ABC of computers by Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers

The ABC of Computers Using MicrosoftÂŽ Office Note:

Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows

is a trademark of the Microsoft Corporation

~ Presented by Sarah Mason ~

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers TABLE OF CONTENTS Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise

1.1 - Entering Text and Numbers ............................................................ 7 1.2 - Inserting and Deleting Text ............................................................ 9 1.3 - Cut, Copy and Paste ........................................................................ 10 1.4 - Moving and Copying Text .............................................................. 12 1.5 - Automatic Spell Checking .............................................................. 14 1.6 - Spell Checker .................................................................................... 16 1.7 - Grammar Checker............................................................................ 18 1.8 - Headers and Footers ....................................................................... 20 1.9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Formatting text ................................................................................ 22 1.9 - Fields ................................................................................................... 24 1.10 - Using Fields ..................................................................................... 26 2.1 - Folders and Drives ........................................................................... 30 2.2 - Creating a New Folder .................................................................... 32 2.3 - Moving Files and Folders ................................................................ 33 2.4 - Selecting Multiple Files ................................................................... 33 2.5 - Renaming Files and Folders .......................................................... 34 2.6 - Deleting Files..................................................................................... 34 2.7 - The Recycle Bin ................................................................................ 35 2.8 - Opening and Closing Files .............................................................. 36 3.1 To Insert Wordart ............................................................................... 38 3.2 To Insert Clipart .................................................................................. 39 3.3 Using the shapes ................................................................................. 40 3.4 Using Autoshpaes ............................................................................... 41 4.1 - Page Orientation .............................................................................. 42 4.2 - Margins ............................................................................................... 43 4.3 - Page and Paragraph Breaks .......................................................... 45 4.4 - Line and Paragraph Spacing ......................................................... 47 4.6 - Applying Numbers and Bullets...................................................... 49 4.7 - Inserting Symbols ............................................................................ 50 4.8 - Search and Replace ......................................................................... 52

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Introduction These notes are designed to provide reinforcement material for tutor led training sessions. These revision exercises assume that the necessary program has been fully and correctly installed on your computer. However, in Word, some features are not installed initially and a prompt to insert the Office CD may appear when these features are accessed.

Aim

For students to gain confidence in becoming computer literate at basic level.

Objectives After completing the course the user will have experience in the following areas: Manage Files and Folders Understand File Types and Directory Structure Enter and Amend Data Check Work for Accuracy Import and Manipulate Objects Sending and receiving emails Basic internet use

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ABC of Computers Course Outline

Course Title: ABC of Computers Aims of the Course: For students to gain confidence in becoming computer literate at basic level.

Objectives/Learning Outcomes: (at the end of the course learners will be able to…) 1 2 3 4 5

Identify, use & care for parts of the computer hardware. List examples of software and explain uses. Discuss the benefits of using the different applications. Manipulate ‘Windows’. Create and format documents in Word Processing demonstrating individual style and flair. 6 Demonstrate how to customise the computer. 7 Understand the use of graphics and demonstrate basic image manipulation ie cropping, resizing for emails. Design Length of Course How many hours per week 2 hrs How many weeks 8 weeks Day Tuesday

Time 12.00 – 2pm

Venue Kestrel Court

Course Description Introducing the novice to computers. This 8 week course covers the absolute basics starting with switching on and mouse control. Progressing at a gentle pace the following skills will be covered: fundamental word processing skills covering entering, editing and formatting text, standard letter layout, sending and receiving emails, computer hardware and software, manipulating windows, basic internet use.

Name of tutor Sarah Mason Date 7 September 2008

Signed SJMason

ABC of Computers Lesson Date 1 16/09/08

23/09/08

30/09/08

7/10/08

14/10/08

21/10/08

7 8

28/10/08 4/11/08

Topic Introductions, administration safety and handouts, Fire, Domestics Discuss the aims of the course Using games, practise mouse & keyboarding skills Windows manipulation Introduction to Word Processing (WP) Revision of first week WP practice – create a document, format the document Printing & saving documents Embolden, underlining, spellchecker, Saving and printing Importing pictures – practise resizing and moving More WP practice – revision of first two weeks cut copy and paste Wordart, numbering, bullets, spellcheckers Using clip art – finding pictures, resizing and moving File Management Creating folders; renaming files, moving files Computer graphics Manipulating images in Word, downloading from camera, using SD cards Using the Internet Effective searching, downloading text and graphics, uploading images, Create 7 a Christmas Card and printing labels Recap of the course

ABC of Computers Chapter 1 – Word Processing Exercise 1.1 - Entering Text and Numbers Guidelines:

One of the most widely used applications on computers is Word Processing. The following sections of this guide are concerned with one of the most popular word processing applications, Microsoft Word, starting with the process of data entry. The keyboard is called an input device because it is used to input information to the computer. In a word processing application, any key pressed on the keyboard will appear in the document at the Insertion Point, where the cursor flashes. Each letter, number or symbol typed in is called a character. The cursor can be moved by clicking the mouse pointer or by using the arrow keys on the keyboard. Text is entered at the cursor position, when the edge of the paper is reached, the text automatically wraps to the next line. Only press <Enter> if a new paragraph is to be started, or a new line is required before you reach the end of the current one. If a capital letter or a symbol at the top of a key, e.g. %, £, @, ?, is required, hold down the <Shift> key while typing it.

Actions:

Start Word 2003 by selecting Start | Programs | Microsoft Word or double click the icon on the desktop Enter the following text. Type carefully and accurately to try and avoid any mistakes:

Remember when…… A computer was something on television from a science fiction show of note; a window was something you hated to clean and RAM was the cousin of a goat. An application was for employment, a program was a television show, a cursor used profanity, a keyboard was a piano. Cut you did with a paper knife, paste you did with glue. A web was a spider's home and a virus was the flu. Compress was something you did to the rubbish not something you did to a file and if you unzipped anything in public, you be in jail for a while! To save the new document, select File | Save As. Select the required location from the Save in box, the ABC folder in My Documents. Enter the name XX REM in the File name box and click Save.

ABC of Computers Close the document by selecting File | Close. Leave Word open for the next exercise.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.2 - Inserting and Deleting Text Guidelines: Both the mouse and the cursor keys can be used to move the insertion point. Mistakes can be erased, or text inserted wherever required.

Actions:

Using the REM file created in the previous exercise. Click in the word television. Characters to the left of the cursor are deleted by pressing the <Backspace> key and characters to the right of the cursor are deleted using the <Delete> key. Change the word television to TV using these key presses. Make the following alterations to the document, by inserting and deleting text as necessary: change RAM to Random Access Memory; add the word would to the last sentence Save the document as XX REM 2. Note: The file extension .doc is added automatically to the filename if omitted. Close the document.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.3 - Cut, Copy and Paste Guidelines: The Cut, Copy and Paste commands allow text to be moved around a document, from one place to another, quickly and easily. When text is cut, it is removed from its original location; when copied, the original is untouched. When copied or cut, text is placed in a temporary storage area known as the Clipboard. Up to 24 cut or copied items can be held on the Clipboard.

Actions: Open the document Organiser. Make sure the Clipboard toolbar is visible: select Edit | Office Clipboard. The Clipboard is shared between all Office applications, there may already be some items on it. If so, click the Clear All button,

Highlight the first sentence Mr Nelson rings... and click the Cut button, . An icon representing the cut text appears on the Clipboard. Move the cursor to the end of the document and start a new line. Click the Paste button,

, to place the cut text at the insertion point.

Select the sentence which is now at the top of the page: John Weston wants.â&#x20AC;Ś Click the Copy button, . The copied text is placed on the clipboard, next to the first item. Filling the clipboard in this way is known as Collect and Paste. Paste this text at the end of the document, by clicking the second item in the Clipboard. Notice how the original text is untouched. continued over

Items can easily be deleted from the Clipboard. Click the Clear Clipboard button,

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ABC of Computers Close the Clipboard toolbar. Close the document without saving.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.4 - Moving and Copying Text Guidelines: The Drag and Drop facility speeds up the process of moving text from one location to another within a document. It is best used to move small amounts of text, cut and paste works better with larger areas.

Actions: Open the document Grand Canyon. Select the first sentence and move the mouse over the text until it becomes an arrow.

Click and hold down the mouse button, then drag the mouse to the end of the text. As the text is being dragged, the cursor becomes and the Status Bar reads Move to where?. A vertical line appears where the text will be inserted. Release the mouse to drop the text at the end of the document. Note: The drag and drop feature becomes drag and copy if the <Ctrl> key is held down whilst the text is being dragged. The cursor appears as

and the Status Bar reads Copy to Where?

Select the sentence that has just been moved. Hold down <Ctrl> and drag to the beginning of the text before releasing the mouse. The text is copied to the beginning of the document. Check the end of the document for the same sentence. Obtain a printed a copy of the document. Practise moving and copying within this document using this technique. Close the document without saving.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 2

Open the file called HUMPTY stored on the floppy disk. Using CUT and PASTE - rearrange the rhymes into the correct order. The correct versions are shown below.

Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall. Humpty Dumpty had a great fall all the king’s horses and all the king’s men couldn’t put Humpty together again. Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came tumbling after. Doctor Foster went to Gloucester in a shower of rain he stepped in a puddle right up to his middle and never went there again. Type your name on the document and save as XXHUMPTY1. Print a copy then close the file.

ABC of Computers Exercise 1.5 - Automatic Spell Checking Guidelines: Word has a large dictionary. Words not in the dictionary can be added but you will not need to do this. There are two main ways of spell checking. Either spell check while typing, or use the Spelling Checker. Misspelled words are shown with a wavy red line underneath. Green wavy lines refer to grammatical errors.

Actions: Open the document Aliens. For now, ignore grammatical errors. If there are red and green wavy lines beneath some of the text, then the Automatic Spelling & Grammar feature is turned on. Move to Step 5. If not, follow the following steps. Select Tools | Options and select the Spelling and Grammar tab. In the Spelling area, Check spelling as you type should have a check mark against it, as should Always suggest corrections and Check grammar as you type in the Grammar section. If they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t, click in the appropriate white box to place the tick. Click OK.

The quickest way of correcting errors is by using the mouse. Place the mouse over the first item underlined in red, aproached and click with the right mouse button. A shortcut menu appears. Suggestions are given in a list, in this case there is only one suggestion. Select the correct spelling by clicking with the left mouse button. The error is corrected. When text is being entered, a Spell Book is shown in the right corner of the Status bar. If there are mistakes, correct, ÂŠ Sarah Mason

appears, if everything is

appears. 14

ABC of Computers Continue to correct the spelling errors in the same way. One is not a spelling error, but a repeated word, saw saw. Select Delete Repeated Word. Print the document and close it without saving.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.6 - Spell Checker Guidelines: Another way to check spelling is to use the Spelling and Grammar dialog box.

Actions: Open the document Aliens again. Spelling errors are underlined in red and grammatical errors in green. With the cursor at the beginning of the document, click the Spelling and Grammar button, , or select Tools | Spelling and Grammar. The Spelling and Grammar dialog box appears.

The first error is shown in the top area. Suggested alternatives are shown beneath. Errors can be ignored, changed or added to the dictionary. Select the alternative approached and click Change. The next error appears. Work through the document, making corrections as necessary. Ignore the green grammatical errors for the moment. For repeated words click Delete.The following message appears when the check is complete.

Click OK and save the document as Correct before closing it.

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ABC of Computers Note: If the word required does not appear in the Suggestions box, it may be typed into the upper area of the Spelling and Grammar dialog box, correcting the error, and then Change selected. Open the file called File Spell and run the spell checker through this text!!!!!

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.7 - Grammar Checker Guidelines: Grammar is also checked as text is entered. Word makes suggestions which, like spelling suggestions, can be accepted or ignored.

Actions: Open the document Initiatives. The grammatical errors are underlined in green (it may take a few seconds for the errors to appear after the file is opened, if they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t appear quickly, double click at the end of the document). Click the Spelling and Grammar button,

Notice how the buttons at the right of the dialog box are slightly different to when spelling is checked. Click Next Sentence. The second error finds an extra space before the ?. Click Change to accept the suggestion. The third error is a little trickier in that a full stop has mistakenly been placed in the middle of a sentence. Choose to Ignore this for now, but remember where it is. Move the dialog box, if necessary, to view the error. Click OK when the grammar check is complete. Go back to the full stop error and delete it. Check that the Spell Book is showing all complete, . ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Save the document as Corrected and close it. Note: It is good practice to proof read a document, even after it has been spell and grammar checked.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.8 - Headers and Footers Guidelines: Headers and Footers are common identification lines at the top and bottom of each page. Such text at the top of a page is called a Header and at the bottom, a Footer. Headers and Footers can be added on alternate pages, or the same header/footer can be applied to every page. Special features such as the date, time and page numbering can be added to a Header or Footer.

Actions: Open the file Hardware. Check under File | Page Setup | Layout that neither Different odd and even nor Different first page is checked for Headers and footers. Click OK.

Select View | Header and Footer to reveal the Header and Footer toolbar.

Notice how the main document becomes ghosted. Create a centred two line Header by entering <Tab> Computers Today <Enter> <Tab> By A Modem. Select the Switch Between Header and Footer button, the Footer. Add News as a centred Footer then click Footer toolbar.

, to switch to

to close the Header and

Print Preview the document to check the appearance of the Headers and Footers. ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Note: Headers and Footers are not visible in Normal document view - to see them, use either Print Preview or View | Print Layout. Print a copy of the document. Note: Some printers do not print to the bottom of the page, so the Footer may not be visible in the Preview. To enlarge the Footer, select File | Page Setup |Margins and increase the setting for the Footer from the From edge area. Close the document without saving any changes.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.9 – Formatting text Guidelines Text can be altered in a variety of ways with colour, different text (fonts), size of writing, alignment, bold, italic, underline.

Exercise Enter the following text with an unjustified right margin and a justified left margin:

The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame The Rat stooped down and unfastened a rope. He hauled up a little blue and white boat, just the size for two animals. He rowed across, and gave his paw, to step down timidly into it. The two animals made friends at once. Ratty was very surprised to hear that Mole had never been in a boat before. “There is nothing half so much doing,” he told Mole, “as simply messing about in boats” Centre the text. (Highlight the entire text, and click the CENTRE shortcut icon on the toolbar.) Embolden the heading. (Highlight the words and click the B for BOLD shortcut icon on the toolbar.) Change the spoken words to the colour red. Customise other parts of the text to your choice. (Highlight the words to change, click on the A which will then give the colour options and select one.) Import the picture called 'File WINDY' from the floppy disk. (Move the cursor the bottom of the document using the arrows, press ENTER to move the cursor underneath the text. Select the INSERT menu and click on PICTURE, FROM FILE. © Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.9 - Fields Guidelines: Fields are used for many different tasks, such as inserting codes, e.g. the date, into documents, automatic numbering of tables, figures and lists. Fields are also used in mail merging to produce personalised documents and to insert information. Fields can be added to a document header or footer to be printed with the document. When working with fields, the contents or the field codes can be displayed.

Actions: Click the New Blank Document button, document.

, on the toolbar to start a new

Select Tools | Options | View. Ensure the Show area has the Field codes option checked. Select Always from the Field shading area and click OK. Select Insert | Date and Time. Notice the available date formats. Some are commonly used in the United States. For the purposes of this assessment it is important to use English date formats, e.g. dd/mm/yy. Choose the first date format. Make sure Update automatically is checked.

Click OK. Fields are recognised by { } around the codes.

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ABC of Computers Notice how the code for the date can now be seen. When the document is printed or previewed this is converted into todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s date. Select Tools | Options | View and uncheck Field codes. Click OK. The date is now displayed, rather than the code. Press <Alt F9>. This is a quicker way to toggle between displaying Field codes or their values. Press <Alt F9> again to display values. General fields can also be used. Press <Enter> twice. Press <Ctrl F9>. Between the brackets, type Name then click outside the field. This type of field is known as a Comment field and would be replaced by the required text. Select File | Properties and change the Author to your own name, then click OK. Press <Enter> twice. Select Insert | Field and from the Categories choose Document Information, then Author from Field names. Click OK. Press <Alt F9> to view the Field codes. Experiment with other fields, then close the document without saving. Note: Field codes are deleted by highlighting the code using the mouse and then pressing <Delete>.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 1.10 - Using Fields Guidelines: Fields are usually used to insert codes, which are updated to print current information.

Actions: This exercise demonstrates how to insert fields into a document header. The fields will then be printed with the document. Open the document Explanation. Select File | Properties and add your name to the document as Author and Minutes as the Title. Click OK. Select View | Header and Footer. The Header appears, together with the Header and Footer toolbar. In the Header (with the cursor at the left margin), select Insert | Field. From the Categories, select Document Information and then select Author from Field names. Click OK. Tab to the centre. The Header and Footer toolbar can be used to add the name of the document as a code. Click Insert AutoText and select Filename from the list. Click the Switch between Header and Footer button,

At the left of the Footer, insert the time by clicking the Insert Time button, . Tab to the centre of the Footer and type Page followed by a space. Click the Insert Page Number button,

Note: To stop a page number appearing on the first page of a document, you must use the command Insert | Page Numbers rather than the button and remove the check from Show number on first page.

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ABC of Computers Tab to the right of the Footer and click the Insert Date button, insert the current date as a field.

, to

Close the Footer using the Close button, or by double clicking on a blank area of the screen. Print a copy of the document. Save the document as Codes and close it.

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ABC of Computers Exercise Open the Word Processing application. Recall the document called WEB from folders. The text contains several errors - some of which the spell checker is highlighting and some, which it has not picked up. The correct version is shown below.

THE WORLD WIDE WEB Developed to help scientists share information, the WWW is rapidly becoming a general service for everyone. Using a suitably configured computer, users can access information on the WWW (known as WWW pages) from anywhere in the world. These pages can be created by anyone, from school children right up to the world’s largest companies. Many commercial services are now offered on the WWW. You can order books, arrange a car rental anywhere in the world, and purchase and download new software direct to your computer. If you live in the right area, you can even order a pizza via the WWW! The ability to combine text, pictures, videos and sound makes the WWW ideal for entertainment pages. Most bands, films and computer games have their own official pages, and there are often many more set up by fans. Some TV and radio stations let you tune in via the WWW. At the moment the WWW is still in its infancy, but it seems like it could revolutionise many aspects of our lives over the next few years. Correct all errors. Save the changes on the disk (FILE, SAVE) and print a copy. Insert a new paragraph after the paragraph ending ‘If you live in the right area, you can even order a pizza via the WWW!’

The possibilities are endless. User groups are growing daily. Who would have thought that people would be downloading knitting patterns from the WWW? In the first paragraph delete the sentence ‘These pages can be created by anyone, from school children right up to the world’s largest companies.’

ABC of Computers Replace WWW with the word Web each time it appears (nine times). * Select the EDIT menu and click REPLACE * Type in WWW in the FIND WHAT box. * Type in Web in the REPLACE WITH box * Click the MORE button and tick MATCH CASE

In the second paragraph move the sentence ‘You can order books, arrange a car rental anywhere in the world, and purchase and download new software direct to your computer’ from being the second sentence so that is becomes the last sentence in the paragraph. Save the file (FILE SAVE AS XXWEB2) and print a copy.

Set the document in each side by 2cm. (FILE, PAGE SETUP. Adjust the left and right margins only - increase the current margin by a further 2cm.) Justify the text. (CTRL + A to highlight the entire document, then click the JUSTIFY icon on the formatting toolbar. Now both the left and right edges are straight.) Change the double

third paragraph to line spacing.

(Highlight the third paragraph; select the FORMAT menu and then PARAGRAPH. Choose LINE SPACING and select DOUBLE from the drop down menu.)

Centre, embolden and underline the heading. (Highlight the heading and select the appropriate icons from the

formatting

toolbar.)

ABC of Computers Chapter 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; File Management Exercise 2.1 - Folders and Drives Guidelines: In order to assist in storing and finding files and programs on the hard disk, Windows uses Folders. The hard (or floppy) disk, or CD, is split into many folders, each containing all the files related to a specific task or program. A folder may also contain other folders, thus sub-dividing the disk even further. The concept is much like organising a filing cabinet by having separate drawers and files for each particular task. A folder in Windows appears as an icon, with the name of the folder printed next to or underneath it, depending on the view displayed. When the icon is double clicked, the folder opens, and its contents are displayed.

Actions: Open the COMPUTER section. In the My Computer window, there will be an icon which represents the C drive. Double click on the icon to display the contents of the C: Drive. Now double click on the DOCUMENTS folder, which should contain the course folder: ABC Double click on the ABC folder and the File Management folder to open it. Note: The appearance of the Toolbar buttons can be varied using the VIEWS setting . Select View | Details to see the files listed with more information. To show file extensions: Click on F1 for help Search for SHOW FILE EXTENSIONS, follow the instructions here

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ABC of Computers There are several files displayed: .avi .wav .gif and .jpg .doc .txt .rtf (rich text format)

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is a video file are sound files are image files are Word documents is a basic text file is a text file in a format that can be recognised by all computers

ABC of Computers Exercise 2.2 - Creating a New Folder Guidelines: A well-structured storage system makes it easy to locate the required files quickly. From time to time you will need to create new folders in which to store your files. A new folder can be created anywhere by clicking once with the right mouse button. A shortcut menu appears. Select New and then Folder. A new folder is created and its icon displayed. Enter the name of the new folder, then click once anywhere off the folder. To create a new folder within a window, click on the folder where the new subfolder is to be placed and select File | New | Folder. It should become highlighted in blue, ready for the name to be entered, and its contents displayed in the View Window. To create subfolders, simply repeat the process â&#x20AC;&#x201C; click on the folder to contain the new subfolder, then select File | New | Folder.

Actions: Make sure that the AUTHORS folder is open. Right mouse click in the VIEW window, to display the shortcut menu. Choose New, Folder. A new folder is created. Enter the name AAMIlne and then press <Enter>. The folder named AAMILNE is now created within the Authors folder. Repeat the above to make two new folders called DISNEY and REVAWDRY

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ABC of Computers Exercise 2.3 - Moving Files and Folders Guidelines: A file or folder can be moved from one location to another. Dragging an item from one location to another on the same drive defaults to a MOVE operation, dragging from one drive to another results in a COPY operation.

Exercise: Move the files stored in the AUTHORS folder to the correct sub folder by clicking and dragging

Exercise 2.4 - Selecting Multiple Files Guidelines: Often in file management, more than one file at a time needs to be copied, moved or deleted. This means that multiple files need to be selected. Use the following methods to select multiple files:

Actions: To select a range of files, click once on the first of the files required, hold down the <Shift> key on the keyboard, then click on the last file of the required range, i.e. Clothing.doc. Release the <Shift> key. All the files in between will be selected. Click away from the selection to cancel it. To select multiple files that are not in a range, hold down <Ctrl> on the keyboard and click on all the files to be selected, as below.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 2.5 - Renaming Files and Folders Guidelines: Files and folders can be renamed at any time to help with their management.

Actions: Right click on one of the files and Select the Rename option from the shortcut menu. Rename the file and press <enter>.

Exercise 2.6 - Deleting Files Guidelines: Files and folders can be deleted in three main ways: Click once on the file / folder with the right mouse button then select Delete. Click and drag the file / folder over the Recycle Bin icon on the desktop or in Folders view, bin

, then release the icon "into" the

Select the file and click on the Delete button from the organise button.

Actions: Practice deleting some of the authors files using the above methods.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 2.7 - The Recycle Bin Guidelines: When files or folders are deleted, they are not instantly removed from the hard disk. They are held in the Recycle Bin, whose icon can be seen on the desktop or in any Folders pane. The Recycle Bin desktop icon changes according to whether it contains any files, or is empty. All deleted items are stored there until the Recycle Bin is emptied. Until then, the files can be restored to their original location. Once the Recycle Bin is emptied the contents are permanently deleted and can no longer be recovered. Deleting individual items from the Recycle Bin also permanently removes them.

Actions: Click the Recycle Bin icon from the desktop. Choose a file and select restore this item.

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ABC of Computers Exercise 2.8 - Opening and Closing Files Guidelines: Files can be opened directly from Folder View, provided the software in which they were created is installed on the computer.

Actions: Double click one of the excel files from the ABC folder. The file will open in the correct program.

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ABC of Computers Exercise

The following exercise aims to practise the skills in file management explored previously. Open My Documents Locate the folder named ABC on the C:\ Drive Create a sub folder inside and name it with your name. Close Documents Open M/S Word and type in the following passage:

Filenames Work is saved onto one of the drives â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A, C, D, E and is given a filename. Filenames can be up to 255 characters long and can contain spaces but cannot contain forward or backward slashes or full stops in the middle of the name. The filenames should be meaningful so that you won't have to open up each one to remember what they contain. Additionally, filenames generally should have a suffix, called an extension. An extension consists of a full stop followed by 3 characters and is a very important part of the filename. Filename Extensions Filename extensions are how the computer and the applications, as well as you and others can identify what type of information a file contains. For example, a Word document file should have a name ending in ".doc" and a Microsoft Excel filename should end in ".xls". Save the work to your personal folder on the C drive. Close both the file and the application and return to DOCUMENTS. Search for the file Double click on the file to open.

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ABC of Computers Chapter 3 - Graphics Exercise 3.1 To Insert Wordart Make sure the DRAWING toolbar is showing at the bottom of the page. The word DRAW will be showing over on the left of the toolbar. If it isn’t – click on VIEW and then TOOLBARS and then tick DRAWING. It may be that the DRAWING TOOLBAR is a floating toolbar on the screen. You can glue it to the screen like the others by dragging it on the blue title bar down the edge of the screen and once you let go, it will ‘sucked in’!

Click on the drawing toolbar on the letter A

Choose the style of WordArt that you would like by clicking on the example. The colours and shape can be altered later if you change your mind. Click OK.

Write the words you would like to say. Remember; if the words need to be on different lines you will need to press ENTER on the keyboard at the end of the line. Press OK. To MOVE the WordArt, click in the middle of the words so white handles appear around the edge. Place the mouse cursor in the middle of the WordArt and when the pointer becomes a THICK FOUR HEADED CROSS, you can left mouse click and drag. To RESIZE the WordArt, click on one of the white handles and when the mouse pointer becomes a DOUBLE HEADED ARROW, drag in the direction you would like to resize. To change the words of the Word Art, double click inside the Word Art frame.

ABC of Computers To CHANGE THE COLOUR of WordArt, click on the tipping over paint pot on the drawing toolbar. You may need to SPIN the WordArt through 180o if you are making a greetings card. Click on the WordArt that you would like to rotate so there are white handles around the edge. Click on the FREE ROTATE TOOL and little green blobs will appear at the corner of the WordArt. Click on the bottom right hand blob and drag around. This takes a bit of practice so persevere!

Exercise 3.2 To Insert Clipart Clipart is a whole catalogue of images installed on the computer when it was first bought. These images may include photographs, cartoons, animated images and sounds Move the flashing cursor to the position on the page where you require the picture Select the INSERT menu and then choose Picture CLIPART. In the search pane type the keyword to look for Choose a picture, click on it and it will appear on the screen To

manipulate a picture successfully, click on the picture and ensure the PICTURE TOOLBAR is showing. If it isn’t, click on VIEW TOOLBARS, and put a tick next to the PICTURE option. The toolbar usually appears floating on the screen.

Select the DOG type icon called TEXT WRAPPING. From the drop down selection choose TIGHT. The picture now has WHITE handles. The picture is now much easier to move and resize.

ABC of Computers Exercise 3.3 Using the shapes Ensure the drawing toolbar is showing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; if not select the VIEW menu and then TOOLBARS and put a tick next to DRAWING.

Practice by drawing a flower: Select the oval tool and click and drag to draw the centre of the flower. Hold the SHIFT key down at the same time to obtain an exact circle Using the oval tool again, draw one oval petal. Using the FILL COLOR tool, colour in the shapes. Using the FILL EFFECTS tool will add some clever shading. Make copies of the petal by selecting the petal, click on COPY and then PASTE. Move the petals into place, rotating each one slightly as you move around the circle. To rotate the petal, select it first and then click on the FREE ROTATE tool.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers To GROUP the flower so it becomes one item instead of 16 different elements, select each of the elements by holding the CTRL key down and clicking on each petal in turn. Now, in the DRAW menu, select the GROUP option. Now the flower can be copied and pasted and resized.

Hello Exercise 3.4 Using Autoshpaes There are many effects that can be achieved using the autoshapes tools. Click on the AUTOSHAPES button and choose from the wide range.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Chapter 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Further Word Processing Skills Exercise 4.1 - Page Orientation Guidelines: Page orientation simply refers to which way the document is printed. It can be in Portrait,

, or Landscape,

mode.

Actions: Open the document Explanation and switch to Print Layout View. Print Preview the document. It is in Portrait mode. This is the default orientation. To change to Landscape, select File | Page Setup and select the Paper Size tab. From Orientation, choose the Landscape option.

Click OK to change the orientation. Close Print Preview and print the document. Close the document without saving.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Exercise 4.2 - Margins Guidelines: Margins determine the distance between the text and the edges of the paper and are usually the same for the whole document. The top and bottom margins are reserved for features such as headers, footers and page numbering. A large top margin can be set when working with headed notepaper. The top and bottom margins are, by default, set to 2.54cm. Side margins can be changed to allow space for binding (Gutter margin), to change the length of the document and to improve its readability. By default, the side margins (left and right) are set at 3.17cm. Margins can be altered in Print Preview by clicking on the margin boundaries and dragging.

Actions: Open the document Desiderata. Select File | Page Setup and the Margins tab.

Increase the left and right margins to 6cm either by editing the numbers or by using the up and down arrows. Click OK. Note: There is an option to use the defined margins for the whole document, or from This Point Forward in the Apply to box. continued over

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Preview the document. Notice how it is now goes into a second page. Print the document. Make sure the document is in Print Preview. Choose to display one page. Adjust the left margin by positioning the cursor over the margin boundary, on the ruler at the top of the screen, until it becomes a double-headed arrow. Drag the pointer to the left.

Try holding down <Alt> while dragging the margin. The measurements are displayed in the ruler. Adjust the top margin using the boundary at the left of the screen. The pointer will change to a double-headed arrow.

Double click on the margin to view the Page Setup dialog box, from which the margins can also be changed. Click Cancel to remove the dialog box. Close Print Preview to see the results of the changes. Close Desiderata without saving the changes.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Exercise 4.3 - Page and Paragraph Breaks Guidelines: It may be necessary to start a new page by choice. This is known as forcing a new page. When a Page Break is inserted in Normal view, a dotted line appears in the text, where the break has been inserted. If this is done in Print Layout view, a new page appears on the screen. A paragraph break is sometimes inserted to split an existing paragraph into multiple ones, or to create a new paragraph when typing.

Actions: Open the document Discovery. Divide the document into two pages by forcing a new page after the second paragraph. Position the cursor in front of paragraph 3, then select Insert | Break.

Select Page break from the dialog box, then click OK. Note: Page breaks can also be inserted by placing the cursor in the correct position and pressing <Ctrl Enter>. Print Preview the document to see the two pages. Close Print Preview. On page 2, a new paragraph is to be created. Place the cursor in front of Tutankhamunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bandaged body. Press <Enter> once to start a new line, then again to create the paragraph.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Print the document, then close it without saving.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Exercise 4.4 - Line and Paragraph Spacing Guidelines: The appearance and readability of a document can be improved by changing line spacing. By default, line spacing is Single; other commonly used spacing is Double and 1Â˝. Spacing before and after a paragraph can also be changed. Spacing is measured in points: 12pt is equal to one line for a size 12 font. Widows and Orphans is a control that prevents Word from separating the last line of a paragraph and printing it at the top of a new page (widow), or separating the first line of a new paragraph and leaving it at the bottom of the current page (orphan). By default, the control is on, but you should check the Line and Breaks tab in the Paragraph dialog box to make sure.

Actions: Open the file Explanation. Add your name to the end of the document. Select all of the text, then select Format | Paragraph to display the Paragraph dialog box. Make sure the Indents and Spacing tab is selected.

Change the Line Spacing to Double. Notice how the Preview at the bottom of the dialog box changes. Note: The At Least, Exactly and Multiple options in the Spacing area prompt for a value in the At box. Enter the required value to determine the amount of space between the lines. Select the Line and Page Breaks tab and make sure Widow/Orphan control is checked and then click OK. ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Justify the text. It is now much easier to read. Print Preview the document and then print a copy. Save the document as Explanation2. Change the spacing of the first paragraph to 1.5 lines by placing the cursor anywhere within it and pressing <Ctrl 5>. Note: Press <Ctrl 1> for single spacing and <Ctrl 2> for double spacing. Print out a copy of the amended document. Close it without saving. Open the document Discovery. Select the entire document, then select Format | Paragraph. Click the Indents and Spacing tab if not displayed. Paragraph spacing is changed in the Spacing area of the Paragraph dialog box. To increase the spacing before the paragraphs, increase the Before option to 24pt. To leave spacing after the paragraphs, increase the After option to 12pt.

Click OK. Note: To increase the spacing before a paragraph to single line spacing, select the paragraph and press <Ctrl 0> (zero). The same key press will remove this line spacing before a paragraph. Print the document and then close without saving.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Exercise 4.6 - Applying Numbers and Bullets Guidelines: Lists and paragraphs can automatically be numbered or bulleted. In each case, a hanging indent is also applied. This separates the text from the numbering and improves the appearance of the document. If an item is removed from the list, the remaining items are automatically renumbered.

Actions: Open the document Organiser. Select all of the text. Number it by clicking on the Numbering button,

Delete item number 5, referring to Mr Parrot. Notice how the remaining items are renumbered. Print the document and close it without saving. Open the document Discovery. Select all of the paragraphs, but not the title and click paragraphs are numbered. Now select the paragraphs again and click numbering. Click on the Bullets button,

. The

again to remove the

, to bullet the paragraphs.

Close it without saving the changes.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Exercise 4.7 - Inserting Symbols Guidelines: Some situations call for special characters, like é and ô. Some characters and other symbols are not available directly from the keyboard.

Actions: Start a new document and choose the Insert | Symbol command to display the Symbol dialog box. Select the Symbols tab, if it is not already selected.

Select one of the symbols. Position the symbol in the document at the insertion point, by either double clicking on it, or click once, then click Insert. Select each of the fonts in turn and look at the range of available symbols - there are hundreds. Insert a few. Select the Special Characters tab. The list of characters also contains a list of shortcut key presses. Insert a Trademark ™ symbol. Select Close to exit the Symbol dialog box. The size of these symbols can be changed like any other character. Select them and change their size to 16 pt. Close the document without saving and open the document Characters.

ABC of Computers Replace all the character definitions (in bold) with the special characters themselves. Print the document and save it as Characters2 before closing it.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Exercise 4.8 - Search and Replace Guidelines: Visually searching for a word or phrase in a document can be tedious. The Find command moves directly to a specific word or string of characters. The Replace facility gives the option to exchange each occurrence of a particular word, or string of words, with an alternative.

Actions: Open the document Explanation and make sure the cursor is at the beginning of the document. Select Edit | Find. The Find and Replace dialog box is then displayed.

Use the Find tab and in the Find what box, enter information and click Find Next. The first occurrence of the word is highlighted. . Click Find Next again to move to the next occurrence. In this way, find all occurrences of the word information. When the Word has finished searching the document prompt appears, select OK. Close the Find and Replace dialog box by clicking

Note: To view the Find and Replace dialog box more quickly, press <Ctrl F>, or click on the Select Browse Object button, (scroll bar at bottom right) and then click on .

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Now, with the cursor at the beginning of the text, find all occurrences of the word text.

Click OK at the prompt when the search is complete and close the dialog box. To replace the word graphics with pictures, select Edit | Replace (donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t forget to use to extend the menus). Enter graphics in the Find what box and pictures in Replace with box. Note: <Ctrl H> will also reveal the Find and Replace dialog box.

Select Find Next and click Replace. Note: Replace All will quickly replace all occurrences of the specified text. Continue through the document, replacing all occurrences of graphics. When the replacement is complete, one of the following dialog boxes will appear, depending on whether Replace or Replace All is selected:

Click OK from either box then click Close to close the Find and Replace dialog box.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Save the document as Replaced and close it. Note: This feature can save time when typing a particular word or phrase repeatedly. Replace the word/phrase with # or a similar key press and, when the document is complete, use Find and Replace to change all occurrences of #. E.g., DVLA could be replaced by Driving Vehicle Licensing Authority in this way.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Download Images from the camera       

Plug in the camera Turn camera on (An automatic feature may start up here, choose import pictures) From the start button, choose COMPUTER Navigate to the REMOVABLE drive and then DCIM Select pictures, choose COPY. Navigate to PICTURES and then PASTE.

Download images from SD card  Insert SD card  From the start button choose COMPUTER  Navigate to REMOVABLE drive  Select the pictures and then COPY]  Navigate to PICTURES and then PASTE Manipulate the image  From the START button, choose PICTURES  Double click on the image. This opens it in Windows Photo Gallery  From the FIX menu, have a look at the various adjustments that can be made.



ABC of Computers 

From the PRINT menu, study the various sizes for printing, type of paper to print on, quality of print

Create a Card using Word     

Open Word Choose whether the card needs to be printed on PORTRAIT or LANDSCAPE orientation (File, Page Setup) From the INSERT menu, choose PICTURE from FILE Change the Image to TIGHT, move to position Add text, wordart, shapes as required.

Make adjustments using Photoshop Elements  Open Photoshop  From the FILE menu, open the images

ABC of Computers To make labels Open WORD. From the TOOLS menu, choose LETTERS & MAILINGS, ENVELOPES & LABELS.

Ensure the LABELS tab is showing to the front. Choose OPTIONS to set the size of your labels. Set up the measurements as shown here.

Click OK and the NEW DOCUMENT. . \T.ype in the addresses.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers To make a Christmas Card Open Photoshop Elements by double clicking on the ‘Sunflower’. Add a background In the FILE menu choose OPEN and find a background image from the ‘CHRISTMAS CARD’ folder.

Adding Text to your card Click on the T tool to write some text. Make changes to the font and size of writing Drag the LAYERS PALETTE onto the working area Choose LAYER STYLES to add some effects to the writing

Add other images From file choose open and find SANTA CLAUS CLOTHING Choose the MAGIC WAND tool and select the white area of the image by clicking into it. From the SELECT menu choose INVERSE. Now only SANTA is selected. Using the move tool drag santa across to your card. © Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Resize SANTA by clicking and dragging from the corner. Add various other items in the same way.

Add some twinkle starflakes using the paintbrush.

Choose FILE, SAVE AS Choose PRINT PREVIEW, Resize and move the image into position

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers What is the Internet? The Internet is the global computer network that communicates using the telephone system. No one owns or controls the whole Internet.

Why use the Internet? Home Work Learning Community

to book holidays, banking, food shopping, finding a job marketing, advertising, researching, e-commerce schoolwork, learn on-line find local information, events, charity work

What can you do? E-mail Discussion groups – chat rooms, mailing lists, newsgroups Look at web pages

How did the Internet evolve? In the 1970’s, the US Government wanted important information to be kept secure in the event of a nuclear bomb. The best way was to split up the information and disperse it on computers throughout America. Everyone needed access to all the computers and so networking began. In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee and the CERN company in Geneva implemented a hypertext system and so it began…

What are the benefits of the Internet? 1. It is a fast cheap method of communication. 2. There is access to an enormous amount of information on every topic imaginable. 3. People can publish their work at very little cost to a huge audience. 4. Isolated areas of the community are no longer so far from the action. 5. The Internet is open 24/7 and can be accessed at any time.

What are the drawbacks of the Internet? Someone once described the Internet as a “second hand book shop after an earthquake”! It is very easy to get lost and sometimes hard to get the exact information you want. Therefore: © Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Question what you find – there are no restrictions on the information that is posted and some of it may be exaggerated. Search effectively, limit information so that it is targeted and manageable Be clear why you’re using it and what you are looking for.

ABC of Computers The World Wide Web is a term used to describe all of the information and multimedia content available on the Internet. To access the information, you need to buy a Web Browser. Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are two popular web browser applications. Before you can hook up to the net, you will need to subscribe to an Internet Service Provider. Examples of ISPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are Tesco, Global, Freeserve, BT. Some you pay for and some are free. People who pay for their ISP believe they get a better service ie the connection to the internet is quicker and the web pages appear more quickly on their screen when they connect. Before you choose your ISP ask: What is the monthly subscription? What does it cost for the time spent online or is it free? What is the start up cost? Do you get some free web space to post your own web page? Is there a helpline available, when is it open and how much does it cost?

Before you get online, you need to make sure that your computer contains a modem. This is the device that converts the digital signals created by the computer into signals suitable for the telephone line. The faster the modem, the less time you will spend on the phone. Modem speeds are measured in BPS (bits per second) and can vary from 14,000 bps to 56,000 bps. The faster the modem the more expensive. Also if you wish to speed up the time taken for information to transfer across the telephone line, you will need to install an ISDN line (Integrated Services Digital Network) instead of your normal telephone line. It would take 4 seconds to transmit one megabyte of information using a modem of capacity 56,000 bps over a standard telephone line. Using your browser, you can view Web Pages on just about any subject imaginable. Web pages contain text, graphics, video clips, sound, 3D worlds. They can be interactive ie you could take a virtual tour of the Houses of Parliament or you could talk to others on a common subject in a chat room. Web pages are put together using a file format HTML (hypertext mark-up language). You can jump from one web page to another using hyperlinks. When your cursor moves over a hyperlink it will change shape from a pointer to a pointed finger. A hyperlink could be text or graphics or it could be there are many links within one image eg a map. Many web pages make up a web site and each web site has its own unique address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Each web site has a home page which is like a table of contents of the site.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers tells the web browser that it is making a web connection

look on the world wide web

the domain name registered with the Internet Society

this site belongs to a profit making company

the site is on a computer in Great Britain

this is the name of a page within this site

Ensure that when you type in the address of a web site: no spaces – if there is a space you type _ no capital letters – although some sites will accept a Capital if typed.

Before you start ‘surfing’, do invest in some good anti-virus software that you can update. It will cost you about £30 but is money well spent. Norton Anti Virus, Dr Solomon, Sophos are all good makes. Viruses are nasty little programs that can sneak onto your computer without you noticing while you are surfing and then can cause all sorts of damage to your machine. When you open an account with an Internet Service Provider, you will be asked to give an e-mail address. E-mail is short for electronic mail and is used to send messages on the Internet. It is quicker and cheaper to use e-mail rather than ‘snail mail’ and is less disruptive for the recipient than a telephone call would be as they will open their e-mails at their leisure. The e-mail address is made up as follows:

username@domain.code.country sezmas@globalnet.co.uk

When you start using the Internet, the first page that appears on your screen is the Home Page. This is the page that you have set up to appear every time. Often people use a ‘search engine’ as their home page and then they can immediately type in their query and the search engine can go and find the answer.

ABC of Computers Typing in a web address

In the address line type in the address given – leave no spaces and use no capitals

eg. www.bbc.co.uk

Notice in the status bar, the blue bar increasing as the page is gradually downloaded

Notice also in the status bar where is says Opening page http.... this becomes ‘Done’ when the download is complete

Navigating the Web There are several buttons on the toolbar to help you navigate around the web, Back, Forward, Stop, Refresh and Home. These will, as the names suggest: Back send you back to the previous page you were looking at Forward send you forward again to the page you were on before you went back Stop

stop the action the browser was doing

Refresh download a new copy of the page you were looking at Home go back to the page that appears when you first open your browser.

ABC of Computers Using Hyperlinks

Move the mouse pointer over the page and the pointer will change to a pointed finger when it reaches a hyperlink. This is a jump to another page. Sometimes the hyperlinks are obvious and are shown underlined in a different colour, however sometimes they are pictures and sometimes hotspots on a map.

Searching for information

A Search Engine is a finding facility designed by a company. The user opens a search engine and types in a keyword on the subject of his choice and the search engine looks at all the web sites in its records and returns a list of sites where that word was found. Quite quickly you will get to know the different styles of search engines and will prefer the layout of one or two. However it is a good idea to know the names of other search facilities and then if one does not return the correct results, by using a different search facility will give you different results. Search Engine Web site designers submit their site to this search facility and it is automatically included in its database. Therefore you may get many silly sites showing in your search. Search Directory Designers submit their site to this search facility and the site is reviewed by people. If it does not meet set standards for good layout, interest, readability etc the site is not included in its database. Super Search Engine/Meta Search This search facility browses other search facilities and so produces results from many sources.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Using the Search Engine Type the address of a search engine into the Address Bar at the top of the page. Type in the keywords to find and click GO or Search. The search engine will return to you the results usually the most relevant of which is at the top of the list.

Advanced Search Methods You can refine your search so that you don’t get thousands of results. The following codes help narrow down the search but different search engines work in slightly different ways:

Quotes

eg “Harry Potter”

Enclosing your words in quotes will mean that the search engine only looks for those sites that contain these two words side by side.

Plus

eg tennis+rules

This will find all sites with the word ‘rules’ but not necessarily the rules for Tennis.

eg +tennis+rules This should definitely return a site containing ‘tennis rules’

To change your HOME PAGE The Home Page is the screen that shows to you when you start up your browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator). It is probably more useful to you to have a good search engine loaded as your opening page and then you can immediately start ‘surfing’. Type in the address of the search engine in the address line. Click the TOOLS menu and then INTERNET OPTIONS Ensure the GENERAL tab is to the front and then the top line says HOME PAGE. Click on the USE CURRENT option.

Add to FAVOURITES

ABC of Computers Once you have found a good site that you may like to return to, you can add the address to your favourite section. 1. Click on the FAVOURITES menu 2. Select ADD TO FAVOURITES. This will just tack the address onto a long list of favourites that you may have previously made. You can file these into a FOLDER if you would like to tidy them away into their different subject areas. 3. Netscape Navigator browser users use the BOOKMARK facility. 4. There is also a shortcut icon on the toolbar called FAVOURITES which you can use. By clicking on it will split the screen to show the favourites on the left and the page on the right. Click a second time to turn off.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason

ABC of Computers Using the HISTORY facility This will keep track of all sites visited over a specified number of days/weeks. You can also check up on your children to see what they have been looking at…! Click on the HISTORY icon and a list will open on the left hand side of the page.

1. Click on TOOLS, INTERNET OPTIONS, GENERAL tab. 2. In the middle of this dialogue box is a section titled BROWSING HISTORY. Choose SETTINGS.Set the number of days to keep in the history section. 3. A certain number of these recently viewed sites will be stored on your computer’s memory so you can view these again OFFLINE. To empty this storage area – click on TOOLS INTERNET OPTIONS, GENERAL, DELETE FILES. 4. The amount of memory put aside for TEMPORARY INTERNET storage can be set. Click on VIEW, INTERNET OPTIONS, SETTINGS and then change the percentage (normally 3% - 5%).

ABC of Computers Saving and Printing Before you print, add your name to the Browser Select the FILE menu and then PAGE SETUP. In the FOOTER type in your name. To print the document from the Web, click FILE PRINT. Check to see how long the document is by scrolling down the page first. You may only wish to print the first page. Therefore, PRINT 1 OF 1.

ÂŠ Sarah Mason