; p
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REFORMULATING STREAMS THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE AT THE INTERSECTION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
RESEARCH DOCUMENT AS PREPARATION FOR THE DESIGN THESIS IN ARCHITECTURE SARA M. AGUDELO SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Primary Advisor | Julie Larsen Secondary Advisor | Fernando Sanin
Thesis
Contention
Learning Probes
Dams|Retaining Walls|Channeled Streams| Stepwells Ecological: Water Detention | Water Filtration
Structure-of-the-Problem
World’s Population| Density of the World Urban + Slum Population | Displaced Population Migration | Medellin’s Population Growth Medellin, Colombia Informal Development | Implications The Movement
Structure-of-the-Systems
Integrated Systems- Schools Integrated Library Park System Architecture and Urbanism Metropolitan Green Belt System |Settlements Transportation System Hydrology System La Iguana Stream System La Madera Stream System La Iguana Stream Subdivisions Sites
Synthesis
Active Learning Facility Architecture Characteristics Architecture + Environment Characteristics Sheetflow Interflube
Drainage basin
Displaced settlements have resulted in nodes of informal densities along the hydrology system in Medellin, Colombia. Through the inquisition of prevailing earthworks, and water management and filtration, my thesis aims to look at these proliferating densities and derive a sustaining urban form that restructures and celebrates the character leading to the rejuvenation of the corridors to the Medellin River. Architecture can participate in existing systems by offering agency through alternative models of urban development that maximizes urban relationships with the natural resources.
Thesis
Contention
Spillway Construction
Spillway
Intermediate Block Wall
Pit
Cofferdam
Main Dam Construction
Spillway Construction
Cofferdam
Cofferdam
Cofferdam
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
>50 Ft. in height
Capacity >10,000 acre-Ft. Learning probes start without a comprehensive understanding of all issues relating to the design. The design generates information used to explore the issues and understand the interplay of elements. The example starts with what known in its most basic form—what type of structure is needed to support the water flow. The information is used to “play” with the various elements of the structure and evaluate the results and effects within the design.
Learning Probes
Dams
LARGE
20 Ft.- 50 Ft. <20 Ft. in height
Capacity <100 acre-Ft. SMALL
DAM FORMS •Most made of reinforced concrete.
•Used in arrow rocky locations •Require less material
•Gigantic dams •Use concrete •Expensive to build
•Huge dams made of earth and rock with a dense, waterproof core
PURPOSES Reduces sediment transport Stores water for drinking or irrigation Alters and diverts flow of water water Generates power from hydroelectric dams
Arch
Buttress
Gravity
Embankment
Reservoir Powerhouse
Dams
Generator
House
Intake River
Intake
Beaver-Dam
Different dam forms and sizes are found within nature, even from natural processes such as beaver dams. Dams are sometimes structures built by engineers to block the flow of water and help hold or direct water as it's needed. They protect people by controlling flooding in low-lying areas and help us get the water we need for drinking or growing crops. They also control the flow of water energy that makes hydroelectric power. The lakes created by dams are sometimes places where people can go swimming, boating or fishing.
Penstock Turbine
River
Hydroelectric
Layers of Sand Deposited in the Reservoir Stage5
Stage4
Stage3 Stage2 Original River Bed
Power lines
Stage1
Small Sand-Dam Construction
Dam Built in Stages
During the last few years, ground-water dams (ex. Sand Dams) have received considerable attention as a method of overcoming water shortage in regions with arid and tropical climates.
Benefits:
Water Storage Good for Consumption Water infiltration Reduces Siltation
Learning Probes
Dams
Often architecturally significant, the monumental step-wells serve as water storage and irrigation tanks.Stepwells were first used as an art form by the Hindus and then popularized under Muslim rule. Builders dug deep trenches into the earth for year-round groundwater and then lined the walls of these trenches with blocks of stone. The surrounding inclined subterranean passageways were carved for shade and were ornamented. They design steps into the pond of water to make it accessible to people, to provide a relief from daytime heat as a leisure activity, social gatherings and religious ceremonies.
Learning Probes
Stepwells
PURPOSES Stores water for drinking washung, and collection Leisure cooling, bathing, ritual and relief Social gatherings and religious ceremonies Women were associated to prayed and offered gifts to the goddess of the well for their blessings.
Stepwells
LIVINGSTON. M (2002) Step to water: the ancient stepwells of india. New York, Princeton Architectural Press. pp 114
LIVINGSTON. M (2002) Step to water: the ancient stepwells of india. New York, Princeton Architectural Press. pp 143
Learning Probes
Stepwells
PURPOSES •Designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes •The walls must resist the lateral pressures generated by loose soils •Bounds soils between two different elevations
Angle of Repose: the maximun angle of stability the retaining wall needs to resist before it collaps.
Walls
CONFIGURATIONS
Gravity
Learning Probes
Retaining Walls
Piling
Cantilever
Anchored
CARABOBO STREAM Medellin Example
•Classic engineer approach: channel streams forcing the water to travel in a greater velocity with more friction. •This moves the water down stream so that the individual house owner doesn’t have to deal withthe stream. •As a result moving the water too fast damages the corridors - velocity tears down the banks, thus causes flooding down stream. •This solution does not do anything to solve water quality issues.
Section
THE ENGINEERING SOLUTION
THE ENGINEERING SOLUTION Meadowbrook Stream, Syracuse, NY
Stream is straightened, narrowed into a tight and deep channel and hardened with rocks instead of concrete to resist erosion. This encourages rapid flow down the stream.
Channels
CROSS-SECTIONAL CHANNEL CONFIGURATION
Box
Vee
Trapezoid
Parabola
Learning Probes
Channels
Drop-structure made from soil mixed with concrete The better solution: small drop-structures with water-detaining, flow-slowing impoundments along naturalized stretches of stream
When it begins raining there is a time lag of water concentration. The storm water enters the stream and it eventually reaches a peak before declining in quantity. When a stream is paved it shortens the time lag forcing the stream to reach the peek quicker and increasing the flood level. Detention of storm water on site lowers the level of flood down the stream instead of being forced by gravity. The peak of flood is flattened out and it is extended over a longer period of time. If instead the water was retained you will have the original quantity of water.
Learning Probes
Water Detention
STORM WATER Channeled Stream Detention of Storm water Standard Stream
TIDE
ECOLOGICAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES •Positive drainage by force of gravity •Stable soil conditions •Minimize runoff by maximizing inflitaration and utilization of natural storage •Minimize Contamination •Protect natural components
Ecological
Elevational differences cause a water gradient in a wetland that results in zonation of wetland plant species
Constructed wetlands are thought of as biological fliters to reduce water contamination. They also act as buffers to slow down water force in water streams. Wet Meadow
Shallow Marsh
Deep Marsh
Wetlands
Natural streams and ponds are to be used as models for design solutions instead of the engineer solution.
NATURAL WATER FILTRATION
Overflow spillway
Forebay
Hardened Pad
Inflow
Native vegetation
Outflow
Filtration Pool
Embankment
Maintenance access road
Overflow spillway Riser
Inflow Overflow spillway Forebay
Barrel
Pool Filter Diaphragm
Outflow
Wet pond
Learning Probes
Water Filtration
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH | 1950- 2030 Urban
5.5 5 4.5
"Every year the urban population increases by 80 million, equivalent to the population of Germany" Lars Reutersward, an architect and director of the global division at UN Habitat
4 3.5
Rural
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
YEARS
UNITED STATES 228M MEXICO 74M
The earth’s urban population has surpassed the rural. This unprecedented unorganized demographic growth has been adversely affecting the natural processes of the planet. The current scale of poverty on the planet has overwhelmed the capacity of the formal market to incorporate the masses of impoverished settlers arriving to urban centers all over the world. The informal city now serves as the place for up to one-third of the planet’s urban population. A tendency that can be observed within the context of Medellin’s urban peripheries, disturbed by a massive growth of displaced population as a result of the continuing political violence. Architects must prepare to embrace a new build environment that does not follow pre-planned urbanism but that of the informagrowth of slums and its un-sustainable effects on the foundations of life. Occupancy patterns continue, dictating the urgency to address such basic issues as urban services, public spaces, and waste and water management.
Structure-of-the-Problem
World’s Population
BRAZIL 141 M
RUSSIA 106M
DENSITY OF THE WORLDS MEGACITIES 2000
CHINA 453M
JAPAN 83M
INDIA 288M
Densest Denser
INDONESIA 86 M
Dense Some Density
As urban populations grow, cities get denser.
Structure-of-the-Problem
Density of the World
Medellin is the thresholds of 216,288 forced displaced individuals. This human mobility is a response to the danger posed by acts of Guerilla wars and by armed forces. Woman and men find themselves forced to leave the familiar, rural agricultural areas such as Magdalena Medio, Bajo Cauca y Urabá, to the unfamiliar city where they have no family or friends in hope of seeking safety. Urban peripheries and open land areas are spaces available for the location of these people, where each of the families self-construct their homes as a place of refuge from the uprooting. From a bottom-up construction on the sloping terrain, blurring the boundary between nature and urban fabric, their new homes emerge from available materials such as reinforced masonry, blocks, and scrap metal. Of the 216,288 displaced individuals, 82 percent live in chronic poverty[1] generating a permanent nomadism. This unprecedented increase in masses, is radically transforming the city while arising issues of growth and sprawl. However, the main concern here is not limited to the changes taking place within the displaced populations but rather on the impact of such changes on the larger geographic location and thus on “urbanity”.
Structure-of-the-Problem
Urban + Slum Population
TOTAL URBAN POPULATION VS. POPULATION LIVING IN SLUMS
“Twenty years from now, the total global population is forecast to increase to eight billion, of whom five billion will be living in cities, two billion of them in slums.”
3%
27%
41% Slums
Cities 1950 | 0,08 BILLION
2000 | 1 BILLION
2030 | 2 BILLION
MEDELLINâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DISPLACED FROM RURAL REGIONS
216,288 forced dis-
52,769 homes
placed individuals registered in Agst 2011
4.09 persons per home 82 % live in
chronic poverty
47% of the total
popultation RUPD
MEDELLIN
MAIN AREAS EXPULSION OF DISPLACED POPULATION 2004-2006 Municipalities with greater quantity and intensity of displaced population Municipalities with greater quantity only Municipalities with greater intensity only
Structure-of-the-Problem
Displaced Population
2.5 M
2.0 M
1.5 M
With a population in the metropolitan area of 3.5 million inhabitants, Medellin is the second largest city in Colombia. During the 1930s the city used to be the core of Colombia’s industry making it an attractive urban place for migrants from the rural areas. With the 1950’s undeclared civil war, a period called “la violencia” 1949-1958, these migrations were augmented. The city industries were able to support the migration until changes in the global economy took place. These industries became uncompetitive in the global markets due to ineffective import-substitution national economic policies. The continued migrations, remained steady, a product of the national conflict that is still present today. Contrary to misconceptions the growth of slums in Medellin is not the product of a lack of planning. By 1950 when migrations started to flood the city, Medellín had fully implemented a variety of master plans. Subsequent, the government contracted a new master plan to Paul Lester Wiener and Josep Lluis Sert. This plan failed to forecast the scale of growth that flooded the city the next few decades. Most visible was the effect in the formal housing market for all sectors of the population.
Structure-of-the-Problem Migration
1M
5,000
1895 1900 1905 1
1800
1847
MEDELLIN’s POPULATION GROWTH | 1895- 2020 MASTER PLAN
4,950
-Displaced
1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
1909
1932
1950
1955
YEARS
1985
2000
Structure-of-the-Problem
Medellin’s Population Growth
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION| Tropical Zone
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
ANTIOQUIA Tropic of Capricorn Tropical rainforest climate Located at 5,000 ft above sea level The city's average annual temperature 72 °F Temperatures range from 59 to 86 °F
The metropolitan area of Medellín lies within the Aburrá valley at an elevation of 1,500 meters (about 4921 feet) and is bisected by the Medellín River (also called Porce), which flows northward.
2nd largest city in Colombia after Bogota 3.5 Million People Area of 382 km² (237 square miles) 16 comunas (districts) 5 corregimientos (townships) 271 barrios (neighborhoods) 56 settlements, of which 40% are in the North-East and Central-West
Structure-of-the-Problem
Medellin, Colombia
COLOMBIA
SOUTH AMERICA MEDELLIN ABURRA VALLEY
Uraba Port
Santafe de Antioquia
Aburra Valley
Rionegro
Magdalena River
Bello
Copacabana
North
North
West
East
Central Western
6
Central Eastern
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Comuna 2 - S anta Cruz
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Comuna 3 - Manrique
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Comuna 4 - Aranjuez Comuna 6 - Doce de Octubre
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Comuna 15 - Guayabal
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Ground of Expansion
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Urban Townships (corregimientos) San Antonio de Prado y San Cristobal Institutional Areas Metro Metrocable
Contactâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House Violence
Displacement from Rural Origen
Medellin Return
Refuge | shelter Settlement
Organic Sprawl
On the Valley of Aburra, the city of Medellin began informal development beyond the banks of the Medellin River and climbed the steep slopes onto high-risk soils segmented by streams. Inevitably the population continues to grow towards inhabitable terrains wearing off its resources and contaminating its waters. However, because of the extreme slopes and weak soil the displaced are at higher risks of catastrophic and unpredictable events such as landslides and washouts certainly evicting from their self-built homes at any given time. Medellin presents the challenge of how to apply architecture to effectively address the tangible aspects of sustainable practice and mold the social character of the local communities and its environment.
Structure-of-the-Problem Informal Development
Deforestation
Land Erosion
Earthquakes
Landslides
Land implications
With a 98 kilometers distance, the MedellĂn River rises in the top of San Miguel in the town of Caldas and it intersects the Valley of Abura before flowing into the Grande River. The first manifestations of pollution in the AburrĂĄ Valley initially were felt in the 60 streams that are located in the most densely populated areas of MedellĂn and then it flowed into the river without any treatment. The presence of these streams made it easy for the community to get rid of liquid and solid wastes. As time passed, and with the pressure of high population growth and industrial wastewater discharges the pollution exceeded the limits of the river, generating serious sanitary, biological, environmental and aesthetic problems around it and in close proximity to the streams. Sand mining and dumping of sewage from the city also made the hydrologic system to be very polluted. Today, there is no aquatic life in the hydrologic system and the appearance and odor are affecting the population.
Direct discharge of residential + industrial water to channels
Odor |aesthetics
Contamination
No life| Oxygen
Overflow
Water implications Structure-of-the-Problem
Implications
THE MOVEMENT
With an investment of $ 662 million, the Department of the Environment recovers public spaces in the districts 8, 9,10 and 14 of the city. Stream Intervention Photographer: Cleanliness Committee of Medellin
La Madera p
RIVER FLOW NORTH
La Seca
La Rosa | Moscu p
La Quintana
Cavaneral | El Zancudo El Bermejala
La Malpaso
La Chorrera | El Molino
La Iguana p p
La Honda
Ana Diaz Santa Elena p La Picacha p
Altavista p
Notably there is no oxygen in the Medellin river on the south side near the Aguacatala Metro Station. However during the summertime the strong odors produced appear to be improving with the opening of a water treatment center south of the Aburra Valley.This is why the mayor of Medellin, with the help of the Metropolitan Area, have planned a contingency plan, which envisages the creation of two central wastewater treatment, and the prohibition of throwing wastewater directly into the river without having had minimal treatment. Hence the problem is still present and there are no water treatment directly in the streams.
La Guayabala La Poblada La Presidenta p p
MEDELLIN RIVER
La Aguacatala p p La Zuniga
FLUENT STREAMS NAMES
p p Fluent | Regular Quality p Fluent|Bad Quality
'
RIVER FLOW NORTH MEDELLIN RIVER
PONCE RIVER
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Medellin has undergone an internationally renowned urban transformation. The city has opted to use architecture and urbanism as a tool for social development with physical, functional, social results, and attitude/pride changes. The city's urban development initiated with the administration of mayors Luis Perez (2000 and 2003), Sergio Fajardo (2003-2007) and Alonso Salazar (2007-2011). The plan was designed as a comprehensive strategy that has transformed the city with solutions to mobility, governance, education, public space and green areas. The primary aim is to recuperate marginalized neighborhoods of the city where the displace population lives that were once dominated by paramilitaries or groups other than the government. Transformation happens not through individual projects but through large-scale integration of systems executed under the Integral Urban Project (PUI), the Land Use Plan (POT) and the Master Plan for Green zones. The neighborhoods have been stitched through the implementation of structuring infrastructure for instance cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gondola system, Metro- Cable, in the first PUI in the northeast of Medellin. Which become catalysts to smaller public space projects and other infrastructure interventions around a specific area.In most cases Park-Libraries, schools and public spaces have been of great success for the settlements? Currently there are three integrated projects in motion, the PUI of Comuna 13, the PUI of the Northwest area and, the PUI of the central eastern district.
Structure-of-the-Systems
Integrated Systems- Schools
Santa Elena
07 Manrique Popular Santa Cruz
05
Castilla
01
Buenos Villa Hermosa Aires
02
10
Aranjuez
Poblado
La Candelaria Envigado Doce de Octubre
Guayabal Laureles Estadio
San Cristobal
Robledo
Altavista
03
San Javier
;
08
public functions education
government infrastructure architect
p
04 San Antonio de Prado
09
community input
06
Belen La America
Itagui
public spaces integration of the city
a sense of community
reduce crime
s ion t a v no e R f ools o h c k S r ting two Ne 28 Exis of 1 ols w Scho e N 0 1 rk of Netwo
01
02
Network of 5 library parks
New Schools
Colegio Joaquin Vallejo Arbelaez LLanadas, los Mangos, Golondrinas, Enciso, y la Ladera | Oscar Mesa | 2007
Colegio Francisco Miranda Moravia, Miranda, Oasis, el Bosque, Aranjuez| Laureano Forero | 2001
06
07
Colegio Jaider Ramirez El Salado, Eduardo Santos, Antonio Narino, Nuevos Conquistadores, la Independencia, 20 de julio| Felipe Uribe de Bedout| 2007
03
04
05
08 Colegio Las Mercedes Las Mercedes, la Violetas, y Los Alpes, la Palma, la Villa | Juan Manuel Pelรกez 2007
Colegio Plaza de Ferias Barrios Hector Abad, Plaza Colon y Toscana | Carlos Julio Calle | 2007
Colegio Antonio de Prado Corregimiento San Antonio de Prado, La Pradera, Rosaleda, Aragon y Pradito| Gabriel Arango|2007 Colegio Santo Domingo Savio y Antonio Derka SantoDomingo, La Avanzada, Granizal, La Candelaria, Carpinelo, la Torre y el Trebol | Carlos Pardo | 2007
Colegio Debora Arango Altavista, el Concejo, Jardin, la Esperanza, Guacharaco| Juan Fernando Forero| 2007
Colegio Benedikta Zur Nieden San Javier, Campo Alegre, La America| Horacio Navarro| 2007
09 Colegio Hector Abad Gomez Boston , Caicedo| Rafael Alonso Garcia 2007
10
Structure-of-the-Systems
Integrated Systems- Schools
Santa Elena Manrique
Aranjuez Popular Santa Cruz
Buenos Villa Hermosa Aires
Aranjuez
Castilla
Poblado La Candelaria Envigado
Doce de Octubre
'
San Cristobal
Guayabal
Aranjuez Laureles Estadio
Itagui
Network of 5 library parks
Robledo Belen La America San Antonio de Prado Altavista San Javier
Metro Metr oC
able Parque Bilbioteca Sacerdote José Luis Arroyave Restrepo in San Javier. Architect: Javier Vera Londoño. Metro Cable
Strategically placed in peripheral areas where there’s a need for education and culture integration. Localized near a public transportation infrastructure and near enviromental systems. San Javier (Comuna 13)
Structure-of-the-System
Integrated Library Park System
2006
San Antonio de Prado 2011 (Comuna 80)
Guayabal (Comuna 15)
Parque Biblioteca Leon de Greiff in la Ladera. Architect: Giancarlo Mazzanti
Parque Biblioteca Tomas Carrasquilla in Quintana, Architect: Ricardo La Rotta Caballero.
MetroPlus phase 3
Parque Biblioteca Espana in Santo Domingo Savio
(part of the PUI Northeast). Architect: Giancarlo Mazzanti Metro Cable Line K
Parque Biblioteca Belen in Belen, Architect: Hiroshi Naito y EDU Architects (Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano)
Parque Biblioteca Doce de Octubre, Competition winner. Design by
Diego L贸pez Chalarca and architects (Comuna 6)
MetroPlus phase 1
Parque Biblioteca San Cristobal, Competition winner. Design by Orlando Garcia. (Comuna 60) Villa Hermosa (Comuna 8)
2007
Robledo ( Comuna 7)
2007
Popular (comuna10
Bel茅n (Comuna 16)
2008
2008
Present
"Architecture has transformed Medellin" -Jaime Sarmiento, El Colombiano Newspaper
Medellín First Master Plan,
spearheaded by architects Paul Lester Wiener and José Luis Sert.
Political violence
1991 the number of homicides in Medellín was 381 for every 100,000 inhabitants. By 2005 that number had dropped to 34
Metro
1990’s
1995
Structure-of-the-System
Architecture and Urbanism
Parque de los Pies Descalzos, or Barefoot Park, by architect Felipe
Plan de Ordenamien- Uribe de Bedout to Territorial (POT), and Commissioned by
reigned in Colombia’s countryside incited a large rural-urban migration urbanizing the Northeast sector of the valley with farm settlements and classical spanish planning.
1950’s
Law 388 compelled all Colombian city councils to draft a public-space renovation plan, called put it into action within a three-year term.
Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM)
1997
1999
Mayor Sergio Fajardo was elected. Uribe’s Parque de los Deseos in
commissioned by EPM and located in the north district of the city.
2003
MEDELLIN’S URBAN TRANSFORMATION TIMELINE
Metro Cable- Gondolas Uribe’s EPM Library and Parque de la Luz, by architect Juan Manuel Peláez, rose side by side
Mayor Sergio Fajardo was reelected. Museum of Science and Technology, and
another public plaza for the International Convention Center, By Mazzanti, Daniel Bonilla and Rafael Esguerra
Metropolitan Directives of Territo- Biblioteca España by architect Giancarlo Mazzanti’s rial Planning were indorse. the preservation and/or construction of natural features and public and private structures and help blur, through democratized spaces, the strict lines that traditionally have been drawn between the classes. It initiated policies and a variety of projects, from new waterfronts and plazas to social programs, such as public libraries and schools, strategically placed in degraded neighborhoods.
Parque Explora- Explor Park by Alejandro
Master plans for some neighborhoods and libraries competition winning scheme that will incorporate outdoor public spaces in the north and northwest metropolitan areas.
2008
Present
Echeverri in the north district.
Botanic Garden’s renovation in the
north district: Orquideorama, by architects Felipe Mesa, Alejandro Bernal, J. Paul Restrepo, and Camilo Restrepo.
2004
2005
2006
2007
+
“A denser city is much more sustainable”
=
Diffused
Mayor Annibal
Compacted
Don Matias San Pedro de los Milagros Barbosa
San Jeronimo
Concepcion
Girardota Bello Ebejico
Copacabana San Vicente Guarne El Penol
MEDE LL ÍN
Heliconia Itagui
Sprawl of informal settlements towards environmentally protected areas such as Park Arvi and Park Occidente becomes a concern for the government and environmentalists. In order to facilitate environmental protection Mayor Ánibal Gaviria Correa proposes the construction of a large linear park bordering the peripheral of the Aburrá Valley. The linear park will have a width of 100 to 150 meters and will serve as a meeting point between the urban and rural. During his tenure as governor of Antioquia he named the zone the Central Park of Antioquia, a large reserve area to ensure the survival of natural resources and in turn allow life in the Valley of Aburrá for future generations.
Structure-of-the-Systems
Metropolitan Green Belt System
Angelopolis
Marinilla
Envigado Sabaneta La Estrella
Caldas
Rionegro El Santuario
El retiro
Amaga
Venecia Montebello Santa Barbara Fredonia
Central Park of Antioquia Park Arvi Park Occidente
Unorganized demographic growth (SPRAWL)
Population Displacement
Emerges
The Metropolitan Green Belt
Social
Environmental
Block off
Seal blocks
Urban
Mobility
Exclude
Public Facilities Housing Concentrate Housing
The green belt is designed as a Central Park of Antioquia on a smaller scale. It takes into consideration the natural equilibrium and lack of land policies that generates high risk terrains with poor conditions and presents development possibilities in areas where the government almost hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t been present. It will border the slopes of Medellin via a pedestrian path, a cycle route and a route only for public and electric transportation, taking into account the environmental concepts of a sustainable city. Will bring about recreational public facilities, education, sports and spaces for citizen encounter.
CONTAIN SPRAWL
Structure-of-the-Systems
Metropolitan Green Belt System
Washerwomen at one of the streams of MedellĂn, ca. 1920 (private collection)
Simplified geological map of the Aburrรก Valley and hillslope deposit and bedrock sample locations. The dotted line marks the border of the catchment. Inset at upper left: detailed sampling in the Iguana Stream valley; lower right: location in Colombia. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013795205001845
Channalized Portion of La Iguana Carrera 65 The IguanĂĄ Stream is divided into two parts.The first part up to Avenue 80 is of great risk of flooding to its neighbors because of their proximity to the stream and the second part is channeled without any problems which leads down to the river of MedellĂn.
The basin of the Iguana Stream is located in the west of the AburrĂĄ Valley. The stream serves to extract resources for construction materials such as gravel or sand which has provided support to thousands of families that live near its bed. In the past it was a site for excursions and tours, as there were puddles for recreation and the site served as a area for resting from work for many city dwellers. In 1970, several materials were lost and two human lives were registered dead due to flooding of La Iguana stream. Between 1980-90 there was an increase of tragic events in the area. A total of 1410 were homeless due to three occurrences of overflood of the stream. 1 In March 1982, partial and complete destruction of homes and 600 homeless people were registered when the level of water rose 6 meters. 2 In October 1986, the stream left 300 homeless people due to damming on overpasses by accumulation of materials and wastes. 3 In September 1988, there were 510 homeless people reported. Approximate every 10 years there is an overgrowth in intensity which generates serious human losses due to flooding of the creek.
Socio-economic development this basin is of two characteristics, on the urban part of the stream, the city has evolved over time and it has invaded the entire bottom of the basin. On the rural area in the district of San Cristobal a small town was generated with many services and needs in the midst of a major rural area, where the main activity is agriculture. Precipitation minimum values in the center of the city (1,338 mm / year), average values in the village of San Cristobal (1,668 mm / year) and maximum values in the area of Boqueron (2,059 mm / year). Rarely there is an absence of rain for a period longer than 60 or 90 days.
Channeled section.
Energy dissipating structures along the channeled section.
Structure-of-the-System
Hydrology System : La Iguana Stream
LA IGUANA STREAM NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE SYSTEMS ROBLEDO CASTILLA
ARANJUEZ SAN JAVIER
LAURELES ESTADIO LA AMERICA
Districts
LA CANDELARIOCENTRO
AL F ONSO L OPE Z
L OPE Z DE ME SA BE L L O HORIZONT E
PAJAR IT O CUCAR ACHO
PAL ENQUE FUE NT E CL AR A
L A P IL ARICA
SANT A MAR GAR IT A
ROBL EDO
BL ANQUIZAL OL AYA HE R R ER A
FACUL T AD DE MINAS
EL SOCOR RO EDUARDO SANT OS
Neighborhoods
ANT ONIO NAR INO
EL SAL ADO
VEINT E DE JUL IO
Infrastructure
SAN JAVIER No.2
SAN JAVIE R No.1
BAT AL L ON CUAR T A BR IGADA
CAL AS ANZ L OS AL CAZAR ES
L A P R ADE R A
EST ADIO SANT A L UCIA L A FL OR ES T A
CAMPO AL E GR E EL DANUB IO
EL VEL ODR OMO
AMER ICA L OS P INOS
PR OGR E SO PAR QUE J. EMIL IO
CAR IB E
VAL DER R AMA
SAN GER MAN L OS COL ORE S
CAL AS ANZ PAR T E AL T A SANT A ROSA DE L IMA ME T R OPOL IT ANO
BOSQUE S DE SAN PAB L O
FACUL T AD DE MINAS CE R R O FAC. VET E RINAR IA EL VOL ADOR Y ZOOT ECNIA U.DE.A
EL PES EB R E
FER R INI
JUAN XX III L A QUIE B RA
OL EODUCT O CE ME NT ER IO UNIVER SAL T ER MINAL DE T R ANS PORT E MOR AVIA
AL T AMIR A
VIL L A FL OR A
UNIVER SIDAD DE ANT IOQUIA
ECOP AR QUE CE R R O EL VOL ADOR
UNIVER SIDAD NACIONAL
CUAR T A BR IGADA 1115
U.D. AT ANAS IO GIRAR DOT
FL OR IDA NUE VA
EL CHAGUAL O JE SUS NAZAR E NO
CAR L OS E. RE ST R E PO SUR AME RICANA
NAR ANJAL
SAN BE NIT O
EST ACION VIL L A
Some inhabitants throw garbage and rubbish on to the stream beds. The waste accumulates in the bed of the stream, causing floods and accelerating the erosion process of the waterway and flooding nearby houses. With the increased flow of the creek, after any rainy season the land of some homes have been destabilized and disable their use. In the sites of particular interest, one can see the relationship between the risk of soil and flood. The sites are located at the overlap of geological, flood and landslide risks circled above. To be highlighted are also sites with mine licenses. These have a direct relationship with the basin based on their great proximity to La Iguana Stream and their assistance on the contamination of the water.
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Iguana Stream
LA IGUANA STREAM ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS SYSTEMS
Geological Risk
Mine licenses
STRATUM 3
STRATUM 1 STRATUM 2
STRATUM 4 INSTITUTIONAL AREA
STRATUM 5 STRATUM 3
The social stratums are structured inequalities between different groups of individuals. This ordering of the population is based on criteria according to the function they play in the social division of labor determined by the structure of popular domination. The social stratums appear to be inversely proportionate to the sloping of the topography. As the slopes become stepper and closer to the stream, the living quality decrease to the stratum one. In contrast the cultural heritage sites are closer to the center of the city, hence its accessibility to certain social groups.
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Iguana Stream
Top
og
rap
hy
Cla
ss S
tra
tum
s
LA IGUANA STREAM INFLICTING SYSTEMS
Cultural Heritage
Topography
STRATUM 3
STRATUM 1
Socioeconomic: stratum 1 (low-low), stratum 2 (low), stratum 3 (medium-low), stratum 4 (medium), 5 (medium-high).
STRATUM 2
STRATUM 4 INSTITUTIONAL AREA
STRATUM 5 STRATUM 3
Class Stratums
There are different public facilities available for the neighborhoods. Within the distribution of public equipment for instance sport equipment such as soccer fields must be in every neighborhood. However there are more public facilities towards the center of the city as opposed to the periphery. It is also evident that nearly all the waste control points are located next to a stream.
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Iguana Stream
LA IGUANA STREAM FIXED NETWORKS
Public Facilities
Air Control
Waste Control
The municipal entity has installed a network of pipes parallel to the river and its streams, which are responsible for collecting the dirty water that comes from the large number of industries from Caldas Barbosa. About 280 miles of collectors parallel to the streams have been built and 2806 km of secondary networks of interceptors parallel to the river.
Drainage
Atmospheric Pressure Isopleth
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Iguana Stream
Rainfall Isohyets
San Irineo
Guillermo Taborda Restrepo
San Juan Eudes
Clinic Cardiovascular
El Ecce Homo
Nuestra Sra. de los Colores Robledo
San Basilio
National U. Faculty of Mines
Clinic de la Bolivariana
IFM
Exito
Secretary of Transportation and transit
National U. Faculty of Veterinary and Zoology
Maria Rosa Mistica
Station
San German
4 winds Park Calazans Femenino
Emaus
Escolarte
Teresiano Nuestra Senora de la candelaria
Consejo de medellin la Inmaculada Park de la Floresta
la Presentacion de Nuestra sra. Jesus Maria Nuestra Sra. de las Mercedes
Police
Educational
LibraryPark
San Atanasio
Centro de Fracturas de Ant. Unidad Deportiva Atanasio Girardot. San Ignacio
San Antonio Maria Claret Plaza Minorista
Exito Colombia SENA San Benito
Carrefour la 65
Nuestra Sra. de las Mercedes
Supermarket
Park
SanJuan Bautista Precursor
Francisco San Rafael de la Serna Museum of Antioquia
Sculpture park
Site Analysis- Iguana Stream
I.E. Meastro Pedro Nel Gomez
Church
U. of Antioquia
National U. Nucleo del Rio
Cc. El Diamante
Station
North Park
Attorney of the Nation
Hill: El Volador
The 4th Brigade
Madre de la Divina Gracia
Hospital
Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe
San Agustin
Station
U. Corporation Minuto de Dios
San Gregorio Magno
I.E. Diego Echavarria Misas
Cultural La Santa Madre de Dios
Police School
San Camilo de Lelis
Governmental
Site Comparison- Madera Stream
The Madera Stream divides the districts of Bello, Doce de Octubre (communa 6) and Castilla (communa 5). The area of Doce de Octubre is characterized by the massive informal settlements that have grown since the 50’s. The topography slopes toward the “Cerro El Picacho”. In most parts the districts, for instance Doce de Octubre, lacks an adequate road infrastructure for public transportation. The Carrera 80 is the only corridor with acceptable specifications. The other routes which are used for public transportation routes (buses), by virtue of their design and construction with minimum standards, they are subject to deterioration and increasing vehicular traffic. This situation is worsened by the steepness of the slopes of the streets. In comparison with La Iguana Stream, this area has greater steepness, less public facilities hence the slopes and accessibility, it has no air control points, only one waste control point not in proximity to the stream and the zones with flood risks do not have any relationship with the geological risk soils
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Madera Stream System
Geological Risk
Rainfall Isohyets
STRATUM 3
STRATUM 2 STRATUM 1
INSTITUTIONAL AREA
Top
og
rap
hy
Cla
ss S
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Madera Stream System
tra
tum
s
http://www.ecbloguer.com/letrasanonimas/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/memoria_decapitada_sentamiento_medell in__1-topografia_picacho1.png
City limits + infrastructure
STRATUM 3
STRATUM 2 STRATUM 1
Class Stratums
Socioeconomic: stratum 1 (low-low), stratum 2 (low), stratum 3 (medium-low), stratum 4 (medium), 5 (medium-high).
Topography
INSTITUTIONAL AREA
Drainage
BELLO
DOCE DE OCTUBRE
CASTILLA
Districts
F L OR E N C I A LA F R O NT E R A L AS B R IS A S
EL T RIU N F O
T OS C A N A
DO CE D E O C T U B R E No . 1 S A N T A N DE R T EJELO
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Madera Stream System
Neighborhoods
LA
P R OGR E S O No . 2
MI R A D O R DE L DO CE
F R A N CIA
P E D R E GA L DO CE D E O C T U B R E No . 2
BO YA CA
PL AZ A DE F E R I A S
HE C T OR AB A D GOM E Z
Cultural Heritage
Public Facilities
Waste Control
Section 3
Structure-of-the-Systems
Iguana Stream Subdivisions
Section 2
Section 1
Section 1
Green System
Mobility
Section 2
POTENTIAL POINT OF INTERVENTION
Green System
Mobility
Section 3
POTENTIAL POINT OF INTERVENTION
Green System
Mobility
SITE 1
SITE 2
de Palmitas LLa a
Doce de Octubre Qu ebra da L
Qu ebra da L
Quebrada E l Ah
Ig ua na
Quebra da E l
Chagu
Que bra
Laureles - E s tadio ica ch a
La
La
o
L a H ue so
Qu eb ra da
La América
Ca no
aP
nia eta
Qu eb ra da L
B da ebra Qu
Quebrada Malpas
D ia z
La dr ille ra
Quebr ada Quebrada Hueso
Q ue br ad a
An a
S anJavier
d alado Cano E l S
Aranj
a Ig uan a
S anJavier
La Iguana Stream
Castilla
a an nt ui Q
a uan a Ig
a
Qu eb r ad aM init a
ez Gom
L da bra Que
T in
a da L bra Que
Robledo
Apartment complex
M al pa so
La
S an Cristóbal
ina jas o
aM inita
a ad br ue Q
Q ue br ad a
Qu eb ra da T
La Candelar Que bra da L
ore to
Quebrada Altavista
is t av Alt da ra eb u Q
Altavis ta
Belén Guayabal Qu ebra da L
d ra eb Qu
Soccer field School
S an Antonio de Prado
a
aO lleta
Queb rada La
E l Poblado C an o Sa nta
2.400
1.200
0
Mari a
Qu eb r ad aL
2.400 Meter ers
La Iguana Stream 5.6 K in a S.E. direction before it turns N.E. towards the Medellin river Total longitude 15 K
Structure-of-the-System
Hydrology System : La Iguana Stream
S
Qu
SITE 3
Doce de Octubre ueb rad aL
a Ig uan a
S anJavier
Quebrada Malpas
La
o
Quebr a
Ig ua na
Quebra da
L a H ue so
D ia z
Quebr ada Hueso
Laureles - E s tadio
Qu eb ra da L
aP
nia B eta
ica ch a
Qu eb ra da
La América
Ca no
da ebra Qu
Quebr ada
Q ue br ad a
An a
La dr ille ra
S anJavier
La
al Cano E l S
a an nt ui Q
Qu ebra da L
ez Gom
a uan a Ig
Ca
Qu eb r
a da L bra Que
Robledo L da bra Que
M al pa so
La
S an Cristóbal
in
aM inita
a ad br ue Q
Q ue br ad a
Qu eb ra da T
La Can Que bra da L
o
Quebrada Altavista
Altavis ta S an Antonio de Prado
is t av Alt da ra eb Qu
a
Belén Guayabal Qu ebr ada L
aO ll
Queb
E l Poblado C an o Sa nta
Structure-of-the-System
Hydrology System : La Iguana Stream
Mari a
Q
Residential
FLOOD
Waste control
Residential
Bodega EbanisterĂa Terpel y gazel
Structure-of-the-Systems
La Iguana Stream Site 3
Unidad de Maquinaria y Equipo
denial of a natural structure
total occupancy of stream beds and high proximity to the stream
predominance of channeled structures
intervened stream
natural stream
highly natural stream near a natural zone
EXISTING CONDITIONS
HYBRID CONDITIONS
BASIN EROSION
Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms. Our actions and uses of the water system put a great pressure on the environment and degenerate our water supply. We need to protect and preserve natural sources of water. We start by becoming aware of how our actions affect the quality and quantity of water and become educated oh how to minimize the impacts. Despite the historical implications of waste dumping in the streams of Medellin, Colombia a long-term solution can be at reach. The movement of cleaning the streams and reclaiming them as social spaces has already begun. The role of architecture on the systems embedded within this larger landscape is imperative in maximizing the potential the natural resources and social spaces can reach. A physical connection to the water in an active learning facility for land use interpretation and recycling sorting can indirectly have positive effects on the community and the physicality of the streams of Medellin.
Synthesis
Active Learning Facility
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Waste generated per person has grown from 0.2-0.5 kilograms a day 30 years ago to
0.5-1.00 kilograms a
day today.â&#x20AC;?
recycle
Environmental guidelines for the USAID latin america and caribbean bureau. (LAC)
waste
community input
;
government
public functions
infrastructure
library parks
linear parks
the green belt
p
architect
Synthesis
Active Learning Facility
public spaces
integration of the city
Embrace + Share : Active Learning Facility Educational+ Operational
Recretional + Service
Center for land use interpretation
Linear Park
Recycling center + sorting facility
Support spaces
Water filtration
Urban amenities
research exhibition
Social spaces
education
environmental awareness
a sense of community
land use interpretation center
learning center
recycling center + sorting facility
reduce crime + disorder
WHAT
repair e-waste
HOW
The Four Elements of Architecture Synthesis
Architecture Characteristics
CASTING
STUCTURING
GOTTFRIED SEMPER Hearth – fire, ceramics Roof – carpentry Enclosure – weaving Mound – stonemasonry
WEAVING
STACKING
Structure for Bridging neighborhoods, multi directional mobility, reaching the water, fixed
Public space for Park, greenery, recreational activities Casting – concrete, dams, channels, retaining walls Structuring – social spaces, bridges Weaving– plant material, skins, textile, aesthetics Stacking – stonemasonry, stepwells, retaining walls
ARCHITECTURE Space for Congregation, gathering, learning
Center for Recycle, waste management, water filtering
Underground Architecture + Sustainable Design 22/26 Points for LEED certification •Controlling erosion, sedimentation, and stormwater runoff; often, this is done by covering much of the site with vegetation. •Reducing the environmental impact from the location of a building on a site; a recommended way of doing that is by designing a minimal footprint for the structure. •Conserving existing natural areas or restoring damaged areas, which provides habitat and promotes biodiversity. •Connecting indoor and outdoor spaces through the introduction of daylight and views •Reducing heat islands (temperature differences between developed and undeveloped portions of the site) that can alter the microclimate and human and wildlife habitat; suggested strategies include minimizing the building footprint and installing green roofs. •Reducing energy use (going underground typically saves 5080 percent). •Reducing light pollution; one suggested strategy is using low-reflectance surfaces. •Other: up to four points can be added for innovations in design that substantially exceed a LEED performance credit, such as energy performance, or that address unlisted issues such as acoustic performance, education of occupants, and community development.
Synthesis
Architecture + Environment Characteristics
“Green is environmental” Mayor Annibal
Underground IN-OUTDOOR CONNECTION
Characteristics : Architecture + Environment
BUILDING EXAMPLES
Fisher Pavilion, Seattle, Washington
Building
24,000 sq-ft multipurpose pavilion supports a 19,000 sq-ft rooftop plaza for outdoor events.
Outdoor-Indoor Integration through a mobile glass wall.
Program
Characteristics
Energy savings are accomplished by the earth's thermal protection, and by decreased need for interior lighting.
Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California 98,000 sq-ft complex houses three museums
Building
Program
this terraced, park-topped museum integrates the indoor and outdoor environments
the green roofs cools the roof, protects it from ultraviolet rays, and retains and uses rainwater
Characteristics
Mueller Hall, Seattle, Washington Materials Science and Engineering laboratory in the University of Washington
Building
Program
Underground with Sloping lawn for an open forecourt students to relax linned with large windows which lights up the offices and classrooms
Characteristics
Holaday Circuits, Hopkins, Minnesota
http://www.subsurfacebuildings.com/DiggingfortheGreen.html
Building
electronics manufacturing plant
77% underground, covered with vegetation that beautifies the community
Program
Characteristics
Reduces nighttime light pollution:lighting below grade areas in lieu of interior lighting that would escape toward the sky
CASTING
EDGE CONDITIONS
STUCTURING
water containment
water containment
stepping
STACKING
wetland sitting
cantilever
STACKING
WEAVING
FIXED CONDITIONS
sink
sink
STUCTURING
STUCTURING
stepping
cantilever
stepping
CASTING
sink cantilever
stepping
underground
weaving
cantilever
stacking
overhang
ground relation
overhang WEAVING
in+outdoors relationship
elevated STACKING
FIXED CONDITIONS
WETLAND FORMATION : Biomimicry
ROOF FORMATION : Climatic
Biomimicry studies nature's models and then uses these designs and processes to solve human problems. Water movement in soil Sandy loam, loam or silt loam are the best soils for most agricultulture plants because the soilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s porosity is moderate.
water flow
centrality
n
}
On Co to R lle ai cti nw on at Fo er un tai
OPERATIONS
Ca Sh st C ap on ed tre to te Gu Can ide op Ra y inw ate r
{
WETLANDS CONNECTED TO DRAINAGE SYSTEM FILTERS WATER
{
}
COMPONENTS
WETLAND PROTOTYPE Constructed wetlands are thought of as biological fliters to reduce water contamination. They also act as buffers to slow down water force in water streams.
PAVILLION PROTOTYPE: Canopy + Fountain Detention of storm water on site lowers the level of flood down the stream instead of being forced by gravity.
modules containing sand
water containment
soccer field/ performance area
iv
Welcoming
attributes
Continuity
t
ble
e n ie n
ing
Conv
al
c t iv e
Wa
tu
Re
â&#x20AC;&#x153;G re e n â&#x20AC;? Wa lka Si b l e tta bl e
iri
arm
H is to ri c
Attra
proactive zone
Sp
ab
le
d
Ch
Co
nn
te ec
lka
Pro
Safe Cle an
COMFORT + IMAGE
ACCESS + ity LINKAGE xim
ad
ACTIVE + EDUCATIONAL
intimate spaces plaza/ open space meeting points scenic overlook
Sustainable
PLACE
Acces sible
dynamic public space
l efu Us ous gen i Ind USES + to ry ACTIVITIES C e le b ra
es
k
SOCIABILITY
c ti v e
al
ac
Re
sp
e
e
at
rly
hip
ar
ndly
er
ds
rp
bo
ar
ea
PROGRAM
In te ra
op
ew
lin
Frie
igh
D iv e rs
St Co Ne
Fun Act ive Vit al Sp ec ia l
congregation
wetlands playground doggie area/park exercise area/park
ed
uc
io at
n
ce
nt
er
land use interpretation classrooms auxillary classrooms research lab lecture hall galleries/ exhibition
sorting facility recycling education classrooms
recycle center
both
integration/ connections
art + sculpture water features
en
g
e ag
me
nt
ut
ili
ty
sitting/ for singles, couples,& groups trees + plantings/ canopies, separators kiosks/ food vendors, comerce, repair shops lighting
pedestrian sidewalks/ circulation public ramp system site access bike route bridges
BUILDING FORMATION
PARTI DIAGRAM: Nesting Components are nested then stitched
PARTI DIAGRAM: Oscillation Layers of transparency as a way to blur the boundary
CIRCULATORY RAMP SYSTEM + ENTRY POINTS
LECT URE H ALL
on
:
NG
NI
AR
LE
FE
CA
LEA Res RNIN ear G: ch Hu b
EXH Per IBITIO ma nen N: t+ n
PROGRAM
INNOVATION + TRANSFERABILITY
A B C ‘s
LINEAR PARK ELEMENTS A RT/SCULPTURE B IKE STAND C ANOPY D RINKING FOUNTAIN E DGE CONDITION F ENCES/ WALLS G AZEBO H ANDRAIL I NTERACTIVE WALLS RETAINING J UNGLE GYM K IOSK L AMPS/ LIGHTING M ATERIALITY N ATURE PLANTINGS O VERPASSES P ATHS / SIDEWALK/ STEPS R AMP DESIGN S ITTING + FURNITURE S IGNAGE T RASH CANS WATER FEATURES/ WETLANDS
C ANOPY
F
ENCES/ WALLS
I
NTERACTIVE WALLS RETAINING
K IOSK
O VERPASSES P ATHS / SIDEWALK/ STEPS R AMP DESIGN S ITTING + FURNITURE
WATER FEATURES/ WETLANDS
MOBILITY Connectivity with a clear articulation between the pedestrian + traffic
ALLEVIATES FLOODING Manipulating and collecting water can ease flooding
SOCIAL Reclaims the stream as a place for human activity
EDUCATIONAL CENTER ELEMENTS