROUND [Surface, Bombay]

T ABSTRACT PROJECT INTRODUCTION

he heavily pregnant monsoon cloud arrives yearly in Bombay, it’s viscous heft stifling the already wheezing, breathless city. The ephemeral world of the cloud is full of furls and wisps of water and air, just a hand-stretch away from the thirsty, unwelcoming groundscape below. This overwhelming weight cannot hold and spills and slips into the awaiting world of the city, oozing as gently as it can onto the ground, creating a viscous glass-scape where the flood-waters used to sit. This year Bombay won’t drown, it won’t flood and it won’t be ungrateful to the fertility of the cloud – for the deluge will instead softly soak the city, celebrated and anticipated. The skies are filled to the brim with stars, strewn across the universe like petals around the city. The constellations are numerous, but one particular hau[o]ntology shines bright in the sky of Bombay - the Constellation of 11 Water Tanks, mapping what was/is/could be in the form of water vessels. These tanks, some existent and some erased, form the sites of a new waterexchange in Bombay – an initial Urban Field that can continue to grow and expand within other water constellations. These much needed water sources create a dialogue between the sky and the ground, finally responding to the waters streaming down from the clouds, incorporating the excess water into the sites’ ghats [edges of water] and ground datums [planting levels]. A renegotiated groundscape of the city emerges from these datums, meandering its way into the crevices of the dense city fabric, stretching as far as it possibly can in order to catch and accommodate the deluge. This year the city grows its Monsoon Gardens, allowing for the extreme water conditions to be harvested within these spaces of respite, revelry and quiet revolution – these gardens are neither of the two extremes: nor sky, nor city; they are in themselves the sky on the ground. Water + Agency [Bombay in Bloom] forms frozen atmospheres [breathing spaces] within the Monsoon Gardens [the Loving Metropolitan Landscape] of the humid city, harnessing and renegotiating the heft of the cloud’s offering and the unforgiving city. Scenarios are created that compress the axis mundi, bringing the sky onto the earth in a meaningful manner – one that can physically channel, store, clean, accept or repel the water by diminishing the deluge from the scale of cloud to a single drop. A set of elements is developed as follies for the city, which respond to the deluge, incorporating traditional Hindu practices of Ayurveda to purify water using trees, spices and, of course, flowers. The water-exchange between the sites of the Constellation allow for varying qualities of water to be negotiated, dependent of the needs [garden] of each F A B. This way no water is lost, rather accommodated and then passed on after use by each programme, to facilitate the life of the city: water for drinking, praying, washing and celebrating. Our 11 Monsoon Auditoriums [architectural proposals] sit within the growth datums of the Monsoon Gardens, sometimes giving themselves away to the water, sometimes sitting above the water’s edge, offering much needed places of rest and communication within this new horizon. In return for the nourishing and gentle, falling and rising waters, the abundant gardens of marigolds and mangoes, tea and turmeric merge with the structures, allowing for a transition of the outside inside. Spaces of respite, revelry and quiet revolution unfold within the newly established water exchange in the Urban Field of Bombay.

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MUMBAI ACCIDENT MACHINE

HYPOTHESES

i. CATALYST [Monsoon Cloud as an Urban Agent]: Bombay draws on the potentiality of the cloudscape, thinking urbanity through the acknowledgment and the movement of the potent and programmatically charged monsoon cloud as an active thinker in city-making. ii. MEASURED INTENSITIES [Current Conditions]: Mumbai is saturated with intensities of diffused but concentrated conditions. The non-metric, macro to micro flux and shift of intensities offers something of the human scale and exchange to the urban design. - Monsoon cloud > rain rod > water tanks - Marigold universe > constellation of 11 tanks > Banganga tank > datums > wells > water droplet - Fields > trees, flowers, spice, tea > flower heads, tea leaves > petals - Fields > gardens > flowers iii. FLOODING AS MECHANISM [11 water tank constellation & 20,000 marigold universe]: The constellation reinstated in Mumbai brings back something of the lost fecundity of Bombay’s old water tanks, holding water from the Ganges, enriching the groundscape with the intensity of flowers within the monsoon cloud.

TLML OF BOMBAY URBAN ‘FIELD’ LAYOUT HYDROLOGY DRAWING

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

iv (a). MONSOON GARDENS [Bombay is already programmatically charged with flowers]: Flowers within the monsoon flood-waters spill into the city - this shifting flower flotsam and flower jetsam within the deluge settle within the urban datums. The urbanity of flowers and the pattern of planting create a dialogue between city and the landscape, creating green spaces of refuge, whilst altering the water quality between the sites of exchange.

WORKING ‘ATMOSPHERE’ DRAWING

iv (b). ANTI[thesis] MONSOON [glass-scapes & a frozen atmosphere]: The 11 sites create a new kind of atmosphere, a frozen moment opening up instants of clarity within the viscous monsoon cloud. Dry breathing spaces of sanitation, respite, celebration offer escape from the wet and humid city in the monsoon. The pressed and viscose landscape that derives forms spaces of sustenance, unconventionally allowing for celebration of the oppressive nature of the monsoon rain. > Case Study Location: Banganga Tank as an attuned spatial ecosophic point within Bombay; an example of a moment of utter saturation and dissipation – the language of which is translated to all other points of the constellation.

MONSOON AUDITORIUMS [11 FABFOLLIES]

v. F A B PROGRAMME [spaces of respite, revelry and quiet revolution]: The constellation offers an entry into the stifling ground of Bombay, establishing 11 sites for initial intervention. Datums of soak and growth designate the monsoon gardens within Bombay. An Urban ‘Field’ Drawing links the eleven sites, drawing practical and physical connections through the exchanges of water that occur between the sites. Testing four* sites in close proximity, their relationship and water-exchange processes creates a precedent for a further seven sites of the constellation. The thinking of these Monsoon Gardens can be taken on further and urbanised within consecutive water constellations. vi. MONSOON SILENCE [cloister]: Urban designing through a Monsoon Coup d’état Programmes constitute multi-scaled urban decompression chambers charged by the monsoon, offering spaces of silence. These monsoon gardens are places of assembly for voices to be heard within the saturated city. There is a necessity of communication arising within the deluge as poor signal disrupts the already fragile system - places of communication thus become necessary. The spatial infrastructure has the potential to be beneficial for everyone, with open civic spaces and conspiratorial spaces supplementary to political spaces already in place. Monsoon gardens are proposed as productive breathing spaces, consisting of mangoes, turmeric, tea and marigolds as well as intricate inter-relationships between 11 defined follies: *Cawasji [Garland Market & Wedding Hall], *Bandra [Tea Urn & Turmeric Bathhouse], *Khara [Dinner Table - Birdbath, Bird Nest & Monsoon Auditor] , *Gowalia [Mausoleum Moot Hill & Scriptorium], Banganga [Water Shrine & Marigold Reflection Pool], Nawab [Bathing & Washing Clothes], Babula [Bee Playground, Bakery & Foodmarket], Two Tanks [Marigold Stalk & Sacred Animal Sanctuary & Apticulturist’s House], Mumbadevi [Garden High Court & Conspiracy Hallways], Framijee [Bollywood cinema of water], Bhika Bihram [Lotus pond & Drinking Tap]

vii. CLIMATE & CULTURE [Monsoon is the creator of Bombay’s distinctive socio-ecological build-up] The resulting LOOSE-FIT architecture [‘village’ and gardens] of Bombay allow for the inside/out transitory spaces and places. These spaces offer shelter, whilst not sealing rooms off, allowing for the pools and flowing channels of water to soak inside and create a respite from the humidity during the monsoon. The datums, with no differentiation between the conventional roofs and floors, all serve to collect, accommodate and transfer water, whilst the datums of growth clean the water to different qualities. This practically supplies water to the thirsty city and thinks towards the time when the monsoon cloud ends its sojourn in Bombay. viii. ROOM WITHIN A ROOM [spaces that are both inside and outside] The architecture of the follies that is tested at more detailed scales describe Bombay as it would be under the knowledge and intensity of the Monsoon Cloud as an urban agent. The datums gain a material quality in the form of ghats [water edges and vessels] that accommodate and respond to the varying water quantities and qualities within each of the 11 follies. 3

HAU [O] NTOLOGY PROJECT INTRODUCTION WHAT IS - WAS - COULD BE

spectre exists in a paradoxical state, that of both being and of non-being, living or dead, but rather it haunts both. But for a spectre to exist is must have previously existed. It is both dead and alive having both lived and died. This living in both worlds, being connected by both and having to have existed in both, is the basis of Hauntology, the philosophy coined by Jacques Derrida in his 1993 writing “The Spectres of Marx” 1. Hauntology is a play on Ontology, the study of being or becoming. The later being a study on the real and of being, while the former focuses on non-being and absence. The ghost of Hamlet impacts Shakespears play of the same name, a presence from the past dictating the future is summed up in “To be or not to be”. This is the state of Hauntology, the impact of the non-being in the being. To look at the non-e to understand the being2. It is the Disinterment of the past, the literal un-burying that creates multiple narratives and time lines of histories that have both existed that haunt the present. The present only existing in reference to the past. Borges writes on a tiger, the tiger in his mind. The Image and

symbol of what he believes a tiger to be haunting the jungles of the tropics. He writes on this tiger and comes to realize that this is not a tiger but an image of a tiger, not of flesh and blood. He searches for another tiger that must exist in the jungles for him to have come to know this myth of a tiger, but as soon as he find this tiger and gives it a name it no longer is real but a tiger of his making. So he must search for another tiger, a tiger that is neither real nor fiction. The Haunting of a Tiger that must be both real and fiction. The eleven tanks of Mumbai are a buried part of the history of Bombay. Other than Banganga the other sites of water exist only in memory but they live in memory, as places that existed and still exist in the urban design of the city. They have a Hauntological narratives of both having existed, existed and the potential to have existed differently. This acts as the basis of our narrative play, on imagining a new Hauntological past of the tanks, to un-bury the tanks and have them haunt a different history of Bombay. Just as Borges has done with his tiger, we have the tanks of our imagining, the tanks of history and must search for the tank that haunts both worlds.

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The Other Tiger Jorge Luis Borges 3 A tiger comes to mind. The twilight here Exalts the vast and busy Library And seems to set the bookshelves back in gloom; Innocent, ruthless, bloodstained, sleek It wanders through its forest and its day Printing a track along the muddy banks Of sluggish streams whose names it does not know (In its world there are no names or past Or time to come, only the vivid now) And makes its way across wild distances Sniffing the braided labyrinth of smells And in the wind picking the smell of dawn And tantalizing scent of grazing deer; Among the bamboo’s slanting stripes I glimpse The tiger’s stripes and sense the bony frame Under the splendid, quivering cover of skin. Curving oceans and the planet’s wastes keep us Apart in vain; from here in a house far off In South America I dream of you, Track you, O tiger of the Ganges’ banks. It strikes me now as evening fills my soul That the tiger addressed in my poem Is a shadowy beast, a tiger of symbols And scraps picked up at random out of books, A string of labored tropes that have no life, And not the fated tiger, the deadly jewel That under sun or stars or changing moon Goes on in Bengal or Sumatra fulfilling Its rounds of love and indolence and death. To the tiger of symbols I hold opposed The one that’s real, the one whose blood runs hot As it cuts down a herd of buffaloes, And that today, this August third, nineteen Fifty-nine, throws its shadow on the grass; But by the act of giving it a name, By trying to fix the limits of its world, It becomes a fiction not a living beast, Not a tiger out roaming the wilds of earth. We’ll hunt for a third tiger now, but like The others this one too will be a form Of what I dream, a structure of words, and not The flesh and one tiger that beyond all myths Paces the earth. I know these things quite well, Yet nonetheless some force keeps driving me In this vague, unreasonable, and ancient quest, And I go on pursuing through the hours Another tiger, the beast not found in verse

[FAB] FOLLIES

Monsoon Gardens of Respite, Revelry & Quiet Revolution ACT IV

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SKY [Heft, Monsoon]

Monsoon Auditoriums: Gardens of Respite Revelry & Quiet Revolution [FAB programmes] SCENE i: Urban Follies K311 [renegotiating the landscape] SCENE ii: Constellation Hydrology: Water Purification Processes & Exchanges SCENE iii: FOLLY i: Cawasji [Garland Market & Wedding Hall] FOLLY ii: Bandra [Tea Urn & Turmeric Bathhouse] FOLLY iii: Khara [Dinner Table - Birdbath, Bird Nest & Monsoon Auditor] FOLLY iv: Gowalia [Mausoleum Moot Hill & Skills Scriptorium] FOLLY v: Banganga [Water Shrine & Marigold Reflection Pool] FOLLY vi: Nawab [Bathing & Washing Clothes] FOLLY vii: Babula [Bee Playground, Bakery & Foodmarket] FOLLY viii: Two Tanks [Marigold Stalk and Sacred Animal Asylum & Apticulturistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House] FOLLY ix: Mumbadevi [Garden High Court & Conspiracy Hallways] FOLLY x: Framijee [Bollywood cinema of water] FOLLY xi: Bhika Bihram [Lotus pond & Drinking Tap]

SOAK [Datums between Sky and Ground; K3]

AXIS MUNDI

ACT IV

GROUND [Surface, Bombay]

URBAN FIELD [ Urban Plan 1:1000] Tank location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Banganga Tank Gowalia Two Tanks Nawab Bandra Cawasgi Khara Babula Tank Framjee Cawasgi Tank Bhika Behram Mumbadevi Tank

URBAN FOLLies K311 [renegotiating the landscape]

Monsoon Auditoriums and gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Urban ‘Field’ Drawing [1:10 000] + Monsoon Model [1:20]

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9 BOMBAY FIELD CONSTELLATION [General Arrangement 1:2000]

Location Map

WATER + AGENCY [BOMBAY IN BLOOM]: Monsoon Gardens

URBAN ‘FIELD’ DRAWING Garden Fields & Constellation Connections [1:1 000 & 1:2 000]

THE [LOVING] METROPOLITAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE AND THE ECOSOPHIC OBJECT PARA-Situation [Mumbai]

ACT III

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Banganga Tank Gowalia Two Tanks Nawab Bandra Cawasgi Khara Babula Tank Framjee Cawasgi Tank Bhika Behram Mumbadevi Tank

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3 8 1

URBAN FIELD [ Urban Plan 1:1000] Tank location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Banganga Tank Gowalia Two Tanks Nawab Bandra Cawasgi Khara Babula Tank Framjee Cawasgi Tank Bhika Behram Mumbadevi Tank

FAB FOLLIES

Monsoon Gardens of Respite Revelry & Quiet Revolution

URBAN FOLLies K311 [renegotiating the landscape]

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

A Hydrological Exchange: 11 Monsoon Auditoriums [Follies 1:1000]

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FAB FOLLIES

Monsoon Gardens of Respite Revelry & Quiet Revolution

URBAN FOLLies K311 [renegotiating the landscape]

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Monsoon Auditoriums are proposed datums of soak and growth that collect, filter and distribute the monsoon waters. 11 tank constellation = 20,000 flowers [11 waterscapes = 20,000 litres of monsoon water] Plant type and filtering using Ayurveda: MARIGOLD: Shallow root for preliminary treatment of heavy sediment and coagulation filtration (fast) MANGO: Deep root coagulation for low level water filtration and Flocculation (slow) TEA: Mid level root structure for sediment cleansing and sedimentation (medium) TURMERIC: Low lying Rhizome root for fine coagulation and sedimentation (medium) LOTUS: Slow moving water for heavy metal cleansing, oxygenation and water clarification (slow)

CAWASJI bandra

khara

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gowaliA

banganga

nawab

BABULA

TWO tanks

MUMBADEVI

FRAMIJEE

BHIKA BIHRAM

FAB FOLLIES

Monsoon Gardens of Respite Revelry & Quiet Revolution

[F A B] FOLLY i: CAWASJI Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Garland Market & Wedding Hall

The Monsoon is a celebration of the rains and marks the start of the wedding season. Cawasji Tank honours both celebrations by being a Monsoon Auditorium, a space that shuts out the noise of Bombay to focus on the rains, and a wedding venue â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a garland making market and Marigold field. The spiralling garlands of flowers are stung up on the water collection parasols that define the dual area of the market and wedding procession ghats, allowing for a shift in the use of the site along the course of the seasons and rains. The ghats celebrate the processional nature and tradition of Hindi weddings, whilst accommodating the processes of the flower market. Programme: Garland Rain Market & Wedding Hall

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FAB FOLLIES

Cawasji Sections A-A, B-B [1:1000]

Water quality and filtration:

In honour of the Monsoon Cawasji is a site of heavy flowing water. The monsoon heft is stored and constantly run through the site to be filtered through Marigold fields and Water Lotus ponds. Cawasji itself only provides general filtering of removing heavy sediment and dirt. Impure water from the market and the communal stepwell is transferred to NAWAB to be treated prior to be used for laundry, whilst Marigold pollinated water from the bird and bee bath arrives to the market - in the form of flowers to be used to make garlands as well as water cleansed by the Marigolds and Lotuses to be used for the wedding ceremony to please the gods. Water Exchange:

The large storage capacity means Cawasji shares its water with many sites including Khara, Banganga, Gowalia, Nawab and Babula. * Marigold pollinated water from KHARA [the bird and bee bath] arrives to the market - in the form of flowers to be used to make garlands as well as water cleansed by the marigolds and lotuses to be used for the wedding ceremony. * Impure water from the market and the communal stepwell is transferred to NAWAB [washing clothes and the body] to be treated prior to be used for laundry, washing or swimming.

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FAB FOLLIES

Cawasji Plan [1:1000]

WATER + [F A B]

+ MARIGOLD MARRIAGE CEREMONY THE CEREMONIAL WEDDING PROCESSION DATUMS AND CUSTOMS + MONSOON MARIGOLD MARKET A RAIN OF WEDDING GARLANDS + MARIGOLD MARKET: SOAKED DATUMS FOR CLEANSING MARKET AND HYDRATING PETALS + GARLAND PARASOL WATER COLLECTION AND GARLAND STORAGE + STEPWELL COMMUNAL CONGREGATION HUB + WATER WELL CONNECTING TO THE GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR + DATUMS OF SOAK AND PLANTING GARDENS OF MARIGOLD & LOTUSES ALTERING QUALITY OF WATER +SUBSIDIARY GHATS COMMUNAL GATHERING AREAS

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FAB FOLLIES

Axonometric [1:500] + Views

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[F A B] FOLLY ii: BANDRA Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Turmeric spa [cleansing body] Tea Brewery [cleansing spirit]

A space of spiritual cleansing and reflection, Bandra brings in clean waters and infuses it with the essence of Bombay scents of Tea and Turmeric. These herbs and spices are used to invigorate the body and are part of the body and soul cleansing processes of pre wedding ceremonies. The turmeric bathhouse and teahouse sit around the ground source heat pump water filtration plant and bathhouse on the edge of Bandra Lake, boiling the water for the Teahouse and cleansing it to the highest purity for water exchanges to other tanks. Programme: Turmeric bathhouse & teahouse

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FAB FOLLIES

Bandra Sections A-A, B-B [1:1000]

Water quality and filtration:

Fresh water is brought into the site and filtered through untrimmed tea plant forest, Marigold fields, Turmeric root system and finally flows into a Lily lotus pond for oxygenation and heavy metal cleansing. Water is collected, stored and maintained on site. This clean water is circulated around the Tea Urn [ground source heat mechanism] that keeps the water warm for the bathhouse and teahouse. Petal-infused waters from the garland market and wedding venue arrive on site to be filtered - a sedimentation process occurs within the vast planting. Water Exchange:

The slightly scented waters from the teahouse and bathhouse are again filtered through the Bandra gardens to sites of washing and mild water use like Cawasji, Khara and Bhika Bihram. * Petal-infused waters from the garland market and wedding venue arrive on site to be filtered - a sedimentation process occurs within the vast planting. The water is boiled in the TEA URN by the ground source heat, making it clean enough to drink and bathe in. * The slightly scented waters from the teahouse and spa are again filtered through the Bandra gardens for oxygenation and heavy metal cleansing to sites of washing and mild water use.

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FAB FOLLIES

Bandra Plans [1:1000]

WATER + [F A B]

+ TEA URN [TEA AND TURMERIC INFUSION] The thickness of the kettle warms the bathhouse and cleanses the water, WHILST THE GROUND SOURCE HEAT BOILS THE CARING MONSOON WATERS + PURIFICATION LOTUS POOL A PUREST WATERS ARRIVE AT THE POOL FOR COMMUNAL USE + TURMERIC INFUSIONS WATER BATHS WITH VARYING INTENSITIES OF TURMERIC SOLUTION FOR THE BATHHOUSE + DATUMS OF SOAK AND PLANTING GARDENS OF MARIGOLD & LOTUSES ALTERING QUALITY OF WATER + BANDRA LAKESIDE THE BATHHOUSE & TEAHOUSE STEPS ONTO THE EXISTING LAKE +SUBSIDIARY GHATS COMMUNAL GATHERING AREAS + GARDENS OF CLEANSING untrimmed TEA PLANTING, TURMERIC root systems, MARIGOLD FIELD

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FAB FOLLIES

Axonometric [1:500] + Views

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[F A B] FOLLY iii: gowalia

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Mausoleum Moot Hill & Skills Scriptorium

The organisational hub of the system, Gowalia is the space of reflection where the full scale of the monsoon can be appreciated while also acting as a distillation plant where a single drip tank peters monsoon heft to individual droplet. This is the Moot hill, the space of discussion, a place of gathering for the people. Programme: Mausoleum Moot Hill and Skills Scriptorium

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FAB FOLLIES

Gowalia Section A-A [1:1000]

Water quality and filtration:

The dense Mango forest and Lotus ponds cleanse the heavy monsoon rains and begin to channel waters to all sites. This bulk of the monsoon gathers crowds to the congress to witness the storm of fresh rain water. Water Exchange:

The hallways of Gowalia filter heavy sediment and pass on waters to large sites like Nawab, Bandra and Khara for further purification.

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FAB FOLLIES

Gowalia SOAK Plans [1:1000]: Datums showing the water trajectories & possibilities

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[F A B] FOLLY iv: khara

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Dinner Table - Birdbath, Bird Nest & Monsoon Auditor

Khara is the bird sanctuary and seed store that allows for the new influx of bird species that will begin to inhabit the new tank sites. Birds, sacred in Hindu culture, become part of a new diverse ecological system balanced between the tanks and a space of quiet respite to feed the birds and revel in the slowly moving monsoon waters. Khara is about dividing the heft of the monsoon and filtering it down to slowly moving waters to appreciate the single drop as an element of Bombay. The circular ghats are staggered in a manner that allows for an accurate measure of the influx of monsoon waters, quantifying the soak and allowing for a monsoon audit. This system offers information for expected water fluctuations to the other sites as well as the city in general. The timid field of Marigolds and Lotus pond allow for a refresh of the water that arrives and cleans it for the use on site, offering the community a space to collect clean drinking water as well as pray. Programme: Dinner Table [bird and bee bath], seed store, bird shrine and sanctuary, monsoon [measure] auditor

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FAB FOLLIES

Khara Section A-A and Plan [1:1000]

The [Loving] Metropolitan Landscape Architecture, Landscape and the Ecosophic Object PARA-Situation [Mumbai]

AGENCY WATER + [ASSEMBLY]: MONSOON GARDENS: KHARA TANK Folly 3: The Dinner Table [visuals]

Water quality and filtration:

Fresh water from the monsoon slowly run constantly through Marigold and Water lily fields for the bird aviary and monsoon auditing instruments. Spaces of slow flowing water are kept clear and crisp and stored for the dry season. Dirty water from Nawab is brought in and used to clean the aviary and filtered back through the fields of Marigold and mango. Water Exchange:

Used water from Khara is fed back to Nawab for the Ghat, while cleaner water is shared between Babula, Gowalia, Framjee Cawasji and Two Tank.

The [Loving] Metropolitan Landscape Architecture, Landscape and the Ecosophic Object PARA-Situation [Mumbai]

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AGENCY WATER + [ASSEMBLY]: MONSOON GARD Folly 3: The Dinner Table [Section & Plan 1:200]

DENS: KHARA TANK

[F A B] FOLLY v: banganga Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Water Shrine & Marigold Reflection Pool

The reference point of the constellation, Banganga is the example of opportunity and a Hauntological possibility of infinite appropriations. It is the symbol of the new water exchange, a constellation of urban promises that show the prominence of flood [soak]. A new insert is placed into the tank surrounds - a temple to coexist with the existing deities and temples that encircle Banganga. This new garden of Respite and reflection, a garden of pure clean water, marigolds and lotus flowers is the Urban in miniature: A Bombay in Bloom Programme: Water shrine, Marigold reflection pool Water quality and filtration:

Natural spring water flows through the water shrine, filtered through the Marigold garden and lotus beds and into the main tank to produce clean drinking quality water. Water Exchange:

Fresh water is transferred to sites requiring the cleanest of the water in the water exchange constellation and is send via channels and ducts to Cawasji, Khara, Bandra and Gowalia.

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[F A B] FOLLY ivi: NAWAB

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Bathing Bodies & Washing Clothes

Steps to water are part of Indian life. These Ghats provide access to water for bathing and washing of clothes. Laundry and cleansing are a cultural act - people meet to wash their bodies and clothing as a community. The Dhobi Ghat allows for communal washing while the steps into water provide for public bathing and swimming. Water is to be revelled in while quiet spaces provide opportunity for discussion. Programme: Laundry (communal washing), bathing & swimming Water quality and filtration:

Clean and soapy water are exchanged in the cleansing of clothes giving two distinct water processes. Clean water is collected and channelled through Mango groves and Turmeric fields that overflow from Bandra and then used in the cleaning of clothes and the body. Water Exchange:

Soapy water overflows back through to mango and turmeric gardens and finally into a Lotus water pond for removing the soapy build up and exchanged back to Bandra, Mumbadevi and two tanks.

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[F A B] FOLLY vii: BABULA Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Bee Playground, Bakery & Foodmarket

The garden of Revelry and delight. The new water exchange constellation is a landscape of production and enjoyment. The new atmospheres created in their construction produce spaces and places of celebration as well as contemplation. Using the bee hive from Two tanks as its main exchange point Babula honours the new atmospheres as a place of celebration and delight through Marigold infused honeymaking and traditional sweet baking. Programme: Bee Playground, Bakery & Foodmarket Water quality and filtration:

Water from Khara and Bandra is brought into the site and filtered through the Mango, Turmeric and Tea fields, to be infused into the honey brought over from Two Tank. The scented waters and Marigold honey will become a unique taste experience of Babula Tank. Water Exchange:

The waters through the fields are kept clean and further purified to be exchanged back into the clean water sites of Cawasji and Babula.

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[F A B] FOLLY viii: TWO TANKS

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Marigold Stalk and Sacred Animal Asylum & Apticulturistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

The ecological system of the water sites and gardens creates a bio system that, just as the water is exchanged, offers exchange between those that inhabit it. The flowers provide much needed growth for a dwindling bee population which in turn pollinate the flowers while the new landscape increases the bird diversity in the area. Two tanks becomes the congregation of bee pollination and a connection to the bird sanctuary at Khara. It also becomes the collecting place of plant matter to help feed the sacred cows collected at the water tanks. Two tanks is the site of sacred animals and ecological exchanges. Programme: Marigold Stalk and Sacred Animal Asylum & Apticulturistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House Water quality and filtration:

Clean water from Nawab and Bandra runs into Two Tanks and filtered through the extensive Marigold fields to offer clean drinking water for birds, bees and sacred cows. Dirty water runoff from the Nawab Ghat is used for the cleaning of the cow sanctuary. Water Exchange:

Water runoff from the cow cleansing and bird bathing ponds is filtered again through the colossal Marigold fields of to Cawasji, Bandra and Khara for further sterilisation. The bee population becomes the pollination house for all the tanks and key to the ecology of the new constellation.

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[F A B] FOLLY ix: MUMBADEVI

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Garden High Court & Conspiracy Hallways

Channels of water flow through the extensive gardens of Mumbadevi - these are the Garden high courts and conspiracy hallways: waterexchange pathways and maintenance ducting acting as water filtration, purification, and distribution channels. Programme: Garden High Court & Conspiracy Hallways Water quality and filtration:

Rain waters and runoff from Gowalia are filtered through the dense gardens of Mango Groves, Turmeric root systems, Marigold fields and Lotus ponds. They offer an intensive purification of water for the overall constellation system. This flow of water slowly brings the waters from monsoon heft to gentle trickle of water through the hallways and into finer and finer planting. Water Exchange:

The filtered and cleansed water runs through the hallways and channels and is sent to sites in need or clean water such as Bhika Behram and Bandra.

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[F A B] FOLLY FRAMIJEE Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Bollywood cinema of water

The monsoon is used as a backdrop for the Bollywood cinema - the choreography of the rains is used as an actor in the auditorium of water. The Ghat flows through the existing theatre district and a new space for outdoor cinema, thus filming and film viewing fits into the urban grain. The new backdrop allows for the rains to be seen for the delight that it brings to the dry city. Programme: Bollywood Cinema of water Water quality and filtration:

The cinema of water is collected from Gowalia and runs to Framjee through the hallways into reflective pools and shallow marigold plantations to remove sedimentation. Water Exchange:

Water is cleared of heavy sediment and sent back through Mumbadevi and into Khara and Babula for use in the Ghats and storage.

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[F A B] FOLLY xi: BHIKA BIHRAM

Monsoon Gardens of Respite REVELRY & QUIET REVOLUTION

Lotus pond & Drinking Tap

The scared Parsi well of Bhika Bihram, like Banganga, is a site that honours the clean waters of the monsoon. Here only the finest, clearest water is collected. It is a space of quiet reflection, to stand in an isolated, quiet atmosphere away from the Bombay heat where one can observe a frozen moment of the monsoon Programme: Lotus pond and Drinking Tap Water quality and filtration:

A lotus pond slowly oxygenates and purifies the slow flowing water in the tank well and flows through delicate channels though an endlessly circulating water fountain in the site. The monsoon heft slows down to drips and the crisp clear water is seen as a drop completing the cycle from the monsoon heft to sound of single water drop. Water Exchange:

The pure waters of the Lotus pond circulate back into Banganga, Bandra and Cawasji and in turn flow back into each of the eleven tanks, thereby all tanks having at some point having the purest of the waters flowing into them.

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DATUMS OF SOAK Monsoon as Urban Agent ACT II

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SKY [Heft, Monsoon]

SOAK [Datums between Sky and Ground; K3]

AXIS MUNDI

ACT II

GROUND [Surface, Bombay]

DATUMS OF SOAK Monsoon as Urban Agent

FLOOD AS MECHANISM

BOMBAY HYDROLOGY & FLOOD HISTORY

Scene i: Datums between sky and ground

11 TANK CONSTELLATION

he skies are filled to the brim with stars, strewn across the universe like petals around the city. The constellations are numerous, but one particular constellation shines bright in the sky of Bombay - the Eleven Tank Constellation, mapping the what was/is/could be in the form of water vessels. These tanks, some existent and some erased, form the sites of water-exchange in Bombay. The much needed water sources create a dialogue between the sky and the ground, finally responding to the waters streaming down from the clouds, incorporating the excess water into the ground datums as tanks. MUMBAI FLOODING

he Indian Ocean Monsoon rains that sweep over India between June and September bring most of Mumbai’s annual rainwater over the city, anywhere from 1800 – 240mm of water. The highest ever recorded rainfall was on July 26, 2005, where 944 mm of water flooded the city. It was the highest recorded downpour of water over any city recorded. The flooding left 5000 dead while rain hammered the city for four days without stop. Trains, airports, roads, subway, hospitals, schools and even mobile telephone networks were in chaos. Much of the flooding in Mumbai occurred along the 18 km long Mithi River, after the lake Powai overflew into the river causing the Mithi to break its banks. The Mithi is supposed to act as a natural drainage during the monsoon but the river has become more of a dumping site for sewerage and industrial waste. This polluted water flowed through the city causing excessive water damage and disease to spread through the flood areaVIII The reason for this excessive flooding and lack of drainage of numerous. The natural Mangrove forest along the river banks had been destroyed during the building up on Mumbai and the river banks no longer had this natural defense to withstand the water pressure from the rivers’ water in a ten year period between 1995 and 2007 over 40% of the mangrove forests had been eradicated. This lack of natural defense against flooding was further helped by the natural Archipelago layout of Mumbai. The original seven Islands of Mumbai, during the land reclamation project, had never been constructed to allow for adequate drainage to run through the new areas. These new reclaimed lands, many as low lying as 5 m above sea level, have no natural drainage and when the rains come flooded back into their island state. This along with rapid urbanization had blocked of almost all of the cities natural ability to deal with floodwater. Both Mumbai and Singapore get the monsoon rains, but in Mumbai the water has to discharge in one-sixth of the time, due to concentration of rainfall in monsoons during July and August. ix SEE APPENDIX FOR WATER DEFINITIONS

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DATUMS OF SOAK Monsoon as Urban Agent

SKY: APPROPRIATING THE MONSOON [CLOUD] SOAK & GHAT

Scene i: Datums between sky and ground

Ayurveda: Water purification through flowers

yurveda is a traditional Hindu medical practice using dating back to prehistoric times and discovered through various Hindu texts through the centuries. The Sushruta Samhita is one of the foundation texts

of the Aryurveda, written in Sanskrit, it describes the qualities of over 700 plants and their uses in medicinal practice. One of these texts writes on “Utpala, Naga, Champaka, Patala” – four flowers that can be used in the purification of water. xiii

The flowers, in conjunction with certain spices such as ginger, are used for their roots systems and chemical flower properties to distill and purify the water that runs through them. Recent medical studies using modern methods have started to look at this traditional system as a means for rural households to purify their local drinking water and have started to come up with evidence that this traditional method is a viable alternative to be able to access and store clean drinking water. Plant type and filtering using Ayurveda: MARIGOLD: Shallow root for preliminary treatment of heavy sediment and coagulation filtration (fast) MANGO: Deep root coagulation for low level water filtration and Flocculation (slow) TEA: Mid level root structure for sediment cleansing and sedimentation (medium) TURMERIC: Low lying Rhizome root for fine coagulation and sedimentation (medium) LOTUS: Slow moving water for heavy metal cleansing, oxygenation and water clarification (slow)

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DATUMS OF SOAK Monsoon as Urban Agent

DATUMS OF SOAK & GHAT BANGANGA CASE STUDY

Scene iv: An Atmosphere Development Process [drawing atmospheres]

DATUMS between GROUND and SKY: WATER TANKS

traveler once noted on a trip to India of a “vast sheet of water, covered with lotuses in flower, amid which thousands of aquatic birds are sporting ...” at the shores of which bathers washed, surrounded by jungle greenery.” These are the words of Louis Rouselet about his observations at one of India’s stepwell, ancient sites of water collection, storage and cultural meeting places.x The monsoon rains drench the Indian landscape but the scotching temperatures and arid soil mean that the flooding waters soon disappear into the soil, leaving the landscape dry and a people thirsty. The ancient step wells of India were an architectural solution to collect and store the monsoon rains, built in a way that allowed the people to move down closer into the earth as the well began to dry up. Soon these potent sources of water became places of meeting and prayer, the steps and architectural elements becoming more elaborate and increasing in size. Chad Boari, one of the grandest of the wells, reaches 13 stories deep, has over 3000 Stairs on its three sided zig zag stair design while its fourth wall rises as a temple to the gods. As the water drops more and more of the temple is accessible and the amount of shaded area increases during these warmer times of the yearxi. The wells became places of worship and of ecological importance. Birds and plan life grew around the sites and they became oasis of life in the dry landscape. They became community centres vested with religious meaning. The wells were “not jus a collection of stones and buildings but a breathing, pounding, chanting place with a sense of worship so powerful that it made me shake.” xii The flat surfaces of water would reflect the movement of the sky and the stars at night, a reflection of the heavens. The wells act as a mirror that joins the worlds of earth and sky, a connection to the gods above. The bold patterns produced the sun’s movement reflect the wells’ constantly adapting nature – an unfolding experience. This descent down into the earth serves to “intensify awareness of the ordinariness of life.” During the British Raj the ancient wells became unused as they were deemed unhygienic and replaced with modern pump systems. However the scarcity in clean water is as prominent a problem in India now than ever and the ancient wells of previous centuries have begun to be reclaimed and cleaned as sources of water and cultural gathering. However the tanks were often overlooked for their ingenuity towards water purification. Many tanks had a spiral collection system where rainwater through forces of gravity slowly spiraled into the pool below and shedding residue along the way, letting only pure water into the tank below. These architectural wonders are marvels of architectural and ecological sensitivity.

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Rabindranath Tagore Gitanjali, Song Offerings The rain has held back for days and days, my God, in my arid heart. The horizon is fiercely naked---not the thinnest cover of a soft cloud, not the vaguest hint of a distant cool shower. Send thy angry storm, dark with death, if it is thy wish, and with lashes of lightning startle the sky from end to end. But call back, my lord, call back this pervading silent heat, still and keen and cruel, burning the heart with dire despair. Let the cloud of grace bend low from above like the tearful look of the mother on the day of the fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wrath.

DATUMS OF SOAK Monsoon as Urban Agent

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DATUMS OF SOAK

The Reflected Sky: Banganga Hydrology Axonometric 1:5000 and Exploded Plan 1:500

THE REFLECTED SKY: The BANG[!]ANGA TANK EXPLODED STUDY

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DATUMS OF SOAK & GHAT

FLOWER MARKET [DADAR] CASE STUDY

Scene iv: An Atmosphere Development Process

An Atmosphere Development Process: Sections through a Flower Market 1:1000+1:5000

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DATUMS OF SOAK

An Atmosphere Development Process: Sections through a Flower Market 1:1000+1:2000

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DATUMS OF SOAK

Axonometrics: An Atmosphere Development Process: Testing Hydrological Connections

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MONSOON GARDENS Urban Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers ACT III

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SOAK [Datums between Sky and Ground; K3] ACT III

AXIS MUNDI

SKY [Heft, Monsoon]

GROUND [Surface, Bombay]

GLASS-SCAPES

monsoon thinking machine Scene i: Glass Model 1:200 [drawing 1:20 of model]

The reflected sky | Axis Mundi reversed ceiling plan The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Glass-scapesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; model takes lessons from Banganga Tank, capturing the monsoon as a still moment, whilst reflecting and reversing the sky into Mumbai. Banganga is a spatial experience and the rituals that happen around it follow a spatial code of Hinduism, all taking place looking onto the Axis Mundi. This brings the much needed moment of stillness and reflection to a city engulfed by the force of the rains.

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GANESH’s recipe for marigold soup

[HOW TO FREEZE A MONSOON IN GLASS] Scene i: Glass Model-Making Process 1:200 [drawing 1:50 of model]

hiva just goes mad for this recipe, its thick and reminds you of home and best yet it works all year round. It goes best during the

monsoon floods when the Marigolds are at their brightest but really its an easy and everyday treat. I like to add in a few fresh petals and a Lotus or two at the end as it gives the final product an extra kick.

Ingredients 30 thousand Marigold heads 10 lotus blossoms (for decorating) 1 x tank decompressed air 1 kg pure refined glass

Method Preheat the kiln at 1200 degree centigrade, warm it up slowly so that you don’t crack the petals. You want to fill the cast iron pot with roughly two or three thousand flower heads at a time, no need to measure but do keep an eye on it as it begins to melt. You want to make sure you keep the consistency right so keep opening the kiln to see that they are begin to slowly bubble and mix as one. Don’t worry about mixing colours, although i prefer the yellow to the orange myself. Mix them all up and get them cooking. remember opening the lid is a two man job so make sure you find a strong friend to lift the door while you get in to have a peak.

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Right so while that is heating up lets get our ingredients together on the table. First things first get on your glasses and make sure you have your protective gear at hand for the final drying. Check the pot to have a look and make sure the marigolds are now nice and gooey, what you want is consistency that when you put your spoon in the liquid its sticky and runny quite like honey. Give the spoon a turn, maybe three or four times depending on how much you need. I like to take a little extra because you can always put back if you have too much. Now is the tricky part because the marigold soup will cool very quickly once its out the fire but sometimes you want to cool it down a bit yourself, this lets you start to dictate the flow a bit. Doing a bit of both gives you a nice natural look. Get the spoon in, give it a turn, I’m going to take a big lump here, looks like maybe 500 or so petals. Once you have a hold of it get the oven door open and get over to the workbench and make sure you keep turning it, This is critical. keep the spoon turning as you begin to pour the molted flowers over the landscape, make sure you get a good cover over all the areas and you’ll see soon it begins to slowly form and cool. This is the tricky part so you’ll need a few extra hands. As you are pouring over the landscape you want to get some of your golden petals in there, maybe a mix of lotus and some fresh marigold, something that will shine through when everything is dry. the liquid marigold will become crisp and clear so you’ll really see the fresh petals shine through. Pour these into the liquid petals as you move over the landscape making sure you cover all the areas, you don’t want a spot that is empty. So you can see as the marigold drips it begins to pull and get tight, you don’t want too much of this or else it will break off. To stop this you need to gently manually cool the molten flowers using compressed air as the petals approach the floor. Now depending on the size of the landscape you are working with you may need to go back for more marigold, the trick here is to do it as quick as possible to make sure that the molten petals mix properly as one so that they don’t crack while cooling. I’m going to go in for another maybe... three or four thousand petals just to top it off. So as before get a friend to help open the door and get the spoon in, give it a turn about and get that door open again and now back to it. Pour the molten flower into whatever space you need, get the fresh petals in there so that they seep into the landscape like a set of stars in the frozen field and always remember to check the cooling. Alright last step. Put on your protective gear for this one, this is a three man job so two of you open up the doors of the metal cooler while one of you in protective gear gets the marigold landscape into the box for cooling. Now remember its going to be at boiling temperature so be careful. Over the next 24 hours it will come down to room temperature and your marigold soup will be ready. If you look here you’ll see one I made earlier. I like to throw on a few fresh petals for presentation, just to get a little extra shine on it. Serve it up anytime you like, I promise everyone is going to love it.

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DRAWING ATMOSPHERE

monsoon thinking machine Scene ii: Working Drawing Sections 1:5000; 1:1000

Working DRAWING SECTIONS The reflected sky | Axis Mundi reversed ceiling plan Banganga is a spatial experience and the rituals that happen around it follow a spatial code of Hinduism, all taking place looking onto the Axis Mundi.

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DRAWING ATMOSPHERE

WORKING ‘ATMOSPHERE’ DRAWING [Monsoon Working Model 1:2; Gallery 1:20; Bombay Atmosphere & Datums 1:200 on 2000x914]

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FROZEN MOMENTS

[1:200 Glass-scapes model with ghats & Monsoon auditoriums]

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FROZEN MOMENTS

[1:200 RESIN MODELS [Monsoon auditoriums] & ghats

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FROZEN MOMENTS

[1:200 RESIN MODELS [Monsoon auditoriums] & ghats

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FROZEN MOMENTS

[1:200 RESIN MODELS [Monsoon auditoriums] & ghats

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FLOWERS & DATUMS of growth SOAK & GHAT

Scene iii: Datums between sky and ground: Bombay [surface]

THE HINDU GODS’ FAVOURITE FLOWERS

ANESHA: The lord of the world Ganesha likes red coloured flowers just like Lakshmi. Red Genda (Marigold) flowers please him greatly. The Marigold is special because it is the only flower of the gods that can be divided into its petals. Scientifically too, each petal of the Marigold flower is a flower in itself.

Vishnu: Lord Vishnu, the preserver of the Universe has a colourful personality. He like wine, enjoys music and loves to becked up. He represents the cultural elements of our society. Lord Vishnu likes white and fragrant colours like mogra, jasmine etc. Apart from aromatic flowers, this Hindu god loves basil leaves. Shiva: Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, is the divine ascetic. He lives the life of hermit in the wilderness of Mount Kailash and is clad in animal skin. Shiva loves all wild things and thus, pretty flowers are never offered to Him. He loves wild flowers like Dhatura and the poisonous flower Akondo. Akondo is a white flower with a bluish tinge that matched the bluish hue of Shiva’s throat. Lakshmi: She is iconic for all that is auspicious and pure in your home. Goddess of wealth and prosperity accepts a wide range of flowers. Goddess Lakshmi is shown sitting on a lotus and thus that has to be her favouite flower. But in the absence of roses, any kind of red flowers, like red jasmine, please the goddess greatly. As she is a symbol of fertility and marital bliss, she must never be offered white flowers. White is the colour of widowhood in Hinduism and red is the colour of ‘suhagan’ (married woman). Saraswati: The Goddess of Wisdom and Knowledge is always clad in white to symbolise purity of mind but her favourite colour is yellow. While offering prayers to this goddess you must be clad in yellow and also offer yellow coloured flowers like champa (Indian Magnolia) and yellow palash (Flame of the Forest).

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FLOWERS & DATUMS of growth SOAK & GHAT

Scene iii: Datums between sky and ground: Bombay [surface]

MARIGOLD

Planting, watering, cultivation and yield

he Marigold flower, Gainda in Hindi, plays an important part in the

Marigolds are grown three times a year, during the rainy, winter and

ecological and religious life of the Indian People. Its bright yellow

summer periods of the Indian climate.

and orange hues can bee seen all over the Subcontinent, everything from temples to taxis are adorned with the petals of the flower

Late Rains flowering – Mid June Sowing Winter Flowering – Mid September Sowing Summer Flowering - Late January Sowing

showering devotion to the gods. From baskets being flung into the

Cultivation tends to be located close to big cities like Mumbai, Pune,

oceans to honor Ganesh to a single petal being places beside a tree,

Bangalore, Mysore, Chennai, Calcutta and Delhi. small scale farmers are

the flowers represent to the people their offerings of auspiciousness,

growing marigold and other flower crops for garlands and decoration.

of surrender. Strung into long flowing garlands the orange and yellow

Various species of Marigold vary in height and colour, the most common

ribbons wrap the homes of Indian families to create a “torana”, a literal

being the African Marigold that can reach around 900mm in height and

doorway, into a home that is protected and honored by the gods .

flower in white, orange and yellow. The smaller French Marigold reaches

These same garlands, now mixed with mango leaves, are used in

around 300mm in height and are used less in traditional ceremonies .

wedding ceremonies to honor the husband and wife gods Vishnu and

Marigolds are very adaptable and can grow successfully in a wide variety

Lakshmi and the beginnings of creating a new doorway to a home.

of soil but flowering in a deep, fertile soil that has good water holding capacity, is well drained and near to neutral in chemical make up. The frequency and quantity of water used for Marigold production depends upon factors like soil and season. In lighter soil, more frequent irrigation is required than heavy soil. During summer months from April to June, frequent irrigation at an interval of 4-5 days is required. When planting the soil should be laid out at 40 × 30 cm spacing (or 20 × 20 cm for French Marigold species). This growing pattern can be shortened to 20 × 10 cm spacing for high yield fields. When they have reached full size the flowers are picked during the cooler hours of the day and the fields should be irrigated before harvesting so that they keep their colour for longer. The yield of flowers marigold planting varies with cultivate and with cultural practices including planting, spacing and fertilization. Different methods can range from 6 to 8 millions and 1.5 to 2.5 millions per hectare respectively.

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Getting ready for that big day [Vishnu’s “how to” Garland DIY] Nothing says home like a fresh garland of yellow marigold hanging over a door, it just welcomes guests into the home and secures the blessings from the gods. And what is a marriage without a hall of Garlands. I remember my Marriage to Lakshmi, the garlands were glowing brighter than the sun. They are so easy to make and make all the difference, I like to mix up the flowers with some mango leaves for weddings for that extra kick of texture and smell. What you need: Marigolds (A mixture of colours and sizes, or just big bright fluffy yellow ones of you like) A handful of Mango leaves Long craft needle Twine thread Clippers

Step 1: Line up your marigolds and arrange them how you would like them to displayed. You can line them end-to-end for a thick and bright Garland or mix it up with smaller flowers for something gentler. If you are using the Mango leaves place them every 2 or 3 flower heads apart so as to not clutter up the Garland. Step 2: Measure out a long piece of twine and tie a knot at the end so you don’t lose any flowers. Thread the end of the twine through the needle and secure it and push the needle through the first marigold, either through the flower of if you prefer a thicker garland, through the stem. Make sure you leave enough room at the end of the twine for hanging! Step 3: Keep pushing the needle through the garlands and string them up tight up against one another to get them thick and lush. There are no rules here so put as many or as few as you like, I promise you can’t go wrong. Hang them either in long rows, over doorways or overhead in lops. The options are limitless and will make any wedding the talk of the town.

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THE FLOWER SCHOOL Rabindranath Tagore 6 When storm-clouds rumble in the sky and June showers come down. The moist east wind comes marching over the heath to blow its bagpipes among the bamboos. Then crowds of flowers come out of a sudden, from nobody knows where, and dance upon the grass in wild glee. Mother, I really think the flowers go to school underground. They do their lessons with doors shut, and if they want to come out to play before it is time, their master makes them stand in a corner. When the rain come they have their holidays. Branches clash together in the forest, and the leaves rustle in the wild wind, the thunder-clouds clap their giant hands and the flower children rush out in dresses of pink and yellow and white. Do you know, mother, their home is in the sky, where the stars are. Havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t you see how eager they are to get there? Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t you know why they are in such a hurry? Of course, I can guess to whom they raise their arms; they have their mother as I have my own.

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Urban Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers

WHITE LOTUS The Lotus-eyed-one stands on a petal as it unfolds; the soul grows as the petals release themselves. From growth in the mud, pushing through dirty waters and finally flowering as pure white beauty is the expression of humanity7. This is the white Lotus of Hinduism, the expression of the soul as a blooming flower. Ganesh and Laxmi stand atop the flooding flowers while Brahma emerges from a flower to his birth. The presence of these water born flowers is deeply embedded into the culture and heritage of the Indian people. Their ability to ensure as seeds for hundreds of yours, through drought and neglect and emerge once watered as a pure perfect white bud above the waters that sustains them is the symbol of what we should be doing here on earth. The lotus flower varies in colour from shades of pinks and whites and grows in shallow, murky waters. The stems of the flowers have hollow pockets to keep them buoyant in the waters with deep roots penetrating into the mud. Their roots and stems, much like a water lily, help clean the water they live in while the flower itself is used as a regenerative product in remedies for the skin and beauty products. Its spiritual properties of rebirth are used in day-to-day life for purifying skin and cleansing the body.

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THE LOTUS Rabindranath Tagore 8 On the day when the lotus bloomed, alas, my mind was straying, and I knew it not. My basket was empty and the flower remained unheeded. Only now and again a sadness fell upon me, and I started up from my dream and felt a sweet trace of a strange fragrance in the south wind. That vague sweetness made my heart ache with longing and it seemed to me that is was the eager breath of the summer seeking for its completion. I knew not then that it was so near, that it was mine, and that this perfect sweetness had blossomed in the depth of my own heart.

MONSOON GARDENS

Urban Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers

TEA Tea gained mass popularity in India only with British involvement in the cultivation of the tea plant in Assam in the 19th Century. India adopted it with enthusiasm, transforming its preparation and how it is served. Masala Chai, spiced tea, as it is known in India, is like a joke played by the Indians on the British habit of, to eastern taste-buds and rituals that describe social interactions. Everywhere in India, from busy urban street corners to hidden alleyways, at bus depots and railway platforms, walking through the train cars,along riversides and on footpaths that lead to religious pilgrimage sites in the middle of nowhere, chai is constanlty served by the experts of tea, the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Chai Wallahsâ&#x20AC;?. After all, there is not a tea-time (often, tea is consumed 4-5 times a day or more). Most Chai Wallahs prepare their chai at stalls, in small batches on a per-order basis. People from all walks of life gather around the chai stand for their traditional brew, costing a pittance (three rupees a cup), and in that occasion stories are told, politics are discussed or just gossip is done. In a society that can be quite stratified and unequal, chai stands are one of the great levelers, bringing people together who might not otherwise meet.

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PLANTING

from the nursery bed. This is convenient with plants grown in ploythene

Planting can be done in April-June and September-October or

sleeves, which reduces difficulty in transportation, reduce root damage

October-November with adequate irrigation. Periods of heavy rains

and gives a very high percentage of survival. The polythene is removed

should be avoided.

carefully by slitting the tube and the bheti is held in the pit half-filled

Only healthy plants 40-60 cm high with at least 12 good mature leaves

with the conditioned soil in such a manner so that the top of the bheti

and of pencil (0.5 cm) thickness (at collar) should be taken for planting

is flushed with the ground surface. 30g rock phosphate is added at

in field. In general, 9 to 12 month old plants attain this stage. Sub-

the bottom of the bheti and the pit is filled with soil with adequate

standard plants should be discarded. Before plants are removed from

ramming. At about 5 cm depth 30g SSP is added around the bheti and

nursery, they should be hardened by gradual exposure to full sun

the pit is filled up to the collar of the plant with soil. Adequate ramming

Pit planting

is necessary to prevent sinking of the pit level later, which will cause

This method is followed when spacing between plants is wide enough

localized waterlogging.

to allow digging of individual pits of proper size and without much

Stump planting

difficulty. Pits should be about 45 cm wide and 45 cm deep, circular

Plants are lifted from the nursery bed without having any soil around

and straight walled. Smaller pits restrict root growth and retard shoot

the roots. The shoot portion is cut off 15-20 cm from the collar and

growth and development.

the excess roots trimmed off before putting them into the pits. This

Trench planting

method is generally followed with overgrown nursery plants and has

This method is adopted for closer spacing and in heavy soils. Trenches

the advantage of easy transport and reduced chances of withering

30 cm wide and 45 cm deep are dug along the rows.

after planting.

There are two methods of planting, for plants raised in nursery beds.

About 14000-16000 (up to 17000 in hilly areas) plants per hectare have

They are bheti planting and stump planting.

been found to be ideal bush population with spacing of 105-110 cm

Bheti planting

between rows and 60-75 cm between plants. The planting can be done

Here, the plants are lifted along with the bheti and the roots intact

either as single or double hedge.

MONSOON GARDENS

Urban Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers

MANGO [Alphonso]

Harvesting – March, April (PEAK), May (PEAK), June - Grading = based on size, colour, maturity - Storage = only 4-10 days at room temperature; shelf-life 2-3 weeks; - Transportation - Processing: Raw fruit picked too = chutney, pickles, juices Ripe fruit = squashes, syrups, nectars, jams, jellies - Packaging - Sale Planting – after the monsoon season finishes (usually July-August) Training – shaping the trees in the initial stage of growth Fertilize – immediately after harvesting (June/July) and in October Irrigation - 2-3 months prior to flowering no constant irrigation, in dry seasons depending on age of plant irrigate every 2-15 days * Ploughing the area between trees (if no other crop grown between): pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and last week of November -note intercropping of TURMERIC can happen in orchards – Turmeric is shade-loving Flowering – November - January Bloom to Fruit = 100/150 days

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MONSOON GARDENS

Urban Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers

TURMERIC (Curcuma Longa) Family - Zingiberaceae The tuberous rhizomes (underground stems of turmeric) are used for: - condiments (currys, powder, chutneys, pickles) - dye - aromatic stimulant - medicines - religious practices It is associated with purity, fertility and auspicious beginnings in Hindu culture, tilak, during the wedding ceremony and for adorning statues. Kumkuma is a powder used for social and religious markings in India. It is either made from turmeric or saffron. The turmeric is dried and powdered with a bit of slaked lime, which turns the rich yellow powder into a red color (applied to the 6th Chakra – third eye). Also used as a natural holi powder. Turmeric is a very important spice, India produces nearly the whole world’s crop and uses 80% of it. Turmeric usage dates back nearly 4000 years, to the Vedic culture in India, when turmeric was the principal spice and also of religious significance. It is much revered by Hindus and associated with fertility. In today’s India, turmeric is still added to nearly every dish, be it meat or vegetables.

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Growing States: The main turmeric growing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. Conditions: Turmeric requires a hot and moist climate. It thrives the best on loamy or alluvial, loose, friable and fertile soils. It grows at all places ranging from sea level to an altitude of 1220m above MSL. It is very sensitive to low atmospheric temperature. It is grown both under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Like other tuber crops, turmeric also requires deep tilth and heavy manuring for high yields. Beds of convenient length and width are prepared based on the topography of the land. Planting is done either on raised beds or on ridges. Planted: May â&#x20AC;&#x201C; June Harvested: February - April The crop becomes ready for harvest in about 8-9 months after planting. Turmeric is harvested when leaves turn yellow and start drying up. In harvesting, the whole clump is lifted out with the dry plant, then the leafy tops are cut off, the roots are removed, all the adhering mud particles are shaken or rubbed off and the rhizomes are then washed well with water. The fingers, sometimes called the daughter rhizomes, are separated from the mother rhizomes and kept in shade for 2-3 days. Cultivation: Turmeric is propagated vegetatively through rhizomes. Healthy

and disease-free rhizomes with one or two sprouting buds are used generally for planting at a spacing of 30 x 25 cm on beds and at 45 cm apart in the case of ridges and furrows. A thick mulching with green leaves is given immediately after planting. In raised beds, the seeds begin to sprout in about a month after planting while the sprouting takes place in 15 days when irrigated. Regular weeding and plant protection measures should be undertaken. When dry is in curved cylindrical or oblong tubers 2 or 3 inches in length, and an inch in diameter, pointed or tapering at the end, yellowish externally, with transverse, parallel rings internally deep orange or reddish brown, marked with shining points, dense, solid, short granular fracture, forming a lemon yellow powder. Processing: Raw turmeric rhizomes have to be cured for both colour and aroma. 1.For this, the fingers and bulbs are boiled separately in water for 30 to 45 minutes until the rhizomes are soft (this procedure gets rid of the raw colour, reduces drying time, gelatinises the starch and gives the turmeric a more uniform colour) 2.Water is then drained 3.The turmeric sun dried for 10-15 days until they become dry and hard. For imparting orange yellow colour, the rhizomes are boiled in lime water or sodium bicarbonate solution. 4.The dried produce is cleaned and polished mechanically in a drum rotated by hand or by power.

MONSOON GARDENS

Urban Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers

Traits of Mogul Garden :

FLOWERS & DATUMS of growth SOAK & GHAT

Running water and pools: Canals and reflecting pools are central in the creation of Mogul gardens. Channels across the lawns bring water through the garden allowing for a green space while the flowing water and collecting pools create cool inner porches for the hot and dry Climate of India. Running water is vital as in the heat any stagnant water will soon attract insects and provide no cooling comfort from the weather. The pools also act as mirrors reflecting the sky, another symbol in the cosmic relation between earth, man, sky and the gods.

Scene iv: Gardens of India [surface]

Lotus ponds: The lotus is the symbol of birth, fertility and auspiciousness. IN Hindu culture the Lotus that grows through mud to produce a pure white flower is what man should hope to achieve in life. No garden is complete without the flower of the gods. Fountain: Flowing water is vital in the heat and the sound of the water in the space is as important. The Gardens of the rulers of India were places of luxury and pleasure. The cooling waters of fountains would fill the air while the sound of the water at night created the paradise of the heavens. Shade: The architecture of India is one adapted to the weather. Spaces are not walled of an enclosed to keep the weather out, but rather open to allow the cool breeze in. The India summers bring a heat in that mean the people gather outdoors for the fresh air, but require shade from the sweltering sun or the constant rain. This Weather condition has created architecture of India that is neither open nor closed, but temporal, made of spaces of shade and respite.

Gardens of Moguls were built as a way to see paradise on earth. Their religious texts describe the gardens of the afterlife and the earthly rulers aimed to recreate these spaces as their kingdom. The basic principle of Charbagh is a garden divided equally into four parts. This sets up the axis of the garden and the central square. Each segment can then be divided, as a fractal, into four smaller parts. These gardens became walled enclosures that used rectilinear geometry to organize and arrange spaces with ponds, canals and streams acting as the lines of organization. The basic planning of the gardens would later inform the architecture of the empire, its geometry and arrangement becoming a defining characteristic in the architectural style of the empire.

Boundaries and enclosed space: The ancient gardens were always walled, and within the walls other walls. They were gardens of multiple scales of enclosure. This repetition of enclosure created a variety of gardens within the garden, places of seclusion within the open space. It was a journey through the heavens as apposed to one vast open space. Fragrance and flowers: Flowers are used in every aspect of Hindu culture, from death to birth and life after death there is a flower for every ceremony. They are used to honor the gods and bring beauty to the earth. No garden is incomplete without beds of flowers that bring fragrance to the earthly bodies of the gods. Fruit trees: The Ancient gardens had to sustain themselves both in life and religion. The fruit trees planted inside the walls would feed those who lived their as well as provide the need flowers, leaves and scents used in traditional ceremonies.

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MONSOON GARDENS

Urban Anti-Monsoon Decompression Chambers

CURRENT CONDITIONS | MEASURED INTENSITIES

MUMBAI ACCIDENT MACHINE: MEASURED INTENSITIES OF FLOTSAM & JETSAM

Scene v: India, Bombay: a Compilation [Plans & Sections 1:1000; detail objects 1:50 & 1:20; flowers & cup 1:2; cloud multiscale]

In maritime law, flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict are specific kinds of shipwreck. The words have specific nautical meanings, with legal consequences in the law of admiralty and marine salvage: Flotsam is floating wreckage of a ship or its cargo [Flower market floor debris] Jetsam is part of a ship, its equipment or its cargo that is purposely cast overboard or jettisoned to lighten the load in times of distress and is washed ashore [Flowers] Lagan (also called ligan) is goods or wreckage that is lying on the bottom of the ocean, sometimes marked by a buoy, which can be reclaimed Derelict is cargo that is also on the bottom of the ocean, but which no one has any hope of reclaiming (other maritime contexts, derelict may also refer to a drifting abandoned ship).

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DETAIL STUDY: of BODY & GHAT If the [body] wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t come to the [water] ACT V

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SOAK [Datums between Sky and Ground; K3]

ACT V

AXIS MUNDI

SKY [Heft, Monsoon]

Detail Study: If the [body] wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t come to the [water] SCENE i: Body & Ghat [detail] SCENE ii: Room in a room [detail]

GROUND [Surface, Bombay]

BODY & GHAT: DETAIL STUDIES

Ghat Section [1:50]

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BODY & GHAT: DETAIL STUDIES

Ghat Plan [1:50]

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BODY & GHAT [renegotiating the landscape at the scale of the body] STEPS AS DATUMS OF Monsoon Gardens

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BODY & GHAT: DETAIL STUDIES

Water Collection Parasols + Garland Displays [1:50]

MONSOON GARDENS | 130

BODY & GHAT: DETAIL STUDIES

Water Collection Parasols + Garland Displays [1:20]

570

3 50

410

140 3

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1300

Shaddow gap and drainage

Steps, columns and stairs formed in-situ

Granite Step Tread [Cleanable]

Secondary shaddow gap and drainage

BODY & GHAT: DETAIL STUDIES

Steps as Datums of Monsoon Gardens

2 1

5 5 4

Scale: 1:50

Garden to Path Detail

1 2 3 4 5

Concrete Paver Concrete kerb MARIGOLD Plants Top of exisiting surface Topsoil

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Avg. Marigold Plant Height [0.5m] Ground Avg. Marigold Plant Root Depth [- 0.15m]

BODY & GHAT: DETAIL STUDIES

Steps as Datums of Monsoon Gardens

Scale: 1:50

Garden +Path Detail

1 2 3 4 5

Concrete Paver Steel Edge TURMERIC Plants Top of exisiting surface Topsoil

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Avg. Turmeric Plant Height [0.6m] Ground Avg. Turmeric Plant Root Depth [- 0.2m]

BODY & GHAT: DETAIL STUDIES

Steps as Datums of Monsoon Gardens

721

Scale: 1:50

Garden to Path Detail

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Concrete Paver Top of exisiting surface Geotextile layer Sand bed Steel edge Drainage / Filtration TEA Plants Guardrail Topsoil Concrete reataining wall Drainpipe Cocrete footing Concrete pavers Variable Wall height

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Avg. Tea Plant Height [0.9m]

Ground Avg. Tea Plant Root Depth [- 0.3m]

APPENDIX

Flood & Water Definitions

FLOOD & WATER DEFINITIONS

W. B. LANGBEIN and KATHLEEN T.ISERI: Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1541-A Methods and practices of the Geological Survey For full list of references & article bibliography please see: http://water.usgs.gov/wsc/glossary.html [Accessed on the: 240315]

HYDROLOGIC DEFINITIONS Surface-water hydrology is the study of the origin and processes of water in streams and lakes, in nature, and as modified by man. It includes such subjects as infiltration, channel storage, floods and droughts, direct runoff, and base flow. Surface-water hydrology shares with meteorology the study of precipitation and evaporation. Also, surface-water hydrology shares with geomorphology the study of the shape, size, and number of river channels, because river channels are formed as a consequence of the rates and quantities of water they must carry. Some of the tools used in the study and application of surface-water hydrology are unit hydrographs, flow-duration curves, flood-frequency curves, and correlation, all of which are defined in this report.

Bank. The margins of a channel. Banks are called right or left as viewed facing in the direction of the flow. Channel (watercourse). An open conduit either naturally or artificially created which periodically or continuously contains moving water, or which forms a connecting link between two bodies of water. River, creek, run, branch, anabranch, and tributary are some of the terms used to describe natural channels. Channel storage. The volume of water at a given time in the channel or over the flood plain of the streams in a drainage basin or river reach. Channel storage is great during the progress of a flood event. Climate. The sum total of the meteorological elements that characterize the average and extreme condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time at any one place or region of the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. The collective state of the atmosphere at a given place or over a given area within a specified period of time. (Landsberg, 1945, p. 928.) Climatic year. A continuous 12-month period during which a complete annual cycle occurs, arbitrarily selected for the presentation of data relative to hydrologic or meteorologic phenomena. The climatic year is usually designated by the calendar year during which most of the 12 months occur. Cloudburst. A torrential downpour of rain, which by its spottiness and relatively high intensity suggests the bursting and discharge of a whole cloud at once. (Woolley, 1946, p. ii.) Conservation storage. Storage of water for later release for useful purposes such as municipal water supply, power, or irrigation in contrast with storage capacity used for flood control. Consumptive use. The quantity of water absorbed by the crop and transpired or used directly in the building of plant tissue together with that evaporated from the cropped area. (U.S. Bur. of Reclamation, 1952, p. 3.) Cycle. A regularly recurring succession of events such as the cycle of the seasons. Use of cycle to describe a group of wet years followed or preceded by a group of dry years is to be avoided. Dead storage. The volume in a reservoir below the lowest controllable level. (Thomas and Harbeck, 1956, p. 13.) Drainage area. The drainage area of a stream at a specified location is that area, measured in a horizontal plane, which is enclosed by a drainage divide. Drainage basin. A part of the surface of the earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded surface water together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded surface water. Drainage density. Length of all channels above those of a specified stream order per unit of drainage area. Field-moisture capacity. The quantity of water which can be permanently retained in the soil in opposition to the downward pull of gravity. (Horton, 1935, p. 3.)

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Flood. An overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water (Barrows, 1948, p. 4), and causes or threatens damage. Flood-control storage. Storage of water in reservoirs to abate flood damage. (See Retarding reservoir.) Flood plain. A strip of relatively smooth land bordering a stream, built of sediment carried by the stream and dropped in the slack water beyond the influence of the swiftest current. It is called a living flood plain if it is overflowed in times of highwater; but a fossil flood plain if it is beyond the reach of the highest flood. (Bryan, 1922, p. 88.) Ground water. Water in the ground that is in the zone of saturation, from which wells, springs, and ground-water runoffare supplied. (After Meinzer, 1949, p. 385.) Hydrologic cycle. A convenient term to denote the circulation of water from the sea, through the atmosphere, to the land; and thence, with many delays, back to the sea by overland and subterranean routes, and in part by way of the atmosphere; also the many short circuits of the water that is returned to the atmosphere without reaching the sea. (After Meinzer, 1949) Hydrology. The science encompassing the behaviour of water as it occurs in the atmosphere, on the surface of the ground, and underground. Moisture. Water diffused in the atmosphere or the ground. Pool. A deep reach of a stream. The reach of a stream between two riffles. Natural streams often consist of a succession of pools and riffles. Precipitation. As used in hydrology, precipitation is the discharge of water, in liquid or solid state, out of the atmosphere, generally upon a land or water surface. It is the common process by which atmospheric water becomes surface or subsurface water * * *. The term “precipitation” is also commonly used to designate the quantity of water that is precipitated. (Meinzer, 1923, p. 15. ) Rainfall. The quantity of water that falls as rain only. Not synonymous with precipitation. Rainfall excess. The volume of rainfall available for direct runoff. It is equal to the total rainfall minus interception, depression storage, and absorption. Reservoir. A pond, lake, or basin, either natural or artificial, for the storage, regulation, and control of water. Sediment. Fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water or air or is accumulated in beds by other natural agencies. (Colby, Hembree, and Jochens, 1953, p. 24.) Storage. 1. Water artificially impounded in surface or underground reservoirs, for future use. Stream. A general term for a body of flowing water. In hydrology the term is generally applied to the water flowing in a natural channel as distinct from a canal. More generally as in the term stream gaging, it is applied to the water flowing in any channel, natural or artificial. Streams in natural channels may be classified as follows (after Meinzer, 1923, p. 5658): > Relation to time. - Perennial. One which flows continuously. Intermittent or seasonal. One which flows only at certain times of the year when it receives water from springs or from some surface source such as melting snow in mountainous areas. - Ephemeral. One that flows only in direct response to precipitation, and whose channel is at all times above the water table. Relation to space. - Continuous. One that does not have interruptions in space. - Interrupted. One which contains alternating reaches, that are either perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral. Relation to ground water. - Gaining. A stream or reach of a stream that receives water from the zone of saturation. - Losing. A stream or reach of a stream that contributes water to the zone of saturation. Streamflow. The discharge that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term discharge can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word streamflow uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. The term “streamflow” is more general than runoff, as streamflow may be applied to discharge whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation. Tank. An artificial reservoir for stock water; local in Southwest. Transpiration. The quantity of water absorbed and transpired and used directly in the building of plant tissue, in a specified time. It does not include soil evaporation. (After Blaney, 1951a, p. 4.) Water table. The upper surface of a zone of saturation. No water table exists where that surface is formed by an impermeable body. (Meinzer ,1923, p. 22.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 1 Mark Fisher, Ghosts of My Life: Writings on Depression, Hauntology and Lost Futures (Zero Books, 2014). 2 Hyatt Carter, “Hauntology or Ontology,” The Poetics of Perception, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.hycadventures. com/page54.php. 3 Jorge Luis Borges, “The Other Tiger,” in Dreamtigers (University of Texas Press, 1985). 4 Sharan Sharma, “Ann Arbor Summer - More on Marigolds,” 2006, http://www.sharansharma.com/2006/08/ann-arborsummer-more-on-marigolds.html. 5 India Agriculture, Marigold Flowers (Mumbai, 2006). 6 Rabindranath Tagore, Rabindranath Tagore - Selected Poems (Penguin Classics, 2005). 7 Dean Ravenscroft, “Lotus Flower Meaning and Symbolisms,” Lotus Meaning, 2011, http://www.lotusflowermeaning.net. 9 Abhisvara Sinha, “Water Levels of Mubai,” The Indian Express, 2014. 10 Jairaj Dr Phatak, Management of Yrban Floods, Mumbai (Mubai, 2008), http://www.preventionweb.net/files/section/230_ mumbaifloodShanghai.pdf. 11 “Ancient Stepwells of India,” Atlas Obscura, 2013, http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2013/09/03/chand_baori_ is_an_exquisitely_carved_ancient_stone_water_stepwell_in_india.html. 12 Milo Beach, Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India (Princeton Architectural Press, 2002). 13 “Ancient Stepwells of India.” Pp 33 14 K P Skandhan et al., Water Purification Prescribed in Ayurveda, 2011, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3361915/. BIBLIOGRAPHY Agriculture, India. Marigold Flowers. Mumbai, 2006. “Ancient Stepwells of India.” Atlas Obscura, 2013. http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2013/09/03/chand_baori_is_ an_exquisitely_carved_ancient_stone_water_stepwell_in_india.html. Beach, Milo. Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India. Princeton Architectural Press, 2002. Borges, Jorge Luis. “The Other Tiger.” In Dreamtigers. University of Texas Press, 1985. Carter, Hyatt. “Hauntology or Ontology.” The Poetics of Perception. Accessed April 17, 2015. http://www.hycadventures. com/page54.php. Fisher, Mark. Ghosts of My Life: Writings on Depression, Hauntology and Lost Futures. Zero Books, 2014. Phatak, Jairaj Dr. Management of Yrban Floods, Mumbai. Mubai, 2008. http://www.preventionweb.net/files/section/230_ mumbaifloodShanghai.pdf. Langbein, WB. and Kathleen T. Iseri “General Introduction end Hydrologic Definitions.” Ravenscroft, Dean. “Lotus Flower Meaning and Symbolisms.” Lotus Meaning, 2011. http://www.lotusflowermeaning.net. Sharma, Sharan. “Ann Arbor Summer - More on Marigolds,” 2006. http://www.sharansharma.com/2006/08/ann-arborsummer-more-on-marigolds.html. Sinha, Abhisvara. “Water Levels of Mumbai.” The Indian Express, 2014. Skandhan, K P, A Amith, L.P.A Karunatilake, and K Avni. Water Purification Prescribed in Ayurveda, 2011. http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361915/.

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The Loving Metropolitan Landscape Drawing | Crane Towers & Migrant Workers[1:200,000 Mumbai; 1:50,000 Detail]

BOMBAY IN BLOOM | WATER + MONSOON GARDENS | ACTS TWO-FIVE

The [Loving] Metropolitan Landscape Architecture, Landscape and the Ecosophic Object PARA-Situation [Mumbai] MONSOON GARDENS | 144

BOMBAY IN BLOOM