Thesis

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Hybridization Rethinking the Role of Markets Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement of degree of (Bachelor of Architecture) by Samkit Vakil (Roll no:-_______) Supervisor (s):Jude D’souza

Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute For Architecture and Environmental Studies (5th Year)

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D e c l a ra t i o n I, Samkit Vakil declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others ideas or words have been included, I have adequately citied and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evolve penal action from sources which have thus not been properly citied or from whom proper permission has been taken when needed.

(Signature)

(Name of student and Roll no) Date:-

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Appr o v a l C e rt i f i c a t e Thesis Approval for Dissertation for B.Arch Thesis This thesis / dissertation/ project report titled ‘Hybridization Rethinking the Role of Markets’, by Samkit Vakil is approved for the Degree of Bachelors of Architecture.

Examiners 1. .................................................

2. .................................................

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Ac kno w le dg m e n t Many

thanks

go

to

my

thesis

advisor

Jude

D’souza

for

his

constant support and help for the fulfillment of this thesis. Thank you I

for

am

the

thoughtful

also

thankful

throughout

my

advice

to

bachelor’s

my

and

degree

enthusiasm

family and

who

my

for

this

supported

parents

topic.

who,

me as

role models, influenced me in always believing in my dreams.

Lastly, thank you to all the inspiring people I met at KRVIA.

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Ta ble of C o nt e nt s Certificate

...3

Declaration

...5

Approval certificate

...7

Acknowledgment

...11

Abstract

...13

Introduction

...14

Public Markets

10

Signification

...16

History of markets

...18

Evolution

...22

Markets in Mumbai

...32

Methodology

...33

Studying Existing Fabric

...34

A) Municipal Market Typology

...36

B) Mall Typology

...44

C) Street Market Typology

...52

Comparative analysis

...59

Glossary

...62

Hybridization Need for Hybrid

...64

Origination

...68

Mixed Use vs Hybrid

...76

Exploration

...78

Goal Statement

...94

Site Study Criteria for selection of Site

...96

Site Analysis

...102

Climate Study

...108

Contour Analysis

...112

Pedestrian Moment

...114

Vehicular Moment

...116

Programming

...118

References

...126

List of Figures

...129

Bibliography

...135 11

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Abstract In present metropolis, the growing land prices and the increasing pressure on developers to optimize the utilization of built areas are changing the way of how architects get involved with every project in urban environments. The intervention is majorly governed by density, multiplicity, and concentration of uses to rejuvenate urban centers. As there is exponential growth in a city, more demand for housing, entertainment, retail, green space, and infrastructure follows and, in turn, promotes more growth. As this increase in growth continues, the architectures that support it begins to merge and challenge notions of the boundary such a merging of a building with neighboring to involve the other program within itself. Considering history there has been many numerous intervention of integrating habitat with commercial and many a times retail combined with entertainment in a contemporary fashion, but frequently unexpected amalgamation will occur such as market with a bridge or a religious institution with a commercial building. As these combinations cannot be completely un-blended, nameable typology, they challenge our conception of our understanding of building identity and architectural typology.

Furthermore, as this absence of typology is escalated and formalized, it becomes a phenomenon and can be referred to as a hybrid building. Hybrid Architecture fixates on contemporary concerns by merging multiple conceptions under a single infrastructure while it highlights the diversity of living experiences, programs, and people. The hybrid building is an arrangement of an unexpected commix of activities that intensify its utilization as well as amalgamates the diversity of the adjoining urban fabric. Hence the alliance generated between private and public spheres as well the linking between disparate programs can produce a new situation that stimulates and strengthen the building and their environment. The thesis intends to looks as rethinking the role of markets in the urban structure as the new type of hybrid module supporting a new type of socio-economic development, and create a medium for the communities by creating a platform for not only economic means but also socially. The research is determined by the pursuit of new forms of a market which can contribute more to the city and functional program corresponding to the requests of a modern consumer.

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I n t r o duc t i o n The city of Mumbai can be termed as an example of high density where the population density per sq m is very high. The city tries to utilize every piece of land to withstand its growing demand.

Tracing back to history the city was only partially planned under the colonial rule. Whereas a major part of it remains as a part which was developed towards its extent of growth which in a way was not planned. In the city of Mumbai, there exists a certain set of Infrastructure which is meant to ease the living condition of the inhabitants. But a lack of planning and design failures leads to increased stress on infrastructure by the way of utilizing which becomes difficult to maintain or to properly utilize it. The whole entity thus becomes an underused or overexploited space. Also, it could be termed as an infrastructure almost certainly incapable of handling a large number of people considering the current scenario.

In today’s world although authorities have primarily become aware of extensive demand of these institutions thus there has been an emphasis on increasing the scale of that infrastructure.

Increasing the scale of the infrastructure certainly benefits in occupying the high density of population but it lacks public realm of interaction, diversification besides numerous design flaw exists in it. Designating a land for a mono-function use creates a hindrance in the growth of entity over a long time as it in becomes reluctant to the urban environment which is in the constant change at a rapid pace. On contradictory the lack of public infrastructure has resulted in the efforts by inhabitants trying to utilize the fact of convenience e.g. a high footfall region like a railway station becomes a spot of shopping though it isn’t planned in any way but still thrives more than a planned once. But also creates a lot of problems to its adjacent surrounding as well.

The term market can be defined as the gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities. The phenomena of the market have existed in the city since Mumbai being a financial capital has monetarily gained the value mainly due to exchange which has to lead to the growth of the city. There exists various forms, structure and types of market in the city. Of which most are consumer driven while some being business to business. The working principle of the market has a various principle which depends on the context, amount of people, nearby institution, commodity, type of use and many other factors. Looking back at markets historically they were spaces were individuals would come to gather for commerce in addition

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to that space would become a public space where ideas and thoughts were exchanged and it acted as something much more than what it was supposed to be. Due to the market, there exists a supporting economy which thrives onto it which happens to this day as well.

Markets and surrounding context have always been multi functionary elements which either way be supportive to them. So, the functioning of them is completely independent but it a complex relation with adjoining context as well. Thus, if it was combined it could create a hybrid of two which in direct relation might not sound well but can work symbiotically by creating a new identity of itself of not being called just a market but something much more. A new hybrid module is not just a market but a something which could cater to the public more and considering a highdensity city could be more benefited. Combining a primary function with another one can be termed as mixed-use but combing the intent lies in merging two set of very different functions which are far more apart from each other. The thesis tries to rethinks to establish a market by the way of hybridizing creating a new environment by which a new urban insert can be made within a context of an environment with an upcoming chance of high inflow of people. The upcoming transit hub in the city could become a potential site for the intervention where the factor of convenience can be amplified by merging it with a program which could cater to large masses of people which will arise in the coming future.

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Public Market Illustration 16

P ub l i c Market s

Markets are socially constructed arenas where repeated exchanges occur between buyers and sellers under a set of formal rules and informal understandings governing relations among competitors, suppliers, and customers. These rules and understandings guide interactions, facilitate trade, define what products are produced, sometimes constitute the products themselves, and provide stability for buyers, sellers, and producers. In modern capitalism, markets also depend on governments, laws, and larger cultural understandings.1 A Public Market is a year-round, meticulously crafted, intentional and diverse medley of owner-operated shops, stalls and street vendor. Public Markets subsist to consummate a public purport, showcase a community’s unique character and culture while accommodating its everyday shopping needs. Markets preclude chain stores and franchises. They fixate on businesses that are locally owned and operated which highlight the best of local foods, crafts, music, heritage and culture. Typically, Public Markets are owned and operated by public or a private institution They subsist for multiple public purposes, such as a job endangerment, minute business incubator, tourist magnetization, access to fresh,with healthful foods, increment circumventing property values, historic preservation, etc. Markets are puissant economic engines. They create entrepreneurial opportunities for inhabitants and migrants who often find it difficult to enter into the mainstream economy. Markets are proven generator of circumventing, privately financed economic development. A market in neighborhood also leads in transformation of neighbor helps in economic development by converting into a prosperous community. ‘‘Markets encourages diverse vendors that reflect the ethnic make-up of their communities. A commix of experienced vendors and commence-ups is en-heartened. Typically, training in exhibit, marketing, etc. is provided to avail incipient businesses prosper. In Markets, customers closely mirror the demographic makeup of the larger communities where the Market is located.’’2 Unlike malls which are typically geared toward a particular economic slice of the local population. Markets have historically proven their faculty to cut across economic and racial lines in assembling a broad cross section of the local population in a safe, ebullient, and exhilarating venue, where everyone feels welcome. Markets have proven their facility to become consequential tourist magnetizations. ‘‘These markets can be of two different forms of which can be namely formal and informal. The both can be defined as markets of which both consists their own way of success of which some consisting easy entry barriers while some at consisting of investment, security, profits, and set of rules for functioning.’’3 Figure 1

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Old Market Illustration 18

H i s t ory of Market s

Figure 2

The daily interaction and mutual respect between town and country at the marketplace encourage an unofficial popular culture. Buyers and sellers, stall holders and traveling vendors, import merchants and local artisans produced an urban laboratory where members of the community attempted to reunite their differences’. A second world within the official world was becoming noticed by people; a unique atmosphere of independence and openness and adopted a universal language and behavior that differed from that found in institutions such as church.4 Markets became not only a place for buys and sellers to do their jobs, but a place where people can come freely and socialize and interact within each other. The transition from making a living to a profit-based commercial economy began in the middle ages. It was essential to acknowledge the significance of local markets and domestic trade in the medieval economy. Agrarian economy and society in medieval England have increasingly focused on the penetration of medieval Agriculture by market forces, seen as in patterns of peasant appreciation.

Medieval economies inner workings - local markets and regional trade - explain the crucial shifts that had moved western society toward a capitalist economy by the end of the middle ages. Farmer’s markets were all outdoors, where you would see farmers and vendors pull up with their wagon to sell their products out in the open with nothing but the natural sun shining down on them. ‘Farmer's markets were meant to link peasant towns and market towns together. Therefore, the location was very important for the farmer's and the peasants because of weather. For protection of the consumer and to be able to charge taxes on trade, European markets regulate, weigh and measure the frequency, location and organization of the markets. At the time, most Europeans lived as everyday farmers, producing most of what they eat and eating most of what they produce.

Therefore, the most desirable products during the medieval time was wheat, barley, oats and beans. From 1100-1300, the population of most western Europe grew dramatically, increasing productivity.’ With the climate entering a period of warming and stabilization, visible knowledge of farming was also improving across Europe.5 When the European settlers came to north America, they brought their own market traditions with them. Markets flourished up and down the colonial eastern seaboard. Philadelphia began opening its markets twice a week. Opening a farmer market twice a week was a big change during the renaissance. Markets then were the primary source of food for the growing urban population, and were products 19

Indian Old market Illustration 20

of necessity that were produced and consumed locally. Local foods traded in the marketplace were gathered or hunted from nearby forests or grown on the outskirts of the city in the fertile bottom land near the Mississippi river. This was convenient because the river also provided the means to move goods long distances.6 Merchants and colonists carried the public market tradition - its laws, architecture, and culture - to the North American colonies, with the hope that structured public markets would defend the colonists, encourage settlement, and boost trade and agricultures. The western market, eastern market, and farmers markets were among twenty companies incorporated in Philadelphia from 1859 to 1861.

The buildings were designed for large scale storage and regional distribution of food. There was a dynamic process by which markets were demolished, rebuilt, adapted and reused reflecting the active presence of the moral economy in the 19th century.7 Grocery stores and later supermarkets started to replace public markets at large. As places of civic pride, they remained the focal point of neighborhoods and communities; they continued to nurture direct contact between producer and consumer; and with the recent design of the streetcar, they discovered ways to attract suburban and middle-class consumers.

Within the fast pace of life, large-scale spaces of the modern city, food venues, give us a sense of relationship. When the food we eat, grow or buy is local, we also experience a connection to the region, the seasons and the ground we live. Our connection to organic life, within all the perceptions of the modern city, is strengthened. And with the explosion of food products and meals from distant cultures, we find another kind of connection. Food in the city enriches our everyday sensations of sound, sight and smell through the ways in which it is produced, displayed and consumed. What a welcome alternative these markets are to the many sanitized, sterilized and essentially anesthetizing streets and supermarkets of modern cities.8

Figure 3

History of Markets

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Ev o lu t i o n o f Market Ty p ol og y

Source: Design Principles and Practices ICSC European Retail Property School

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Figure 4

History of Markets

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Trajan Market,Rome

Illustration of Trajan market

Map of Ancient Rome

Market in center of city

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Plan of Trajan market

Figure 5a

Figure 5b

Plan of part market

Figure 5c

Axonometric of market

Figure 5d

The market were a commercial center of about 150 shops and offices, set into the side of the Quirinal Hill and completing Trajan's Forum, which it overlooked. Both monumental and functional,The semicircular brick building is set into the hill above which are tiers of terraces ascending the slope. At the upper end of the hill, a two-story market hall with a series of groin vaults was lined with shops on either side of a central promenade with a balcony level and clerestory openings above.9

Les Halles, Paris

Old Image of Les Halles

Map of Paris

Market in center of city

Figure 6a

Figure 6d

Illustration of Les Halles

Plan of Les Halles

Figure 6b

Figure 6c

In the eleventh century, a market grew up by a cemetery to the northwest of Paris in an area called the Little Fields .A bishop briefly took control of the market before sharing control with Louis VI in 1137. In 1183, Philip Augustus took full control of the market and built two market halls - Halles - to protect the textiles Officially, it would remain a dry goods market for centuries, but food stalls soon grew up around the main buildings and by the fifteenth century food prices at Les Halles were being cited as significant for the whole city.10

History of Markets

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Chandni Chowk, Delhi

Illustration of Chandni Chowk during Mughal empire

Figure 7a

Illustration of Chandni Chowk during Mughal empire

Figure 7b

Market in outskirts of city

Old map of Mughal empire

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Figure 7c

In the heart of Old Delhi, Chandni Chowk is a busy shopping area with markets full of spices, dried fruit, silver jewelry and vivid saris, while the narrow side streets are crowded with tiny shops selling essential oils, stationery and traditional Indian sweets. Nearby, the vast Mughal-era Red Fort now houses a museum complex, and the 17th-century Jama Masjid is a huge red-sandstone mosque with towering minarets.11

St. George , Madras

Old image of St. George during the British rule

Figure 8a

Old image of Black town,madras during the British rule

Figure 8b

Market in outskirts of city

Old map of Madras

Originally called Black Town, the area came up in the late 1600s after the founding of Fort St. George. Local people settled here to trade and do business with the fort. A portion of Black Town was flattened in the 1700's, to provide an open area outside Fort St George. The residents of Black town re-settled just beyond the open area, in what was called New Black Town.12 Figure 8c

History of Markets

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Meena Bazaar, Delhi

Image of Meena Bazaar in Red Fort

Figure 9a

Painting from Mughal empire

Figure 9b

Market in outskirts of city

Old map of Mughal Empire

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Figure 9c

Meena Bazaar in Delhi is one of the oldest traditional markets, that has been there from the period of the Mughals. It is the most sought after place, especially while shopping for a wedding. The market is located between Jama Masjid Kalan and Dalan. Along with saris and suits, Meena Bazaar has a wide range of jewelery collections, like neck-pieces, earrings, etc13

Center Market, Washington

Old image of Center Market

Figure 10a

Plan of Center Market

Figure 10b

Market in outskirts of city

Old plan of Washington D.C.

Figure 10c

Center Market was a market hall in Washington, D.C. designed by architect Adolph Cluss which operated in Washington, DC from 1872 to 1931. The building was demolished in 1931 to be replaced by the National Archives Building. A market called Center Market had been in operation on the same block of land since 1802.

In 1931, the name of Center Market was transferred over to the Northern Liberty Market located a few blocks north.14

History of Markets

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Reading Terminal, Philadelphia

Old image of Reading Terminal

Figure 11a

Section of Reading Terminal

Figure 11b

Market in outskirts of city

Old plan of Philadelphia

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Figure 11c

One of America's largest and oldest public markets, housed since 1893 in a National Historic Landmark building, the Market offers an incredible selection of locally grown & exotic produce, locally sourced meats and poultry, plus the finest seafood, cheeses, baked goods, and confections. We find everything you need to create a memorable meal, from cookbooks, to table linens, to kitchenware, to fresh cut flowers, and more. Plus the widest variety of restaurants under one roof.15

Crawford Market, Mumbai

Old image of Crawford Market

Figure 12a

Old map of Mumbai

Figure 12c

Market in center of city

Front elevation of Crawford Market

Figure 12b

Spread over a vast area of 72,000 sq. yards, Crawford Market is extremely famous for its architecture. The place is also designed in such a manner so that it receives ample sunlight during the day Built in 1871, this market was designed and conceptualized

by William Emerson. Another interesting fact is that the market first got electricity in 1882, and became the first market in India to receive electricity.16

History of Markets

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M a r ke t s i n Mum b ai

Mumbai has been a constantly evolving, globally engaged city over the past 150 years. In the last 25 years, it has made a rapid economic transition from trade to services, and has expanded its national and cross-border roles Mumbai is simultaneously a successful and under-performing city. Its dynamic economy and capacity for job creation co-exist with a social profile of extreme inequality, informality and disparity. The scale of these challenges is so great as to require urgent upgrades to institutions, planning and co-ordination across the metropolitan region. Mumbai has achieved a great deal within the existing economic, governance and infrastructure model, but its medium-term economic and quality of life ambitions require first a series of governance reforms, large scale investments, and tactical intervention. The term market is also termed as ‘BAZAAR’ in the context of mumbai. Where a market could be easily found under major public institution such as transit hub, famous streets, religious institution, and government planned locations. The street markets are broadly classified as informal markets where in the functioning happens with a mutual agreement with the authorities. The success of a informal market has a numerous factors ranging from the context to the commodity. The formal market which has various forms ranging from single commodity oriented like food, flowers, clothing market. The distribution of markets is more concentrated towards the southern part of the city. While it is sparse towards the north. The current trend of growth of population is towards north.

The market in mumbai also many times refereed as government owned market i.e. BMC market where the street vendors also emerge and thus both of them shares a symbiotic relationship between two.

The city also comprises of various malls located in the area away from the regions of less footfall in addition a number of malls are falling are been converted into office or commercial space. Thus there exits a range of typology of market in the city.

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Met hod ol og y To understand the market of existing fabric a comparative study of existing markets was done by a field visit. The observation recorded and presented were field study based. The study was done to understand the success and failures of various market typology. By understanding the market from urban scale to the individual store level. Hence a macro to micro level study was made possible. The following analysis comprises of various understanding of the structure of the market, type, workability, public moment pattern, surrounding context.

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C om para tiv e Study o f E x i st i n g M a rke t Ty p o lo gy Formal and Informal Market per ward

Figure 13a

Municipal Markets distribution per ward

Figure 13b

Mall Distribution per ward

Figure 13c

Street Markets distribution per ward

Figure 13d

The comparative study shows that there exits a proper distribution of government markets in comparison to mall which are distributed towards to north of mumbai where as street markets are found in most of areas where high footfall of people are found 34

Source :- UDRI

Figure 14a

Figure 14b

Figure 14c

Figure 14d

The comparison helps to understand comparative study between various types of markets in city

Source :- UDRI

Markets in Mumbai

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A

Interior View of market

Exterior view from Main street 36

Figure 15c

Municipal Market Typology The municipal markets were set up in mumbai since a very long time. They were established in every ward of such functioning of it could be utilized by ward residents and maintenance of it could be taken care by the respective ward office. The administration and jurisdiction of every market lies with the ward office under which it exists.

Total 55 Municipal Markets exits in city of Mumbai.

Most of the markets have become old out of which few are redeveloped the new redeveloped markets comprises of commercial combined with market.

Borivali Municipal Market Working hours:- 5am-8pm Commodities sold :- Fresh produce, Meat and plastic shops it also includes individual shop selling various day to day required things.

Figure 15b

Figure 15a

Interior View of market

Figure 15d

Borivali Municipal Market

Municipal Market Typology

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Borivali B.M.C Market Urban scale Analysis

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Urban form

The market is located near a major public infrastructure i.e. railway station and surrounded by commercial buildings.

Section Municipal Market Typology

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Fie ld Study

The diagram represents pedestrian, vehicular flow with respect to different time of day where in different activities takes place within and outside market. It helps to study the nature of commuter and customer behavior in terms of hawkers and shop.

Early Morning

The morning observation shows that a less amount of traffic is present on the street in addition number of trucks carrying goods are seen within the market complex.

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Afternoon

The afternoon trend shows a significa correlation with traffic. The customer markets.

ant rise in the number of customers in flow is mainly towards inner lanes of

Evening

The evening shows a rise in the number of mobile vendors as the closing hours of markets helps it by way of increased commuters acting as customers for the vendors. The traffic level is reached at the peak level.

Municipal Market Typology

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Borivali, Mumbai

B.M.C. Market, Borivali

The market is mainly a fresh produce market in addition there is a small share of shops and storage 42

M ic ro -Le vel St ud y

Detailed illustration of a single shop in a municipal market Municipal Market Typology

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B

View from lowermost floor

Figure 16b

Panaromic view from the first floor 44

Front Facade

M a ll Ty pol ogy

The mall in mumbai has been in the city since early 2000s. The have primarily oriented and used as a leisure hub for the residents. The mall of mumbai usually comprises of big showrooms to retail shops combined with cinema and food court.

About 16 Mall are present in mumbai with new malls coming up.

Most of the mall are found in the suburbs while only a single mall exits in the southern part of the city. Some mall in mumbai has been facing high cost of operation while less on earnings mainly because of expensive pricing and only targets to certain economic groups.

Infinity Mall, Malad Working hours:- 10:30am to 11:30pm Commodities sold :- Showrooms of famous brands selling Clothes and Electronics and Home decor and contributing more towards leisure.

Figure 16c

Figure 16d

Infinity Mall

Figure 16a

Mall Typology

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Infinity Mall Urban scale Analysis

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Urban form

The mall is surrounded by commercial buildings in a residential localities. The mall lies right outside busy road.

Section Mall Typology

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Field Study

The diagram represents pedestrian,vehicular flow with respect to different time of day where in different activities takes place within the mall. It helps to study the nature of customer where in different parts of mall being used at different time intervals.

Morning

The morning trend shows of scanty customers and traffic as the mall is less operational during early hours 48

Afternoon

The customers numbers increases subs and traffic levels.

sequently with slight rise in mobile vendor

Evening

This time experiences highest footfall inside and outside mall as well traffic reaches the peak.

Mall Typology

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Malad,Mumbai

Infinity mall, Malad

The mall is mainly focused on retail and larger showroom of which recreation also comprises a minor share 50

Micro-Level Study

Detailed illustration of a Electronic Showroom in a mall.

Mall Typology

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C

View from the road

Figure 17b

Panoramic view of Fashion Street 52

View from the footpath

St r eet Mar ket Ty pol ogy

Street Market have been present in all parts of the city around busy streets where high footfall of people are seen especially near a railway station. The street markets are very economical in terms of the commodity sold. The street markets are independent entity working in cooperation with the authorities.

The fashion street shops are government registered but the extension of the shops on the footpath is considered encroachment by the authorities. The market is spreads along a long lane and cramped onto part of sidewalk. The market experiences high footfall mainly from teenagers and students as its situated near educational institutes.

Fashion Street, Fort Working hours:- 12pm to 9pm Commodities sold :- Clothing and fashion accessories

Figure 17c

Figure 17a

Figure 17d

Fashion Street, Mumbai

Street Market Typology

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Fashion Street Urban scale Analysis

54

Urban form

The fashion street is surround by various important civic and public buildings. It faces a large open space on the front and back.

Section

Figure 18

Street Market Typology

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Field Study

The diagram represents pedestrian, vehicular flow with respect to different time of day where in different activities takes place within street and surrounding road across. It helps to study the nature of commuter and customer behavior in terms of hawkers and shops with respect to footpath usage.

Morning

There are no customers seen at this time as no customers are seen as the shops are closed in the early hours yet a large number of commuter are seen.

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Afternoon

A significant rise in traffic is observe rises on peak in addition a number

ed with a rise of commuters which of mobile vendors are active

Evening

Most number of customers are seen during this time reaching at the peak level there is drastic reduction in the commuters and traffic levels.

Street Market Typology

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M i cr o-L e ve l St u dy

Detailed illustration of a single shop in fashion street.

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Street Market Typology

C om para t ive An alys is

A comparative study is done between A+B+C which includes all three different typology. The analysis is done in terms of spatial orientation, characteristics, and other various factors which in understanding the different forms of market

Figure 19a

Plan of Retail Showroom in Mall

Plan of Municipal Market Shop Plan of Street Shop

Figure 19b

0m

1m

2m

Figure 19c

4m

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High

High

Formal Market

Informal Market

A large sum of money is invested in order to setup business

A small amount of money is invested in starting of business

Considering the expensive retail space a large number barriers exits in starting off.

Less

Less

High

The rent is high compared to daily earning which changes as per market situations

High

Various removal drive bribing leads frequent losses.

Considering a ownership the user has to pay nominal fee Less

Less

High

Loss is only subject to less sales and vice-a-versa

The large space and hiring of employees and other expenses costs more

Not Applicable

High

High

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A sense of security as the shop is permanent and residing in an enclosed building.

More rules as subject to proper functioning as per government laws.

A smaller investment can be viable to start off.

Less

High

Less

Less expensive are subject small business with small turnover and use of less space

A number of municipal authorities and police are bribed

No sense of security as eviction drive can runoff the temporary stall.

As not recognized as legal less rules are implied to it.

Less

Average Usable and storage space per sq/ft Mall :- Considering an average of shop of size of 2000sq/ft about 35% is used for storage while 45% is used for display goods while 20% is used for movement for customers.

Figure 20

Street Vendor :- Considering an average shop size of 15sq/ft about 15% is used for storage while 75% is used for display goods while 10% for used for movement for customers.

Municipal Market:- Considering an average shop size of 150sq/ft about 45% is used for storage as well as 35% is used for display of goods while 20% for used for movement for customers.

Average Economic cost per sq/ft Mall :- Considering an average of shop of size of 2000sq/ft costing for a rent of 5 lac Rupees including everything would cost around 250 Rs Sq/ft.

Street Vendor :- Considering an average shop size of 15sq/ft costing for a rent of 8 thousand rupees including everything would cost around 533Rs Sq/ft Figure 21

Municipal Market:- Considering an average shop size of 150sq/ft costing for a rent of 15 thousand rupees including everything would cost around 100Rs Sq/ft

Comparative Analysis

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G lo ssa ry Alliance: A union or association formed for mutual benefit. The state of being joined or associated A

Blending: Mix (a substance) with another substance so that they combine together B

Blend (in/into): Be an unobtrusive or harmonious part of a greater whole by being similar in appearance or behavior. C

Figure 22

Cross-programming: Using a given spatial configuration for a program not intended for it.

Displacement and mutual contamination of terms. D Fragmentation: The process or state of breaking or being broken into fragments. E

Hybrid: A thing made by combining two different elements. Of mixed character; composed of different elements. In biology, the process of hybridization increases the genetic variety within a species, which is necessary for evolution to occur. If climatic or habitat conditions change, individuals with certain combinations may be eliminated, but others with different combinations will survive. In this way, the appearance or behavior of a species gradually may be altered. Such natural hybridization, which is widespread among certain species, makes the identification and enumeration of species very difficult.

Hybrid can also relate to crosses between populations, breeds or cultivators of a single species. F

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Figure 23

Figure 24

Hybridity: For Homi K. Bhabha, it represents a condition between states whose virtue it that it escapes the control of either. As such, it has considerable subversive potential. Bhabha celebrates the in-between spaces created and inhabited by hybrids, and holds that all cultures are now caught up in a continuous process of hybridization. G Hyper-building: To Rem Koolhaas, the Hyper-building can be read as the integration of several buildings into a larger whole. H Figure 25

Interdependence: The dependence of two or more people or things on each other. I Mutation: The act or process of being altered or changed. An alteration or change, as in nature, form, or quality. J

Figure 26

Permutation: A determinate set of expected occurrences, a list of required utilities, often based on social behavior, habit or custom. K Program: A determinate set of expected occurrences, a list of required utilities, often based on social behavior, habit or custom. L Segregation: The action or state of setting someone or something apart from others. M

Figure 27

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Different function of different nature when merged together creates a Hybrid Figure 28

64

Ne e d f o r Hyb rid The framework for market can lead to a successful functioning where are in ideal environment is created and sense of trade is established. Considering Mumbai, there are numerous numbers of markets which has been established on certain set of rules and organization. Several markets have been present in the city of Mumbai. As Mumbai was a merchant city. The trade and commerce existed in the city since its foundation in the early days. The Public market came up in the city as a matter of not just creating infrastructure for buyers and consumers but also became an epi-centre of the city. The surrounding urban fabric was also established following the market. The fact that as the population increases so does the city. Several markets which included formal, as well as the informal market, emerged out across the city. The markets came up or were constructed in the areas where a sufficient amount of population existed or in future was planned to establish.

The government made markets catered to and helped various individuals in setting up a market and workability. The state-owned market has though been established on careful planning of every ward to make it less congested and utilitarian. But being designed just for mono-functional of trade it lacked the sense of public realm. Yet most of them fails to even abide by the rules of planning by being mono-function in nature in addition to that the way a market needs to be lacks the certain character in it, design flow also mismanagement leads an increased footfall on the periphery while the shops in the interior lye vacant or under-used, also as there is less footfall in the shops. Also, the shops are turned into storage units leading to become a consumer driven market to B2B market.

Hence the planned market location becomes a strategic location for B2B and not what it is meant for. To cater the demand of the consumers an additional market is created which is not supported by any organization but grown over time with the influx of people due to proximity of it close to major establishment. The present demographics show most of the markets which exits today in the city lies mainly in the region where a constant shift of people footfall is seen. Area of large congregation or mass movements have been occupied by the markets which are not permanent in nature yet a factor of convince is resolved. The transit hub such as railway station has been a popular choice for the market. The Formal planned market which can be a mall also lacks the involvement of public realm from all economic strata as well it acts an alienated box kept right across a street.

Most of the mall exists in an area where a footfall or moment is completely driven by Mall in a way it doesn’t function naturally. Also, numerous amount of design flaws exists in these formal markets.

Historically markets have been seen as the places, not just commerce and but as public infrastructure

Hybridization

65

Drawing by Joseph Fenton. Pamphlet Architecture: Hybrid Buildings. Architectural Books.(1985)

66

Figure 29

where interaction between individuals happens and sense of harmonious environment was created.

As a result, the present-day markets exists just an underused entity which is driven mainly for the purpose of buying and selling, as a result, the public realm lacks in all of them hence there are numerous problems which are created and also leading to the closure of some. Thus, a market thrives under inclusion of a captivating infrastructure which is a modern and hyper dense environment.

The fundamental of a public infrastructure relies mainly on the amount of people visits in it on a daily basis. So, to cater that the positioning of that institution should be placed accordingly. Also, architecture of it should also respond to it neighbor context as well.

In the era of hyper dense environment, the land should not be designated for just a single function but it could become more useful if it is merged with another. The institution which lies vacant during the times when no footfall is there can be re-utilized and uniformity in the flow of people can be maintained. It could be possibly turned out into a major landmark. The idea of a multi used space is not something new but has been in practice since many years. The architecture which is designed to be mono-function develops as to be multi-function in an indirect way. The idea of hybrid can be injected where to different function can be merged into two and success rate of both can much more. Also, there is a more possibility of less conflicts between those function as it has never been imagined in a rational world, such that the chances of workability are more. In Mumbai, the city with extreme diversity in population and program has been replaced by high-density residential towers that generate a mono-culture and lose the richness of the hybrid city. This culture of high density can be responded with new hybrid typologies that efficiently optimize real estate into a continuous flow of the city through its buildings. For cities to maintain steady growth with adequate living conditions, it is important to hybridize infrastructure with building stock that generates a fluid metropolitan culture.

Hybridization

67

Steven Holl’s expression for Hybrid

68

Figure 30

H y b r idiz a t io n Hybrid architecture appears then to reintroduce interdependence in design strategies in order to overcome the prevailing fragmentation and individualism. Architects may benefit from the freedom allowed by the hybridization of architecture and favor various combinations of functions so as to create single entities constantly changing and evolving as one. Recent approaches have created a growing interest in programs in buildings opening up opportunities for architects to innovate and challenge architectural forms. Whereas hybridization may represent an attempt gives strength to the city, it still represents a controversial process that raises questions in regard to its meaning and contribution to architecture. Because its value is easily questionable, many theorists and architects have been arguing over its significance and usefulness.

Hybrid architecture was highly contested in the mid-20th century. It features an often-misused terminology and thus, we must pose the question whether hybrid architecture can, to this day, be defined or not. Hybridity has existed in architecture in many forms throughout history and has evolved through different organizations and across a number of scales from the micro programmatic level all the way up to the urban scale. The premise of hybrid architecture dates back from the Roman Empire when projects such as the Ponte Vecchio and the Roman Baths incorporated more than one function within their infrastructures. More recently, an analysis of inhabited bridges as a hybrid solution was undertaken by the deconstructivist architect Bernard Tschumi. The project initiated in 1988 takes advantage of Lausanne’s existing bridge typology by extending its geometry to create new density and spatial relationships between uses. Using dynamic movements and programs, Tschumi develops a new concept of urban combination through the merging of past and present. Five bridges become “circuits of movement” and feature unpredictable programmatic factors for the revitalization of an existing urban area.17 Two recurrent, major aspects that differentiate a hybrid from a mixed-use building are scale and form.

Leen van Duin compares the relatively new hybrid building typology with the studies done by the Structuralists or the Metabolists in the 1950s and 1960s. But he states that there is a fundamental difference between these mixed-use ‘mega-structures’ and the hybrid building in scale and form?

Kaplan argues that more specifically a hybrid scale is determined by the dimension of a city block within the orthogonal grid. ”The fact that a hybrid building is often superimposed with the grid of the city as defined by city blocks and other factors, like perspectives, public spaces, and landmarks, the hybrid actually becomes a part of the realm of public planning. Sociability is a more abstract view on what

Hybridization

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Hybrid Expression 70

Figure 31

the hybrid should be, what it should facilitate. A place where the intimacy of the private and sociability of the public spheres meet. With this a key element is its permeability for everybody. And it is a place where there is activity 24 hours a day, because the activity ought to be constant and, therefore, not controlled by public or private rhythms. This is Hybrid coins the term of the “full-time-building.�18

Hybridization

71

72

Reinterpretation of Atelier Bow Wow and Joseph Fenton’s Diagrams. Ref A Flexible Infra-Architectural System for a Hybrid Shanghai MITPressMIT Figure 32

Hybridization

73

Figure 33

74

Chicago Temple Building

Case study of Chicago temple building shows diverse function like church and office building working as unison

Hybridization

75

Comparison between Mixed use and Hybrid

76

Figure 34

H y b r id v s M ixe d Use

A mixed-use and hybrid building are two extremes on a single scale. With that in mind, the mixeduse building, in essence, contains several functions that are not mixed, but instead are simply placed back to back. Apart from the same footprint, these functions have (in general) nothing in common and share no spaces. The sum of its parts is just that and nothing more. On the contrary, the hybrid building contains several functions that are integrated and might even share spaces, target groups, etc. ‘In short, the sum of the parts of the hybrid building is greater than if they would be separated. In biology, the hybrid offspring that has qualities superior to those of either parent is called a hetro-hybrid, or what we consider to be a ‘true’ hybrid. But this does not mean functions in the mixed-use building are not compatible, for instance, most of the times it is primarily a residential building that contains some additional functions.’19 However, the additional functions present are for the exclusive use of the residents in the building.

Further, the mixed-use building is characterized by isolation within the urban context. In contrast, a hybrid building “turns against the combination of the usual programs and bases its whole of unexpected mixing of functions.” Even though the relation of these programs might not initially be obvious, they ought to be compatible. This might be the combination of a function that uses a space during office hours, together with a function that uses that same space during the night. In addition to what This is Hybrid states about the hybrid as an unexpected mixing of functions, we should look at what we mean with this unexpectedness. At first glance, it might seem that this unexpectedness is solely based on the combination of particular functions, for instance, two functions that one just didn’t think about combining before. But this is not necessarily always the case. It can also refer to the nature of functions that might be unexpected but would work very well together. ‘The hybrid is a celebration of complexity, diversity and variety of programs. A mixture of different interdependent activities. It is a search for “unexpected, unpredictable, intimate relationships, encourages coexistence and is conscious that un-programmed situations are the keys to its future. This shows that it is truly about the interaction between these functions that is the unexpected element. The hybrid opens up to its surroundings and contact among strangers should be encouraged.’20

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Exp l or a t io n s Nowadays with all our consumer needs just a click away, the notion of ‘real time’ shopping in physical shops is under threat, a threat made even more impending considering the homogenization of the high street. Certain retail typologies however appear to be bucking the trend. The local market, whether accommodated within an architectural set piece or informally organized within the existing urban context, is not only surviving but thriving. The following examples illustrate how architecture, a space of sensory experience, social interaction and three-dimensional poetry, can revitalize and channel a programed that not only goes far beyond retail, but advocates shared spaces that bring disparate communities together.

Mercabarna Flor Market

St Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain Architect:-Willy MĂźller Arquitectos Area 15000.0 m2 Built :- 2008 The project of the market maintains in its exterior facade the archetypical image of traditional markets, The roof of the new market consists of a combination of folds between the floor, the wall and the roof, dissolving those elements to create entrances, loading zones or protected areas around the entire perimeter of the building.21

78

Figure 35a

Figure 35b

Figure 35c

Hybridization

79

Artist's Colony Market

Hungary, Budapest

Competition Project Architect:- Atelier Architects Built :- 2018

The Artist ‘s Colony is a settler.

It annexes empty building areas, rust zones, squares in existing urban structure and expands to parking areas, empty streets, etc. The design evokes tradition, and serves as a choice, a counterpoint to malls and plazas.22

Figure 36a

80

Figure 36b

Figure 36c

Hybridization

81

Swan's Market

Oakland, CA, USA Architect:-Oliver and Thomas Built 1917

A community gathering place that included residents of both lowincome and market-rate housing, small businesses and non-profits to establish a blend of artistic, cultural and culinary traditions to serve Oakland’s diverse Downtown. Today, Swan’s Market is a popular destination in Oakland and is home to some of the City’s most popular restaurants.23

82

Figure 37a

Figure 37b

Figure 37c

Hybridization

83

INCA Public Market

Inca ,Mallorca, Spain Architect:- Charmaine Lay and Charles Muro Built 2012

The building accommodates small shops and council offices plus an underground supermarket and car park that are located beneath the public square. The zigzagging wooden roof of this market hall in Mallorca snakes around a plaza and over a car park entrance before sloping down to meet the ground.24

84

Figure 38a

Figure 38b

Figure 38c

Hybridization

85

Ghent Market Hall

Ghent, Belgium Architect:- Marie-JosĂŠ Van Hee + Robbrecht & Daem Built 2012

Cafe Market Retail Shops Services Storage

The inside embraces the passer-by with a dual modulated wooden ceiling, whose small windows scatter light inwards. The exterior, the entire building in fact, seems to assume a respectful role relative to the nobler historic stone buildings, by using a wooden, almost humble, finish. A glass envelope protects the wood and provides a soft shine, with the sky reflected, integrated.25

86

Cafe Market Retail Shops Services Storage

Figure 39a

Figure 39b

Figure 39c

Hybridization

87

Bergen Fish Market

Bergen, Norway Architect:- Eder Biesel Arkitekter Built 2013

The building meets all conceptional urban requirements while blending into the historical context and creating an image for the market place by means of modern architecture. The fish market in Bergen is an international tourist destination and attraction.26

88

Figure 40a

Figure 40b

Figure 40c

Hybridization

89

Marktal

Rotterdam, Netherlands Architect:- MVRDV Built 2014

Markthal includes a huge market floor on the ground floor under an arch of apartments. The combination of an apartment building covering a fresh food market with food shops, restaurants, a supermarket and an underground parking is found nowhere else in the world.27

90

Figure 41a

Figure 41b

Figure 41c

Hybridization

91

Wakefield Market

Wakefield, England Architect:- Adjaye Associates 6390.0 m2 Built:-2008

The market consists of three halls which are related to one another by a flat roof supported on a steel frame and, with this plane as the dominant reference, the halls define two external spaces.28

92

Figure 42a

Figure 42b

Figure 42c

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Goal Statement

Market are the most primarily requirement for any neighborhood. Rethinking market in different architecture form by way of combining and merging them with a distant program could create a new possibility for the architecture intervention. As the field study suggest that transit hubs always found to be ideal location for the markets. Creating a harmonious environment for both function by responding to context or inculcating the existing program is a stance for these thesis. The study of market in order inculcate the various success from various types of markets.

The markets of various types have distinct way of functioning and each one them has own way of attracting people. The thesis tries to inculcate the positive aspects from them and tries to merge them by giving it a new identity. The upcoming metro station could become potential area of interests as the research suggests that potential for a new market might arise around them. Such that there feasibility is meant for the need.

Hybrid Architecture can lead to architecture of a endless possibility wherein the urban insert could become something which could create architecture of diverse nature. Hybrid building could evolve and create a great opportunity for an urban-scape. The closeness and overlapping of usage of a hybrid nature can be improved through time spread. People must appear at different times to produce diversity and intensity of land and uses. It seems that hybridization might create some issues. Because we define things with boundaries and because some functions require without any doubt these boundaries, hybridization may swing between and rely entirely on private and public issues. The entire building might not be hybrid but hybrid events can occur within its envelope. For instance, where private and public meet, that can potentially be considered a hybrid event. The importance of time spread seems essential as it ensures a continuity of movement.

Can architectural programs sharing the same space while keeping their original identity, sharing strength to enhance diversity, intensity and density, be considered hybrids?

Or can we state that hybrid architecture is something exclusively dedicated to strategic purposes that will by no means generate so-called hybrid buildings?

94

Hybridization can also be considered strategy rather than just a building.

The hybrid building cannot be completely what it claims to be.

To succeed, it need not deliver a complete and final solution.

Instead, it is a stimulating framework to create contemporary hybrid events.

95

Criteria For Selection of site:-

Figure 43a

Government market/ B.M.C market distributed per ward.

The highlighted areas shows absence of market within a radius of 2kms 96

Proposed Metro Station Distribution across the city

Figure 43b

Source UDRI

The four parameter are taken into consideration for proposing hybrid strategy towards the fulfilment of the goal statement.

Figure 43c

The map represents a comparative study between number of establishment present per ward.

Figure 43d

This map shows the busy interjection of roads where high traffic and more vehicular oriented.

Source UDRI

Site Study

97

Potential Site 1 :- Proposed Mahalaxmi Metro Station

Monorail Station Railway station Saat Rasta, Seven Roads intersection Proposed Metro station Residential area

Mahalaxmi, Mumbai

Figure 44a

Site Plan

Figure 44b

The site lies with in a residential area. With new housing projects being arises. The site lies on epicenter of seven road lead connecting to various roads across. There exits a ‘Chawl’ and abandon mill. The fabric around comprises of high rise towers. The site could possibly become a potential site for Public market,affordable housing, transit station, community center, library, government office.

Location Plan 98

Figure 44c

Figure 44d

Potential Site 2 :- Bandra-Kurla Complex junction Residential area

Proposed Metro station

MMRDA and family court building

BKC, Mumbai

Figure 45a

Site Plan

Figure 45b

The site lies in Central business district surrounded by commercial and government buildings. Around the vicinity there exits a residential area. There exits a government office and a family court in front of which a metro station is proposed and site acts a gateway to central business district. In the vicinity a mall has also been planed to rejuvenate the fabric in later part of of day when office doesn’t work. Can become a potential site for Public market, Government offices, commercial, Transit station, Community center, Museum, Exhibition Space

Location Plan

Figure 45c

Figure 45d

Site Study

99

Potential Site 3 :- Proposed Site near JVLR Junction

Kanjurmarg Railway station

Proposed interchange metro station Existing school with underused open space Busiest traffic junction Commercial Buildings

JVLR LBS Road Junction

Figure 46a

Figure 46b Site Plan The site is located on a busy traffic junction of two important roads of the city. The houses a navy school and Open ground which is a underused space

in terms of urban viability. The site surrounded by a mix of residential and commercial buildings. The site demand an infrastructure supporting to the pedestrian the context for better utility of street which is more vehicle oriented. Can become a potential site for Public market, School, Library, Transit Station space.

Location Plan 100

Figure 46c

Figure 46d

Comparison Mahalaxmi Metro Station

Bandra Kurla Complex junction

JVLR L.B.S.Road Junction

Proximity

Major Infrastructure

Connectivity

In terms of existing networks including existing railways station major roads ,monorail.

Open Space

Existing or maybe informal in nature

Challenges

In terms of existing betterment of facilities and infrastructure contributing to urban context

Opportunity

Shop

Shop

Shop

Travel

Travel

Travel

Work

Work

Eat

Learn

Live

Meet Eat

Work Meet

Source:- Field study

Eat Site Study

101

Site Study

Kanjurmarg, Mumbai The site is situated on the intersection of J.V.L.R and L.B.S. Road. The site is located with the Naval Housing colony complex. The site is a Kendriya Vidyalaya

Kendriya Vidyalaya entrance

campus where a majority of student come naval housing colony. The central courtyard of the school in-addition the school also has a large open space which is facing the intersection but yet remains an underused open space. The open ground is partially utilized by the school on the special occasions. The ground is restricted to public use since its fortified by 2.5 high compound wall.

Thus there no visual connect with the locality. The entrance to the school and ground also remains way to far thus becoming inaccessible to public realm.

The government has proposed a metro station. The metro station will be interchange station of line 4 and line 6. The present scenario does not respond to future proposal and as well there is no pedestrianization on both the road as highly governed by vehicles. Both the streets facing the intersection faces a poor footfall of pedestrian mainly due various reasons namely no important landmark, pedestrian or public infrastructure, no access to large open space.

Yet both the roads serves an important link for vehicular network as a result it becomes more prone to high traffic. In addition the metro station will lead to increased footfall. Thus primarily three things taken into consideration for architecture intervention involves the upcoming metro station, The school and the underused open space.

Open-space of N.H.C. 102

Figure 47c

View from L.B.S. Road

Figure 47b

Figure 47a

View from J.V.L.R facing the ground

Figure 47d

Site Study

103

Urban form

104

Location Plan

0m 25m 50m

100m

Site Study

105

Site Plan

106

0m 10m 20m

40m

Greens

Figure 48

The diagram represts the green cover found across the vicinity of site the vegetation acounts for big tress found on site.

107

Figure 49

108

Climate Study The Climate study suggest that its a tropical wet and dry climate can be best described as moderately hot and high level of humidity.

Due to coastal nature and tropical location of city it ensures that temperatures won’t fluctuate much throughout the year. The mean average is 27.2 °C and average precipitation is 242.2 cm The mean maximum average temperatures is about 32 °C in summer and 30 °C in winter, while the average minimums are 25 °C in summer and 18 °C in winter. Mumbai experiences three distinct seasons: 1. Winter winter temperature 15 to 20 degree C Peak Winter Months – Dec to Mid Feb with temperature range 12–19°C; 2. Summer Avg temperature 30 to 27°C; Peak Summer Months , temperature shoots up to 30–40°C with humidity being approx 70– 80%. 3.Monsoon: (. Peak monsoon months: July & August sometimes with winds and thunderstorms. Temperatures at 24–29°C.29

Figure 50

Site Study

109

Land Use

Figure 51

The land use plan suggests that the area comprises of mix of commercial and industrial with residential pockets across it. The site is also surrounded by a subsequent amount of slum.

110

Building Heights

Figure 52

A number of high rise has been increasing around the site, in-addition to that numerous buildings of G+4 & 5 shares a majority buildings.

Site Study

111

Figure 53

112

Contour Analysis

The terrain analysis suggest a steep rise in terrain around the east part of site. The site lies on cascading edge of the mounts which lies in between the Powai lake and the Navy housing Colony.

The terrain of the site in west is higher while the eastern part being lowered due to nearby sea on the east side. The terrain of site flat with a slight slope towards the east. The Main road is elevated because of undulated terrain from west to east. The contour elevation increases from the Navy Colony. The contour elevation is more as land is not developed remains in the natural state where in less human intervention has taken place. The adjoining area comprises of flat land mainly due to construction activity and human intervention. There exists a steep elevation right across west side of the site. The valley exits on the east heading towards the lake and some part also towards the site.

Site Study

113

M o ve me nt Pa t terns

Following is diagrammatic done as part of field study wherein vehicular count is taken into account at an interval of five seconds which leads to formation of pattern diagram.

Morning Pedestrian Moment at 10:30am

5sec interval

114

Afternoon Pedestrian Moment at 2:00pm

5sec interval

Evening Pedestrian Moment at 6:00pm

Towards JVLR

A steady rise in pedestrian number is seen during the day with a gradual decrease during the later part of day.

Towards LBS Road 5sec interval

A steady rise in pedestrian number is seen during the day with a slight drops at afternoon and then becoming gradual at evening.

Site Study

115

Following is diagrammatic done as part of field study wherein pedestrian count is taken into account at an interval of five seconds which leads to formation of pattern diagram.

Afternoon Vehicular Moment at 2:00pm

Morning Vehicular Moment at 10:30am

5sec interval

116

5sec interval

Evening Vehicular Moment at 6:30pm Towards JVLR

A slight increase is seen during early part of day with slight depression in afternoon and then a subsequent rise in evening.

Towards LBS Road 5sec interval

A gradual increase is seen throughout the day with chart reaching at peak with constant flow throughout with a slight depression in early part of day Site Study

117

Programing

Existing Government School

Figure 54

The existing government school mainly houses students from the naval housing colony. The present school will be rethought within the new hybrid module. The school could possibly become a new gateway from the JVLR creating less congestion on the LBS. 118

Underused open space

Figure 55

The underused open space could open on the both side could possibly try to restructure the existing pedestrian network.

In addition it could act as break from traffic which is constantly found on both adjoining streets.

119

Upcoming Metro Station

Figure 56

The new footfall from an interchange metro station could be absorbed by the new hybrid intervention creating more opportunity of diversity and wide spread of public realm. The existing setup would increases the amount of public realm on streets drastically leading to more chaos on the roads which presently sees a high vehicular number.

120

Market

School

Architecture Intervention

Hybrid Module

Transit Hub/ Entrance Gateway

Pedestrian Infrastructure The present scenario of the site condition and research suggest merging of programs to create an hybrid expression. More function could be added in co-relation to the following nuances.

Programming

121

Distribution of main programs to the secondary function contributing to larger idea.

122

Figure 57

Time Interval

Figure 58

Distribution of secondary function as per timely needs accordance to the subordinate function Programming

123

Time Interval

Figure 59

Main programs segregated on the basis of there usage of time intervals by creating a correlation of adjacent program thus creating 24 hours building 124

Alteration for Program Staking

Figure 60

Programming

125

Ref e re n ces

1 International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Edition: 2nd, Chapter: Economic Sociology, Publisher: Elsevjer, Editors: James D. Wright, pp.67-72 Essay by NEIL FLIGSTEIN and RYAN CALDER on Architecture of Markets.

2 Public Market Development by author aaron zaretsky 2017 https://publicmarketdevelopment.com/what-is-a-public-market-2/ accessed on 12/10/19

3 Difference Between Formal and Informal Assessment published August 10, 2012 Author Jay accessed 14/10/19 https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-formal-and-vs-informal-assessment/

4 FLEA MARKETS & BAZAARS IN BRATISLAVA Author: Maria Kecsoova accessed on 14/10/19 https://www.welcometobratislava.eu/flea-markets-bratislava/ 5 Sustainable and Healthy Living Market Published on Mar 30, 2015 Senior Capstone accessed on 14/10/19 https://issuu.com/alexandrasebastian3/docs/capstone_book_alexandra_sebastian_2 pg 23-24 6 Sustainable and Healthy Living Market Published on Mar 30, 2015 Senior Capstone accessed on 14/10/19 https://issuu.com/alexandrasebastian3/docs/capstone_book_alexandra_sebastian_2 pg 30-31 7 Oxford Dictionary of English. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/market accessed on 15/10/19 8 Public Markets and the City: A Historical Perspective author Helen Tangires, published on October 30, 2005 https://www.pps.org/article/6thmktstangires accessed on 15/10/19 9 Kevin Matthews. The Great Buildings Collection on CD-ROM. Artifice, 2001. ISBN 0-9667098-4-5. http://greatbuildings.com/buildings/markets_of_trajan.html accessed on 18/10/19 10 Jim Chevallier, A History of the Food of Paris: From Roast Mammoth to Steak Frites, 2018, ISBN 1442272821, pp. 41-42 https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Les_Halles accessed on 19/10/19 11 A Heritage Photowalk In Old Delhi With Liddle Sisters author Swapna Liddle https://everythingcandid. com/2016/02/08/a-heritage-photowalk-in-old-delhi-with-liddle-sisters/ accessed on 19/10/19 12 The Georgetown Bazaar Walk author Ms. Deepa Krishnan published 2014 https://chennaimagic.com/ georgetown-bazaar-walk.html accessed on 19/10/19

13 Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal World: Life in India’s Last Golden Age. Penguin Books India. ISBN 0143102621. p. 70. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_Bazaar accessed on 19/10/19 14 Records, Volumes 1-2 - Mayor Brent by J.D. Morgan - Columbia Historical Society (Washington, D.C.) - 1897 - page 245 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Market,_Washington,_D.C. accessed on 21/10/19 15 Exploring Philly: Reading Terminal Market March 1, 2019 author admin in Exploring Philly https:// laughingandloving.com/2019/03/01/exploring-philly-reading-terminal-market/accessed on 21/10/19 16 https://www.mumbai.org.uk/crawford-market.html author unknown published 2016 accessed on 21/10/19 126

17 Ancient Bazaars Of India That Will Take You Back In Time By Srushti published at March 27, 2018 https:// www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/7-ancient-bazaars-of-india-that-will-take-you-back-in-time-003946. accessed 21/10/19

18 Hybridity is Dead. Long Live Hybridity thesis by Valerie Derome-Masse Master of Architecture Carleton University 2016 https://curve.carleton.ca/952d6cef-1391-44c8-94ce-3b359afbf9e1 accessed on 21/10/19 19 An Exploration into the qualities of a true hybrid building by Robin Gringhuis and Taylor Weisner Technical University Deflt published 10 FEBRUARY 2014 accessed on 25/10/19 20 Essay on Mixed Use vs Hybrid by ANGIE P 2016 https://www.scribd.com/document/384498297/ Mixed-Use-vs-Hybrid accessed on 25/10/19 21 https://www.archdaily.com/19307/mercabarna-flor-market-wma author Willy Müller Architects 2008 accessed on 26/10/19 22 Artist’s Colony Market author Hank Jarz 2010 https://www.archdaily.com/97149/artists-colony-marketatelier-architects accessed on 26/10/19 23 Swan’s Market Author May Mui http://swansmarket.com/ accessed on 26/10/19 24 Inca Public Market by Charmaine Lay and Carles Muro author Amy Frearson 24 January 2012 https:// www.dezeen.com/2012/01/24/inca-public-market-by-charmaine-lay-and-carles-muro/ accessed 26/10/19 25 Market Hall in Ghent Author-Marie-José Van Hee 2012 https://www.archdaily.com/365260/markethall-in-ghent-marie-jose-van-hee-robbrecht-and-daem accessed 26/10/19 26 Fish market in Bergen Author-Eder Biesel 2012 https://www.archdaily.com/422608/fish-market-inbergen-eder-biesel-arkitekter accessed 26/10/19 27 Markthal Rotterdam author Daria Scagliola+Stijn Brakkee 2014 https://www.archdaily.com/553933/ markthal-rotterdam-mvrdv accessed 26/10/19 28 David Adjaye’s Wakefield Market Hall to be demolished author Tom Ravenscroft 27 July 2018 https:// www.dezeen.com/2018/07/27/david-adjaye-wakefield-market-hall-demolition-news-architecture/ accessed 26/10/19 29 Climate of Mumbai Vega, Anthony J (2007). Climatology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-7637-3828-0. accessed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Mumbai on 26/10/19 A Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. (2010) p.43 B Roget’s Th esaurus of Synonyms and Antonyms. Roydon Reprint Edition. (1987) p.16

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Figure 23 Image by author Figure 24 Image by author Figure 25 Image by author Figure 26 Image by author Figure 27 Image by author Figure 28 Image by author Figure 29 Drawing by Joseph Fenton Figure 30 Image by Steven Holl Figure 31 Drawing by author Figure 32 Drawing by author Figure 33 Image by https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ chicago-temple Figure 34 Drawing by author Figure 35 Image by https://www.archdaily.com/19307/merca barna-flor-market-wma Figure 36 Image by https://www.archdaily.com/97149/artistsc lony-market-atelier-architects Figure 37 Image by http://swansmarket.com/ Figure 38 Image by https://www.dezeen.com/2012/01/24/ inca-public-market-by-charmaine-lay-and-carlesmuro/ Figure 39 Image https://www.archdaily.com/365260/markethall-in- ghent-marie-jose-van-hee-robbrecht-anddaem 132

Figure 40 Image by https://www.architecturenorway.no/pro jects/working/fish-market-2012/ Figure 41 Image by MVRDV Figure 42 Image by https://www.archdaily.com/214081/ wakefield-market-hall-adjaye-assocates Figure 43(a,b, c, d)- Image by author. Reference UDRI Figure 44(a,b)- Image by author. Reference UDRI Figure 44(c)- Image from Google Maps Figure 44(d)- M.C.G.M Development Plan 2034 Figure 45(a,b)- Image by author. Reference UDRI Figure 45(c)- Image from Google Maps Figure 45(d)- M.C.G.M Development Plan 2034 Figure 46(a,b)- Image by author. Reference UDRI Figure 46(c)- Image from Google Maps Figure 46(d)- M.C.G.M Development Plan 2034 Figure 47(a,b)- Image by author. Reference UDRI Figure 48 - Image from Google Maps

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Figure 49- Mumbai Fishing Villages - An attempt to save the Urban Villages from Urban Explosion by Jayson Ramison and Kaushal Shah.

Figure 50 Sunearthtools.com Figure 51- Image by author Figure 52- Image by author Figure 53- Image by author Figure 54- Image by author Figure 55- Image by author Figure 56- Image by author Figure 57- Image by author Figure 58- Image by author Figure 59- Image by author Figure 60- Image by author

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List of Figures

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