A Renaissance Prince: Prynce Hopkins

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RYNCE HOPKINS was, in the words of author Ronald Koegler “a true Renaissance man” whose interests ranged from anarchism to Zen Buddhism from pacifism to psychoanalysis from engineering to architecture. A world traveler, his acquaintances included Sigmund Freud, George Bernard Shaw, Upton Sinclair, and Jawaharlal Nehru. His was a mind that was ever searching, always inquisitive, virtually up to the day of his death.

In 1913 Hopkins opened a private school for young men, Boyland, in Santa Barbara. Four years later the school converted to the then little known Montessori educational system, one of the first schools in the western U. S. to do so. Initially successful, the school came to grief in a few short years due to a very public clash between Hopkins and his ideas on war and peace, and public authority. The school would be transformed into a hotel and give its name to a Santa Barbara neighborhood, Samarkand.

Ronald Koegler looks at the life of Prynce Hopkins in this issue of Noticias. Utilizing Hopkins’ own words from the pages of his nineteen books, the author also draws upon the observations of Hopkins family members as well as others who knew him. The result is a probing look into the life of a man who, in many ways, was a very private individual.

THE AUTHOR: Dr. Ronald R. Koegler is an Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at UCLA. After studying at Stanford University he received his M.D. degree at Temple University Medical School.

He has authored five books and fifty-one articles on such diverse topics as childhood schizophrenia, the family of author Thomas Wolfe, and Montessori education.

AUTHOR’S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I would first of all like to thank Jennifer Fay Hopkins, Prynce Hopkins’ daughter, and Mary Ames Mitchell, Prynce Hopkins’ granddaughter, for their reminiscences, genealogical information, photographs, and other illustrative materials. I also wish to thank Eileen Mary Ames, Prynce Hopkins’ daughter, as well as architects Thornton Ladd and John Kelsey for taking the time to share their memories.

Front cover photograph of Prynce Hopkins is from the collection of Mary Ames Mitchell. Back cover illustration is from a promotional booklet announcing the 1916–1917 school year at Boyland from the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS: NOTICIAS is a journal devoted to the study of the history of Santa Barbara County. Contributions of articles are welcome. Those authors whose articles are accepted for publication will receive ten gratis copies of the issue in which their article appears. Further copies are available to the contributor at cost. The authority in matters of style is the University of Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. The Publications Committee reserves the right to return submitted manuscripts for required changes. Statements and opinions expressed in articles are the sole responsibility of the author.

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A Renaissance Prince:

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INTRODUCTION: Prynce Hopkins was a fascinating individual and a true Renaissance man, “a man who exhibits the virtues of the idealized man of the Renaissance a man of varied talent and learning.” 1 He was an educator who founded schools in Santa Barbara and France a psychologist and psychoanalyst acquainted with Sigmund Freud and analyzed by Ernest Jones (part of the inner circle around Freud) a philosopher and pioneer in the study of Eastern religions a world traveler who spent two months of most years on his journeys and a prolific writer and author of nineteen books on psychology, sociology, Eastern religions, and psychoanalysis.

Prynce Hopkins also was a graduate engineer who secured a patent on a helicopter in 1911.

A strong supporter of free speech, he was arrested along with author Sinclair Lewis at a union rally in 192 , and was a founding member of the Southern California branch of the A.C.L.U. In 19 5 he was Democratic candidate for the State Assembly in Pasadena.

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A PERSONAL NOTE: A short time after we took possession of our 1921 house in Santa Barbara on Tremonto Road in December of 1986, the real estate agent who sold the house to us presented us with a chain of title. This document showed that the land beneath the house was part of a parcel deeded to the Roman Catholic Church on March 18, 1865 “under an act passed by President Abraham Lincoln,” and that “the Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles granted title to Prince C. Hopkins of Santa Barbara” on June 2, 191 . We later found out that a school started by Prynce Hopkins had been somewhere on these lands. It was some time before we became aware that, in 191 , it had become a Montessori school.

As Director of the American Montessori Society Teacher Training Program in Los Angeles from 196 1966, I had worked closely with the late Nancy Rambusch, founder of the American Montessori Society, to develop the first completely American Montessori teacher training program previous programs had relied on European trainers.2 In addition, our three children had gone to Montessori schools and two of our grandchildren have had the benefits of a Montessori education.

So I was naturally very interested in the story of Prynce Hopkins’ school and what had become of it. Then, gradually, I became more and more interested in the

Ronald R. Koegler, M.D. 1 9

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life of Prynce Hopkins. As a psychiatrist, I discovered a man who not only had been psychoanalyzed by Ernest Jones, but had become a training analyst, and, in later years, had undergone training in en Buddhism and studied with Buddhist and Hindu leaders. In wanted to know more.

In 1962 Hopkins published his memoirs, Both Hands Before the Fire, eight years before his death in l9 0 at age eighty-five.

He began his narrative thusly: At my birth—which took place in my parents’ home in Oakland, California at five pm on March 5, 1885 —my good fairy pronounced plenteous, pleasant predictions.

She included health, comfortable circumstances, not one loving mother but several, the best schools and teachers, congenial work pioneering in several fields, wide travel, many interests, two lovely wives, and children who would become the very greatest satisfaction.

Then the usual thing happened. With a clap of thunder, there entered uninvited the wicked fairy, Emotional Insecurity. Angrily waving her wand, she gave as her gifts depression and rash impulsiveness. Through these, I would get myself in prison, invest in ill-considered enterprises, be divorced by my wives, be torn from my children, never carry any enterprise to completion and catch diseases on my travels.

The good fairy, re-appearing from under the accouchement bed where she had hidden, explained to my frightened parents, “Unfortunately, I have not the power to undo the evil fairy’s curse. But I do have one gift left which will act as a partial corrective – the gift of Unearned Luck. Not only will the young PHOTO: Charles Hopkins, Prynce Hopkins’ father, enjoyed great success as an investor. By the time of his death, Charles and his son had grown estranged. From Both Hands Before the Fire.

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Prynce most always win when he throws the dice for a drink at his club, but whenever he is jailed he will get off with only a fine or even have the public laughing at the police chief; his unfortunate real estate ventures will be deducted from income tax; the hotel which he built which became a white elephant will be developed by others into a benevolent institution blessing many lonely old people; the school in France into which he poured another fortune will be run by the French government without further cost to him as a ‘maison familiale’ on progressive lines for unfortunate children; the overly extravagant house built by his architect while he was absent in Europe will find use as a meeting place for various political and cultural organizations; his wives will remain affectionate friends; his children will be restored to him, and in old age he will regain his health and learn some of the secrets of serenity.”

Prynce Hopkins did indeed seem to obtain peace of mind and serenity in his later years.

THE FAMILY NAME Hopkins had been born with his first name spelled Prince. Frequently embarrassed by this, he began utilizing alternate spellings. In 192 , his doctoral thesis was published under the name Prynce Hopkins. Complicating the matter is that

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he published many of his later books as Pryns Hopkins, perhaps because Prynce would be pronounced like Prince which might be embarrassing when dealing with his anarchist friends more on that later. For simplicity’s sake, the spelling, “Prynce,” will be used throughout.

The first mention of the name in the family genealogy occurs in 1 5 when a Prence Hopkins, a descendant of Mayflower passenger Stephen Hopkins, and his wife, Patience Snow, apparently named their seventh child, Prince, although it is possible this was an error on the part of a clergyman. Prence was a prominent family surname in New England and the use of family names as given names was not uncommon. Charles Hopkins, Prynce Hopkins’ father, was correct when he told his son that Charles’ older brother had been named Prince, “as had their father, grandfather, and great grandfather.”5

THE PARENTS At the time of Prynce Hopkins’ birth, his mother, the former Mary Isabelle Booth, was nineteen and his father was forty-seven. Charles Hopkins had left the family home in North Vassalboro, Maine and had come to California. “Here he clerked in a clothing store and in the local mint. By living frugally he had saved

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enough money to buy himself a seat on the San Francisco stock exchange.” 6 Charles returned to Vassalboro to marry his childhood sweetheart, Lizzie Cullis, in September 1865 she sadly died during childbirth in 186 . He then married Ruth Singer in 1868 “and briefly knew great happiness but the childbirth tragedy repeated itself.” Ruth died in 18 8. Prynce Hopkins writes that before she died she had inherited a “substantial block” of Singer Sewing Machine stock upon the death of her father, Isaac Merritt Singer. Charles Hopkins inherited this stock following the death of his wife.8 Isaac Merritt Singer (1811 18 5) was a 6’ ” giant of a man, who worked for a time as a Shakespearean actor. He invented an improved version of the sewing machine, and made a fortune he left an estate of between 1 and 15 million.9 He also left twenty-two living children and three common-law wives, one legal wife, plus an ex-wife, most of whom did not know of the existence of the other wives or children. Litigation went on for years after his death. To his credit, he did recognize all twenty-two of his children in his will.10 Ruth was the eldest of five children born to Isaac Singer and Mary McGonigal.

A native of Ireland, her children were born in New York City.11 Singer used the name “Mr. Mathews” when he visited Mary in New York City, and Mary possibly thought of herself as Mrs. Mathews she appears in the 18 0 federal census under that name, living in San Francisco. Ruth’s age is given as sixteen Mary was thirtyfive.12 She had moved to San Francisco PHOTO: Mary Hopkins, Prynce Hopkins’ mother. At the time of her death at age ninety in 1955, her son remembered her as “this pious, dutiful, generous old soul.” Courtesy of Mary Ames Mitchell.

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“to outface the scandal that now overtook her and her children” when she discovered Singer’s duplicity.1 Isaac Singer tracked her down after his return from England.

Ruth Merritt Mathews-Singer received two “parts” in Singer’s will, “each part being worth 10,9 .18 in cash and 121,9 5 in stock.” Mary’s other four children also received two parts. One author estimated the bequest was “worth about ten times that in terms of today’s money.”1 In her book, The Man in the Purple Cow House, Mary Mitchell, granddaughter of Prynce Hopkins, gave a slightly different story. She wrote that records from the San Francisco stock exchange show that Charles Hopkins bought a seat on the exchange in 18 and sold it in 18 6, and that he had been buying stock in the Singer Company after his marriage to Ruth Singer. He “was one of the major stockholders of Singer, just as Levi’s jeans and elaborate Victorian dresses were becoming popular.” She writes that he had received “a few more shares” after his wife’s death.15 What was the source of the Hopkins fortune? It is of more than passing interest, since it enabled Prynce Hopkins to live a leisurely life, build schools, travel, and give charitable gifts to deserving institutions.

After his father’s death in 191 he was able “to put his wealth to many good uses.”16 Charles Hopkins was a shrewd investor who amassed a considerable fortune in the stock market, and it would appear he had already made astute purchases of Singer stock before his wife’s death. His inheritance from her seems to have been significant, but not substantial.

Charles then married Mary Isabelle Booth in 188 she was the daughter of Sam Booth, an employee at the Mint in San Francisco where Hopkins had once worked.

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THE EARLY YEARS The family lived in San Francisco at the Hotel Pleasanton after Prynce was born.

Charles “came to suffer terrible chronic pains in his kidney and bladder” and sought cures from “every famous specialist of whom he would hear, in any part of the world.” Rather than “drag me around with them” Prynce was left with Dick and Lucy Anthony in Oakland.1 At what age he started to live with the Anthonys is unclear. Eileen Ames, Prynce’s daughter, believes it was at a “very young” age.18 The Anthonys were “my father’s best friends and, to me, foster parents,” whom he called uncle and aunt. He would visit with his parents every other Sunday, and spent alternate Sundays with his maternal grandmother and grandfather on Mission Street in San Francisco.19 Hopkins described “Tante” Lucy as a “sweet and motherly woman who had no children of her own.” She “used to read me stories” and “sing me to sleep with some lullaby such as Sweet and Low.” “Uncle” Dick was “Dad’s greatest chum” and presided over a large dinner table which included Mrs. Anthony’s sister, “Miss Sarah Horton, a noble and warm-hearted woman who ran one of the finest private schools in the Bay region. Two or three of her woman teachers, and sometimes as many students, completed this household.”

Sometimes Charles Hopkins would visit.20 Prynce Hopkins mused, “Of course, so much shuttling between parents and various foster parents was not good it accounts for most of the insecurity and depression which have dogged my life.”21 At age seven young Prynce traveled with his maternal aunts “to see the famous 1892 World’s Fair in Chicago” then it was back to Miss Horton’s school in Oakland.

The following year he went with his

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parents to Denver, and that winter they traveled with family friends, the Smiths, to Austria, where Prynce and young Wesley Smith attended “a local school in order that we might learn German.”22 “In March, just after my ninth birthday the Smiths returned to Denver while we continued in Europe.”2 In the winter they went on to Cairo where they spent several months. Hopkins later wrote, “It is rather amusing to look back to that last-century winter in Cairo and see my mother and Lady Randolph Churchill, clad in billowy bloomers, setting forth to cycle to the pyramids.”2 Then he and his mother came down with diphtheria, and they both were close to death. “We would have died of the disease but for one great piece of luck.

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In France, a vaccine for diphtheria had been developed, and the first samples of it arrived only three days previously in Cairo.”25 This was not a vaccine, but a serum antitoxin, developed by Emil von Behring in 1891 after many years of work. It saved mother and son. The mortality rate from diphtheria had been quite high a daughter and granddaughter of Britain’s ueen Victoria had died of the disease in 18 8.

Von Behring went on to receive the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1901 for his work on diphtheria.

After a slow recovery (the antitoxin does not neutralize toxins already bound to tissues), they went on to Greece and Rome and then to Paris, and finally back to Oakland. Altogether the family had

The Hopkins family home at 1900 Garden Street. Francis Wilson was the architect. Collection of the Santa Barbara Historical Museum.

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been traveling about two-and-a-half years at a leisurely pace. This was a lifestyle that Prynce Hopkins later adopted, a source of pleasure and knowledge for him, but perhaps incompatible with traditional family life.26 SCHOOL DAYS Hopkins was sent to attend the Thacher School in Ojai as a boarding student. His parents stayed at the Arlington Hotel in Santa Barbara when they visited. A letter from Sherman D. Thacher to “My dear Miss Horton,” principal of the Horton School in Oakland, thanked her for “the charming little boy you have sent me.”

Prynce was ten, the youngest boy in the school. Thacher extolled his courage during an illness saying that young Prynce was “always happy. Nothing seems to disconcert him.” Thacher called him a

“moral force” among the students.2 Hopkins later wrote, “Santa Barbara’s population then numbered only 12,000 and it was a delightfully small, half Mexican town.”28 His family moved to Santa Barbara when he was eleven years old, having built a residence at 1900 Garden Street.

The Santa Barbara Daily Press noted that the Hopkins’ new home, “ commands a most beautiful and extended view of the Rincon, Channel, and Islands The erection of this house will break a long succession of unoccupied lots extending on Garden Street for three blocks below the Crocker houses and will greatly improve the neighborhood.”29 The family called the home El Nido (The Nest) and it is still a landmark at Garden and Pedregosa streets.

In 19 1, Mary Hopkins had the house extensively remodeled as her son wrote, “Mother had . . . the top story of the house

Prynce Hopkins at Thacher School. He is at center, second boy above the baby in the wagon. The headmaster called young Prynce “a moral force” among the students. Courtesy of Jennifer Hopkins.

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Hopkins was fascinated by human flight. In 1906 he submitted this concept of a helicopter for a patent. Reprinted from Noticias 6 (Spring 1960):16.

knocked off, because, living alone as she now did, she did not wish to keep up so needlessly big an establishment.” 0 Hopkins continued at Thacher School until late fall of 1899, when his parents took him out of school in mid-term for another trip to Europe. They enrolled him in a French school in Geneva, which he did not like, and he prevailed upon his parents to take him out of the school. They then enrolled him in private classes in French and group classes in history, mathematics, chemistry, and gymnastics, all of which “ushered in one the happiest periods of my life.” 1 His parents had been traveling without him he left to join his father at the Paris International Exposition of 1900. For almost the first time in his life he was alone with his father. “We became acquainted as never before, and good friends, as seemed not to be always the case when mother

also was with us.” 2 After Paris, they went on to join his mother in Rome.

When they finally returned to the United States, Prynce was enrolled, at age fifteen, in the two-year college preparation program at the Hill School in Pennsylvania.

In his senior year he decided on a career in mechanical engineering and was accepted at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale.

His hobby at this time was mechanics and he worked daily “fashioning some gadget or other.” His special interest was helicopters, powered by twisted elastic rubber ropes, and he succeeded in developing a model that flew. He also developed a successful underwater torpedo running along wires.

Hopkins had been fascinated with the idea of human flight since “overhearing the word airship’ in the spring of 1896, when I was turning 11 years old.” He turned from planes to helicopters while at

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Yale, and applied for a patent on a helicopter of his own design in 1906, three years after the Wright brothers’ first powered flight. It was a “machine with two oppositely rotating vanes at the ends of a rocking frame from which the car was suspended.”

His father weighed in, “If man had been intended to fly, he’d have been given wings.” 5 Hopkins wrote, “By adding small improvements, I succeeded in getting the date of issue postponed until 1911. Meantime I managed to interest a wealthy New York friend, named Albert Markley, in backing me to construct a first engine driven machine. Just as we were about to start, however, he got cold feet. I never converted another angel the idea of human flight was too chimerical. The patent has long since expired.” 6 Hopkins received his B.S. from Sheffield Scientific School at Yale in 1906 and then went on a vacation with his father, first to Battle Creek, Michigan, for dietary treatment of his father’s gastrointestinal problems and then to Maine for fishing. His father presented him with a surprise gift of a check for a trip abroad, and he was off to Paris aboard the Cunard liner Aquitania, securing a cabin at the last minute.

In Paris he bought a secondhand racing motorcycle, and took off, but was stopped by a policeman, who told him he

The above portrait of Prynce Hopkins was taken in 1911 by the portrait team of W. Edwin and Carolyn Gledhill, Santa Barbara. Courtesy of Mary Ames Mitchell.

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was going too fast. “Now, in those days I still spelled my first name, P-r-i-n-c-e.

On this occasion, for the first time in my life, this name, which has caused me many embarrassments, stood me in good stead. I handed my card to the agent. He scrutinized it, and then, bowing respectfully, said, Passez, Monsieur le prince ’ ” He returned from Europe in the fall of 1906 and entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to continue his studies toward a master’s degree in engineering. During his time in Boston he lived with his father’s brother, George, and his wife. George was described as quite unlike his father, his sense of humor “boisterous” rather than “quiet,” his personality “convivial” rather that “shrewd,” a “ne’er do well to whom my Father good naturedly gave a small

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monthly remittance.” Prynce described himself as “very happy there.” 8 He suffered with terrible colds in the Boston winter and transferred to Stanford University, but he had his heart set on aeronautics and his grades suffered.

Profoundly disappointed at the way his life was going, possibly depressed, he “merely puttered at this and that,” for several years, before deciding on a teaching career.

He later speculated that he had made this decision as an “expression of hostility” directed at his father, who “resented the fact that after an expensive education I was still without a job.” 9 He went to study at Columbia University and majored at Teachers’ College in Educational Psychology, earning a M.A. under professors Edward Thorndike, J. McKeen Cattell, Robert Woodworth, and John Dewey. He found the courses “interested me tremendously.” 0 With a Brooklyn neurologist and hypnotist, Siegfried Block, M.D., he set up a practice in hypnosis. He went to an anarchist ball where he met and came under the influence of Emma Goldman, a well-known anarchist. Roger Baldwin, later one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union, became a life-long friend.

BOYLAND About 1911, Hopkins came down with tuberculosis, and, against his will, was shipped off to Pottenger’s Sanitarium in Monrovia, California, a famous institution of the time. He spent his time reading books that came to influence the development of his pacifist views Tolstoy’s War and Peace converted “the young seventhregiment conservative who had entered Pottenger’s into a critic of our social order and a convinced pacifist.” 1 To pass the time while in Pottenger’s

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he produced a mimeographed publication, the Pottenger Pulse. He continued it after discharge from Pottinger’s as a “more serious magazine dealing with local social and educational problems,” renaming it Dawn. 2 His father, “to cheer me up” during his stay at Pottinger’s, promised that when he got out he would give him land outside of Santa Barbara upon which he could start a boys’ school. True to his word, his father did buy for his son, in 191 , fourteen acres of land in the Riviera neighborhood above the city. Prynce hired architect J. Corbley Poole and he “sketched for me an attractive one-story building, extending around three sides of a square, with a circular swimming pool on the fourth side.” This was the genesis of Boyland.

After his release from Pottinger’s, Prynce had spent part of one summer at the Junior Republic at Chino “to gain experience with difficult boys” and prepare himself for starting the school.

“Around the Christmas season of 1912, my father went into his last illness.”

Charles Hopkins died in a San Francisco hospital on November 11, 191 at the age of seventy-six, still “pathetically insistent that only my mother should minister to him, and this she did with the greatest devotion I am ashamed to compare it with my own indifference We had become so estranged that I felt no sorrow at his passing I felt gratified that now I would be able to put his wealth to many good uses.” 5 The San Francisco Chronicle heralded the check written for 2 1,521. 1 by the heirs of Charles H. Hopkins as “the largest single inheritance tax ever paid in this State,” noting that, “The son’s interest amounts to 2, 06, . and his mother’s to 9 , 1 .08.” 6 These were tremendous sums by 191 standards. The previous

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year a new Ford Model T Town Car could be had for 50.

Hopkins spent nine months of 1915 touring the Far East and Russia followed by a visit with various anarchist friends in New York City. Emma Gilbert, a young student at the anarchist Ferrar School remembered, “Pryns Hopkins taught me to tango.”

Before leaving on his 1915 trip, Hopkins was already making plans for a larger school, ready to put his inherited fortune to good use. Photographs of the school on the Riviera show a pattern which he repeated in his later schools in the Samarkand neighborhood in Santa Barbara and France all three of them included a very large map of the world where the children could trace the oceans and continents in a realistic manner, an idea which reached its zenith at the Samarkand location.

Hopkins’ school was a success and a need for larger quarters soon became manifest. In June, 1915, the Santa Barbara Daily News announced that Hopkins had purchased thirty acres overlooking Oak Park for 15,000. “This will be transformed into a veritable paradise, where every detail suggests the development of the young American along lines intended to make him strong mentally, physically, and morally.

On this beautiful tract will be not only the attractive and helpful buildings where the boys will spend their indoors,’ but there will be wonderful waterfalls supplying a large lake in the center of which the world’s continents will be represented in miniature” 8 Hopkins also planned on small buildings with separate gardens, to represent architecture of the different countries. “There will be a German residence, a French home, and an Italian villa, and so on, and when the boys are studying different nations, they will have

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a strictly national atmosphere in which to pursue their studies, being surrounded with French, German, Italian, English, or Japanese environment.” 9 He planned to build in a great semicircle, with a gymnasium building facing a large map of the world. The world map would be laid out on a great oval cement basin four hundred feet long and two hundred feet across the water level of the “oceans” was to be three feet. “The stream will come between the two administrative buildings, down the breaks that look like giant stairs, across the court and into the gymnasium swimming pool, out into the lake around the map of the world, and then down a series of miniature waterfalls past the amphitheater . . . .”50 There was to be a two-story main building with wings housing dormitories and classrooms, nine stables, and formal gardens. These had a Persian motif and were patterned after famous gardens of Vienna, Paris, and Rome. There were small, miniature mountain ranges whose volcanoes intermittently “erupted.”

The contracts were let and the building was constructed as planned. With school scheduled to open October 8th, about four hundred guests attended an informal reception October 1, 191 .

MONTESSORI AND BOYLAND A few weeks earlier came an announcement. “Montessori is adopted for Boyland” proclaimed a headline in the Santa Barbara Morning Press on September 1 , 191 . The article related how Hopkins had attended Dr. Maria Montessori’s training program in San Diego. He had then hired Mrs. Mollie Price Cook and Mrs. Rose Travis as teachers who “are graduates of the advanced Montessori and have wide teaching experience in the South.” The

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article stated “Mr. Hopkins’ methods in the past have in keeping with the ideas of Dr. Montessori” at Boyland “where the method of individual child study has always prevailed.”

The article continued, “Most people associate this method with very young children, and it is not generally known that the famous Italian doctor has for several years been working out an advanced method for older children, and teaching the method to teachers in San Diego. A few eastern schools are now using the advanced materials, but hitherto the full method has not been introduced in the west.”

What attracted Hopkins to Montessori? It was indeed the “method of individual child study” which she proposed, but it was also that she had discovered the secret of the “prepared environment”51 which is at the heart of the Montessori Method; the child has a sense of freedom and the teacher has a sense of control. The child is free to move around the classroom, but the classroom objects are carefully selected

from among the Montessori sensorial and educational materials by the teacher, who is guided by the individual child’s level of readiness.

Maria Montessori was a very determined individual who pursued a medical career against the opposition of her father and Italian society. Shunned by her male classmates, she was forced to do her anatomy dissections after hours, separate from the men.52 She was the first female graduate of the University of Rome in medicine in 1896, and only the fifth woman to graduate with a medical degree in all of Italy.53 She became interested in pediatrics and education and was appointed director of the Orthophrenic School, where she trained teachers to work with developmentally disabled children, based on the work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin. Devising materials carefully over the years from her work, she then perfected her materials and her observations about childhood behavior

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A Boyland student journeys across the “ocean” at the Riviera campus. Courtesy of Jennifer Hopkins.

The success of Boyland necessitated construction of a larger facility towards the northwestern edge of Santa Barbara. Courtesy of Jennifer Hopkins.

in her work with normal children in the Casa dei Bambini in 190 .5 It would appear that the transition to the Montessori method began in the spring of 191 when a Montessori preschool was started, possibly in April or May of 191 , prior to the new campus opening in October of 191 . The class materials for the preschool children were already in use, including “interesting counting beads,” and the materials for the older children “will soon arrive.”55 The elementary materials were certainly available by 191 and Spontaneous Activity in Education: The Advanced Montessori Method had been translated into English in 191 .

Hopkins wrote about the hiring of Mollie Cook in San Diego, “There I met a very able woman, Mrs. Mollie Cook, whom I appointed to be my chief assistant Mrs. Cook, with my approval, added a pre-school’ department in which we

received children of both sexes. The boarding department was doing well also and we were all so happy that Mrs. Cook used to exclaim, It’s too good to last ’”56 The pre-school component is essential to the development of Montessori education, as is the presence of “children of both sexes.” Hopkins seems to have been unaware of this, or at least unaware of its importance, and in his subsequent school efforts he focused on the single-sex Boyland idea with boys “between 9 and 11 years when entering.”5 At the reception in October 191 , Mrs. Molly Price Cook and her staff, Mrs. Rose M. Travis, Mrs. Helen L. Mabry, and K.B. Van Woert, “explained the purpose of the Montessori system.”58 The school opened as probably the most beautiful Montessori school ever built (certainly the most exotic).

It functioned quite well until a fateful day in April of 1918.

THE END OF BOYLAND On April 8, 1918, Boyland was raided by federal agents and Hopkins, Mollie Price Cook, and five others were arrested and

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charged under the U.S. Espionage Act. The headlines the next day screamed, “SEVEN CAUGHT IN WIDE FEDERAL DRAGNET. Master of Boyland is Jailed in L.A Evidence is Black.”59 An local editorial read, “Prince Hopkins will go down in his grave, not with the praise of the community for the establishment of a school that educates the young along new and better lines, but as one who attempted to destroy the very foundation of the Republic under which his fortune was gathered, under which he was educated, and under which he ought to have fought and died if there was need.”60 America’s entry into World War I in April 191 had energized Hopkins’ pacifist feelings, “ I broke off a planned Alaskan trip with my mother to go instead to New York to resume contact with some of my pacifist and anarchist friends and to consider what we should do in the pending crisis America was about to enter the First World War. I became an agitator against militarism.”61 Hopkins had co-authored a pamphlet called The Ethics of Murder and had written a book entitled, More Prussian Than Prussia? These works became the primary evidence against him. Before his arrest, “Mrs. Cook and various friends, including the publisher of my book, pleaded with me to desist from my propaganda, which could only end in my arrest and the destruction of the school. I felt, however, that a higher loyalty called me to subordinate these considerations to doing what I could to hold my country back from war.”62 The book, More Prussian Than Prussia, appears to have been hastily written after April 6, 191 , since it refers to the date that the United States entered the conflict.

It consists of quotations from diverse individuals such as Woodrow Wilson and Congressional opponents of the war,

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and discusses various subjects which emphasized pacifist principles and the futility of war. It contains three references to Maria Montessori two referring to preparing the classroom environment, and the third refers to her refugee work.6 The only inflammatory material is the title.

Copies of The Ethics of Murder were not available for examination. Both books, incidentally, were ordered burned by the authorities.

Hopkins was initially determined “to take a fanatically defiant stand” after his arrest, but he was persuaded by his lawyers to plead “guilty to having written books and made speeches which might have interfered with recruiting.” He was fined 25,000. Each of his companions was fined 10,000. “We escaped prison sentences, the judge declaring that in this case there could be no suspicion of pro-German sympathy.” He got off lightly, possibly because he could afford good lawyers, perhaps due to his social position, and also because the judge had read the book and found it inoffensive. Some pacifists were getting “twenty years in prison.”6 Meanwhile, Boyland was under attack.

A semi-humorous article in the Morning Press on April 2 , 1918 was headlined, “World War at Boyland. Drawn Battle is Result.” A “Christian” church group was meeting in Oak Park and “25 or 0 boys organized an expeditionary force which took the path uphill to the Boyland grounds.” Boyland reported that they made “slurring” remarks. Stones were thrown, but no casualties were reported.

A letter, which is undated, was written by “Marcia Ferrar,” and possibly describes this same incident or a similar incident. It is entitled, “My opinion of our scrimmage.”

She had gone down to play on the model railroad at Boyland where “there were seven town boys from about nine to fourteen

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years old, riding on the cars. We were quite friendly and were playing together when a boy about eleven suddenly caught sight of a statue of Buddha … the town kids started to shout ‘that’s the thing these guys pray to’ … They started in on Prince … they told us that he had been arrested as a spy and would probably be shot.” One boy said “we were all Germans and the whole bunch of us ought to be shot.”

The letter writer punched a boy who refused to let go of a smaller boy and get off the railroad (and leave the property).

Several of the town boys stated throwing stones. “But the nearest one that came my way out of a good many only came within six inches of my right ear and we told them that the next one who threw another stone would find himself kicked into the Pacific Ocean [on the world map] which was nice and full at that minute.”65 Staff came down to interrupt the “scrimmage.”

Hopkins later wrote, “An immediate effect of my arrest was the breakup of Boyland as a school. Some parents of my pupils honored me for the stand I had

taken, but, even of these, most were forced by fear of public disapproval to withdraw the children. There seemed nothing to do but close down the institution and offer the property for sale.”66 Hopkins would later abandon his pacifist stand. “I remained a pacifist until 1930, then formally renounced this position because non-violent methods did not seem capable of withstanding Hitler’s ‘strategy of terror’ propaganda and misrepresentation-techniques.”67 The future of the Boyland property posed a problem. No one was interested in buying such a large building. During the influenza epidemic of 1918 Hopkins wired from San Francisco volunteering Boyland as a temporary hospital. The C`hkx Mdvr stated on October 26, 1918, “The emergency hospital at ‘Boyland’ has practically all the patients it can care for because of the lack of attendants … The Cottage and St. Francis hospitals are full to capacity.”

Mary Hopkins had the idea of turning Boyland into a luxury hotel. “We

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modified the Map by heaping stones upon the continents’ to make them into rock gardens and brought in swans to swim on the oceans. The building, of course, had to undergo considerable modifications to adapt it for its new purpose, classrooms and bedrooms being enlarged and connected into suites, the gymnasium converted into a ballroom, the stage cleared away to make room for a reception desk, and so on. The Persian note was kept and emphasized in the color schemes. George Dennison, landscape architect and Frank Ingerson, interior decorator made the place altogether unique and beautiful. Its opening to the public was a gala occasion New Years Eve, 1920 for which we engaged the noted dancers, Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn.”68 Because of its isolated location, the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake, and the stock market crash, the Samarkand Hotel was not all that successful. In 19 Barbara Spreckels, the millionaire sugar widow, bought the hotel from the Hopkins estate and poured many thousands of dollars into an effort to restore its former glory, but the hotel continued to be unsuccessful.

Eventually she offered it as a gift to the March of Dimes and the University of California at Santa Barbara, but both turned it down. She then traded it for a dairy farm in Marin County. It finally became a successful retirement home the last remaining original Boyland building was torn down several years ago.69 FIRST MARRIAGE Prynce Hopkins fled to Europe as soon as he could obtain a passport at the end of the war and traveled extensively, almost obsessively. He had previously started Jungian psychoanalysis with a woman at whose house he had stayed in Pasadena

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while awaiting trial, Mary Wilshire, wife of Gaylord Wilshire, the man for whom Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles was named.

He saw Sigmund Freud in Vienna after various adventures in Constantinople and Bucharest. He wrote, “I had learnt from Mrs. Wilshire that my costly misadventures of the past few years were the fruits of weaknesses in my own personality and that my crying need was to have a more thorough psychoanalysis.”

Freud impressed him as a “most fatherly type of man in whom I would trust,” but Freud would not be available to begin his psychoanalysis until he returned from his summer vacation in the fall. 0 Hopkins was impatient to start, possibly not understanding that Freud took a long vacation every summer for several months to work, and indulge in his passion for collecting antiquities.

Freud had recommended Dr. Ernest Jones to Hopkins. When Dr. Jones was briefly unavailable, a chance conversation led Hopkins to Maurice Nicoll who, his new friend assured him, was the “greatest analyst in London.” Hopkins found him to be “a brilliant psychiatrist, the leading follower of C. G. Jung.” 1 Hopkins was in Jungian analysis for five months. Jungian analysis makes use of dreams “I had dreams every night.” 2 Hopkins also studied the mystical theories of Peter D. Ouspensky, attended seminars with Ouspensky in London, and then traveled with Nicoll to France to work and study at the Gurdjieff Institute at Fontainebleau-Avon, a cult popular in the 1920s.

He met first wife, Eileen Thomas, “a gentle girl of pretty complexion intelligent, with a vivacious, perky mien. . . . Shortly after my return from Fontainebleau-Avon, Eileen and I were

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NOTICIAS Prynce Hopkins married Eileen Thomas in January 1921. The marriage did not survive the decade. From Both Hands Before the Fire.

married at St. Peter’s Church in Cranley Gardens” on January 12, 1921.

The news of the wedding reached the United States by way of a “Special Cable to The Inquirer.” The headline in The Philadelphia Inquirer proclaimed, “SOCIALIST-PACIFIST HOPKINS MARRIES. A romantic wedding was celebrated at St. Peter’s Church today when Prince Hopkins, known here as the American pacifist millionaire Socialist’ was married to Miss Eileen Thomas, a pretty English girl. Prince Hopkins was on a world trip to further his plans to remedy all social injustice when he met Miss Thomas and they fell in love at first sight.” 5 Hopkins and his bride set out on a protracted honeymoon to Paris, Klosters, Nice, Cannes, Algiers, and Rome. Eileen had rheumatic fever as a child and her heart had been damaged, but she became pregnant “despite precautions we had taken.” 6 A therapeutic abortion was performed in Rome. Afterward he noted that Eileen was

“deeply” depressed. They went on to Rapollo on the Italian Riviera for her recuperation, then Cannes, then back to England. After a short stay in England they traveled on to the United States, arriving in New York on the Aquitania on May 22, 1921, and settled in Greenwich, Connecticut.

On December 1, 1921, he had a four-page “Prospectus” printed for a “Boys’ Educational Group” he proposed starting at the Wequamay School in Greenwich, illustrated with photographs of Boyland in Santa Barbara. The project never came to fruition Hopkins does not even mention it in his memoirs. Perhaps the school may have lacked pupils because the Prospectus stated that, “Mr. Hopkins feels he could work most harmoniously with boys who come from homes that have a radical rather than a conservative attitude toward contemporary problems.”

Hopkins commuted by train or car and subway from Greenwich to New York City on a fairly regular basis. In New York he founded a monthly magazine called Labor Age. Among his friends was Norman Thomas, Socialist candidate for U.S. president. Still, he became restless at living “so long” in one place, and disliked the weather in New York City. Despite his wife’s “tearful protests” he cancelled the lease on their house in Greenwich and they left for California, finally settling in Pasadena.

On May 15, 192 , Hopkins, along with Upton Sinclair and two others, were arrested in Los Angeles after speaking at a

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meeting of striking dockworkers and were held incommunicado for eighteen hours, then released and the charges of criminal syndicalism dropped. The incident inspired the founding of the Southern California branch of the A.C.L.U., just three years after the national organization was formed. 8 Prynce and Eileen then returned to England at her request for the “more liberal air of Western Europe.” While there the couple adopted a six-months-old boy, Peter. 9 Hopkins continued to stir controversy.

On January 19, 1925 the San Francisco Chronicle reported, “Nude Parade in Park Planned American Red’ Millionaire Stirs London.” Reporter John Steele wrote, “Prince Hopkins, young American radical millionaire, who was the leading figure in

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New York red and pale pink circles a few years ago, is said to be the angel’ behind the Sun Ray Club, composed of sunlight enthusiasts who advocate sun bathing in perfect nudity for both sexes, and who are said to be planning a naked march of 50 volunteers through Hyde Park to the Serpentine, where they will bathe.” Steele noted that Hopkins “has been financing various crank movements.”

Meanwhile Eileen Hopkins’ health had improved under her husband’s supervision, and she became pregnant. Their new daughter arrived in September 1925. Named Eileen Mary, her paternal grandmother called her Betty May and that is the name she was generally called by family and friends. At the time of her birth, Peter was two-and-a-half years old.

About this same time, Hopkins

Prynce Hopkins, third from left, and Upton Sinclair, far left, were among those arrested in 1923 for holding a public meeting in support of striking Los Angeles dockworkers.

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started a “proper psychoanalysis” with Dr. Ernest Jones. When the analyst came down with a severe cold, Hopkins recalled, “A mad determination seized me to take the opportunity to dash over to the Continent by the very next train and start organizing the school that I had so long planned.”80 He phoned Jones, broke off the analysis, disregarded the pleas of his wife, and took off for Switzerland and then France, looking for a location for his new educational project. He finally settled on the Bg`sd`t cd Atqdr+ thirty miles east of Paris. The school was unfurnished, and he and Eileen worked to furnish and arrange for modifications to the building. The school opened in 1926 and it was in operation until 1935. It was sold as a children’s home shortly before the outbreak of World War II.

A SECOND MARRIAGE During this period his marriage was going slowly downhill. Jones started analytic treatment of Eileen to try to save it, but to no avail. Jones told Hopkins that it was “a marriage of only one person, that person being you.” Hopkins wrote, “I had for nearly ten years dragged her back and forth between Europe and America, settling nowhere.”81 The couple divorced, about 1929, but remained on good terms. Eileen would die from pneumonia complicated by pre-existing heart disease, on November 18, 1933.82 Hopkins met Fay Cartledge earlier that year, “a striking good-looking young blonde,” more than twenty years his junior. They married in 1934, followed by a short honeymoon, on

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advice of Dr. Jones, who felt that his first marriage had suffered from too long a honeymoon, to Paris and Spain.

“I continued to visit my school in France regularly. My psychoanalysis had reached the point at which Dr. Jones agreed (if a little doubtfully) that it might safely be terminated. It was, for me, the beginning of the happiest the only quite predominately happy dozen years of my life.”8 The couple proceeded on an aroundthe-world trip. They moved eastward though France and Italy, to Greece, “and spent some pleasant days in Athens. Then we pushed on to Cairo.” They went up the Nile to Aswan, Karnak and Luxor. Then they went on to Suez “to catch a British steamer bound for Singapore.” The steamer stopped for the day in Bombay, where they visited the Yacht Club and were taken to the race course. They disembarked at Penang because of an epidemic in Ceylon and spent the winter there where they bought a baby Lar gibbon from a native

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boy and named him Kitchie, Malay for “Little Fellow.”8 Hopkins then made an excursion, alone, into Indochina, traveling by train to Bangkok. “I met a prince of the royal house who showed me, in his palace, his wonderful private collection of Siamese art.” He went on by motorcar and train to Angkor, “deep in the jungle,” and remarked on the ruins.

The couple visited Java “for a few weeks,” and then on to the island of Bali.

Then they were off to Shanghai for some shopping, then to Peiping, and then to Tokyo, where he “began taking Japanese lessons.” They made their way to Honolulu for a few days and then home.

Before leaving Penang they had shipped Kitchie in a “little box, with instructions for his care, by steamer to the oological Garden in Regent Park. As they had no other member of his species, the oo authorities were very glad to have him, and after our return to England they permitted us to take him out when we chose. We used often to do this on sunny days when we went for luncheon or tea to some spot along the Thames, and also to cocktail parties, where he was a great favorite.”85 Back in London, Hopkins resumed his position as Honorary Lecturer at University College and continued his work with the school he had opened in France. “One winter, we rented, at Cape Ferrat, near Nice, a furnished Villa I brought Kitchie with me in his basket At the Chateau ... the entire school turned out to see him. In the gymnasium he put on a demonstration of trapeze work and swinging on the flying rings.86 In 1934 Hopkins married a second time. Fay Cartledge was more than twenty years Hopkin’s junior; the couple divorced in 1946. From Both Hands Before the Fire.

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Hopkins was fascinated by gibbons. The Hopkins’ daughter, Jennifer, would later recall how she and her brother, David, both had pet gibbons kept at their paternal grandmother’s Garden Street home in Santa Barbara. The animals were kept in an island cage surrounded by a shallow pool, because gibbons are afraid of water. They were taken out in public occasionally, or played with around the house. Gibbons can be aggressive when mature and Hopkins also learned that baby gibbons are often captured by killing the mother. These two factors led to the discontinuation of the gibbon project.8 Hopkins continued his interest in political and social causes. In 19 6 in London he started editing a magazine, Science and Society,“which championed a half-dozen social movements in which I was most interested.”88 He founded the Committee for the Psychological Study of International Problems, which afterward became the Sociological Section of the British Psychological Society.

In the summer of 19 he and Fay visited Moscow by way of Budapest, spending most of August in Moscow. They also went on to Berlin. Their experiences in Moscow, Berlin, and Milan, portended the clash of Nazi, Fascist, and Communist ideologies with the western democracies in the upcoming Second World War. As the possibility of European conflict grew, the couple’s first child, Jennifer, was born June 1 , 19 8. Then on September 1, 19 9, Germany invaded Poland World War II had begun. The British War Office was worried about civilian morale and “commissioned two substantial reports” on how to avoid civilian panic.

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Prynce Hopkins holds Kitchie, the gibbon purchased in Malaysia. Hopkins was fascinated by the animals and Kitchie was the first of a number of pet gibbons the family owned. Courtesy of Mary Ames Mitchell.

“Participants included B. H. Headland (the geneticist), Dr. John MacCurdy (a leading expert on shell shock during the First World War) and Dr. Prynce Hopkins (a psychoanalyst). Their recommendations became part of everyday psychological practice throughout the war.”89 The Battle of Britain began in June of 19 0 and Prynce, Fay, and Jennifer fled to bomb shelters nightly. They decided to leave England, but found that Peter, as a draft-eligible British citizen of seventeenand-a-half, had to stay behind. Prynce and Fay left in separate ships, because Fay

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was taking her mother and four English children in addition to her own they could not leave on an American ship.

The Britannic manifest listed Fay Hopkins, thirty-eight her daughter Jennifer Fay Hopkins, age two Prynce Hopkins’ daughter by his first marriage, Eileen Mary (Betty May) Hopkins, age fourteen and Mary D. Cartledge, age fifty-nine, mother of Fay Hopkins. Prynce Hopkins left at the same time, but he arrived a week earlier in New York because the United States was neutral at the time and his ship went with lights ablaze, while the Britannic was required to zigzag across the Atlantic by way of Iceland and Greenland.90 The Britannic finally arrived in New York on July 29, 19 0.

Soon after arrival, Prynce and Fay settled in Pasadena while sending Betty May to a boarding school in Marin just north of San Francisco. Betty May’s daughter, Mary Mitchell, would later describe Fay Hopkins as “a beautiful but selfish woman who made the rest of Mom’s childhood miserable.”91 Hopkins accepted a lectureship at Claremont College Graduate School, and the house on Oak Knoll in Pasadena became their home for the next five years.

Their son, David Charles Prince Hopkins, was born on September 15, 19 .

In 19 5 Betty May graduated from Scripps College. Later that same year Prynce Hopkins was asked to run for the office of state assemblyman as the Democratic candidate in a district, Pasadena, that was overwhelmingly Republican, against the popular incumbent. “Vote for Hopkins and Put Human Needs First. Candidate for Pasadena’s th Assembly District Primaries June th” He was running on a platform of, “Solving your housing problems, with veteran priority. A Fair Employment Practices Act. Greater production with adequate wages,”

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plus a list of nine other political promises.

Hopkins lost, but by a smaller margin than the defeated Democratic candidate in the prior election.92 For a time Prynce and Fay published a magazine, Freedom, begun shortly after their return to the U.S., but the rise of printing costs spelled the end of the publication in 19 5. Hopkins apparently thought the marriage was a happy one, but early in 19 6, Fay asked for a divorce.

Trying to save the marriage, the couple took off for London. At first, this seemed to be working, but, while on a trip to Teheran, Hopkins received a letter from Fay that she had wired her attorney to proceed with the divorce.

Prynce Hopkins never married again.

Both Hopkins daughter, Jennifer, and his granddaughter, Mary, believed that he remained in love with his second wife.

Long after their divorce and after Fay had divorced her second husband she paid him a visit in Santa Barbara. After that visit, he wrote this touching poem.

I captured once a snowy-breasted dove, Whose down against my cheek was warm and soft.

Too loosely, though, the dovecote door I tied, For, one drear day she sought another’s loft.

Sad years dragged by; then, one day skyward gazing I spied her, downward circling from the blue.

I opened joyously the dovecote door, And into it, as once of old, she flew.

‘Kind heaven has brought her home to me!”

My hopeful heart did prematurely sing, Alas! When dawn broke, toward her far-off home Recalled, once more my dear dove was on the wing; Since then I know, however deep I yearn, My snowy dove will nevermore return.

Prynce Hopkins9

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His divorce from Fay left him free to travel without guilt and explore different cultures and religions, both to satisfy his great curiosity and confirm his own religious and philosophical views, his search for meaning in his life. Over time he was able to become more certain in his own beliefs.

He had such a creative and varied life, with a multitude of interests, but there were four primary areas that seemed to especially engage him: education, psychoanalysis, travel, and philosophy. These will be taken each in turn.

PRYNCE HOPKINS: EDUCATOR Prynce Hopkins once described his educational philosophy in a typed memo that was among his papers. At the time he was on a campaign to reform English spelling.

The spirit of the school shall be thoroughly libertarian. Because an adult wishes a child to do anything is not reason for not requesting him in the same polite terms as would be used toward another adult. A child may perfectly well decline to do what is requested of him, though this does not license him to be rude or impertinent in his manner of doing so. So long as a child does his child’s share of the community work and doesn’t infringe on the rights of others, he should be subject to no coercion ... Life at the school should seek to prepare boys for life ... Boys should not be sent out into the world with any sort of political ideas—either radical of conservative, but rather with an open mind and a keen sense of justice.9 The date of the letter is not certain.

It probably was written during the time he spent at the University of Minnesota, waiting for the First World War to end so he could leave the country. In another part

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of the memo he refers to the Philosophy of Helpfulness, a book which he put together in a rush at that time. Hopkins describes it as “at once the longest and the least meritorious work I ever perpetrated.”95 Nevertheless, this memo reveals an outstanding mind with educational ideas that have yet to be realized.

In 19 , Hopkins was in Teheran and was a guest at a Persian dinner. One of the other guests was Mrs. Nilla Cook ... “whose mother had one year been manager of an experimental school, Boyland, which I had long ago founded at Santa Barbara.”96 Nilla Cook had already had a colorful career, including eight months in an ashram with Mahatma Gandhi, and was at the moment leading a dancing academy in Teheran which was about to go on a world tour.

Nilla afterwards wrote Hopkins a letter in which she referred to Boyland’s world map that was a “concrete basin at my Santa Barbara school, measuring 20 by 200 feet, in which a model of the world’s continents were surrounded by water that the children could boat or swim in.”

In the letter she wrote: In my book , My Road to India, I said that your map of the world had taught me to dance on continents, to know that no journey is impossible. For three years I worked in the Ministry of Interior, here [in Teheran], as head of the Department of Theatres. One of my jobs was to censor all films and plays. It was a thankless task ... Then someone brought a map of the world into my office and hung it on the wall. I looked up from a particularly disgusting police report, saw the map, and suddenly walked over to it, held out my arms to it and kissed it. My secretary thought I was crazy. And I tried to explain to him that I had once possessed the world, danced from North to South America in less than a minute, passed over frontiers, boundaries, barriers,

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prejudices, racial categories- he would have been even surer of it.9 In My Road to India Cook reminisced: But what made Boyland an Arabian palace was Prince Hopkins himself. He had been in China, India, and Arabia. There were statues of Buddha over the lily ponds, and temple bells for school bells. He had built a gigantic map of the world, covering an acre, with the continents in concrete and the oceans filled with water. He had indoor and outdoor gymnasiums, a museum, a science laboratory, and a theatre with a stage opening to the mountains. It was sitting on the floor of the stage with the doors open to the mountains that he read us the Arabian Nights in the evenings ... He had a system of punishing himself along with anyone he punished. When he sent me away from the table for smearing butter on Johnny Doeg’s nose, he left the table himself and went without dinner. On one such occasion he joined me down in my vegetable garden and ate some of my onions.98

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Hopkins was a marvelous teacher and educator and his travels contributed to that.

He interrupted his teaching at Boyland for long periods of time for travel, particularly to the Far East. In the autumn of 1915, for example, he traveled with Charles Meyer on an inspection trip for the Standard Oil Company to visit Japan, Ceylon, and India, then continued, on his own, on the TransSiberian Railroad across Russia to Moscow and St. Petersburg. He did not arrive back in Santa Barbara until late in the spring of 1915, having been gone for nine months.

“I decided to entrust the management of the school to Sydney Greenbie and take advantage of this opportunity to see the Middle and Far East under such expert guidance.”99 Boyland probably benefited from this international outlook as well as being graced with “statues of Buddha” and “temple bells.”

It is interesting how Hopkins’ educational ideas changed over the years. In 1915 he published an article, “Trying to Classify Traits of Character,” in which “Energy,

Hopkins’ ideas on education were advanced for their time. Here students enact a train robbery on the model railway Hopkins built on the second Boyland campus in Santa Barbara. Courtesy of Jennifer Hopkins.

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Hopkins bid for public office in 1945 was unsuccessful. Courtesy of Jennifer Hopkins.

Sympathy, Anticipation, Experience” are divided and subdivided.100 Then, in 1926 he put out a short brochure for his school in France which included this: “Good teaching ultimately requires that an institution be able to pay for experienced, superior men ... Most of our men have post-graduate degrees, two previously were head-masters, and all have previous teaching experience.”

The school he started near Paris, the Chateau de Bures, was in operation from 1926 to 19 5. Hopkins visited every third week, and “remained several days” to “check up on the school,” otherwise living in London, where he had resumed his psychoanalysis with Ernest Jones and was lecturing at the University of London.

He spent a great deal of time trying to hire good headmasters for the school, traveling to America in his search, trying to find men who shared his approach to education, and often frustrated as he found that that the qualities he was looking for were often lacking.101 Yet he was never a full-time educator.

Hopkins was obviously an inspiring teacher, but he had too quixotic a personality to stay long in one place and he never developed a “method” as Montessori did. John Dewey was a philosopher and teacher and a great influence on Prynce Hopkins, who attended his classes at Columbia University, but Dewey integrated his educational ideas into his overall philosophy.

One book by Prynce Hopkins deserves

to be mentioned under the rubric of his work as educator. In 19 8 he published Gone Up in Smoke: An Analysis of Tobaccoism.

Hopkins was an early observer who warned of the medical and social problems associated with tobacco. He reviews the statistics documenting the shortened life spans of smokers, and the diseases caused or aggravated by smoking. He wrote, “If I had my way, tobacco would be taxed up to 100 of the proceeds of the business for I am unable to see why public policy should allow anyone to profit by poisoning people.”102 John Harvey Kellogg first used the word “Tobaccoism” in 192 for his book Tobaccoism or How Tobacco Kills. It was there, at Battle Creek Sanitarium where Kellogg was superintendent, that a twentyone-year-old Prynce Hopkins brought his father in 1906 for treatment. Kellogg’s sanitarium was featured in the novel, The Road to Wellville by T. C. Boyle and in a film by the same name.

Perhaps more important to Hopkins than his distaste for smoking was the death of Sigmund Freud from cancer of the jaw.

Freud was a heavy cigar smoker and had thirty-three operations, beginning in 192 .

Freud said, “Smoking is accused of being the etiology of this tissue-rebellion.”10 It

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eventually led to Freud’s death in 19 9 in London Hopkins was living there at that time. Hopkins therapist, Ernest Jones, gave the funeral oration at the family’s request. It would be no surprise if this had a profound effect on Hopkins.

PRYNCE HOPKINS AND PSYCHOANALYSIS Hopkins began psychoanalysis with Ernest Jones in the mid-1920s and Hopkins at times found him intimidating. Jones once said, “My greatest weakness is my temper,” and Hopkins remembered, “Twice during my analysis when I first applied to him and once when, at a meeting I sat in the front row, reserved for the elders he scared the wits out of me.” Fay Hopkins had asked Jones a na ve question at a meeting and he “addressed her with great

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rudeness.” Prynce was “was so stunned by such behavior from the man on whom for eight years I had come to look on as a second father, that I remained speechless until it was too late.”10 Jones was perhaps not the best fit for Hopkins. Hopkins wrote, “Dr. Jones’ consulting room was large, but unlike that of his mentor, Freud, it was nearly bare of furniture and very gloomy . . . .”

He ended up spending eight years with an analyst with a bad temper like his father’s (who had expressed his anger through sarcasm), was suspicious of Americans, and had an office devoid of furniture.105 Perhaps if Hopkins had waited for Freud to return from vacation, and had not become a victim to his self-described “rash impulsiveness,” Freud would have proved the better match, and Hopkins might have had a much shorter analysis.

The family about 1945. Left to right, daughter Jennifer, Hopkins, daughter Betty May, Fay, son David. From Both Hands Before the Fire.

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One suspects, however, that Hopkins was a difficult patient, and Jones probably considered him to be more of a character problem than a neurotic. Early in his memoirs Hopkins blamed “so much shuttling between parents and various foster parents” for “most of the insecurity and depression which have dogged my life,” but never complains of specific symptoms. The only hint of problems was when he was at loose ends starting at age twenty-one when “for the next several years I merely puttered at this and that”106 and one would guess that he might have been depressed at that time.

Eight years is a long time to spend on the analytic couch. Hopkins certainly would not have settled in England if it were not for Dr. Jones. He hated the climate. “An even more pressing reason for settling down here was to resume my psychoanalysis with Dr. Jones. Indeed, it is doubtful if any other person other than he could have succeeded in getting me to remain for so long a period as I eventually did in one city and in a climate which I found little to my liking.”10 It is also extremely unlikely that Hopkins would have gone on to secure his doctorate in psychology at the University of London if it were not for Dr. Jones being in London.

Jones was aware that he was treating a rich American and may have consciously or unconsciously prolonged the treatment time, as he tried to help his complex patient. Jones wrote, “There was no idea of a training analysis in those days. I think I was the first psychoanalyst to decide on a personal analysis.”108 Jones himself underwent analysis with Sandor Ferenczi, a close colleague of Freud’s he was one of the few pioneers in the field to do so, although his “training analysis” lasted only two months.

Hopkins contributed to further the

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discipline of psychoanalysis. In a letter to Freud before Christmas of l925, Jones wrote, “The chief news from London is good, an old patient of mine has given two thousand pounds to ... start a clinic early in the New Year.” Danto reports, “Freud was delighted ... I have always said that America is useful for nothing but giving money.’” In March of 1929 Prynce Hopkins gave another one thousand pounds Danto reported, “In London Pryns Hopkins’s Christmas donations included a hint that he would continue to support the clinic if he could.” Such gifts, although well intentioned, and Jones’s acceptance of the money, complicated their therapist patient relationship.109 Having said all of this, it is likely that the psychoanalytic treatment was helpful in the sense that Dr. Jones was able to turn Prynce Hopkins into a somewhat less selfcentered individual. Hopkins continued to be very impulsive, and it is remarkable that Jones was able to keep him in London, but there is evidence that Jones cared about his patients, and that is most important, even if Freudian theory is questionable. A short time after he and his second wife, Fay, returned from their honeymoon, Jones agreed to end his analysis.

In summing up his life, Hopkins wrote, “Fifthly, the greatest benefit to me of possessing means was its making possible my long psychoanalysis. This did not neutralize all past mistakes and internal obstacles to happy living. Yet it was the most beneficent influence in my life.”110 Hopkins also had a training analysis under the supervision of Dr. Edward Glover, in addition to his personal analysis. His Ph.D. thesis, Fathers Or Sons?: A Study in Social Psychology, was published as a book in 192 , and re-printed in 1999 as part of the “International Library of Psychology” series. Hopkins’ thesis was an important

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165 A major remodeling of the family home at 1900 Garden Street in the mid-1930s involved the removal of the thirdfloor tower which had been young Prynce’s bedroom. Collection of the Santa Barbara Historical Museum.

review at the time it was published, and he made a conscious effort to separate various degrees of certainty which are attached to the individual theories he describes.

It is possible to expect too much from psychoanalysis. Hopkins noticed that Eileen’s (his first wife) later marriage to Vernon Armitage “had not proved the perfect union which she had idealized in advance.” He and Eileen got along so well when he was with her and the children at Ostend, and he wondered “could she have borne with me a year of two longer, perhaps there have been no need of the divorce, after all. With belated hindsight, I see that what I should have done when she commenced her analysis with Jones was, myself have gone to Freud in Vienna for the continuation of mine and bought her a home in Cannes where we might rendezvous for holidays ... Her psychoanalysis had proceeded faster that mine, but still was not completed.”111 His dependency on psychoanalysis to solve his problems appears unrealistic. After his divorce from Eileen, he arranged for weekly psychoanalysis by Melanie Klein, controversial child analyst, for the next two years for both of his young children, Eileen and Peter.112 The hand of Ernest Jones is clearly evident, for Jones had also had his own children in psychoanalysis

with Melanie Klein, and was enthusiastic about her abilities.11 After his divorce from Fay, Hopkins became quite comfortable and was very productive. He produced books in rapid succession and continued to travel. There were many times during his marriages that he put his own curiosity ahead of his wife and children’s perceived needs and wants, certainly more than in an average marriage.

He was both physically (in his travels) and perhaps emotionally absent from them for long periods of time, and he traveled more when he was freed from marriage and family responsibilities. In short, he made a great bachelor.

We can only speculate what the forces were that were driving Prynce Hopkins to make his life choices. As he had said after his father died in 191 , “We had become so estranged that I felt no sorrow at his passing. Rather, as I remarked to a Miss Aubrey Well, I felt gratified that now I would be able to put his wealth to many good uses.” He placed funds in the Hopkins Trust and divided his gifts into those for non-profit tax-exempt organizations, such as the Ethical Society, and cases that he felt strongly about, such as gun control.

He made many gifts to psychoanalytical organizations.

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His relationship to his mother was quite close, though he possibly resented her abandonment of him to travel the world with his father in their vain search for a surgical cure of his physical problems. He more likely blamed his father for pulling his mother away. One could speculate that he got even with his father by giving away all of his fortune to causes of which his father would have disapproved.

We know very little about his mother’s personality. We know that she was the one whose idea it was to make Boyland into the Samarkand Hotel. Prynce Hopkins writes that she lopped off the third story of El Nido because it was too much of a housekeeping bother. This was a strange thing to do she could have had as much housekeeping help as she wanted. But Prynce Hopkins told a different story privately to his daughter. It turns out that his mother had left a close friend in charge of renovating El Nido while she was off on a trip, and this friend had the third story removed. She possibly thought she was doing Mrs. Hopkins a favor. The tower room in the removed third story was the room which Prynce Hopkins occupied as a boy.11 Hopkins could not, in the end, make the sacrifice of staying in one place for long periods of time. He worked for eight years to become less selfish and self-centered, and partially succeeded. People fall out of love, and maybe Hopkins figured that he gave it his best shot in his marriage to Fay. After all, he was certified as “normal” as a result of his psychoanalysis, and if Fay wanted a divorce, that was her problem.

It is interesting that he did not postpone his trip and received Fay’s final decision in Teheran. Maybe Fay, on the other hand, figured that was one trip too many. The only problem with this theory is that family members felt that Prynce Hopkins

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remained in love with Fay Cartledge throughout his lifetime.115 Prynce Hopkins, in 195 , wrote, “I received a telephoned very low offer for my old house and, instead of saying I would give it thought, I impulsively accepted.” Did he still have a problem with his impulsivity? Of course he did. Was this a neurotic problem? No, because it was probably hard-wired into his brain the problem was not affected substantially by eight years of psychoanalysis. This was illustrated when he impulsively left town for many months after seemingly having an agreement with an architect for “a simple little home easy for a lone widower to keep up or lock and leave.”116 This, of course, led to multiple misunderstandings on the part of client and architect. His “simple little home” became a moderately sized (by contemporary standards), well-designed, modern home that he was able to use for housing grandchildren on holidays and used, also, “use as a meeting place for various political and cultural organizations.” 11 And, of course, if it were not for his impulsive traveling we would not have his wonderful books on Eastern religions and cults.

We are handicapped by Hopkins’ extreme reluctance to discuss his private feelings in his books. One is sorely tempted to speculate and disregard Wittgenstein’s famous dictum “What we cannot speak about we must pass over in silence” because Hopkins gives so few insights into his thinking the temptation is always there.

During the Second World War Prynce Hopkins treated some patients at the urging of a local physician, and undertook psychoanalytic treatment of “a young psychiatrist” in Santa Barbara.118 In 19 9 he did volunteer work at the Family Service

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Agency as a psychotherapist. It was at a time when psychoanalytic membership in the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society was restricted to physicians, although he was admitted as an associate member. He could have obtained membership under the “grandfather” clause, but, “I was less interested in therapeutic practice than in teaching and writing.”119 He never did make use of his psychoanalytic training, other than sporadically, possibly because he realized that it would interfere with his traveling.

PRYNCE HOPKINS: TRAVELER Prynce Hopkins dedicated his book, @ Vdrsdqmdq Knnjr D`rs+ to his father, “To the memory of my father who bequeathed to me the means and a lust for travel.”

These journeys were not casual trips. They lasted for months and sometimes over a year. In many ways he was a throwback to an earlier age, when people made “The Grand Tour” of Europe, through France and the Low Countries, then perhaps to Switzerland, Austria and Germany, and ending up in Italy. It was often considered part of a young man’s education and they often traveled accompanied by a tutor. The journey was perilous in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries; the traveler could be attacked and robbed.120 The Hopkins family was on the move from January of 1893 until the summer of 1895, a period of almost two-and-a-half years. They traveled first to Denver and in the winter of 1894 to Germany, then to Cairo for an extended stay, then to Greece, Rome, Paris, and back to California. Young Hopkins developed a “lust for travel.” In his summary at the conclusion of his memoirs he lists, among the advantages of having a father who was “a splendid economic provider,” that one can travel freely “if this does not become an escape mechanism.”

One can argue that it did become an escape mechanism, at least from the point of view of his wives. On the other hand, he was very, very curious about the world.

Just before his fifteenth birthday his parents pulled him out of the Thacher School mid-term to go off to Europe, and he was in school in Geneva until July, when he joined his father at the Paris Exposition and then on to Rome. He speaks fondly of Paris and describes Rome as a “delight,” so it is clear that he developed his “lust” early on.

Hopkins was a splendid traveler. His insights into Eastern religions may have been his finest legacy, and his books on his travels deserve to be remembered, especially his books detailing Hindu and Buddhist practices (he lived in Buddhist monasteries and Hindu ashrams). He studied Zen Buddhism with Professor Sohaku Ogata.121 Mary Ames Mitchell, Hopkins’ Gnojhmr cdudknodc ` rodbh`k hmsdqdrs hm sgd qdkhfhnmr `mc oghknrnoghdr ne @rh`- Gdqd gd lddsr vhsg Rng`jt Nf`s` vgn ldmsnqdc Gnojhmr hm Ydm Atccghrl- Eqnl World Invisible.

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granddaughter, wrote in her book, The Man in the Purple Cow House, “My mother’s family suffers from a genetic affliction known as the Hopkins Travel Bug. Every year my grandfather Hopkins took a two-month trip.” She adds that, when her mother told him she was having marital problems, “Then my grandfather’s advice to my mother was his solution to all problems, Take a trip.’”

Graham Greene was another writer who used travel as type of therapy. “Greene was so bored as a young man that he played Russian roulette with a loaded pistol.

But he later came up with a better way to relieve his ennui. He began to travel constantly ... But he said his travels were also motivated by the agreeable ingredient of fear,’ and he once wrote, Fear had an odd seduction. Fear and the sense of sex are linked in a secret conspiracy.’”12 There are many differences in the lives of Greene and Hopkins, but they both used travel to fight feelings of depression. And another similarity Greene’s father was so concerned after the Russian roulette incident that he sent his seventeen-year-old son for psychoanalytic treatment. Greene explained the lure of travel: There is so much weariness and disappointment in travel that people have to open up—in railway trains, over a fire, on the decks of steamers, and in the palm courts of hotels on a rainy day. They have to pass the time somehow, and they can pass it only with themselves. Like the characters in Tchekhov they have no reserves—you learn the most intimate secrets. You get the impression of the world peopled by eccentrics, of odd professions, almost incredible stupidities and to balance them, amazing endurances.12 Would Hopkins agree with Greene?

We don’t know, but what we do know

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is that Prynce Hopkins held lengthy conversations with many prominent individuals in his travels. (See note for list.)125 In the Hofbrau House in Munich in 192 he and first wife Eileen “became the innocent objects of a tirade by Adolf Hitler.”126 They saw “a tooth-brushmustached little man who glowered at us as he harangued his comrades about diese verdampte Amerikaner.’” Hopkins states that “the paranoic accents of that voice were stamped on my memory.” Later, listening to a radio broadcast of “one of Hitler’s radio harangues” he “recognized the voice as the same.”

Hopkins had planned to interview Mahatma Gandhi, and had introductory letters. He learned of Gandhi’s assassination, on January 0, 19 8, shortly after he arrived in Karachi, Pakistan from Teheran.12 At the time he was interviewing world leaders promoting birth control, but his talks covered many subjects.

A letter of introduction from Gaylord Wilshire in America to George Bernard Shaw in 1921 led to interesting discussions. “He asked me to his house in the terrace near Trafalgar Square for tea and an hour of most interesting talk on the Fabian Society, British and American Socialist movements, pacifism and vegetarianism...I had several later conversations with him .... ”128 England was a class-conscious country before the Second World War, and still is to a large extent today. Among the small group of the intellectual elite and the English upper class, everybody seemingly knew everybody else. Moneyed persons with no visible means of support were commonplace, and you were not liable to be asked, “What do you do for a living?” It was very easy, therefore, for Hopkins, from this close community, to

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This map from Hopkins’ book , World Invisible, hints at a portion of the author’s wide travels.

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travel almost anywhere in the world with introductory letters, traveling at will and always first-class.

Yet he wanted to do more than merely travel for the sake of traveling. A scientific curiosity fueled his passion for travel, and made it difficult for him to settle down for other than brief periods of time. Of course, it was impossible for him to have a normal family life, unless he could find someone who had a similar urge to travel, and, at the whim of the master, willing to leave her children behind, as his mother had done.

PRYNCE HOPKINS: PHILOSOPHER If being a philosopher means searching for enlightenment throughout the world, then Prynce Hopkins was a philosopher in the full sense of the term. Hopkins was brought up as a Catholic, but there is no mention of this in Both Hands Before the Fire. In World Invisible, however, he discusses his early religious training at length. His father “conceded the religious side of my upbringing to my mother .”

He attended Mass and Catholic Sunday School, but, “The schools I attended were not Catholic.”129 Dick and Lucy Anthony, with whom he lived as a youngster in Oakland, were Protestants and they “were provoked into putting a quiet defensive word for their position when I quoted to them some of the remarks of my militantly Catholic grandmother.”1 0 His father’s religion is never stated, but one suspects it was Protestant in view of his New England Pilgrim-Mayflower background.

It is possible that he chose the Anthonys as surrogate parents for his son partly because he wanted to counteract his wife’s Catholicism, but this is speculative.

Hopkins remembered, “I left the fold of the Mother Church because I mistrusted

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her theological authority and some of her social policies.”1 1 However, he maintained a close relationship with Father Octavius Villa, S.J. of Santa Barbara. Through him he attended retreats, and in 1950 accompanied Father Villa when he led a group of pilgrims to Rome. Hopkins took part in a group audience with Pope Pius II, for Father Villa “had gone to school with him when both were boys.”1 2 Dean Matthews at St. Paul’s Cathedral and King’s College in London “tried to win me for Anglicanism,” and they “discussed Protestant theology” for “many valuable hours” during his time in London during the 1920s.1 He interviewed the occultist Rudolf Steiner in 1919, and studied Ouspensky and Gurdjieff, even going to Fontainebleau-Avon to work and study with Gurdjieff, as mentioned earlier.

In 19 5 Prynce Hopkins was asked

by Sir Francis Younghusband to serve on a committee to help organize the World Congress of Faiths, which met in London and “to act as his emissary to some religious figures in the Orient.” He tried, accompanied by “sincere muslims,” to get the leader of the Egyptian Sufis to attend the World Conference of Faiths, but was unsuccessful in getting the leader to explain Sufism. He was told, “If you wish to understand Sufism ... you first have to join our order ”1 Prynce Hopkins was most impressed, “among all the saints, sages, and cult founders whom I have met, only one co-established an important, distinctive, new religion. That was Abdul Baha his religion is Bahai.” He met Abdul Baha’s son (and successor) in 1912, and had an extensive introduction when he visited Iran many years later it “has become largely an American movement” which claims “adherents by the hundreds of thousands” worldwide.1 5

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The Bah ’ faith was developed in Persia in the last half of the nineteenth century and emphasizes the spiritual unity of humanity. The faith recognizes a series of religious leaders down through the ages, including Moses, Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad, and Bah ’ull h, considered the faith’s founder.

Hopkins examined these various sects and religions with a rational and skeptical eye, from a Western point of view, which sometimes drew criticism from their adherents. For example, Hopkins’ book, World Invisible, was reviewed in 196 very negatively, faulting him for, among other things, “... the lack of understanding common to rationalists and the inaccuracy peculiar to the author,” and the reviewer was upset that he did not fully accept the religious precepts of groups he visited. The reviewer cites perceived inaccuracies and added, “Nevertheless, he believed that he was discussing with the Maharshi as one philosopher to another and never understood that the Marharshi had transcendental knowledge, absolute certainty, and was trying to show him the way to it.”

The reviewer was angry that he did not accept that the Marharshi had “transcendental knowledge, absolute certainty.”1 6 Prynce Hopkins was able, by his expression of sincere interest, to convince the members of different sects and religions that he encountered on his travels, that he could be converted to their way of thinking. They were not aware, at least at the time, that Prynce Hopkins was a very skeptical individual.

There is a distinct possibility that Prynce Hopkins may have already made up his mind as early as 1925, when he mentions attending “Stanley Coit’s Ethical Church” in London.1 Coit was an American who had founded the first American Settlement

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House in 1886, The Neighborhood Guild, in New York City. He became an aide to Felix Adler at the Society for Ethical Culture and went to London as minister of the South Place Ethical Society. Coit earned a Ph.D. from Humboldt University in Berlin and went on to publish books in English and German on the Ethical Culture. This is the only church that Prynce Hopkins mentions attending in London.

“Ninthly and lastly, a favorable influence over my later life has been the attainment of a unifying philosophy.

Toward this I have been helped by travel and study of the world’s great religions, and still more by the Ethical Culture Movement and the writings of contemporary sages, notably Dewey, Russell, Felix Adler, and Schweitzer.”1 8 Felix Adler founded the Ethical Culture Movement in 18 6 and there are now groups in many of the major cities in the United States under the auspices of the American Ethical Union. It is officially a religion, and is a member of the International Humanist and Ethical Union. Members often meet together with humanist groups, but there are some differences. This religion based on ethics attracted Hopkins. It did not require a belief in a supreme being. There are none of the trappings of a traditional religion. As Adler said on May 15, 18 6, in his Founding Address, “We propose to entirely exclude prayer and every form of ritual.” Hopkins admiringly wrote in 196 of the movement, “It required no statement of creed either positive or negative, but puts its emphasis entirely on conduct.”1 9 For Hopkins, part of that conduct consisted of giving to others, to causes in which he believed. As he remarked to a friend upon his father’s death in 191 , “I felt gratified that now I would be able to put his wealth to many good uses.” A letter from 1966 attests to the

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wide variety of causes to which Hopkins gave, primarily through his Hopkins Charitable and Donations Fund (separate from the aforementioned Hopkins Trust): Euthanasia Society, London Synanon, Santa Monica A.C.L.U. of Southern California Society for Human Abortion, California American Indian Mission Economists’ National Committee of Monetary Policy International Development Foundations, Inc. Intertribal Friendship House, Oakland Santa Barbara Mental Health Association The American Ethical Union Swaneng Hill School, Serowe, Bechuanaland National Aid to the Visually Handicapped, San Francisco.

Another letter, undated, lists additional grants to the Arrow American India Training Institute International Rescue Committee NAACP Union Democracy in Action United States-South Africa Leader Exchange Workers Defense League Amnesty International Central Corps for Conscientious Objectors Abortion Law Reform Ass’n, England Ass’n for Study of Abortion, Inc. Ass’n for Voluntary Sterilization, New York.1 0 These letters give insight into Hopkins’ generosity and to his political and social beliefs.

LATER YEARS “By 19 I had returned to the old home in Santa Barbara that I might look after Mother in her last years.”1 1 After Easter of 19 9 he undertook a second trip across the Pacific for ligue Pour les Droits de l’Homme, traveling to Ceylon on a “political mission” to review the growth of the civil liberties movement started a few years earlier by Roger Baldwin.

His mother, Mary Isabelle Hopkins, died on February 12, 1955 at age ninety.

“At last ... this pious, dutiful, and generous

old soul passed away,”1 2 after falling and breaking her hip earlier in the month.

Hopkins volunteered some time, first to the Family Service Agency, then the Mental Hygiene Clinic, located on Garden Street. He took his children for long trips Jennifer to Europe in 1951, David and Jennifer to Europe in 195 , David to Japan in 1955. And he argued with his architect over the construction costs of the house he was building in Santa Barbara at 1920 Garden Street.1 The architects, never referred to by name in his memoir, were actually Thornton Ladd, now retired and living in Ojai, and John Kelsey, who is still a working architect. Both men are prominent modern architects. They were equally frustrated

by Hopkins, who was always leaving for extended trips and was not available for consultation.

There is typed sixteen-page letter from Hopkins to the architects, detailing roomby-room possible changes that he would like to make in the house. The letter is undated, but as he had been living in the house “some months” it was probably written in late 195 .1 In this letter he reminds the architects that, “This house has already cost three times as much as I first intended to put into it and so I am very resistant to the idea of further expenditures ...” Page Two is headed, however, “Some Features That Were Requested in the 1920 Garden Street House, the Absence of Which I Still Regret.” Many of these suggestions involved costly structural changes. He goes on to say, “I stated that I am an elderly man of simple tastes who lives entirely alone except for occasional visits by one or more of my children and who does not entertain frequently. I have gone blind in one eye and may do so in the other and have gone though an illness

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GnojhmrĂ? rdbnmc R`ms` A`qa`q` gnld+ `s 081/ F`qcdm Rsqdds- Mnsd sgd atrsr ne e`lntr ghrsnqhb`k Ă&#x2122;ftqdr vghbg gd g`c ok`bdc hm sgd x`qc- Bntqsdrx ne Idmmhedq Gnojhmr-

which leaves me incapacitated for much stair climbing or other exertion.â&#x20AC;?

Hopkins and the architects came to some agreement, the house was finished, and he was eventually happy. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;overly extravagant house ... will find a use as a meeting place for various political and cultural organizations.â&#x20AC;?145 The architects tell the story of the occasion when Frank Lloyd Wright was touring the completed house and was asked

by Hopkins to express an opinion. Wright said, â&#x20AC;&#x153;It looks like a horse with his ears laid back.â&#x20AC;? It was a very modern house (since remodeled), and John Kelsey laughingly

agreed that was an apt description. Of course, Frank Lloyd Wright was known for rarely, if ever, approving another architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s designs.146 It was quite successful as a house, although certainly not in a style that most people would consider typical of Santa Barbara. The front doors were purchased in 1919; Jennifer Hopkins now has the doors. She was told by an art expert that they were German from the early 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. In the garden Hopkins placed statuary dating back to A.D. 700, Buddhist and Chinese.147 A typed report, found in Hopkinsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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papers, reads, “Dr. Hopkins is having a series of busts made by Italian sculptors, Rossi and Montroni. These are not all completed, but busts of Socrates and Caesar are in place, while those of Moses, Jesus, and Homer and Dante are being made. Montroni is doing busts of Gandhi, Einstein, Freud, and Schweitzer.”1 8 Eventually these busts were completed and placed on pedestals around the garden.

The report continues, “There is a statue of Confucius, given to Dr. Hopkins by a Buddhist priest in 1916.

Near the lotus pond is a tile Mihrad.

This is a prayer niche which is at the end of the Mosque facing Mecca, a gift from the Khan de Farrokh of Persia.”

This “niche” was actually an imposing

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structure, with dimensions of eight by twelve feet, built into a concrete wall on the property, a brilliant example of Persian tile work. It disappeared during a recent remodeling.1 9 The Santa Barbara News-Press announced on June 2, 195 : The Hopkins house will be shown June 22 on the house tour sponsored by the Woman’s Board for the benefit of the Santa Barbara Museum of Art. The construction is of steel and wood-frame. The architects were interested in elements of light, shadow and space and have used sheer perpendicular panels of glass and wood pergolas in interesting combination with plaster walls. The house is a fine example of the contemporary style, it also suggests the

Some of the Asian statuary in the gardens of 1920 Garden Street dated back over one thousand years.

Collection of the Santa Barbara Historical Museum.

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classical in its proportion and dignity and had certain Oriental characteristics of simplicity and directness.

Prynce Hopkins died of a heart attack on August 15, 19 0, at the age of eighty-five while living in this house in Santa Barbara surrounded by items he had collected over the years from his travels. The Santa Barbara News-Press noted in a front page story, “His home at 1920 Garden Street was the setting for many gatherings involving the American Civil Liberties Union, of which he was a founder the United World Federalists Alliance France the United Nations and the Yale Club.” The obituary article added, “He celebrated his 85th birthday in March with a trip around the world that included visits to Expo ’ 0 in Japan, France, Ceylon, Thailand, and stops in Rhodesia and Kenya, Africa.” He was still traveling, almost to the end.

SUMMING UP Prynce Hopkins had a richly creative and productive life and was a true Renaissance man, a link between the generations that saw the introduction of the automobile and the airplane it spanned two World Wars and their aftermath.

He designed and secured a patent on a helicopter. An educational pioneer, he founded two schools, the first in Santa Barbara (at two locations) and the second in France, both based on innovative educational principles. He wrote nineteen books on a variety of subjects, varying from pacifism to Freudian psychoanalysis to the health hazards of smoking, and he wrote, though personal experience, some of the earliest and most thorough investigations of Eastern and Far Eastern religions and cults.

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He was part of a 19 9 War Office commission whose recommendations “became part of everyday psychological practice” throughout the Second World War in England. People were told that “this is a civilian’s war, or a People’s War, and therefore they are to be taken into the Government’s confidence as never before.”150 Wise words for any democratic government, and they served to unite the populace for the Battle of Britain.

He was a fully qualified psychoanalyst, and he also found time to found four magazines, and run as the Democratic candidate for the state assembly from Pasadena.

Hopkins was a very private person, but underneath his quiet and reserved exterior may have been the heart of a true romantic. He fell in love only twice and married both love objects both marriages ended in divorce. He admitted that the fault was his in his first marriage and entered into an extensive psychoanalysis that lasted eight years, but which failed to halt the divorce. He then fell in love with a “strikingly good-looking young blonde” girl twenty years younger than he. The age gap eventually proved too great a problem, and his wife had her own psychological problems. He remained on good term with his wives, their new husbands, and his children.

He inherited a great deal of money.

After his father’s death he said to a friend that he “felt gratified that now I would be able to put his wealth to many good uses.” He did exactly that, establishing the Hopkins Trust and giving money to different organizations whose efforts he admired or whose goals he was attracted to, from Amnesty International to gun control. He managed to give away the bulk of his father’s fortune in his own lifetime.

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Of course, one could speculate that he was getting back at his father by giving away his money to radical organizations, getting even with his father for real or imagined wrongs.

Finally, in summing up the life of Prynce Hopkins, it would seem that he had been traveling throughout the world in search of something. Perhaps he was only trying to confirm what he knew instinctively, but wanted to be sure he was on the right path.

The various mystics whom Prynce Hopkins met in his travels may have thought of him as a potential convert he was, after all, a rich American. He viewed all the various cult and religions, however, with a skeptical eye and had no intention of joining a movement, unless it satisfied his need for a life purpose.

Ethical Culture and humanism satisfied that need.

So, after searching out exotic cults and religions throughout the East and Far East, some dating back hundreds or even thousands of years, he decided on a religious movement started in 18 6 in New York.

As Dorothy said in the film version of The Wizard of Oz, after she tapped her heels together three times in her magic slippers, “There’s no place like home . . . .”

Prynce Charles Hopkins is buried in the Santa Barbara Cemetery alongside his parents, Charles Harris Hopkins and Mary Isabelle Hopkins. An unsigned poem, found among his papers, may serve as a proper epitaph: Change was his mistress, chance his counselor.

Love could not keep him, duty forged no chain.

The wide seas and mountains called to him, And gray dawns saw his campfires in the rain.151

Prynce Hopkins took a trip around the world to celebrate his 85th birthday shortly before his death in August 1970. Courtesy of Jennifer Hopkins.

EPILOGUE In the letter that Prynce Hopkins received from Nilla Cram Cook on May 1 , 19 , she wrote of “dancing from North to South America in less than a minute” by means of Prynce Hopkins’ giant map of the world. Out of modesty he omitted the rest of the letter in his book, A Westerner Looks East. It forms a fitting eulogy for this Renaissance Man. The letter follows and speaks for itself.

I wonder how many hundreds, or thousands of others hear your name and feel their hearts jump. Do all the children you cared for or inspired have this incorrigibly possessive feeling about you? I imagine they

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do. And how can you remember them all? The tenderness with which you asked about Harl Nilla’s younger brother made me wonder how big you heart actually is. For I remember, and understand now what I of course did not realize then, that you took a special interest in nursing him out of the inferiority complex his bossy big sister had instilled! I remember the way you used to take him home, to eat persimmons and cream and feel he really was someone after all. He remembers you with great affection.

It was a strange thing you did for all of us . . . you are the image to which we return whenever we pass through experiences which demand an honest stock-taking of ourselves. For, to have before us in the impressionable years a man who did not spare himself, but punished himself for the shortcomings of others-—breathed into us, as it were, a higher level of truth. You set out to serve your fellow man, your world, through work for children, and not an iota of your effort has been lost . . . What incredible courage you had! How proud Harl and I were, and are, always, to remember that our mother shared the California honors with you. You were so utterly right ... To have seen a man stand for the ideal meant more than to have read a thousand books. . . .

Harl drove out to California several times, and came back with pictures of the Samarkand Hotel, the flowers which have overgrown it. But he was complaining bitterly that the wild strawberries have been supplanted, the indoor swimming pool and map of the world destroyed ... that this had been a gift to youth, not a business enterprise. He said that there was no hope for a country that did not know how to use such gifts ...

I hope it means something to you, who put so much into Boyland, that a few of us, who were fortunate to know it, cherish it as the most precious of our memories, and a yet-tobe-fulfilled vision.152

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BOOKS BY PRYNCE HOPKINS An Instinctive Philosophy, hard-bound pamphlet, self-published, ca.1916.

The Ethics of Murder, Volume pamphlet, self-published, ca. 191 .

One,

More Prussian Than Prussia, self-published, 191 .

The Philosophy of Helpfulness, St. Paul: Pioneer Press, 1919.

Fathers Or Sons?, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., Ltd, 192 .

Psychology of Social Movements, London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 19 8.

Religious Beliefs and Practices in the Land of the Incas. 19 8 A Personality Study of an Avatar of Krishna: an Essay on Parikh’s Biography of Sri Swami Naranya, 19 9.

Aids to Successful Study, London: George Allen Unwin, Ltd., 19 1.

Can the Leopard Change his Spots?, 19 1.

New Heavens for Old?, 19 1.

From Gods to Dictators, Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius, 19 .

World Culture, Publications, 19 5.

Pasadena:

Freedom

Gone Up in Smoke: A Study of Tobaccoism, Culver City: Highland Press, 19 8.

A Westerner Looks East, Los Angeles: Warren F. Lewis, 1951.

Both Hands Before the Fire, first edition printed in Bangkok at Thai Watana Panich, ca. 1961 illustrated edition published by Traversity Press, Penobscot, Maine, 1962.

The Social Psychology of Religious Experience, New York: Paine-Whitman, 1962.

World Invisible, Penobscot, Traversity Press, 196 .

Maine:

Orientation, Socialization, and Individuation, Bombay: Asia Publishing Company, 196 .

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178

NOTES The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Vol.2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 25 .

2 Ronald Koegler, “Jumpin’ with Nancy,” Montessori Life (Winter 1995): 1 .

Prynce Hopkins, Both Hands Before the Fire (Penobscot, Maine: Traversity Press, 1962), 1.

Mayflower Families Through Five Generations, Vol. 6, 66.

5 Hopkins, Both Hands, 2- .

6 Ibid., . www.ancestry.com.

8 Hopkins, Both Hands, .

9 Ruth Brandon, A Capitalistic Romance: Singer and the Sewing Machine (New York: J.B. Lippincott and Company, 19 ), 19 .

10 Ibid., 198-20 .

11 http: www.ancestry.com Browse view. aspx.

12 Ibid.

1 Brandon, 166.

1 Ibid., 19 -198.

15 Mary Ames Mitchell, The Man in the Purple Cow House (Pasadena: Hope Publishing Company, 2005), 221-222.

16 Hopkins, Both Hands, 9.

1 Ibid., .

18 Eileen Ames, telephone interview with author, 19 February 200 .

19 Hopkins, Both Hands, 5-6.

20 Ibid, 8.

21 Ibid., .

22 Ibid., 10-11.

2 Ibid., 12.

2 Ibid., Preface.

25 Ibid., 1 -15.

26 Mitchell, 9.

2 In the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

28 Hopkins, Both Hands, 19.

1

uoted in Stella Haverland Rouse, “Olden Days: The Story of Boyland’s Rise, Fall,” Santa Barbara News-Press, 1 June 19 5.

0 Hopkins, Both Hands, 15 .

1 Ibid., 2 .

2 Ibid., 2 .

Ibid., 1.

Prynce Hopkins, “A Career Cut Short,” Noticias 6 (Spring, 1960): 1 .

5 Hopkins, Both Hands, 8.

6 Hopkins, Noticias, 1 .

Ibid., .

8 Ibid.

9 Hopkins, Both Hands, 9.

0 Ibid., 9.

1 Ibid., 5.

2 Ibid.

Ibid., 6.

Edmund West, comp., “Charles Harris Hopkins” in Family Data CollectionDeaths, Provo, Utah, 19 1, http: www. ancestry.com cgi-bin sse.

5 Hopkins, Both Hands, 8- 9.

6 San Francisco Chronicle, 11 May 191 .

Paul Avrich, Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (Oakland: AK Press, 2006), 22 .

8 uoted in Rouse, “Olden Days.”

9 Ibid.

50 Ibid.

51 Nancy McCormick Rambusch, Learning How to Learn (Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1962), 20.

52 Rita Kramer, Maria Montessori: A Biography (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 19 6), -50.

5 Phyllis Povell, “Maria Montessori: Portrait of a Young Woman,” Montessori Life 19:1, 2 .

5 Kramer, 9 -96 109-12 .

55 Santa Barbara Daily News, 1 October 191 Morning Press (Santa Barbara), 1 29

PRYNCE HOPKINS September 191 .

Hopkins, Both Hands, 62.

5 Prince Hopkins, Prospectus of the Boys’ Educational Group at Greenwich, Connecticut, December 1921, 1- .

58 uoted in Rouse, “Olden Days.”

59 Santa Barbara Daily News, 9 April 1918.

60 Ibid.

61 Hopkins, Both Hands, 62-6 .

62 Ibid., 6 .

6 Prince Hopkins, More Prussian Than Prussia (Privately printed, 1918), 8- 9, 8 .

6 Hopkins, Both Hands, 66.

65 In the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

66 Hopkins, Both Hands, 66.

6 Prynce Hopkins, A Westerner Looks East (Los Angeles: Warren F. Lewis, 1951), 5.

Hopkins may be a little off on his dates here. Hitler did not become chancellor of Germany until 19 .

68 Hopkins, Both Hands, 66-6 .

69 Walker A. Tompkins, Santa Barbara Neighborhoods, (Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Board of Realtors, 1989), 52-5 .

0 Hopkins, Both Hands, 1 1 Ibid., .

2 Ibid.

Prynce Hopkins, World Invisible (Penobscot, Maine: Traversity Press, 196 ), 11-19.

Hopkins, Both Hands, 8- 9.

5 Philadelphia Inquirer, 1 January 1921.

6 Ames interview Hopkins, Both Hands, 81.

Hopkins, Both Hands, 86.

8 Cecilia Rasmussen, “A Muckraker’s Own Life as Compelling as His Writing,” Both Hands, 11 May 200 .

9 Hopkins, Both Hands, 90-9 .

80 Ibid., 9 , 98.

81 Ibid., 10 .

82 Mary Ames Mitchell, telephone interview with author.

8 Hopkins, Both Hands, 119.

56

179 Ibid., 119-12 .

Ibid., 1 .

86 Ibid., 1 .

8 Jennifer Hopkins interview with author.

88 Hopkins, Both Hands, 1 6.

89 Joanna Bourke, Fear: A Cultural History (Emeryville, California: Shoemaker and Hoard, 2005), 2 .

90 Mitchell, Purple Cow, 222.

91 Ibid., 222-22 .

92 Hopkins, Both Hands, 158-160.

9 In the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

9 Ibid.

95 Hopkins, Both Hands, 68.

96 Hopkins, A Westerner, 26.

9 Hopkins, A Westerner, 2 .

98 Nilla Cram Cook, My Road to India (New York: Lee Furman, 19 9), -8.

99 Hopkins, Both Hands, 50.

100 Prince Hopkins, “Trying to Classify Traits of Character,” Dawn, May 1915.

101 Hopkins, Both Hands, 10 -105.

102 Prynce Hopkins, Gone Up in Smoke: A Study of Tobaccoism (Culver City: Highland Press, 19 8), 9.

10 Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (Garden City: Anchor Books, 1961), 2 - 28.

10 Hopkins, Both Hands, 1 2.

105 Ibid., 9 .

106 Ibid., 8.

10 Ibid., 10 .

108 Jones, 2 .

109 Elizabeth Danto, Freud’s Free Clinics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 16 , 212, 2 9.

110 Ibid., 19 .

111 Hopkins, Both Hands, 11 .

112 Ames interview.

11 Vincent Brome, Ernest Jones: Freud’s Alter Ego (New York: Norton, 198 ), 15 -155.

11 Hopkins interview.

8

85

180 Mitchell and Hopkins interviews.

Hopkins, Both Hands, 1 .

11 Ibid., 1.

118 Ibid., 166.

119 Ibid.

120 Christopher Hibbert, The Grand Tour (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1969), 219.

121 Hopkins, World, 1 8-160.

122 Mitchell, The Man, 8- 9.

12 Frank Clifford, “Graham Greene Dies One of the Century’s Great Writers,” Los Angeles Times, April 1991.

12 Graham Greene, The Lawless Roads (London: Longmans, Green, 19 9), 2 -25.

125 Among the personages he spoke with were: Count Okuma, premier of Japan David Starr Jordan, president of Stanford University Edward Thorndike and James Dewey, professors at Columbia University Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, leaders of the American anarchist movement Maria Montessori, educator Gaylord Wilshire, developer after whom Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles is named Sigmund Freud Alfred Adler, founder of the Individual Psychology movement Ernest Jones Maurice Nicoll, Jungian psychotherapist George Bernard Shaw, author and playwright H.G. Wells, author Julian Huxley, author and scientist English reformers Norman Angell, Harold Laski, Sidney and Beatrice Webb Peter D. Ouspensky, mathematician and philosopher Geordiadis Gurdiev, Russian occultist Roger Baldwin, founder of the A.C.L.U. Upton Sinclair, author Alvarez Obregon, president of Mexico Plutarco Elias Calles, Obregon’s 115 116

NOTICIAS successor Leo Politi, artist contributor to Freedom magazine ueen Frederika of Greece Princess Georges of Greece Sheik Al Ramadan, leader of the Islamic Brotherhood Jawaharlal Nehru, premier of India Krishna Menon, secretary of defense of India and a former psychology student of Hopkins’ General Douglas MacArthur the Shah of Iran and Premier Yoshida of Japan.

126 Hopkins, Both Hands, 9 .

12 Hopkins, A Westerner, 226.

128 Hopkins, Both Hands, 6.

129 Hopkins, World, 1-9.

1 0 Ibid., 2.

1 1 Ibid., 8.

1 2 Ibid., 5.

1 Ibid., 10.

1 Ibid., 10, 20.

1 5 Ibid., 2 , 26.

1 6 Review viewed at www.ramana-maharshi. org m path 196 breview.htm.

1 Hopkins, Both Hands, 10 .

1 8 Ibid., 19 .

1 9 Hopkins, World, 165.

1 0 Both letters in the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

1 1 Hopkins, Both Hands, 16 .

1 2 Ibid., 1 1.

1 Ibid., 1 .

1 In the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

1 5 Hopkins, Both Hands, 1.

1 6 John Kelsey and Thornton Ladd, telephone interviews with author, February 200 .

1 Hopkins interview.

1 8 In the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

1 9 Hopkins interview.

150 Bourke, 2 .

151 In the collection of Jennifer Hopkins.

152 Ibid.

PRYNCE HOPKINS

“I warmed both hands before the fire of life.” – Walter Savage Landor.

Photograph courtesy of Jennifer Hopkins.

181

1dq1dq1dq1d The Legacy Society If we could show you a way to benefit the Historical Museum without affecting your lifestyle, would you be interested?

The simplest way is a bequest through your will or trust. A bequest allows you to make a contribution without diminishing the assets available to you during your lifetime. Through a bequest you can help ensure that history will always play an important role in all our lives.

The Legacy Society has been established to recognize those donors and “history enthusiasts” who have made a provision for the Historical Museum in their estate plans. A bequest is just one of a number of ways that you can provide a lasting legacy and assist the Museum in its mission to promote an appreciation and understanding of our regional history.

For information on how you can give the “gift of history” please contact Dru A. Hartley, Capital Campaign Director at (805) 966.1601 ext 122 or campaign@sbhistorical.org.

We gratefully acknowledge our newest Legacy Society members for including the Historical Museum in their estate plans: Victor K. Atkins, Jr. Herbert E. Barthels, DDS George L. Burtness Robert and Lynn Burtness William S. Burtness Marilyn Brant Chandler DeYoung Don and Susan Fuhrer Mary Garton

Leslie and Harry Hovey Keith J. Mautino The Mautino Family Trust Donn Miller Marlene R. and Warren P. Miller Jane Rich Mueller David F. Myrick Willard and Joearle Thompson Eleanor Van Cott

1dq1dq1dq1d

182

NOTICIAS