ABPL20049 Introduction to Urban Design and Planning Individual Urban Design and Planning Report Semester 2, 2017 Lee Rochelle Sarah 795408
CONTENTS 2 3 4 7 8 9 12 13 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Contents Site Site Analysis The Vision Actions 1.1 Rezoning 1.2 Refresh tenant mix 1.3 Multi-functin buildings 2.1 Small Housing Size 2.2 Government Subsidy 2.3 Share House Matching Scheme Objectives 3 Benefits Implementation Plan Conclusion Reference List Figure List
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SITE
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MELBOURNE CBD
SITE
Figure 1. Map showing site and surrounding areas (Google Map, 2017)
SITE ANALYSIS
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Carlton profile Major landmarks and potential groups accessing the site 1. University of Melbourne & RMIT University • University students and staff • Proximity to major universities 2. Lygon Street • Eaters dinning at Lygon • Visitors
Figure 2. Age distribution of Carlton
3. Queen Victoria Market • Families • Hawkers 4. CBD district • Working population • Visitors • People transiting at CBD Figure 3. Education level of Carlton residents
Figure 5. Site and surrounding interactions
Figure 4. Country of birth of Carlton residents
SITE ANALYSIS
p5 Grattan Street
Issue #1 Housing Affordability
Issue #2 Quiet and dull community
Rents are slightly higher in the site when we compare rents with the entire Victoria. Median rent is 380aud per week in Carlton while it is only 325aud per week in Victoria. (ABS, 2016) Due to it’s proximity to major universities, major tenants are international students and inter-state students who wishes to live near university. However, such high rental cost can not be affordable by everyone. Housing options should be particularly cheaper near universities as students have a relatively low earning ability.
Due to increasing population in Melbourne overall and increasing International students, the demand for more housing rises. At the same time, more facilities and amenities are needed to cope with the extra population. There are only limited shops and services in or at the site’s surroundings. People have to go to the CBD to get what they need.
Pelham Street
Example: Student Village
Queensberry Street
Figure 8. Site photo showing Bouverie Street
Figure 6. Student Village
Prices Large studio apartment Superior studio apartment 1 Bedroom apartment 4 bedroom apartment
381 aud per week 400 aud per week 406 aud per week 291 aud per week (Student Village, 2017)
Legend
Residential land use
Figure 9. Site photo showing Leicester Street
Victoria Street
Figure 7. Issues map
SITE ANALYSIS Issue #3 Safety Issues Most people living in the site are younger age groups from 20-24, safety is an issue one should concern (ABS, 2016). Shops are limited and they usually close early like 5pm. The site is really quiet at night. Pedestrian flow at the site is low after school hours as most students have left university after dusk. With low pedestrian flow around and minimal shops after night falls, it would be quite dangerous for young residents to go home late.
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Issue #4 Vacant land scarcity There are only little vacant land remaining in the site. Most of the blocks are packed with existing buildings. New developments have to fully utilize remaining land to coop with increasing housing demands.
Pelham Street
Figure 13. Site photo showing vacant land
Figure 10. Site photo showing Bouverie Street
Queensberry Street
Legend
Residential land use
Figure 11. Site photo showing Queensberry Street
Victoria Street Figure 12. Issue Map
Figure 14. Site photo showing vacant land
THE VISION
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Turning Carlton into a vibrant, diverse student residential region filled with the youth community. Mixed-land use planning helps to build Carlton into an attractive buffer zone next to the CBD. The proposed plan at Carlton focuses on the housing issue. It is proposed to improve vibrancy of the site, enhance diversity and to address housing affordability. Hoping to transform Carlton as a buffer zone in between the Melbourne CBD and Northern suburbs such as Brunswick. With an aim to meet different goals in short terms and long terms respectively, actual plans will be focusing on rezoning as mixed land use, as well as constructing multi-function buildings in the area. The objectives are based on the vision of the proposal, so as to keep in line with the concepts of sustainability in terms of environmental, economic and social. 1. “To improve the vibrancy and diversity of Carlton to create an aesthetic neighborhood.” 2. “To improve housing affordability for students” 3. To turn Carlton into a buffer zone between quitter suburbs and the CBD”
Figure 15. Vision graphics showing site after implementation of actions
ACTIONS Objective 1: Action 1.1 Rezoning Action 1.2 Refresh tenant mix Action 1.3 Multi-function buildings Objective 2 Action 2.1 Small housing size Action 2.2 Government Subsidy Action 2.3 Share house matching scheme
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Multi-function buildings • • • •
Attract visitors Increase competitiveness Provide housing Urban greenery (roof-top gardens)
Refresh tenant mix
Small housing size
• Neighbourhood • Lower short trips by vehicles
Share house matching scheme
• Affordable housing • Provide more housing options
Environment
Social
Economic
• Afforable housing • Find a buddy • Sharing power bills
Rezoning
• Diverse and safer neighborhood • Boost economic development (business opportunities)
Government subsidy • Affordable housing
1.1 REZONING (MIXED LAND USE)
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Objective 1: To improve the vibrancy and diversity of Carlton to create a aesthetic neighborhood
G r a t t a n S t r e e t
Tackling issue 2: Quiet and dull community Issue #3 safety issue Land use zoning is a powerful tool for refreshing neighborhood environments, aiming to enhance socioeconomic activities and land use diversity. (Talen, 2005) The site is mainly composed of low density, lowstorey residential housing. Minimal shops and catering services can be found at the ground level of some of the housings. However, most of them are cafÊ in which their opening hours only last until 4pm. The site area is quiet for most of the time. The high weighting of residential land use and low weighting of shops and facilities around suggest that the existing services at the site is not adequate to fulfill the needs of residents living there. In order to create a vivid neighborhood, we should add in more types of land uses. Therefore, rezoning should be worked out in the site to build up it’s diversity and vibrancy. The competitiveness of the neighborhood can be enhanced too as people tend to live in places with convenient availability of goods and services. (Beyard, M, D., Michael P. & Alex B., 2003)
P e l h a m S t r e e t
Q u e e n s b e r r y S t r e e t
Legend
Residential land use
V i c t o r i a S t r e e t Figure 16. Current land use map
1.1 REZONING (MIXED LAND USE) Mixed land use zoning brings in different types of amenities in the same neighborhood, ranging from housing units, retail services, catering services as well as institutional services. This help to turn the area into a self-sustained region. Residents can get what they need and enjoy their lives within their own neighborhood. This can as well minimize the number of short trips to make living in mixed-use environments. (Cervero, 1989)
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Grattan Street
Recreational land use • Cinemas, gymnasium, swimming pools, bowling • Facilities for residents • New option other than CBD for recreation activities for neighborhoods nearby such as North Melbourne, Fitzroy, Brunswick Institutional land use • Post office, clinics, community centers • Facilities for residents • Health care for residents and university students
Pelham Street
Commercial land use • Business office, designer studios • Internship opportunities for university students Food and drink premises • Food court, indoor food center • More catering options for residents • Students and office workers tend to spend lunch hour at shops and restaurants nearby rather than driving to off-site areas (Cervero, 1989) • Agglomeration of catering service
Queensberry Street
Legend Residential land use Recreational land use Institutional land use Commercial land use Open Space Vacant land Food and drink premises Victoria Street
Figure 17. Land use map after rezoning
CASE STUDY
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Elmwood Village, Buffalo, New York Elmwood Village in New York has been a successful neighborhood full of diversity and vibrancy that attracts especially young people. (McMahon, 2014) It has four large colleges and universities nearby. This is similar to my site as there is University of Melbourne and RMIT University near the site, proving young people pedestrian flow. In Elmwood Village, streets with a mix of small old and new buildings shows that there will be more restaurants and retailers that are non-chained. (McMahon, 2014) Elwood Village provides services and facilities, with also artistic walls to fill in the vibrancy of the neighborhood. Elwood Village has been voted as top 10 great places in America by American Planning Association
Figure 18. Elmwood Village
Figure 20. Elmwood Village
Figure 19. Elmwood Village
Figure 21. Elmwood Village
What makes it a success: • Energetic street life and obvious economic vitality • Walkable, mixed-use neighborhood popular with young people • Small apartment buildings, and 300-plus small local shops, restaurants, coffeehouses, bars, and art galleries • Intelligent street design and management (McMahon, 2014)
1.2 REFRESH TENANTS MIX
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Objective 1: To improve the vibrancy and diversity of Carlton to create a aesthetic neighborhood Tackling issue 2: Quiet and dull community Issue #3 safety issue Housing and retail are highly correlated with one another. Where there is residential growth, retail is primed to follow. Residential development provides customer base for neighborhood-serving retail such as grocery stores. (Beyard, M, D., Michael P. & Alex B., 2003) In order to modify the current situation, the quickest and easiest way is to rent shops to various types of industries. Looking at the current situation, the majority are cafes. If landlords can stop leasing shops to café owners and lease them to other types of shops, there will be a wider diversity of shops selection in the site.
Figure 22. Example of retail mix street
A district with stronger tenant mix is desirable with more business opportunities. Shoppers boost business sales which attracts new retailers to locate. (International Council of Shopping Centers, 2014) Extending the retail business from day to night not only benefits the local community with longer service hours, but also helps to solve the safety issue at the site. In order to promote better safety, it is important to have “eyes upon the street”, eyes belonging to those we call the natural proprietors of the street. Moreover, continuous pedestrian flow helps to add to the number of effective eyes on the street. (Jacobs, 1961)
Figure 23. Example of retail mix street
Figure 24. Example of retail mix street
1.3 MULTI-FUNCTION BUILDINGS
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Objective 1: To improve the vibrancy and diversity of Carlton to create a aesthetic neighborhood Tackling Issue 2: Quiet and dull community Issue 3: Safety issue Issue 4: Housing Afforability The site is currently filled with developments. There is only little vacant land available for future constructions. When facing the problem of land scarcity along with the increasing demand of housing, multi-function buildings is a plan that fits in this situation. Multi-function buildings refer to the development of having various types of land use in one constructed building. Figure 25. 3D model of multi-function building
Figure 26. 3D model of multi-function building
1.3 MULTI-FUNCTION BUILDINGS
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A high-rise multi-purposed building could have the basement level dedicated to car parking, four to five floors designed as a shopping mall, the top level designed as a rooftop park and the rest of the floors as residential apartments. This type of buildings is able to provided the most services and shops as well as residential living in the least area of land. Residents living above the mall would be provided with necessary facilities and support for their daily living. (Leung, A & Tam, C.M., 2010) * Developments in the way of vertical expansion helps to increase living space, fully utilizing the small amount of land provided.
Figure 27. Plan of multi-purpose building
Figure 28. Section of multi-purpose building
Figure 29. 3D model of multi-function building
Figure 30. 3D model of multi-function building
1.3 MULTI-FUNCTION BUILDINGS Not only can multi-function buildings benefit the residents living at the towers above it, other residents in the neighborhood can also access the shopping mall below. Residents in the site no longer have to get to the city every time they need something. They can stay in their own neighborhood when they can get access to supermarkets, cinemas, dining spots, clinical services and shops easily. The construction of multi-function buildings can turn Carlton into a self-sustainable region. This helps to alleviate the over-crowded situation at the CBD. Shopping malls need not to be huge in size like Melbourne Central and Emporium, small in size with the right shops and services would be just enough to satisfy basic needs of the community.
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Grattan Street
Figure 32. 3D model of multi-function building
Pelham Street
Figure 33. 3D model of multi-function building
Legend Residential land use Vacant land
Victoria Street
Figure 31. Site map showing pedestrian circulation flow
Figure 34. 3D model of multi-function building
CASE STUDY
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HONG KONG
Issue: Land scarcity with increasing population Objectives: 1. Provides residents with necessary facilities and support for daily life 2. The rent generated from commercial facilities provides attractive returns on investments (Leung, A & Tam, C.M., 2010)
Figure 35. Section of multi-function building in Hong Kong
Figure 37. Example of multi-function building in Hong Kong
Figure 36. Example of multi-function building in Hong Kong
Figure 38. Example of multi-function building in Hong Kong
2.1 SMALL HOUSING SIZE
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Objective 2: To improve housing affordability for students Tackling issue 1: Housing Affordability
The housing affordability issue is a hard problem to tackle. Housings are competitive as land is scare yet people need more housing. The high demand results in a shooting increase in rents. At the same time, new and modern residential housing with high quality, good views, accessible location are expensive. All these factors made housing even more unaffordable for students that wish to live near the university institutes. When we cannot simply lower the rents to make housing more affordable, planning for smaller housing sizes is one of the ways to make renting a home in the site much cheaper. Density housing can improve the character of a street, enhancing vibrancy and build a greater sense of community. (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2017) Future housing developments can provide various housing size options. This can cater to the needs of different students. According to ABS (2016), most demographics in the site are international university students. This suggests that most residents in the region are going to live in their house for three years, with a maximum of five years if they are going to continue with a postgraduate degree.
Figure 39.Floor plan of small housing units for students
Current Student Accommodation at/ near Site: 1. Unilodge D1 Weekly rent: ranging from 388-408 (UniLodge, 2017) 2. Urbanest (around 19sqm) Weekly rent: ranging from 459-499 (Urbanest, 2017)
Figure 40. Floor plan of a studio at Urbanest
2.2 GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY Objective 2: To improve housing affordability for students Tackling issue 1: Housing Affordability One direct way to tackle unaffordable housing would be through government subsidy. It is difficult to reduce price of rents without the involvement of government providing funds and subsidies. (Sheko, A, Martel, A. & Spencer, A., 2017 ) In Australia, there is currently a program named Student Housing Access Program (SHAP). It applies to students with financial difficulties providing decent studio housing for $160 per week. However, it is only applicable to Australian or New Zealand citizens (The University of Melbourne, 2017). International students still do not have any financial subsidy help on rent problems. International students housing programs can be implemented. After strict scanning on financial background of students, they can be provided with decent housing near university in a relatively low price. The availability of housing grant could enhance the site’s affordable housing inclusion (University of Western Sydney, 2008).
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2.3 SHARE HOUSE MATCHING SCHEME Objective 2: To improve housing affordability for students Tackling issue 1: Housing Affordability Among most housing options, one-bedroom apartments and studio apartments are the most expensive housing options. However, these are the most common options for first-year international students as they do not know anyone else which they can share an apartment with. This limits their housing options to expensive one person households. Most of the current share house matching programs focuses on elderly care. They target age groups over 60. The needs of share house matching for students has been neglected. Planning schemes should not only focuses on the actual housing developments, but also on the community. A share-house matching scheme could provide a platform for students to find their perfect house-mate match. Matching could be done in accordance to the students’ university, bachelor, nationality and gender. Students with similar backgrounds are more easy to get along with one another. Same subjects matching can also help students to form study buddies in their first year of studies. Strict monitoring should be exercised to ensure privacy, quality and suitability of matching. The key to success is satisfactory matching. This could increase people’s confidence in this scheme. (Antonio S, D, n.d.) In this way, students can lower their living cost by renting 2-3 bedroom apartments with a share-house housemate. Not only can be rent be shared among a few person, but also the electricity bills water bills and Internet bills. With the help of the share house matching scheme, living in the site can be more affordable to students.
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Steps and Procedures to ensure sustainability and long-term success 1. Application 2. Home Visit 3. Interviews 4. Proposing a match 5. References (ie. past behavior, financial status, etc) 6. Meeting 7. Match-up agreement 8. Follow-up Examples: Match-Up Home Sharing, New York The Elsie Ehrenfeld Housing Project, Jewish Community Services ElderHelp of San Deigo, USA (Antonio S, D, n.d.)
Objective 3: To turn Carlton into a buffer zone between quieter suburbs and the CBD This objective has been obtained by all the above actions. At the current situation, the site and Melbourne CBD is just a few blocks apart. However, the difference is huge. The CBD is crowded, filled with shops and services, business opportunities, etc. While the site is dull, quiet with low pedestrian flow. It is even duller than the suburbs above such as North Melbourne and Brunswick. By improving the diversity and vibrancy (objective 1 and 2), the site can be a more lively place acting as a buffer zone between the hustle bustle CBD and suburbs further away.
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Figure 42. 3D model of site
People who target the CBD as a destination could have another choice to visit nearby. This could as well reduce the pedestrian pressure and traffic flow of the CBD district. Directing visitors to the site can spread out a bit the crowded condition in CBD.  
Figure 43. 3D model of CBD
Figure 41. Site Map
BENEFITS
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Diverse and vibrant community with services, facilities and shops
• Residents of the neighbourhood can enjoy the accessibility of all sorts of services and stores • People are more willing to stay in public areas with quality public spaces • Better sense of belonging and greater social ties
Increase in site’s competitiveness • • • •
Companies see business opportunities in the site Attract investment High accessibility next to CBD Diverse customer profile
Safer neighborhood • More people at night • Brighter streets • Lower crime rates
Provide more housing options
• Coop with increasing housing demands • People with different income ability can choose what they can afford in living
Affordable housing
• Students can live with close proximity to university • Affordable rates for low income students • International students do not need to work while studying
Figure 44. 3D model of site
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
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Short term Medium term Long term 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037 1. Rezoning
Project type: Neighbourhood upgrade
Planning
Implementing building by building
2. Refresh tenant mix Project type: Neighborhood upgrade
Planning
Renew leasing
3. Multi-function buildings Project type: Construction
Design
Construction
4. Small housing size Project type: Construction
Design
5. Government subsidy Project type: Government policy
6. Share house matching scheme Project type: Government program
Budget planning
Discuss
Implement
CONCLUSION This site, with it’s proximity to the Melbourne CBD, has lots of opportunities for better planning and development. It has various locational advantage that should not be wasted. With the actions implemented, the site and the surrounding ares would have undergone a great change. A lively, diverse and vibrant neighbourhood could be an attractive site, forming a secondary central business district. An area filled with shopping malls, streets full of with retails, commercial buildings and residential towers would certainly be a more livable neighbourhood then before. As a planner, it is also important to plan in line with the sustainability principles. The actions proposed to be implemented are not only environmental friendly and enhances social inclusion, but also boosts economic development that increases competitiveness of the site.
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REFERENCES
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Antonio S. D. (n.d.). Match-up Home Sharing Program. Lovable New York Resource Manual. Retrieved from https://aging.ny.gov/livableny/ResourceManual/Housing/III1g.pdf Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved from http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/206041117?opendocument Beyard, M, D., Pawlukiewicz, M. & Bond, A.(2003). Ten Principles for Rebuilding Neighbourhood Retail. Urban Land Institute, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://uli.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TP_NeighborhoodRetail.ashx_1.pdf Cervero, R. (1988). Land-Use Mixing and Suburban Mobility. Transportation Quarterly, Vol42., No.3, pp. 429-446. International Council of Shopping. (2014). Improving Tenant Mix: A Guide for Commercial District Practitioners. Retrieved from https://www.idadowntown.org/eweb/docs/ICSC_ImprovingTenantMix.pdf Jacobs, J. (1961). The Use of Sidewalks: Safety. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage Books, New York, pp. 29-54. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol. 131, Issue Retrieved from http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:4(214) Leung, A. & Tam, C. M. (2010). Modern Multi-function Building Developments. Int. Journal for Housing Science, Vol34, No.3, pp. 151-162. McMahon, E, T. (2014). Neighbourhood Vibrancy: Older and Smaller Can Sometimes Be Better. Retrieved from http://plannersweb.com/2014/08/neighborhood-vibrancy-older-smaller-can-sometimes-better/ PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2017). A place for everyone. PwC’s Affordable Housing Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com.au/infrastructure/cities-affordable-housing-initiative-report-2017. pdf from http://urbanest.com.au/melbourne/carlton/#rooms Student Village. (2017). Rooms and pricing. Retrieved from https://www.mystudentvillage.com/au/student-village-melbourne/ Sheko, A., Martel, A., & Spencer, A. (2017). Policy, planning and financing options for affordable housing in Melbourne. Retrieved from https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/ Sheko%20et%20al%20SOAC.pdf Talen, E. (2005). Land Use Zoning and Human Diversity: Exploring the Connection. University of Melbourne. (2017). Student Housing Access Program. Retrieved from http://services.unimelb.edu. au/housing/shap University of Western Sydney. (2008). Housing Affordability Literature Review and UniLodge. (2017). Room selection for D1. Retrieved from https://unilodge.com.au/lodge/d1/ Urbanest. (2017). Studio with double bed. Retrieved Affordable Housing Program Audit. Retrieved from http://www.uws.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/164623/landcom_report_2008-07-21. pdf
FIGURE LIST
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Figure 1. Map showing site and surroundings. Adapted from Google Maps, 2017. Figure 2. Age distribution of Carlton, Adapted from ABS 2016 Census Quickstat, 2016 (http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/206041117?opendocument) Figure 3. Education level of Carlton residents, Adapted from ABS 2016 Census Quickstat, 2016 (http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/206041117?opendocument) Figure 4. Country of birth of Carlton residents, Adapted from ABS 2016 Census Quickstat, 2016 (http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/206041117?opendocument) Figure 5. Site and surrounding interactions, Author, 2017 Figure 6. Student Village, Author, 2017 Figure 7. Issue Map, Author, 2017 Figure 8. Site photo showing Bouverie Street, Adapted from Google Maps, 2017 Figure 9. Site photo showing Leicester Street, Adapted from Google Maps, 2017 Figure 10. Site photo showing Bouverie Street, Author, 2017 Figure 11. Site photo showing Queensberry Street, Author, 2017 Figure 12. Issue Map, Author, 2017 Figure 13. Site photo showing vacant land, Author 2017 Figure 14. Site photo showing vacant land, Author 2017 Figure 15. Vision graphics showing site after implementation of actions, Author, 2017 Figure 16. Current land use map, Author, 2017 Figure 17. Land use map after rezoning, Author 2017 Figure 18. Elmwood Village, Adapted McMahon, E T., 2014, (http://plannersweb.com/2014/08/neighborhood-vibrancy-older-smaller-can-sometimes-better/) Figure 19. Elmwood Village, Adapted from APA, 2017, (https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2007/elmwoodvillage.htm) Figure 20. Elmwood Village, Adapted from APA, 2017, (https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2007/elmwoodvillage.htm) Figure 21. Elmwood Village, Adapted from Buffalo Management Group, 2017 (https://buffalomanagementgroup.com/buildings/elmwood-village-apartments/) Figure 22. Example of retail mix street, Adapted from 10 Design, 2017, (http://www.tendesign.co/work/architecture/retail/zhuhai-huan-cheng-centre-retail-street) Figure 23. Example of retail mix street, Adapted from Carrico illustration, 2017, (http://www.carricoillustration.com/1-concept-illustration/discovery-city/) Figure 24. Example of retail mix street, Adapted from the district detroit, 2016, (http://www.districtdetroit.com/news/new-retail-office-space-developments-announced-for-woodward-square-neighborhood) Figure 25. 3D model of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 26. 3D model of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 27. Plan of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 28. Section of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 29. 3D model of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 30. 3D model of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 31. Site map, Author, 2017 Figure 32, 3D model of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 33, 3D model of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 34, 3D model of multi-function building, Author, 2017 Figure 35. Section of multifunction building in Hong kong, Adapted from Leung, A. & Tam, A. M., 2010 Figure 36. Example of multi-function building in Hong Kong, Adapted from ilovehk, 2013, (https://ilovehongkong.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Maritime-Square.jpg) Figure 37. Example of multi-function building in Hong Kong. Adapted from AGC Design, 2012. (http://www.agcdesign.com.hk/en/projects/details/23/117/) Figure 38. Example of multi-function building in Hong Kong. Adapted from pop up finds, 2017. (http://www.popupfinds.com/mcp-mall/) Figure 39. Floor plan of small housing units for students, Author, 2017. Figure 40. Floor plan of a studio at Urbanest . Adapted from Urbanest, 2017. (http://urbanest.com.au/melbourne/carlton/#rooms) Figure 41. Site Map, Author, 2017 Figure 42. 3D model of site, Author, 2017 Figure 43. 3D model of Melbourne, Adapted from Dragomir, L. (https://urban.melbourne/planning/2016/08/18/melbourne-cbd-model-update-august-2016) Figure 44. 3D model of site, Author, 2017