CPLN Studio: WATERFRONTS, Cartagena by Sarai L. Williams

CARTAGENA

2040

Rethinking the role of tourism in a dynamic and growing city

travelnoire.com

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXISTING CONDITIONS

THE PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION

CONCLUSION

CARTAGENA 2040 Rethinking the Role of Tourism in a Dynamic and Growing City

CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & AUTHORS

Kate Daniel Program Coordinator, The City and Regional Planning Department, University of Pennsylvania Nando Micale Principal, Wallace, Roberts and Todd

Daira De La Rosa Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar (UTB)

Dr. Maria Claudia Paez Cámara de Comercio de Cartagena

Dolly Rocio Gonzalez Espinosa Secretaria Despacho, Secretaría Planeación Distrital

Juan Pablo Velez Sociedad Portuaria Cartagena

Viviana Mourra Fundación Ecoprogreso

Claudia Carrillo Asistente de Secretaria de Planeación, Secretaría de Planeación Distrital

Diego Bermudez Obregón Arquitecto

German Castellanos Gerente de Gestión de Proyectos en Novus Civitas

Daniel Toro Gonzalez Decano, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar (UTB) Luis Miguel Bolivar Caro Docente Investigador, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar (UTB) Tania I. Jiménez Castilla Directora Programa Economía, Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar (UTB)

Sandra Acosta Guacaneme Manzanillo Master Plan / Universidad de La Salle José Vicente Mogollón Vélez Author, Historian, Retired Minster of the Environment Eric Valencia Puerto De Cartagena

Gustavo Imitola Sistema de Información (Censo)

Geografica

Mauricio Javier Rodríguez Gómez Docente Investigador, Facultad Economía y Negocios

Rony Monsalve Perez Director of La Boquilla Tour Nativo Office of Secretaría de Planeación Distrital Chambacú Edificio The Residents in informal settlements of La Boquilla Museo de Arte Moderno

SPECIAL THANKS The Cartagena Planning Studio would like to give a special thanks to Kate Daniel of the City and Regional Planning department at the University of Pennsylvania, for her coordination of the studios, site visits, receptions, tireless work, and endless humor. The studio would also like to thank Nando Micale of Wallace, Roberts, and Todd for his leadership and vision as the studio’s instructor.

CARTAGENA PLANNING STUDIO Laura Byer Anqi Chen Alyssa Garcia Eleanor Horner Junxiao Li Esther Needham Amy Triscoli Jose Trucios Sarai Williams Lijuan Xing Instructor: Nando Micale 4

CHAPTER ONE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Integrated Planning + Design Studio The 21st Century Waterfront

Cartagena 2040: Rethinking the Role of

well as a number of individuals, including

Tourism in a Dynamic and Growing City is

Viviana Mourra and Diego Bermudez.

a plan put forth by ten graduate students

Viviana Mourra was especially essential

in the City & Regional Planning program

in helping the studio to understand the

at the University of Pennsylvania. This

intricacies and nuances involving the

plan was created through the Resilient

establishment and development of the

Waterfronts studio in the fall semester of

informal settlements within Cartagena,

2015 with the guidance of Nando Micale,

particularly those residing in the district

a principal at Wallace, Roberts, and

of La Boquilla.

Todd, a design firm in Philadelphia. The

The studio began by undertaking a

goal of the studio was to create a plan

comprehensive analysis of the existing

which looked comprehensively at the

conditions in Cartagena which included

potential solutions and challenges faced

the history of development, regional

by Cartagena, as a waterfront city, due to

growth, housing, informal settlements,

climate change. Cartagena is projected

demographics,

to see an eight inch sea level rise by

environmental assets and risks. In October

2040, growing to three feet by 2100.

of 2015 the studio travelled to Cartagena

The city is also projected to see rising

temperatures, increasing erosion, and

organizations, and the private sector as

changing precipitation patterns that are

well as to tour relevant areas of the city.

likely to cause both droughts and floods.

Further analysis and the inspiration for

The proposal is intended to build upon

site designs was gathered during this site

existing initiatives within the city and to

visit. Upon returning to the University of

put forth new ideas and potential solutions

Pennsylvania, the students created two

to create a more resilient Cartagena.

alternative solutions to Cartagenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s risk

Though all of the climate related risks

of sea level rise and its resultant effects.

facing the city are of importance, as a

These alternatives were to protect against

waterfront studio, this plan primarily

sea level rise or to retreat landward.

focuses on the impact of sea level rise.

Ultimately, the final plan proposals and

The studio worked in collaboration with

site designs are a mixture of these two

the Planning Department in Cartagena as

alternative futures.

meet

with

economy,

government

and

officials,

CHAPTER TWO

EXISTING CONDITIONS CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA

Colombia is located in the northwestern portion of South America and is directly adjacent to Central America through Panama. The City of Cartagena sits on the Caribbean Sea along the northwest coast of Colombia and is part of the Bolivar department, covering 221 square miles of land. Cartagena is the 5th largest city in the country with a population of 990,179, making up 2% of Colombia’s population.1 Cartagena’s proximity to the water has made the city a popular tourist destination with a rich and vibrant culture, expanses of

beautiful

beaches,

and

sensitive

ecological systems. The city has one of the most extensive systems of historical fortifications in South America as well as

Santa Marta

an astoundingly beautiful historic core,

Pop: 454,860

no doubt reasons for its designation as a

Barranquilla

UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984. The

Pop: 1,148,506

city’s coastal position contributes to it being a prime import and export location

Cartagena

throughout history, a trend that still

Pop: 990,179 Land Area: 572 km2 (221 sq mi) n bea

continues today. Both private and public

Sea

ports line the city’s coastline, including the Port Society of Cartagena, which is the

rib

3rd busiest port in the Caribbean Sea.

Medellin

Pop: 2,441,123

Bogota

Pop: 7,878,783

Cali

Pop: 2,400,653

Urbanized Area 12

Regional Context & Growth In recent years, Colombian cities such as

disparity between high and low income

continue expanding. This development is

Baranquilla and Santa Marta have seen

residents of Cartagena, and Colombia

mainly moving northward, away from the

significant growth, especially spreading

as a whole, has increased. This disparity

historic core, up the coast to Baranquilla.

along the coastline. The City ofÂ Cartagena

directly affects access to housing and

This rapid coastal expansion is occurring

is no exception. The population is

employment

much

without consideration of the projected

projected to grow to approximately

of Cartagenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population growth is

effects of climate change or other

1,546,500 by 2040. This significant growth

expected to come from the more rural,

environmental or equity concerns.

has generally taken two forms which are

and less affluent, areas of the country.

often in competition with one another.

Development has intensified as the

High-rise,

development,

overall population of Cartagena grows

generally made up of condominiums,

and its main industries, like tourism,

high-end

opportunities,

hotels, and office space, appeal to the wealthier residents in the area. In stark

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

contrast to this high-rise development

Santa Marta

is the growth of informal settlements. These settlements have sprung up as the

Barranquilla

HIGH RISE DEVELOPMENT

Cartagena

http://www.panoramio.com/photo/47981170

Trend of Urbanization 14

History

HISTORIC WALL FORTIFICATION

Historic Culture: Spanish Colonization and the Law of the Indies

Here the narrow cobblestone streets wind

coastal area, in particular, showcases this

past charming colonial architecture, often

history with cheerful, rhythmic music

featuring bright colors and balconies

and expressive dancing themes. Today,

overflowing

The

Cartagena’s racial composition reveals

Cartagena de Indias was settled by the

area is home to several cathedrals and

that almost a quarter of the population is

Spanish, led by conqueror Pedro de

monuments as well as a series of famous

white, followed by the black population,

Heredia, during the 16th century. The

public plazas which provide vibrant open

representing 19 percent of the city’s

city’s legacy of colonization, combined

spaces that are thriving day and night.

population. Mulatto and mestizos make up

with its history as an African slave port,

The historical architectural significance of

16 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of

affected both its physical and cultural

this area was a large contributing factor

the population and are made up of people

development. Much of the city’s structure

to the site’s designation as UNESCO World

that are both of African and European or

today can be attributed to the Law of the

Heritage Site in 1984.

Indies, a set of regulations put forth by the

Historic Culture: African Slaves/Afro-Caribbean

Amerindian origin as well as European

Spanish Crown. The laws were not only meant to regulate social, political, and economic life but also set development standards and regulations for cities in the West Indies, including Cartagena. The standards and regulations included the orientation of buildings to maximize airflow and minimize sun exposure, the

with

bougainvillea.

The Port of Cartagena was designated as one of the first official centers of the slave trade in the early 1600s. This early 4

exposure to the slave trade brought a rich Afro-Caribbean culture which is still felt throughout the city today. The

and Amerindian descent. The remaining

Ports and Military Fortifications

residents declined to comment on their

Cartagena’s strategic location on the

race, or did not fall into one of these

Colombia-Caribbean coastline enabled

categories listed during the census. Of

the city to become one of the most

these categories, 36.1% of the population

important port cities of its time. The

self-identified in the 2005 census as Black,

Port of Cartagena provided a valuable

mulatto, Afro-Colombian or of African

trade connection between the Americas,

descent.5

Caribbean,

and

the

West

terrestrial fortification, the City also constructed an underwater wall, called

Indies.6

Cartagena’s port, along with the ports in

use of similar building styles for aesthetic

San Juan, Puerto Rico and Havana, Cuba,

purposes, and the siting of towns to take

formed the spine of the West Indies trade

advantage of natural harbors.

route, offering a large contribution to

These laws and the Spanish architectural

Famous public plazas provide vibrant open spaces that are thriving day and night

the Spanish colonized South America they

including

discovered and pillaged treasures that

the strategic location along the coast,

belonged to the South American Natives.

the urban form, social fabric, political

Some of these treasures were quite

structure and economic activities.3 Today

valuable, even dating back to the region’s

this physical development is most evident

first historical settlements in 4000 BC.

in the historical core, known as El Centro.

These riches were shipped in and out of the

ultimately

Cartagena’s

affected

development

much

stretched from Bocagrande to Tierra Bomba. The underwater wall served to bar unwanted ships from entering the harbor and accessing the ports, resulting in many ship wrecks.9 Today Cartagena’s military fortifications provide one of the best and most extensive historical examples of its kind in all of South America, contributing to its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.10

PIRATE INVASIONS In addition to protection from pirate invasions, the wall acted as a protective barrier from floods. A practice that is no longer acceptable due to the UNESCO Hertiage Site designation.

world exploration and maritime trade.7 As

style

the Escollera de Bocagrande, which

Port of Cartagena, which drew attention to the city and caused rapid development throughout. Though its location is what made the Port of Cartagena so successful, the location on the sea also made the

Cartagena was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984

city vulnerable to invasions by pirates. Multiple raids led to the construction of fortresses and a wall surrounding the city beginning in 1586.8 The wall also doubled as a flood protection measure, following the Law of the Indies. In addition to this

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_%281683%29

Districts & Land Use

Currently, Cartagena is made up of the

a tourist destination. The open space

mainland

several

designation includes many of Cartagenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

islands. The city has several distinct

development

most sensitive eco systems, consistently

districts

varying

and

largely of mangrove forests and tidal

housing typologies. Land use in the city

densities

wetlands. Additionally included are parks,

is largely residential with many of these

open spaces, and landscaped areas along

areas concentrated away from major

waterways located throughout the city-

tourism destinations. There are several

center, providing a good base for public

institutional uses scattered throughout

recreation and tourism-related activities.

the city, of particular importance are the

Large areas are designated as suburban,

airport and the Navy base. The mixed use

rural, and expansion areas. They are all

areas largely define the manufacturing

sparsely populated, made up of mainly

and port regions, both of which are

agricultural areas.

THERE ARE SIX KEY DISTRICTS FREQUENTLY REFERENCECED THROUGHOUT THE PLAN: LA BOQUILLA, EL CENTRO, SOUTHERN CIEGNAGA, MANGE, BOCAGROANDE, AND TIERRA BOMBA

important economic drivers for the city. Though this area is primarily heavy industrial use, it does include some

KEY DISTRICTS

new industrial office parks, hence its NAVY BASE

designation as mixed use. Also included

AIRPORT http://www.webinfomil.com

http://www.colombiainfo.org

in this mixed use designation is the cruise ship terminal which has played

rib

a large role in Cartagenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s success as

LA BOQUILLA

be rib Ca

SOUTHERN CIENAGA

AIRPORT

MANGA Cienaga de la Virgen

BOCAGRANDE

NAVY BASE Cartagena Bay

Cartagena Bay

TIERRA BOMBA

Suburban/Rural Green Zones Mixed-Use Institutional Residential 0

Cienaga de la Virgen

EL CENTRO

0.5

Miles 2

Urbanized Area Rural Area

LAND USE MAP

0.5

Miles 2 19

DISTRICTS AND LAND USE

La Boquilla

Southern Cienaga

Manga

La Boquilla is the northern-most district in

On the southern edge of the Cienaga de la

The island of Manga is an urban area

Cartagena, sitting between two bodies of

Virgen lies several informal settlements,

consisting of mostly residential use

water, the Caribbean Sea and the Cienaga

the

and houses the wealthier citizens of

de la Virgen. This location makes La

Cartagena. A few of the largest informal

Cartagena. There is a mixture of small

Boquilla’s coastlines and the communities

settlements are Costa Linda, Libano, Rafael

scale residences and high rise apartment

that live here highly exposed to flooding

Nunez, and Olaya Errera. Sitting mostly on

and condo buildings. The residential

and the increasing risks of climate change

illegally filled land, Southern Cienaga’s

streets allow for medium levels of

and sea level rise. The district contains

informal settlement’s encroachment into

traffic while still being a comfortable

many sensitive ecosystems, particularly

the Cienaga de la Virgen was halted by the

atmosphere for pedestrians. The southern

prominent are its mangrove forests and

City’s construction of a major road along

edge of Manga is home to one of the

tidal wetlands. These areas provide vital

the lagoon’s southern edge in 2006. This

major ports in Cartagena as well as the

habitat and breeding ground to fish, birds,

action was not readily accompanied by any

cruise ship terminal.

and aquatic life.

sort of formal provisions of basic services

This

district

home

some

most

vulnerable

population

to these lower-income communities,

Cartagena’s oldest and most unique

hence there will still be major issues here

informal settlements which reside among

around drainage, flooding, and trash.11

the mangroves. These settlements have

Despite these issues, affordable housing

brought an urban form which is less

projects have been unpopular in this

structured and more organic. The area is

area because there are usually not within

defined by one-story houses along fairly

walking distance of employment centers

narrow streets mixed with houses within

or residential facilities like grocery stores

the mangroves that are only accessible by

and schools.

A formal road is intended to improve accessibility and mobility and to be barrier that protects the Cienaga de la Virgen from informal settlement invasion SOUTHERN CIENAGA

boat.

LA BOQUILLA

http://murciatoday.com/ MANGA 20

http://murciatoday.com/ 21

DISTRICTS AND LAND USE

Inland Cartagena The area east of Manga is composed

Tierra Bomba is the large island just

including

southwest of Cartagena’s mainland. A majority of the island gradually rises

universities. This part of the city is also

in elevation and is made up of mostly

highly residential with industrial areas

virgin land. Expected to develop as the

along the coastline.

various

neighborhoods

The urban fabric

city grows, the northern coast of Tierra

of this area is more common, housing

Bomba has seen minimal development.

the middle to lower income population

This development is mostly consisting

of the city. There are several hospitals,

of informal settlements and low-density

schools, churches, restaurants, and other

beachfront accommodations for tourists.

amenities

Serena Del Mar

dispersed

throughout

the

various neighborhoods. As one moves

A new area just adjacent to Cartagena in

more inland from the coast, the housing

the north is called Serena Del Mar. This

becomes denser and the neighborhoods

is a planned community currently under

become less formal in their appearance.

development. The project is proposed

Bocagrande

EL CENTRO

Tierra Bomba

Chino, the city’s Chinatown, and several

BOCAGRANDE

TIERRA BOMBA

to span approximately 1,000 acres over

Bocagrande is quite a distinguishable part

what is currently private land. The

of the city. This stretch of land is lined

design intent for Serena Del Mar is to

with beaches and arrayed with high rises

create a sustainable, self-contained city

and resorts that create the new skyline

incorporating a wide range of amenities,

of Cartagena. This part of the city is

while aiming to preserve and be integrated

symbolic of Cartagena’s economic growth

with the existing landscape. Although the

and modernization in recent years, a

design does not directly address sea level

direct result of the thriving tourism and

rise or inequality, its goal is to consider

port economies. Despite its grandeur,

its impact geographically and socially. It

Bocagrande is precariously located and

is a large area that is expected to have a

with very low elevation, it is at risk from

significant impact on Cartagena.12

erosion, sea level rise, and flooding. Bocagrande is also currently home to the Navy base.

El Centro El Centro serves as Cartagena’s historic core and is one of the city’s oldest and most toured landmarks. El Centro is a significant part of Cartagena’s character, made up of colorful colonial era architecture, stone fortifications, and cobblestone streets.

Serena Del Mar is a mixed-use development providing additional housing and job opportunities in North La Boquilla expansion to the north of Cartagena

El Centro is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Site, designated in 1984.

www.serenadelmar.com SERENA DEL MAR

Economy 14% of occupations . While the Port and

The city is the main economic center

Industrial sectors of Cartagena support the

in the Bolivar department of Colombia,

majority of the GDP, Tourism employs the

making up 64.7% of the departments GDP

largest number of residents. As inequality,

and 2.2% of the Country’s as a whole. In

poverty, and informal settlements are on

2003, the per capita GDP for Cartagena

the rise in Cartagena, this industry will

was 5.5 million pesos, a half a million

play a vital role in helping the city and its

pesos above the national average of 5

residents find solutions and gain social

million in that same year.

and economic capital.

Industry

Employment employment

Cartagena was one of the first industrial

opportunities in Cartagena are within

cities in the Colombian Caribbean and

the Tourism sector. Broken out, the

remains very significant today. Its four

largest amount of workers are in the

major industrial clusters consist of

commerce,

petrochemical-plastic,

The

majority

service,

and

transport

metalworking,

sectors. Of that majority, 30% of jobs in

construction, logistics, and port activity.

the city are within commerce, hotels and

The city is the leading producer and

restaurants driven by this prosperous

exporter of petrochemicals in the country

tourism industry of Cartagena . Social

of Colombia. Cartagena holds nearly 10%

and community services absorb 26%

of Colombia’s metallic mining production

of the total employment, while the

and 8% of its industrial manufacturing.17

1% 8%

6% 1%

14%

in 2010, 50.91% was through Cartagena,

is home to the second largest port in

where 66.7 % of that was traditional exports

Colombia. The Port of Cartagena serves

within the country.19 The government of

as the main container port in the entire

Cartagena has encouraged diversification

country, of which three are public ports

of exports and has made many efforts to

and over 40 are private ports. The port

reach various types of trade agreements

is large, covering a total land area of 426

in the last decade as part of an export-

SPRC is the port authority for

oriented growth strategy. As a result,

30%

the Port of Cartagena, which controls

the exports of the city have increased

two of the major public ports: Manga

by 46.58% in a 10 year span.20 Within the

and Contecar. The main export products

Bolivar department, 13 of the 17 free trade

from these ports include petroleum, coal,

zones are located in Cartagena attracting

Commerce, Hotels and Restaurants Construction Electricity, Gas and Water Manufacturing Industry Mining and Quarrying Agriculture, Fishing, Hunting and Forestry Services, Community, Social and Personal Real Estate Activities Financial Intermediation Transportation, Storage and Communications

sugar, tobacco, coffee, as well as other

a large volume of capital investment to

manufactured goods. Of the $39.8 billion

the city.

previously

acres.

mentioned,

CARTAGENA’S PORT ECONOMY

LARGEST PORT IN COLOMBIA

51%

Calculations based on GEIH. Cartagena, Entre El Progreso Industrial y El Rezago Social, 2012.

OF COLOMBIA’S $39.8 BILLION EXPORT IN 2010

rib

26%

Cartagena

12%

of exportation that came out of Colombia

and legacy as a port city continue today.

Port & Trade

1% 1%

transport and storage sector account for

Cartagena’s prominent marine location

47%

Cienaga de la Virgen

INCREASE IN THE PAST 10 YEARS

Cartagena Bay

Ports/Industrial

portstrategy.com 24

0.5

Miles 2

ECONOMY Tourism

Among top destinations for International Tourists in Caribbean region

towards the neighborhood of La Boquilla

charm and character that Cartagena is

As a popular destination for foreign

which is home to many informal settlers

famous for. Tourists are also drawn to the

tourists

and large swaths of mangrove forests.

beaches which fringe the majority of the

the

Caribbean

region,

Cartagena’s number of foreign visitors

While tourists may stay in these hotels,

city’s coastline. Beaches along mainland

almost doubled from 2004 to 2009. This

they

Cartagena are often crowded with locals

increase was due, in part, to the revival

Cartagena. The historic area, El Centro,

and tourists alike, yet the white sand

of the cruise ship sector. Agreements

is the main attraction with its Spanish

beaches of the offshore islands are a

have been reached with cruise travel

architecture and 16 century wall which

particular draw. Tierra Bomba, a large,

agencies to use the Port of Cartagena

serves as a pedestrian walkway around the

mostly undeveloped island, lying just

for embarking and disembarking, further

historic core. Getsemani is also a popular

south of Bocagrande is famous for its

contributing to the city’s status as the

neighborhood adjacent to El Centro which

white sand beaches.

7th most popular international meeting

provides a vibrant Colombian nightlife

Local and foreign visitors in 2014 spent

destination in South America. Visitors are

including restaurants, nightclubs, and

about 1.023 billion dollars in Cartagena,

able to enjoy the city’s large convention

salsa dancing. Strolling through these

which was equivalent to 7.3% of annual GDP

center and considerable amount of 4 &

historic

are

of the Bolivar department.22 According

5-star hotels. Many of the new hotels

led through a series of stunning public

to the Tourism Information System of

are being developed along the fragile

plazas, past historic monuments and

Cartagena de Indias (SITCAR), there have

coastal edge of Cartagena. Bocagrande in

cathedrals, and are offered local art

been as many as 130,000 jobs created

particular has seen extreme development

and street food from a host of vendors.

through

of high-rise hotels in recent years. High

The winding streets, outdoor seating,

throughout the City of Cartagena further

rise tourism-related development is also

beautiful

emphasizing the role of tourism in the

spreading northwards along the coast

views from the historic wall create the

HISTORIC CENTRO

RESTAURANTS & NIGHTLIFE

130,000

come

for

the

experience

neighborhoods

landscaping,

tourists

and

excellent

tourism-related

industries

city.23

jobs

$1.023 billion revenue

BEACHES

http://www.cruisetimetables.com/

INDUSTRIES DIRECTLY RELATED TO

TOURISM MAKE UP 56% OF EMPLOYMENT

monde-authentique.com; portalodia.com

Informal Settlements, Housing, & Inequality

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PATTERN

69%

The boom in oil production after the

growing. Often, if informal settlements

as they are generally unsuitable for

drilling in the Magdelena River Valley in

are located along the coast, they are

formal development. Many of them are

the early 1900s prompted the growth of

eventually replaced with high-rise, high-

subjected to flooding and other related

both the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s petroleum-port activity

end hotels and condominiums for the

health issues due to their low elevations

The rapid rise in

wealthier class in Cartagena. This has

and location within current or reclaimed

population resulting from the increased

created distrust between the informal

mangrove forests. A trend is to cut down

economic activity caused an urban

settlers and the government of Cartagena

mangroves and backfill the land with

overflow that displaced many low class

as they fear their land will be taken for a

trash or other debris to create a suitable

residents. New industrial and commercial

higher economic use, of which they will

base for informal structures. This is a

land uses pushed residents farther from

not benefit. Informal settlements in recent

hazard both to the health of the informal

the downtown and the coastlines. The

years are driven by the booming economy

settlers and to the health of the ecosystem

amount of housing available was unable to

in Cartagena, the lack of opportunities in

and environmental quality of Cartagena.

accommodate the sharp rise in population

the more rural areas of Colombia, and a

These human health issues frequently

and

lack of affordable housing options in the

come in the form of vector diseases

informal settlements on the outskirts

city.

such as Dengue Fever and Chikungunya,

of developed land. This has been the

Informal Settlements

as well as respiratory diseases and

Often times, the City is slow to recognize

other ailments. Despite their sometimes

these areas as formal, contributing to the

precarious

informal

cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s designation of 69% of the existing

settlements are slowly stabilized over

housing as informal.26 Cartagena is a city

time with increasing access to services

of informal settlements and with the

and better quality structures and roads.

projected population growth of over half

and the population.

prompted

the

development

dominant land settlement pattern in Cartagena, with formal development gradually replacing informal settlements. The last several decades has seen these developments both transforming and

Informal settlements today are often located in high risk areas that are far from employment opportunities. These areas are available for informal settlements

locations,

many

INFORMAL HOUSING

31%

FORMAL HOUSING

1990

1950

TODAY

a million residents by 2040, it is likely this trend will continue.27 The informal settlements come as little as surprise as Cartagena has high levels of poverty with about 600,000 residents designated as poor. Twenty six percent of Cartagenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s almost 1 million residents are lacking basic necessities, a measure used by demographers to measure poverty in Colombia. This is nearly three times the rate in Bogota, the capital. A large portion of this population lives in the fishing districts in La Boquilla and along the southern coast of the Cienaga de la Virgen. Both of these areas are significant informal settlements in the city, with many native refugees from other parts of LA BOQUILLA INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS 28

Colombia coming to settle here.28

0.5

Miles 2

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, HOUSING, & INEQUALITY Housing

Strata System and Land Tenure

These informal settlements are just

Housing in Cartagena is classified into six strata based on the condition of housing, the

surrounding

infrastructure,

and

access to services. Over seventy percent of housing units are in Strata 1 and 2, which indicates that a majority of housing units are in poor condition without adequate services.

Data shows that

many of the neighborhoods in the lowest strata also suffer from overcrowding within each household unit. In terms of the newly completed units, more than 90% are in medium to high strata, which is unaffordable for low-income residents.30 Though the areas of informal settlements are in the lowest strata and experience Se

more inequality, they are often able to

rib

use their homes for income generation.

Houses within these areas are more flexible, able to expand to accommodate changing needs, and are not regulated. Therefore residential units in these areas often serve a dual purpose, taking

Cienaga de la Virgen

one part of Cartagenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s housing crisis. Rapid urbanization and an insufficient amount of land designated for residential developments have also burdened the existing housing stock. Residential units that are available tend to be insufficient, with a total of 28% of households facing inadequate

services.33

The

national

strategies to tackle rapid urbanization and the resulting housing crisis consist of on-site improvement for urban areas, rural

housing

improvement,

macro-

projects, provision of housing subsidies, and legalization and certification.

RURAL HOUSING IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

The Housing Improvement Project aims to improve basic health conditions of the most vulnerable households by adding sanitation and other basic infrastructure into their house. In the end the project will benefit more than 13,000 urban residents. The Basic Sanitation Improvement Project, geared towards 150 homes in Olaya Herrera Ricaurte, is valued at $1,988,930,450 pesos

DNP

on renters or functioning as informal businesses and storefronts. However, it is risky for residents to heavily rely on their informal structures and land as they do not

Cartagena Bay

have legal tenure and run the risk of losing

CONSTRUCTION COST OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL HOUSING (PESOS)

their home and their income.31 The City

0.5

their occupations and obtain their title. It

2,500

is required that the land is zoned for urban

2,000

use plan, not located in high risk area, and that the residents have been living there peacefully for five years or more.

Unfortunately, many informal settlements do not meet these zoning requirements.

17,814,815

3,000

or rural use according to the Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land

Miles 2

4,000

a process to help land owners legitimize

24,648,148

Strata 1 Strata 2 Strata 3 Strata 4 Strata 5 Strata 6

TOTAL AREA URBANIZED BY FORMAL AND INFORMAL PROCESS 3,500

does offer legalization and certification,

Data Source: Land and Housing for the Urban Poor Diagnosis and National Strategy, 2007. 0 CEDE (2006). Informalidad de La Vivienda y El Suelo En Bucaramanga y Cartagena, 2006.

URBAN HOUSING IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

FORMAL INFORMAL

1,500 1,000 500 0

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Source : DANE , Planning Office of Cartagena.

Formal Informal Persons per hectare 30

31 0

0.5

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, HOUSING, & INEQUALITY in total and receives funding sources from

The project provides 25,000 housing units

Corvivienda, Asociado, and COMUNIDAD.

on 1,181 acres. Managed by the Mario

The Rural Housing Improvement Project

Santo Domingo Foundation, Bicentenario

benefits 657 fishing families in different

was established in December 2008.

districts of Cartagena with total value of

Each housing unit has 2 floors, with

$ 11,558,889,407 pesos. Most of the funding

2 bedrooms, living room, bathroom,

came from the Ministry of Agriculture

laundry room, stairs, patio, large green

Subsidy, and the other were from

area, internal parking, communal kiosk,

Corvivienda.34

large underground energy, external roads

Affordable Housing Developments

and scalability to 2 additional bedrooms.

Cartagena

also

provides

improvement

affordable

projects.

Macroproyectos

Nacional

government

63%

Managed by Mario Santo Domingo Foundation

OF CARTAGENA’S POPULATION IS ENTIRELY UNEDUCATED

The project also plans to build a Mega

housing projects in addition to its housing

CIUDAD BICENTENARIO

Interés

The Social

housing

scheme that aims to provide one million units of affordable housing for the most vulnerable sectors of Colombian society. The Macroproyecto projects are expected to become small urban cities within larger metropolitan areas, cities within cities.35 The CIUDAD BICENTENARIO is an example of one such project in Cartagena.

School to accommodate 5,938 children, a clinic and a center for early childhood care. The subsidies from the government can be as much as 35% of its commercial value in this kind of macro-project. Corvivienda and Foundation Mario Santo Domingo are the leaders in affordable housing projects.36

Projected Housing Deficit Although

both

these

housing

478 hectares 25,000 housing units Established in December 2008

el universal

improvement projects and affordable housing developments aim to improve basic needs and infrastructure within

PUBLIC HOUSING EVALUATION Very limited access to public transit el universal

Removed from City Center and job opportunities

low-income communities they often

live in the poorest neighborhoods of

provide very limited access to viable

the city with many heads of households

public transit, are removed from the

never completing school, children not

city center, do not provide access to

attending school, and families suffering

employment, and fail to yield meaningful

from malnutrition. Almost six percent

social capital. This problem will only be

of the population aged 5 and older and

exacerbated by projected population

5.5% aged 15 and over in Cartagena are

growth. The projected growth of over

illiterate. This comes as no surprise as

half a million residents and the current

27.7% of the residents in Cartagena have

housing needs leads to a housing deficit

only attained an elementary school level

estimate of 68,595 units by 2040.

education. Of those that achieved more

Education

education, 36.6% finished high school and

Human capital, measured for example through the level of formal education, is one of the most important determinants of income. Education accounts for 60%

Lack of social capital

of interpersonal differences in labor income

major

Colombian

cities.

People with fewer years of education

el universal

18.3% have higher or postgrad education levels. Despite the high levels of illiteracy and lack of high educational attainment, only 6.3% of Cartagena’s population received no education at all.37 Much of the areas of low educational attainment correlate with Cartagena’s dense informal settlements.

el universal

CIUDAD BICENTENARIO 32

Transportation & Infrastructure Projects The

city’s

enhanced

inequalities by

are

further

Cartagena’s

largely

TRANSCARIBE STATIONS

dysfunctional transit system. The current system suffers from congestion and lack of access and highly automobile-centric. The public transit system is mainly comprised of an unregulated and poorly planned

bus

system,

unstandardized

taxi services, informal moto-taxis, and

http://lasillavacia.com/

an informal water taxi system. This unorganized system has caused residents

Bus Rapid Transit and Formal Water Taxi Routes

to rely on private cars in order to increase reliability and safety as well as maintain better control over their travel times. The

Though the public transit system is

disorganization has also made it difficult

Transit

(BRT)

Se be

Rapid

system.

rib

Bus

process of implementing a formalized http://sowc2015.unicef.org/stories/young-inventors-make-streets-safer/

access to this system.

currently in poor shape, the City is in the

for tourists or other travelers to gain

Transcaribe, Cartagena’s transit entity, is

PRIMARILY AUTOCENTRIC

implementing the BRT through a publicprivate partnership with private bus owners and operators. The system began operating in November 2015 and provides

Cienaga de la Virgen

three main trunk routes as well as a

POORLY REGULATED BUSES

comprehensive system of feeder routes.38 The City hopes this system will appeal to all strata, encourage tourist ridership, and increase the use of public transportation,

adamleeb.com

UNSTANDARDIZED TAXIS INFORMAL MOTO-TAXIS

Cartagena Bay

ultimately relieving traffic congestion on the city’s streets and reducing travel times for all users. In addition to the BRT system, Transcaribe proposes a watertransit system that will utilize existing canals.39

Successful

implementation

and operation of Transcaribe is vital to

Crespo tunnel Water routes Bus feeder routes Bus rapid transit

Cartagena’s tourists, businesses, and the general population who need a more

INFORMAL WATER TAXIS 34

reliable and unintimidating system to improve access to various amenities and

0.5

Miles 2

opportunities throughout Cartagena. 35

TRANSPORTATION & INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS Crespo Tunnel Project The Crespo Tunnel project is another

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

example of a major transit project that is currently under construction along Cartagena’s

waterfront.

This

project

is taking place in the neighborhood of Crespo, directly south of La Boquilla, adjacent to the current airport. It is a part of a national strategy to link major cities within Colombia. Here a tunnel is being constructed that will bury the fourlane road which is currently cutting the neighborhood off from the waterfront. The

tunnel

intended

relieve

congestion and provide public space while incorporating beach restoration, erosion control, and flood control measures.40

Navy base Relocation Proposal

Stormwater and Wastewater Management

The Navy base is currently located

Cartagena has been facing some serious

on Bocagrande. The City is currently

issues

proposing that the base be moved

wastewater management for decades.

to Tierra Bomba to allow for desired

The main concerns include insufficient

expansion. It’s location on Bocagrande is

sewerage services, inadequate wastewater

restricted by the very limited amount of

management

space in the area. Additionally, the Navy

wastewater discharges in Mamonal.

base has found some operations difficult

Cartagena has a multitude of institutions

because of the high volume of boat traffic

relating

in the area. Bocagrande is a popular

environment,

tourist destination and is near the large

created by law between 1993 and 2002.

port on Manga, both of which generate

One of the most important is the Aguas de

significant marine travel.41

Cartagena (ACUACAR), which was created

regarding

the

sewerage

system,

its

and

industrial

infrastructure

many

and

which

and were

in 1995. Its Environment & Quality Office is responsible for domestic-wastewater management and implementation of the City’s Sewerage Master Plan. The Quality Laboratory monitors the public drinkingwater supply and effluent discharged via submarine outfalls in the Manzanillo area of the bay.42 Another

important

institution

the Dique Canal Regional Authority (CARDIQUE) established in 1993 by law 99. It is an administratively and financially independent public corporation with its own assets and legal status. It has a varied mission,

which

includes

promoting

sustainable development among the

skyscrapercity.com

PROPOSAL CRESPO TUNNEL Stretches approximately 2,000 ft Erosion prevention measures Integrated pedestrian walkway skyscrapercity.com

STORMWATER FLOODING

TRANSPORTATION & INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

Cartagena also needs to ensure that

some kind of control and monitoring is

industrial discharge standards are met,

required. The operator of LDLC obtained

that storm water pollution is reduced,

an environmental license, but many of the

system connects the Cienaga de la

Improving Drainage in High-Value Economic Areas

and that non-traditional pollutants are

requirements of this license are not being

Virgen to the sea, enabling constant and

Prior to 2000, the key tourism and

dealt with. In order to do so, continuous

met. Landfill operation is weak, specifically

By the early 2000s, ACUACAR, with the

controlled renewal of its waters. The

commercial areas in Cartagena were

monitoring is necessary, as well as land-

related to the lack of instruments to

support of an $85 million loan from

project consists of an enlarged canal

subject to frequent flooding and sewer

use management in critical susceptible

monitor the landfill’s stability, lack of

the World Bank, was fully poised to

entrance to the lagoon, self-actuating tidal

overflows into the streets and surrounding

areas.

information about the management and

implement its wastewater master plan.

gates to increase flow into the lagoon, and

beaches. With the help of an IDB loan

effectiveness of the leachate recirculation

The plan was complex and expensive, so

a long seawall within the estuary to route

of $40.5 million, ACUACAR improved

Solid Waste Management

the chosen alternative was a submarine

the tidal flows through the lagoon and

the wastewater system draining into

outfall 3km from the coast. This plan was

help flush out the pollution. The project

Cartagena Bay and essentially eliminated

significantly cheaper and was deemed

helped to improve the water quality in

sewage discharges in key touristic areas.

acceptable due to the adequate natural

the lagoon and halted the environmental

The City recognizes the importance

conditions of Cartagena’s coast. The

decline until ACUACAR could complete

of improving drainage in high-value

plan hopes to eliminate the practice of

its wastewater master plan. Cienaga

economic areas, especially those that are

disposing domestic waste in the Bay and

de la Virgen has had a regulation and

meant to aesthetically and functionally

the Cienaga de la Virgen.

management scheme since 2005, due to

attractive to tourists.

Improving the Cienaga de la Virgen

an agreement between CARDIQUE and

In spite of these measures it is feared

Conservación Internacional to ensure its

that domestic wastewater will continue

sustainable use. The lagoon has recovered

to find its way into the Cienaga de la

by over 80 percent as a result of the

Virgen from the poorer districts, even

Stabilized Tidal Mouth project.45

with the new sewerage system, because

communities and economic sectors in its

constructed

four eco-regions and providing technical

entrance known as “La Bocana Project”

innovation capability, research facilities,

in the early 2000s. This water regulation

and personnel to various firms and institutions throughout the city.43

The District of Cartagena and CARDIQUE, with the financial and technical support of the Government of the Netherlands,

stabilized

tidal

inlet

steep slopes make access to the sewer system difficult. Therefore it is important to ensure all households are connected to the sewerage system and that sewer

THE EFFECTS OF STORMWATER

overflows are eliminated.

FLOODING CAN BE SEEN FOR DAYS

Colombia

produces

approximately

28,800 tons of solid waste per day. It is estimated that approximately 20 percent of the waste generated in the country is disposed of in open dumps with no daily or final coverings, and that approximately 40 percent is disposed of with inadequate final

disposal

practices.

Inadequate

disposal results in environmental and health problems such as surface and groundwater contamination, air pollution, and increased transmission of illness by vectors such as flies and rodents. Cartagena

has

two

main

landfills,

Henequén, which closed in 2002, and Loma de Los Cocos (LDLC), the district’s current landfill, opened in January 2006 in a rural area. Over time, leachate has not been properly monitored, and

system, and lack of information about control and monitoring of the aquifer.47 The Cartagena Landfill Gas Recovery Project is working to mitigate, and even profit from, the pollution from landfills. The project will capture and destroy methane generated in the LDLC landfill in Cartagena, and sell the resulting ERs to the Italian Carbon Fund. The project consists of the design, implementation, and monitoring of LFG extraction, treatment, and flaring facilities at the landfill. Such a facility will allow the capture and destruction of methane generated through the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter disposed in the landfill. The proposed project is expected to displace an estimated 553,721 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) by 2016 and about 2.2 million tCO2e by 2028.48

AFTER A HEAVY RAIN EVENT

STORMWATER FLOODING 38

Environmental

LA BOQUILLA MANGROVES

Cartagena’s ecosystem is diverse and

are hosting many of the resulting informal

mitigation planning. The UN recommends,

delicate. The city hugs the coast for

settlements. These informal settlements

“establishing

more than 70 miles and has sandy

are expanding and negatively impacting

solutions in complementing engineered

beaches that formed from sediment from

the condition of the mangroves, ultimately

infrastructure with natural infrastructure

the Magdalena River. The ocean has

contributing to the environmental decline

for disaster risk reduction” and Cartagena

supported fishing amongst its coral reefs

of the city as a whole. As mentioned,

can follow these recommendations.51

for decades. The city is fairly low-lying and

these are created by infilling wetlands

Protecting these mangroves is cheaper

has many wetlands, which have formed

with trash and other debris to create

than building hard infrastructure, and not

with marshes and coastal lakes. Mangrove

a solid base for informal structures.

only reduces coastal erosion and binds

swamps can be found in the tidal areas,

Fortunately, Cartagena sees land-use and

the soil together, but also reduces risk for

along with marine grasses. This diverse

zoning policies as an innovative and cost-

humans who might otherwise build on

ecosystem and combination of land and

effective entry point to adaptation and

this sensitive land.

innovative

nature-based

islands attracts a great deal of tourism. “These island areas are closely linked to the ecology and tourism development of the city and include the Del Rosario and San Bernardo Corals archipelago, the Baru and Fuerte Island peninsula,

THERE ARE

which form part of Colombia’s system of

14,385 ACRES

protected areas”.50 Residents and officials

OF MANGROVES THAT

alike are aware of the importance of the rib

health of the wetlands, mangroves, and

ocean for their port industry, fishing,

• PROVIDE FISH AND BIRD HABITAT

and highly important tourism industry. In spite of this, pressures on these areas

• PROTECT THE SHORELINE

are increasing for a number of reasons. Firstly, there are not strict land-use and these

areas.

population

Secondly,

Cartagena’s

increasing

and

• IMPROVE WATER QUALITY

Cienaga de la Virgen

zoning regulations in place to protect

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS WITHIN MANGROVES

• ABSORB & STORE CARBON

these

sensitive undeveloped ecological areas

Cartagena Bay

BUT ONLY

1,886 ACRES

OVER

ARE PROTECTED

70 MILES OF COASTLINE

Informal Settlements Mangroves 0

0.5

Miles 2

ea n

Se a

ENVIRONMENTAL

Ca ri

Sea Level Rise and Erosion The sea level is projected to rise between 0.50 feet and 0.65 feet by 2040 and is expected to reach about 3 feet by 2100.52 This is problematic because much of the city’s development, new and historic, is along the coastline. “…The zones bordering

Cienaga de la Virgen

on the Virgen Marsh, the tourist zone of the city (Bocagrande, Castillogrande, El Laguito and the Historic Center) and the port and industrial zone would be most affected by the increase in sea level”.53 These combine to make up the majority

Cartagena Bay

of the city’s economy, making planning for this area of utmost importance. Almost sixty percent of the coastal zone has a high or very high risk of erosion. 27% of the city’s population will be affected by seal level rise, and the residential neighborhoods that will be most affected are Olaya Herrera, El Pozon, Manga, Bocagrande, Crespo, and Castillogrande.54 As the sea level rises, the inhabitants of Cartagena will face a multitude of problems. Most obviously there will be a

Sea Level Rise 2040 SEA LEVEL RISE PROJECTION

0.5

Miles 2

http://midas.cartagena.gov.co/#

SEA LEVEL RISE AND THE EFFECT ON VITAL RESOURCES In addition to the environmental degradation and loss that is expected there will be damage to infrastructure. It is predicted to affect 28% of industry, 35% of road infrastructure, 25%+ of tourism and tourism use areas will be flooded (Plan 4C, 45), 8% of agricultural areas will be flooded (Plan 4C, 45), and 15% of houses within centers

of population will be affected (Plan 4C, 45). Around 27,500 houses are in high-risk zones in Cartagena, “where mitigation is impossible” (plan 4C, 29). Because of the fact that “…the city has grown in a disorderly fashion with no consideration as to the risks of and vulnerabilities to flooding, coastal erosion and effects on the principal ecological structure” (Plan 4C, 29) the City faces huge challenges.

THE SEA LEVEL IS EXEPECTED TO 0 0.5 1 2 RISE 3 FEET BY 2100

Miles

BEACH EROSION & BREAKWATERS

loss of land as it erodes into the ocean.55 Access to fresh water will be less available. The salt water will intrude into soils and

be dramatic, and will constitute a “loss of

bodies of water, and the wastewater and

ecological heritage”.60 Currently there are

pollution will still be entering into the

over 14,000 acres of mangrove forests and

hydrological system.56 As was the case

just under 2000 of those are protected.

in 2010 and 2011, La Nina events will be

Sea level rise is expected to degrade these

more common and sea flooding will be

mangrove forests by 30-60% by 2040.61 This

OF COASTAL ZONES AT HIGH

intensified in the rainy and dry season.

is very concerning because mangroves

OR VERY HIGH RISK

COASTAL EROSION 60%

All of the beaches are eroding, and some

provide both protection from sea level

at rates as fast as 10 feet per year.58 The

flooding, storm surges, and erosion, as

espigas (or breakwaters), built to protect

well as providing essential habitat for

100%

against erosion have often had negative

birds and fish to breed in. The mangroves

impacts on natural features. They disrupt

OF BEACHES AFFECTED

act as a natural feature to help protect

sedimentation patterns and in protecting

water quality, without them this process

some areas make others more susceptible

is extremely expensive and involves

to erosion.59 The effects seen at the

harsh and environmentally unfriendly

beaches and in the mangrove swamps will

chemicals.

10 FT ANNUAL COASTAL LOSS 43

ENVIRONMENTAL

events. Economic activities like fishing

It is clear that Cartagena is facing many

could be detrimentally impacted.70 Species

threats in the upcoming years from

and ecosystems will have to migrate in

climate change, specifically from sea

order to survive,71 and ecosystem services

level rise and flooding. Plan 4C lists

could be affected. Warmer temperatures

projects for a climate compatible Port

will

diseases

and Industrial zone, and allocates budgets

transmitted by vectors, such as dengue,

for the projects. Analysis of the projects

chikungunya, and leptospirosis.72 People

is not yet done, as many projects are

will be greatly affected. Additionally, the

not completed, so the success of them

heat waves will make it difficult to work

cannot be evaluated. Going forward it

outside and demand for fresh drinking

will be important to consider threats

water will increase.73 The impacts on

beyond the port and industrial zones and

agricultural activity could be devastating.

to seriously consider the effects on the

Extreme Rain Events

increasing population and the land they

exacerbate

cases

Hazards from flooding are frequent and

will occupy as well as the future role of

serious than the hazards in Cartagena.

the tourism industry, the main employer

The 2010-2011 La Nina event is an extreme

of Cartagena’s residents

example of this. Four million Colombians were affected and it caused $7.8 billion in economic loss from destruction of infrastructure, flooding of agricultural eluniversal.com

lands, and payment of government subsidies.74 During the extreme rainfall

SOUTHERN CIENAGA INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS FLOODING EVENT

events, the road between Barranquilla and Cartagena was fractured into two pieces. In

addition

the

environmental

degradation and loss that is expected, there will be damage to infrastructure. It is predicted that sea level rise will affect 28% of industry, 35% of road infrastructure, 25%+ of tourism and tourism use areas will be flooded, 8% of agricultural areas, and 62

15% of houses within centers of population will be affected.64 Around 27,500 houses are in high-risk zones in Cartagena, “where mitigation is impossible”.65 Because of the fact that “…the city has grown in a disorderly fashion with no consideration as to the risks of and vulnerabilities to flooding, coastal erosion and effects on the principal ecological structure”66 the city faces huge challenges.

Increasing Temperatures Cartagena

already

has

temperatures

as high as 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit on a regular basis, but temperatures are expected to rise continually until 2040 and beyond.67 Predictions say that the city will experience more dry spells for longer periods of time, and also more intense rain events when they do occur. It is believed that this will “destabilize the functioning of the city”.68 Currently Cartagena has a dry season from December to April, with rainfall below 2 inches per month, and a wet season from May to November with an average of 10 inches per month.69 Sea surface temperatures are also expected to rise, and will affect El Nino and La Nina

Understanding

the

extreme

weather pattern, the government set aside 1.65 trillion pesos ($850M) for 4,250 public-works projects to mitigate the effects of the next rainy season. 4 years later only 400 of these have been finished, with another 680 near completion.75 By December 2010, 93% of the country’s municipalities were experiencing floods and landslides. President Juan Manuel Santos declared a state of emergency. Over three million acres of agricultural land were flooded, 370,000 head of livestock perished and more than 800 roads were damaged or washed away. The Dique Canal was breached, causing a lot

FLOODING DAMAGE TO INFRASTRUCTURE

of the damage. More than 440,000 homes were damaged or destroyed.76 45

Conclusion The City’s strengths stem from its rich colonial history as a vital port and the architectural legacy this has left behind, as well as its diverse population and booming economy http://www.colombia.travel/en/where-to-go/caribbean/cartagena-de-indias

Cartagena is a culturally, aesthetically,

the city. Though tourism has the largest

matters are further complicated by the

and tourism development play a large role

and economically vibrant Colombian city

impact on the individual level, the city’s

impending threats of environmental and

in the damage to these mangrove forests.

sitting on the edge of the Caribbean Sea.

large ports and industrial facilities provide

climate change risks, most prominently

While some threats from climate change,

The city’s strengths stem from its rich

the majority of the region’s GDP, making

the destruction of mangroves, erosion,

like increasing temperatures, will affect

colonial history as a vital port and the

Cartagena a very significant economic

heat waves, and sea level rise.

the whole city, others are concentrated

architectural legacy this has left behind, as

force in Colombia.

As a very flat coastal city, Cartagena sits at

along the coastline and its nearby

well as its diverse population and booming

Cartagena’s success thus far relies on a

the forefront of these issues. The coastline

neighborhoods. The coastline of Cartagena

economy. Though the city is a stronghold

delicate balance between its booming

and beaches are eroding up to ten feet

is the economic engine of the city, and

of Colombia and the Caribbean region, it

economy and the impending threats and

per year while the sea is also rising. Rising

Cartagena is one of the main generators

faces serious challenges and risks to its

pressures on the city’s infrastructure and

seas not only put vital infrastructure and

of Colombia’s GDP. Sea level rise and

population, infrastructure, and economy

resources. The rural to urban migration in

homes at risk of flooding and permanent

erosion threaten every aspect of the

in the form of intense poverty, informal

Colombia has seen a booming population

salt-water intrusion, but may harm

booming tourism industry, from beaches,

settlements,

residents

the fresh drinking water supply. Rising

to hotels, to the historic core. Currently,

environmental degradation and, perhaps

require jobs, housing, and services, many

temperatures will see a rising demand

this industry supports the majority of

most importantly, climate change and its

of which the City is unable to provide

and need for clean, fresh drinking

Cartagena’s residents. A collapse in this

associated risks.

or the population is unable to afford.

water. Mangroves are a vital ecosystem

area would be devastating to all sectors

growing

population,

Cartagena.

These

new

core,

This results in ever expanding informal

in Cartagena. Not only do they provide

and strata of the population, as well as

developed by the Spanish settlers, was

settlements, increasing poverty, low levels

ecosystem services like absorbing carbon,

Colombia at large. Looking forward into

designated as a UNESCO World Heritage

of education, stress on infrastructure

filtering air pollutants, and creating

the 21st Century, Cartagena must become a

Site. The city holds significant cultural

and public transit, environmental and

habitat but they help to reduce the risk of

model for climate change adaptation and

and architectural value with its preserved

waste management issues, and growing

erosion, protect from flooding, and filter

proactively plan for the impending risks to

colonial

competition

and clean water. Informal settlements

the city and its residents.

1984

Cartagena’s

architecture

historical

and

the

most

for

employment.

These

extensive and well-designed system of fortifications in all of South America. Cartagena also served as one of the major ports in the slave trade and contributes an important piece to the history of AfroCaribbean culture in the region. In addition to its architectural and cultural significance, Cartagena has an abundance of beaches and a warm climate. These features attract a significant amount of tourism to the area, providing the majority of

employment

opportunities

within

CHAPTER THREE

THE PLAN

PROBLEM STATEMENT Cartagena, a picturesque coastal Caribbean city, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which boasts a colonial city-center, beaches, diverse eco-systems and offshore islands. This unique location attracts over 300,000 tourists annually,

Unsanitary Conditions

generating the majority of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s employment opportunities. Though the tourism sector is currently thriving, it is at risk from the projected effects of climate change as well as pollution, habitat degradation, congestion, lack of access, and an unequal social and economic structure.

Torre del Reloj Public Plaza

El Centro Architecture

Flooding Issues in the Streets

VISION

We envision a resilient and climate-prepared Cartagena with equitable housing, secure infrastructure, an efficient transit system, a robust and diverse tourism economy, and protected and nourished ecosystems and beaches.

CARTAGENA STUDENTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; INTERPRETATION OF THE STATE CITY IN THE YEAR 2040 DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

GOALS

PROTECTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE Protect existing infrastructure from climate risks

EQUITY

HIP

RESILIENT CARTAGENA

HOUSING & DEVELOPMENT Encourage mixed use and mixed income housing

MULTI-MODAL

HOUSING & DEVE LOP M E NT

ONOMY C E M RIS TOU

Ensure equal access to employment opportunities

Y UIT EQ

STE WA RD S

CT INFRASTRUCTURE PROTE

Create a formalized and consistent multi-modal transit system

ENVIRONMENT Protect and maintain important ecosystems

TOURISM ECONOMY Diversify the locations and attractions of the tourism economy

AL MOD LTIMU

E N V I R ON M E NT

STEWARDSHIP Improve environmental stewardship and discourage inappropriate use of marine resources 56

FRAMEWORK PLANS To create a plan that brings a

Together these frameworks and their

resilient Cartagena into the 21st

associated strategies strive to meet

century the seven goals and their

the 7 goals developed through the

implementation are addressed

problem statement and to meet the

through four lenses or frameworks.

Plan’s vision of a resilient Cartagena.

FRAMEWORKS: • ECONOMY • PROTECTION • DEVELOPMENT • CONNECTION

ECONOMY FRAMEWORK PLAN

ECONOMY FRAMEWORK ELEMENTS • CULTRAL TOURISM • BEACHES & RESORTS an

• ECOTOURISM Ca

rib

• PORTS Economy

resorts, and beaches, but the Plan also

activities will be happening in, or adjacent

The Economy framework seeks to grow

seeks to encourage and introduce a

to, Cartagena’s important ecosystems,

and diversify the tourism economy of

strong ecotourism aspect. Diversifying

giving them a higher economic value. In

Cartagena. Tourism provides a significant

tourism in this way will be essential in

turn, this will provide a larger incentive

portion of employment opportunities in

ensuring that Cartagena remains a large

for their protection and preservation.

Cartagena and is therefore vital to the

tourism destination despite the changes

Though the industrial and port areas are

people that call this city home. Tourism

that are likely with climate change.

an economic driver, they do not employ

is also important to the country as a

This

allow

the majority of the city’s residents and

whole, as Cartagena is one the strongest

marginalized communities to have a

have already gone through their own

economic centers in Columbia. The major

larger stake in the tourism economy as

planning process. Thus this Plan will be

strategies build upon the existing tourism

some of these strategies do not require

focusing on protecting and enhancing the

strongholds, such as the cultural tourism,

major infrastructure. Many ecotourism

burgeoning tourism economy.

ecotourism

focus

will

Cienaga de la Virgen

Cartagena Bay

Ecotourism Cultural tourism Resorts Industrial Beach CULTURAL TOURISM

BEACHES & RESORTS

ECOTOURISM

0.5

Miles 2

FRAMEWORK PLANS

PROTECTION FRAMEWORK PLAN

PROTECTION FRAMEWORK ELEMENTS • SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE • SEAWALLS

• LOCKS & WATER LEVEL Protection

is one part of a multi-pronged approach

cannot be used as a flood protection

To facilitate these strategies the Plan

to protect the Cienaga de la Virgen from

measure.

is focused on protecting the current

inundation by the sea. Protecting this

Part of the protection for the remaining

city, its people, their livelihoods, and

body of water is vital. There are very dense

coast of mainland Cartagena will include

its infrastructure from the impending

populations that live along the shoreline,

elevated land. This is particularly essential

threat of sea level rise. Cartagena has a

including a large informal settlement on

along the port and industrial areas as

population of almost a million people,

the southern edge.

relocation or blocking their access to the

with more coming every day. It is a

Moving south along the city’s coastline,

water is not an option

priority to provide protection for them

the protective infrastructure becomes

Beach

and to help Cartagena’s historical legacy

harder and more defined. Here seawalls

implemented where appropriate.

and culture stay intact.

and floodwalls will stretch all the way

A Navigable lock to protect the Cienaga

The Plan’s strategies for sea level rise

down the coast and surround the seaward

de la Virgen from sea level rise forms the

protection vary as they move along the

side of Centro, the historic core. A portion

southernmost protective measure for this

coast, attempting to integrate into the

of these seawalls will be integrated into

lagoon. The other mouths are protected

existing typologies and ecologies of each

the Crespo tunnel project, mentioned

through water level control measures and

waterfront.

earlier,

under

dunes. This proposed lock will allow the

North along the La Boquilla coast soft

construction. This Plan proposes the

canals to remain navigable and create an

strategies are proposed, such as oyster

extension of the tunnel around Centro,

opportunity to develop a dynamic public

reefs, beach restoration, and a large dune.

allowing for traffic calming as well as

realm.

These approaches are intended to build

protection. As a UNESCO World Heritage

Tierra Bomba, the large island just south

upon La Boquilla’s fragile ecologies, the

Site, it is imperative to protect both the

of Bocagrande, is mostly virgin land

current dependence upon local fishing,

buildings and streets within Centro and

and will implement a landward retreat

and to facilitate the future growth of

also the historic wall itself. Sea waters

strategy. With such high land and little

eco-tourism in the area. Not only does

must be kept a safe distance away, not

existing development, the retreat method

this protect the informal fishing village

allowed to lap against the foundation of

is the most logical in this location.

and the people that live here, but it also

this historic structure. The historic wall

which

currently

restoration

will

also

be rib Ca

• BEACH RESORTATION

• ELEVATED LAND

CONTROL • RETREAT Cienaga de la Virgen

Cartagena Bay

Seawall/floodwall Retreat area Elevated land Beach restoration Oyster reef Lock/Inlet 0

0.5

Miles 2

FRAMEWORK PLANS

stop at this location which incorporates

not at risk from sea level rise or massive

The Development strategy is about

a significant amount of housing and

flooding. This will protect new residents

providing

for

mangrove restoration along the edge of

from related health issues, loss of life, and

future populations in a resilient way.

the Cienaga de la Virgen. At a density of

loss of livelihood. Although these areas are

Development is placed within areas

40 units per acre, it is estimated this space

further from employment opportunities

protected from sea level rise and areas

can accommodate 7,412 units of housing.

the Plan proposes a BRT stop at both

that will be well connected with transit.

The

from

locations to make them more equitable,

Cartagena is projected to see a lot of

Bocagrande to Tierra Bomba is a plan

viable, and attractive. The Plan is not

growth in coming years which needs to be

currently under proposal by the City.

developing a site plan for this area, merely

accommodated. Given the current housing

This Plan proposes that this move takes

proposing these areas are designated for

needs and future population growth it

place, allowing Bocagrande to provide

expansion and that the government will

• NAVY BASE REDEVELOPMENT

is estimated that there will be a housing

housing and realize a higher economic

allocate some land to informal settles and

deficit of 68,595 units by 2040. It will be

use, especially in the realm of tourism. It

partner with developers for the rest of the

• EXPANSION AREAS

important for Cartagena to accommodate

is estimated, also at a density of 40 units

formal development. The total land area

this deficit through formal and informal

per acre, that this new development will

here is 1,902 acres, and at a density of 25

markets. The Development framework

provide about 2,584 new units of housing

units per acre, it is estimated that this

attempts to address this through three

The Plan proposes accommodating the

area will provide 47,550 units, expanding

major tenants, the northward relocation

projected boom in population and the

as population grows.

of the airport, the transition of the

accompanying

settlements

All of these development areas are

Navy base from Bocagrande to Tierra

by designating expansion areas where

about being located within the transit

Bomba, and the designation of expansion

possible. These areas are intended to be

network, connecting current and future

areas to accommodate future informal

made up of both new formal development

populations to job opportunities and

settlements.

and as a space for the inevitable growth

cultural resources. An overlay of the

Serena Del Mar, the planned community

of informal settlements. These areas have

BRT system with proposed development

development at the northern edge of

been intentionally chosen where there

demonstrates how these two frameworks

Cartagena, is expected to accommodate

is space to grow and where they are

work together.

relocation

informal

about 12,700 units of housing. This Plan

Serena Del Mar

• HOUSING DEMAND • AIRPORT REDEVELOPMENT a

base

DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ELEMENTS

Navy

DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK PLAN

land

rib

and

housing

Development

AIRPORT Cienaga de la Virgen

NAVY BASE Cartagena Bay

EXPANSION AREAS

proposes that the airport be moved adjacent to this new development. The airport, which is feeling pressure to grow and meet expanding international tourism demands, is struggling to do so because of its current location between

Development Adaptive development Expansion areas BRT stops Water taxi stops

a body of water and a high density residential

neighborhood.

Moving

northward will give the airport ample space to grow, while allowing its current location to provide much needed space

PROPOSED NAVY BASE

for residential development within city limits. The Plan proposes creating a TOD

NEED FOR ADDITIONAL & HIGHER-QUALITY HOUSING

0.5

Miles 2

FRAMEWORK PLANS

Connection

stop at the former site of the airport.

job opportunities. Additionally, the Plan

connect to the new airport location

seeks to provide a more inviting and

to the north, as well as the planned

coherent transit experience to tourists,

development called Serena Del Mar, and

allowing for tourism destinations to grow

the transit hub developing in this region.

outside of the historic center and its

The BRT system will include a series of

nearby beaches.

feeder routes which expand upon those multimodal

currently proposed by the City. These

approach, including an extension of the

feeder routes will spread throughout

currently proposed BRT line. The new

the city, particularly connecting to the

extension will add the northward bound

large informal settlement to the south

trunk of the BRT which includes a TOD

of the Cienaga de la Virgen and to the

The

Plan

proposes

CONNECTION FRAMEWORK PLAN

CONNECTION FRAMEWORK ELEMENTS • BRT • WATER TAXI SYSTEM • GREEN NETWORK

use. Additionally, this BRT line will also

reducing congestion, and connecting to

this site for significant new residential

connecting reducing auto-dependency,

rib

The Development framework proposes

The Connection framework is about

designated expansion areas for new informal settlements towards the east. The Plan also proposes the facilitation and creation of a robust water taxi

Cienaga de la Virgen

system to leverage Cartagena’s location as a Caribbean coastal city. A portion of these new water taxi routes are currently proposed by the City but no initiative has been taken to implement them. The Plan’s proposed water taxi system will run on a series of existing and dredged canals

Cartagena Bay

throughout the city. These canals include those that will be created on Bocagrande and a larger existing canal which connects the Bay to the Cienaga de la Virgen. The new and improved canal system will serve as efficient transit as well as an interesting and unique tourist experience.

Bus rapid transit Water taxi route Green network Navy Base BRT stops Water taxi stops

Many of the canals will be lined with restored mangroves, creating a new accessible and healthier green network. This overall water transit system will also improve the tourism economy by connecting to ecotourism opportunities INTEGRATE MANGROVES INTO GREEN NETWORK

in both Tierra Bomba and the northern La Boquilla neighborhood.

0.5

Miles 2

DISTRICT PLANS LA BOQUILLA

The Plan presents seven goals to be met through four frameworks. The four frameworks and their associated interventions are integrated throughout

EL CENTRO

the city, yet the Plan focuses in on four key areas. These areas are important for the development and growth of tourism

Se a

in Cartagena, now and in coming years.

be Ca

rib

detailed below.

These four areas, or plan districts, are

LA BOQUILLA

EL CENTRO

Cienaga de la Virgen

BOCAGRANDE

TIERRA BOMBA

FOUR PLAN DISTRICTS

DISTRICT PLANS EXISTING CONDITIONS

La Boquilla is the northern most district

Centro. This development is moving closer

Planning interventions are essential for

of Cartagena and is bound by the ocean

and closer to the informal settlements and

La Boquilla because of the increasing

to the west and Cienaga de la Virgen

mangroves which are so characteristic

development pressure and the threat

to the east. The area is vegetated with

of La Boquilla. The airport and this

of sea level rise. By 2040 the sea is

mangroves and informal settlements that

tourism development have created a lot

projected to flood the majority of the area,

have developed in the northern portion.

of impervious surface which affects the

displacing many residents, destroying

The area is feeling development pressure

environment of both the coastal beaches

mangroves, and flooding the Cienaga de

from the south, especially around the

and the Cienaga de la Virgen. South of the

la Virgen. Through a series of measures:

location of the existing airport. Over the

airport, in the neighborhood of Crespo,

protective and adaptive, this Plan seeks

past few years high rise hotels and other

a tunnel is currently under construction.

to mediate and prevent future disaster

tourism infrastructure, much like that

This tunnel will bury the 4-lane highway

and devastation while improving quality

seen on Bocagrande, have been steadily

that currently separates the neighborhood

of life and access to opportunities for La

spreading north along the coast from El

from the beach.

Boquillaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents.

LA BOQUILLA INFORMAL HOUSING

LA BOQUILLA 68

Mangroves act as natural barriers to protect the environmental quality of the city by providing habitats to fish and birds unique to the city, protecting the shoreline from wave impacts, and improving both water and air quality.

DISTRICT PLANS: LA BOQUILLA Tunnel and Open Space

as well as eroding the divide between the

BRT System Extension

The first intervention is to continue the

beach amenity and the existing urban

implementation of the Crespo tunnel

fabric. The focus towards the beach, and

installing a BRT system and the Plan

which is already under construction.

the improved access to it, also provides

formalizes an extension of the northern

Not only will this prevent the road from

opportunities for proposed programmatic

trunk to continue up the coast. Previously,

flooding it will also act as a seawall up to

piers to compliment the new public

feeder routes have served this area.

the southern tidal inlet for the Cienaga

space above the tunnel. Not only will this

This extension will include two stops

de la Virgen. Park space planned on top

improve life for residents in the area but

in La Boquilla, one located at the site

of the tunnel will provide both needed

it will serve as a more dynamic tourism

of the current airport and one further

public space and pedestrian and bike

attraction, not simply relying on the

north, at the site of a new formalized

access from the neighborhood to the

beach and the hotels to pull in tourists.

aquaculture and tourism destination. The

beachfront. The four lane highway which

This meets several goals that have been

new airport, to the north of Cartagena,

is being buried in the tunnel is currently

prescribed for the Plan, including; protect

just outside of Serena Del Mar, will also

blocking off this neighborhood from the

existing infrastructure, create formalized

be connected by a stop. A BRT stop will

coast. The underground tunnel will also

and

transit

be located in the center of the current

become a spine to support development,

system, and diversify the locations and

footprint of the airport. As the current

attractions of the tourism economy.

airport moves northward this area will be

consistent

multi-modal

Cartagena is already in the process of

Development of Old Airport Location

ECONOMIC & DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The BRT stop acts here as the anchor for development that supports mixed use,

Caribbean Sea

high density, and mid density residential along with a community park. The Cienaga de la Virgen

building typologies represent high and midrise examples from Cartagena that follow the original Law of the Indies in

Ecotourism TOD 0

0.25

MILES 0.5

their style and orientation. The stop will be central to an east-west pedestrian promenade connecting the beach and the Cienaga de la Virgen. A north-south axon will cross this promenade at the BRT

stop, and surrounding this intersection development will be high density, as one moves away from the stop, the development will become less dense until it blends in with the existing fabric. The existing street pattern will be extended through this area, except for the park to the northwest of the BRT stop which will interrupt the street network. The canal will act as a strong feature to the south of this area, increasing multi-modal transportation options, connecting the two waterfronts, and providing cooler temperatures for the city.

strategically developed with residential and commercial uses.

Piers PROTECTION & CONNECTIVITY STRATEGY

Protected Mangroves

Caribbean Sea

Community Park Pedestrian Greenway BRT Stop Cienaga Park

Cienaga de la Virgen

Canal Network

BRT Stop BRT Trunk Buses Water-taxi Routes Oyster Reefs Seawall/Tunnel 0

0.25

MILES 0.5

AIRPORT REDEVELOPMENT SITE PLAN

300

FEET 600

DISTRICT PLANS: LA BOQUILLA AIRPORT INFILL DEVELOPMENT ZONING, HOUSING TYPOLOGIES, & SECTIONS

MID-RISE

EXISTING FABRIC LOW-RISE

EXISTING FABRIC

BRT

LOW-RISE

High-rise mixed use High-rise residential Mid-rise residential

AIRPORT INFILL ZONING MAP

150

BRT

MID-RISE

SECTION 1

FEET 300

FEET 100

HIGH-RISE

PIER

EXTENDED BEACH

PIER

LOW DENSITY COMMERCIAL & TUNNEL

EXTENDED BEACH

HIGH-RISE DEVELOPMENT MID-RISE DEVELOPMENT LOW-RISE DEVELOPMENT 72

Retail Residential Affordable Housing

SECTION 2

0 MID-RISE

WATER TAXI STOP PEDESTRIAN NETWORK

FEET 100

DISTRICT PLANS: LA BOQUILLA Aquaculture and Ecotourism in North La Boquilla The second BRT stop on La Boquilla will be located approximately 2 miles north.

The

mangroves

have

already

been cleared in this area, so it is a prime location to sensitively develop with the intention of protecting the existing surrounding mangroves, and stimulating the economy. Aquaculture ponds will be developed for economic value, supporting local fisherman and providing locally-

sourced seafood to nearby restaurants.

The BRT, and related development,

Refurbished shipping containers from

function to meet a lot of the Plan’s goals;

Cartagena’s ports will serve as information

the BRT trunk allows equal access to

centers, labs and classrooms, and a

employment in these areas, as well as

starting point for canoe trips through the

providing residential areas with access

mangroves. There will be canoe docks

to Centro for employment opportunities.

and formalized tours, again partnering

The transit-oriented development will

with the local villagers who are already

encourage mixed use and mixed income

running informal tours through the area.

housing. The berm, and park area above

This area will be economically productive

the tunnel, combined with the BRT create

in itself and become a key feature of

formalized and consistent multi-modal

Cartagena’s new focus on ecotourism.

transit opportunities.

OUTDOOR MARKETS

DOCK

AQUACULTURE ECO-EDUCATION

ECO-TOURS

LOCAL FISHING

Building up the Beach

PROTECTIVE DUNE Dock Canoe Routes

OYSTER REEFS

RETAIL

Education facilities Aquaculture BRT Stop

0 74

300

FEET 600 75

DISTRICT PLANS: LA BOQUILLA DUNE & TIDAL INLET

Protection from Sea Level Rise and Erosion

CANOE ROUTE

The northern coastline of La Boquilla

EXTENDED BEACH

will be protected by several measures. The first line of defense will be an

BRT STOP

oyster reef. These have been shown

EXISTING FABRIC

AQUACULTURE

to reduce erosion by up to 40 percent,

OYSTER REEFS

ECO-EDUCATION LABS

and after the initial development phase they are self-sustaining. Oyster reefs hold sediment in place, clean and filter water, and encourage local biodiversity. Loose oyster shells are attached to geotextile fabric and then anchored to the ocean floor. Over 8-10 years the reef will become developed enough that it can be harvested in a sustainable manner,

25 50

and not only be a form of protection, 0

but also provide economic benefits. The http://ecocitylab.org/images/LaBoquilla-3.jpg

government will work to provide funding

50ft

LA BOQUILLA DISTRICT PLAN’S IMAPCT ON CARTAGENA

the local community in order to build

resistant flora to help stabilize it and

Greater Impact on Cartagena

the initial reefs, monitor them, provide

provide shade. A stabilized controlled tidal

La Boquilla is a valuable area in

maintenance, and eventually sustainably

inlet will be installed to ensure that there

Cartagena, worthy of both protection

harvest them. The idea is for these

is sufficient exchange of water in and

reefs to serve as protective measures,

out of the Cienaga de la Virgen. This idea

an educational opportunity, and an

is similar to the artificially constructed

economic benefit to the local community.

tidal inlet at the more southern mouth

The government and the community will

of Cienaga de la Virgen. Groynes are

have joint ownership, with the community

required on either side of the opening

reaping the benefits of the harvest.

into the ocean to ensure the canal does

• CULTIVATE MARINE LIFE

The beach will be nourished, and where

not become blocked with sediment.

restaurants and informal markets have

the beach meets the land an 8-foot berm

The investments and improvements in

• EXPAND EXPORTS

will be constructed. The berm will be a

the area, development of the education

• CREATE TOURIST

and support many of the residents. It is

second line of defense against sea level

centers in the shipping containers, beach

rise and storm surges, beyond the oyster

nourishment, berm and accompanying

reefs. Modeled after the Big U, the berm

open space, and cleaner more protected

The Plan strives to integrate this existing

will provide un-programmed spaces for

mangroves and ecological features create

culture and positive qualities into all of

resting, socializing, and enjoying vibes

new frameworks and destinations for

the planning interventions in this area

of the ocean. It will be planted with salt

tourism.

and provide economic opportunities

for the project and then partner with

ECOTOURISM ELEMENTS • STIMULATE THE LOCAL ECONOMY

ATTRACTION

FEET 100

and investment. The land here has a high economic value because of its coastal location,

current

development,

and

direct access to Centro. Additionally, the villages in and around the mangroves have a strong unique culture built around fishing and tourism. Many successful been developed along the beach here important to protect this area, its cultural heritage, development, and ecologies.

Creates new densities and economies between Centro and Serena del Mar Protects Cienaga de la Virgen Protects vulnerable populations

through economic and infrastructure investments.

demonstrated,

the

planning interventions in this area meet the seven goals laid out in the Plan in a multitude of ways. 76

La Boquilla Areas affected 77

SPACE HERE FOR OTHER DETAILS

DISTRICT PLANS EXISTING CONDITIONS

El Centro is the cultural, historical, and

existing assets to ensure El Centro remains

administrative heart of Cartagena. The

a major economic generator for the city.

city earned the UNESCO World Heritage

Additionally, it is important the area be

Site designation in 1984 due to the

protected from the imminent risk of sea

extraordinary walkable historic wall and

level rise, both to continue bolstering

notable architecture located within El

the economy and to fulfill its obligations

Centro. There are both formalized and

as a UNESCO World Heritage Site which

informal parks, pedestrian pathways,

requires preservation. In response to the

and open spaces lining the edges of

area’s climate risks and historical and

the waterfront around El Centro. While

economic significance, the plan for El

these amenities exist, the historic core

Centro is comprised of a set of strategies

is separated from the waterfront by a

to protect existing infrastructure, connect

four-lane arterial that acts as the main

the historic core to all areas of the city,

travel route along the western coast

and enhance the economic health of the

of Cartagena. The high travel speeds,

area.

traffic congestion, and lack of pedestrian facilities do not provide a desirable public realm connecting the historic core to the waterfront. El Centro, like much of the city’s waterfront, is vulnerable to sea level rise. Data shows that the historic core will be underwater by 2040. Despite its separation from the waterfront, many tourists are drawn to the city due to El Centro’s rich history, making it a vital asset to Cartagena’s economic health. It

“Among cities with no particular recreational appeal, those that have preserved their past continue to enjoy tourism. Those that haven’t receive almost no tourism at all. Tourism simply won’t go to a city or town that has lost its soul.” - ARTHUR FROMMER

is important to leverage and enhance the

EL CENTRO 78

DISTRICT PLANS: EL CENTRO

Protecting El Centro from Sea Level Rise

Waterfront Interface Site Plan

Caribbean Sea

The majority of El Centro will be protected by a series of seawalls. An extension of the

The new waterfront interface plan aims to create connections and attractions from

Caribbean Sea

Crespo tunnel originating in La Boquilla

the historic wall to the seawall, and along

will run along El Centroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coast. This will

the coastline in a sustainable way that

double as a protective seawall as well as

addresses sea level rise and stormwater

a connectivity measure by burying the

management. The new sea wall above

congested corridor that currently acts as

the tunnel will serve as a pedestrian

a barrier between the historic core and

promenade mirroring the historic wall.

the Caribbean Sea. Additional seawalls

ECONOMIC & DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

will be constructed along other areas of the coastline to protect El Centro from

0.25

MILES 0.5

Linear Lock Park Waterfront Interface

Formalized and programmed pedestrian and plaza spaces are inspired by existing

pedestrian areas, plaza spaces, and areas outside of the wall. Many of the areas outside of the wall are currently used as informal soccer fields and other recreational uses. The Plan will create formalized and improved park spaces in these locations. The remainder of the space serves to connect the coastline and implement stormwater management strategies such as retention ponds and other green stormwater infrastructure. An example of the new interface between

sea level rise and storm surge flooding. The final protection measure is a lock that will be placed at the entrance of the canal. This will allow vessel movement through the canal while preventing flooding of the Cienaga de la Virgen, ultimately protecting the vulnerable populations

Caribbean Sea

residing in the informal settlements along the southern edge of the lagoon.

PROTECTION & CONNECTIVITY STRATEGIES

BRT Trunk Buses Water-taxi Stop/Transfer Point Water-taxi Routes

Lock 0 Seawall/Tunnel Tunnel Exits/Entrances

0.25

MILES 0.5

WATERFRONT INTERFACE ELEMENTS

EXISTING WATERFRONT OPEN SPACES

Stormwater Focus Areas Pedestrian Public Spaces Parks/Recreation Spaces

0.25

MILES 0.5

DISTRICT PLANS: EL CENTRO

PRECEDENT: BIG U, NEW YORK CITY

PROPOSED WATERFRONT INTERFACE down to the foot of the historic wall will be controlled with a system of terracing and grading. No doubt this design will funnel rainwater downwards towards the historic wall, therefore a dynamic stormwater management plan will be put in place. A system of retention basins, bioswales, fields, pipes, and pumps will help flush the water from this area and El Centro and create an attractive public realm.

http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/big-team-final-proposal/

Seawall Promenade

Retention Pond WALKABLE SEAWALL TUNNEL

BIOSWALE

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Tunnel

HISTORIC WALL

SOCCER FIELD

TERRACED PARK

Retail/Commercial

FEET 100

the existing historic wall and new seawall

with traffic calming strategies, such as

throughout the district.

can be found in the waterfront interface

lane and speed reductions, high-visibility

site plan. Implementation of formalized crosswalks, and vegetation. The new ROCK BARRIER PLANTED MEDIAN soccer fields, a new park system, plazas tunnel will absorb a large majority of

The section shows the relationship HISTORIC between the height changesWALLcaused DIRT FIELD by the seawall and tunnel, and the

with small bars and restaurants, and

existing traffic congestion while this will

stormwater management strategy. The

retention ponds will result in an attractive

turn into a low-volume access road. A

walkable seawall will be high enough to

public realm that attracts tourists and

myriad of design elements that mirror

accommodate the tunnel and sea level

residents alike. Additionally, the existing

the design of El Centro streets, such as

rise, but low enough to prevent blocking

roadway that currently acts as the main

cobblestones, are recommended in order

views from atop the historic wall. The

arterial along the coast will be modified

to create a cohesive and attractive design

drop in elevation from atop the seawall

Traffic-calming Soccer fields Terraced Park

WATERFRONT INTERFACE SITE PLAN

0 50 100

FEET 200

DISTRICT PLANS: EL CENTRO PRECEDENT: BALLARD, SEATTLE

Waterfront Deck Lock Water Taxi Stop destination360.com

Water Taxi Stop Mixed-Use Development Caribbean Sea

Residential Development

Mixed Use Residential

Linear Lock Park Site Plan

LINEAR LOCK PARK ELEMENTS

Pedestrian Public Spaces Parks/Recreation Spaces 84

Green Network Development Opportunity

0.25

MILES 0.5

50 100

FEET 200

along the canal that celebrates the

jobs, contribute to the local economy,

A lock system is proposed by the Plan to

waterfront and lock system. Additionally,

and promote the lock system as a major

control the flow of water into the Cienaga

the Plan focuses on creating a new hub

attraction for both residents and visitors.

de la Virgenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s southernmost mouth. This is

of development that promotes the use

The site plan showcases the lock and

another vital step in the system to protect

of the new water transit system. Much

surrounding park system. The road

this body of water from flooding, thereby

of El Centro is built out, providing few

structure is altered to create a standard

protecting a large portion of Cartagenaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

opportunities for new development. There

intersection design and continuous park

residents, including several large informal

is, however, a small site just southeast

along the waterfront and under the

settlements. This lock system is known

of the historic wall and adjacent to this

bridge. Water taxi stops are placed along

as the linear lock park plan and aims to

proposed lock system. Promoting mixed

the continuous park, as well as a transfer

create a new greenway and park system

use development in this area will create

station at the lock so water-taxis will 85

DISTRICT PLANS: EL CENTRO

not have to navigate through the lock

pathway that acts as an attraction for both

The sections showcase the elevation

system. New mixed use and residential

residents and tourists. This is based off the

changes along the lock system. The first

development is located along the vacant

walkable lock system in place in Ballard

section depicts the continuous crossing

site adjacent to the lock system. Mixed use

Seattle, which is a major attraction to

from the park, to the boardwalk, to the

is placed along the major roadway and

tourists and residents alike. Construction

lock, and seawall. The second section

closest areas to the taxi stops to ensure a

of pedestrian boardwalks will enable

illustrates the water level change as well

sufficient amount of foot traffic will pass

people to cross over the lock, interact

as the elevation changes from the canal

the commercial and retail storefronts.

with the water, and view the lock system

to the harbor.

The lock functions not only as a protective

in action from different areas along the

measure but a pedestrian crossing and

linear lock park

Connects to Ecotourism

Connects habitats along the Cienaga

EXISTING BRIDGE

Connects to vulnerable populations BOARDWALK

WALKABLE SEAWALL

LOCK

Centro Areas affected Green network EL CENTRO DISTRICT PLAN’S IMAPCT ON CARTAGENA

PERSPECTIVE 1 EXISTING BRIDGE WALKABLE SEAWALL

BOARDWALK

Greater Impact on Cartagena

LOCK

Overall the Centro Plan aims to create continuous and cohesive greenways and public spaces that add to placemaking and contribute to the major tourism economy in the area, while protecting these important spaces from sea level rise. The economic strategies for El Centro build off the district’s current tourism economy. The development of a comprehensive waterfront interface that connects the

PERSPECTIVE 2 0 86

FEET 100

historic core to the Caribbean Sea will provide space for organized attractions

and enhance the city’s already successful

La Boquilla, and beautiful beaches and

tourism economy. Additional attractions

adventure offerings of Tierra Bomba.

and improvements to the public realm

The implementation of the Transcaribe

surrounding the new lock system will

BRT and water-transit system will better

expand the tourism activities outside of

connect tourists visiting El Centro to

the historic core and promote tourism

other activities throughout Cartagena

growth around the canal. The linear lock

as well as provide vital connections for

park, modeled after a similar example in

both formal and informal workers that

Seattle, will encourage use of the water-

need to commute into El Centro. The

transit system that stops at a water-

preservation and enhancement of the

transit hub adjacent to the lock system.

historic core within El Centro, which is

These water-taxis will travel to all areas

a major job-generator and economic

of the city including the Cienaga de la

driver, is beneficial to the entire City of

Virgen, the ecotourism attractions in

Cartagena.

DISTRICT PLANS EXISTING CONDITIONS

BOCAGRANDE BEACHES, RESORTS, & HIGH RISES

BOCAGRANDE NAVY BASE Bocagrande is located between the Cartagena Bay to the east and the Caribbean Sea to the west, and is directly south of El Centro. This area contains the bulk of the city's high-rise development and tourist facilities, such as hotels, shops, restaurants, and nightclubs. With the Navy base in the northeast and club naval in the southern portion, Bocagrande has a lot of development opportunities.

el universal

BOCAGRANDE COTECMAR

DISTRICT PLANS: BOCAGRANDE Protection from Sea Level Rise and Erosion According to the sea level rise prediction, all of Bocagrande will be inundated by 2040. Therefore, the Plan is focusing on using the site from the relocation of the Navy Base as an opportunity to build an early prototype that can showcase how to live with water. We hope this will encourage future development in a similar fashion before the sea level rises and floods the entire district. To protect this area from flooding, this Plan proposes to build a 2 mile seawall to the along the west coast. Inland of the seawall, the Plan proposes excavating the existing

road network into canal channels while preserving the two arterial roads for the

Canal District Plan

CANAL CITY ELEMENTS

Focusing specifically at the Navy port

BRT circulation. We plan to connect these

site, the Plan used precedents such as

canals with other areas of Cartagena

Fort Lauderdale to guide the design.

through multiple water taxi routes.

Canals were carved from the patterns

In addition, when dredging the canal

of the existing road network and the

system, the fill will be used to elevate the

dredge material is added to the land

land on either side of the canal to protect

to add elevation. The BRT stop drives

the existing infrastructure of roads and

high rise and mixed use development

buildings from being flooded. Because

which extends to the other islands. The

of this, existing buildings will need to

two development areas of the west are

accommodate the elevation change by

accessible by vehicle, while the three

raising the entrances to the buildings

islands to the east are only accessible

by 3 feet with renovation necessary to

through pedestrian bridges and the water

combine the first and second floors into

taxi stops. The islands to the East will hold

one.

high rise and mixed use development

Caribbean Sea

Cartagena Bay

along with programmed piers, a flexible market, a coastline park system, fishing

PROTECTION & CONNECTION STRATEGIES

piers, as well as the relocation of the cruise ship terminal. Two block prototypes on the next page show an example of the potential density and programing of the new development.

Caribbean Sea

The western blocks are intended to have a gradual change from low to mid to high rise with the high rise bordering the canal system and the low rise buildings allowing for an unobstructed view of the

High-rise residential Mid-rise residential

Public open space Mixed use

0.25

MILES 0.5

Caribbean Sea and passive cooling. The eastern islands are composed of mid and

Cartagena Bay

Water-taxi Stop/Transfer Point Water-taxi Routes BRT Trunk Buses 90

PRECEDENT: FORT LAUDERDALE, FL

Elevated Land Beach Nourishment

0.25

MILES 0.5

www.leveragere.com/ 91

DISTRICT PLANS: BOCAGRANDE

WATERFRONT PARK

Fishing Piers

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

GREENROOFS CRUISE SHIP TERMINAL

BRT Stop

MARKET

Fishing Pier Waterfront Park System

CANAL CUT EXISTING LAND LEVEL

Programmed Pier Water Taxi Stop

FEET 50

Market Cruise Ship Terminal

CANAL CITY SITE PLAN

0 100

300

high developments with tiered buildings

and mid-rise buildings. The pedestrian

construction for the seawalls. We hope

to also maximize a variety of views.

bridges, water taxi stops and elevated

that the Bocagrande plan implementation

Economic strategies specifically target

pedestrian networks will provide access

will be both successful and well-received

the Navy port and Club Naval. These areas

for pedestrians and the delivery of goods

as the intent is to propose similar tactics

are accessible through the BRT line and

and products.

for other areas of Cartagena that are

canal system. High-rise mixed-use and

Greater Impact on Cartagena

near existing canals such as the Southern

Bocagrande is the first demonstration

protection of the low-income and informal

residential buildings will comprise the

FEET 500

majority of building typologies in this area. The connectivity within Bocagrande

CANAL CITY BLOCK PROTOTYPES

and to Centro will be bolstered by

ISLAND DEVELOPMENT

extending the greenway along the canals and waterfront with the addition of specific park locations. This section shows how the development is oriented along the canal system. The new development typology in the canal city will be dominated by both high-rise

IN-LAND DEVELOPMENT 92

Cienaga district. However, in these

project for living with water while contributing to the density and pulling tourism around the center of the bay. The policy efforts will seek to establish thirdparty companies with private investors for this redevelopment.

Additionally,

policy action will be proposed for issuing tax allocation funds for infrastructure

areas the Plan will concentrate more on settlement communities that currently reside in the region. Focus will be less on increasing building density or drawing a large amount of tourists in an effort to maintain the overall desired character and affordability of the neighborhood for its existing residents.

Retail Residential Affordable Housing 93

DISTRICT PLANS Tierra Bomba is a 7.66 square mile island EXISTING CONDITIONS

located to the southwest of mainland Cartagena, and currently accessible only by informal boat services. It is mostly virgin land and elevated as one moves inland with swaths of mangroves and beaches along the coast. Tourists are attracted to Tierra Bomba because of the beautiful beaches it boasts, the impressive views of the Caribbean Sea and the skyline of Bocagrande, and the remoteness of the island. The Tierra Bombaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s minimal development consists mostly of informal settlements right along the coastline. These developments are connected by unpaved, dirt roads and the residents live in small localized communities. TIERRA BOMBA BEACHES

TIERRA BOMBA 94

DISTRICT PLANS: TIERRA BOMBA Protection from Sea Level Rise and Erosion Under the sea level rise projections for 2040, the whole coastline of Tierra Bomba will be affected, including the beaches, mangroves, and informal settlements. However,

unlike

most

as designated areas of mixed-use and

residents, as an effort to ensure equal

mixed-income

access to employment opportunities.

incorporated with connections to the

Resort and ecotourism services will also

economic opportunities provided by the

help to guarantee sustainable jobs for the

various new tourism attractions proposed

residents of Tierra Bomba.

for the island. These new residential

Improve Connectivity

development

will

developments shall be designated in

mainland

proximity to current informal settlements,

Cartagena, Tierra Bomba has higher

while a certain percentage of affordable

ground that has not yet been highly

housing will be required in each new

developed. For this reason, the Plan’s

mixed-income project to accommodate

overall strategy for the island is to retreat

families that are subject to sea level rise.

and conserve. As the coastline retreats,

All residential projects will be allocated

the Plan will direct future development

on high ground with excellent views

to happen beyond the raised sea level,

of the Caribbean Sea. The advent of a

creating a buffer between buildings and

“Main Street” within the existing low-

the receding coastline. This will allow for

density and quaint commercial area

future sea level rise as is predicted to occur

will be formed to attract tourists and

well past 2040 with the 3 foot increase

create new job opportunities for local

SEA LEVEL RISE THREAT

projected by year 2100. Additionally, the

A formalized and consistent multi-modal transit system will be introduced to Tierra Bomba through two water taxi routes that will connect Tierra Bomba to mainland Cartagena, operating on a regular basis. The water taxi routes will be similar to the currently operating routes, but the boat services will be formalized and regulated. Inland from the coast, a paved roadway and trail system will be built to connect the relocated communities and new developments, replacing the current dirt road.

existing mangroves will be protected and maintained as a natural shielding measure between development and the coast, as well as for their important assets of ecosystem and the introduction of ecotourism activities. The Plan for Tierra Bomba does not focus on high-density development, but rather aims to capitalize on tourism in an ecologically friendly

Caribbean Sea

way that will also help to improve the resilience of local communities. Enhance Community Resilience The informal settlements at risk from sea level rise will be encouraged to relocate onto higher grounds as the Plan is not to forcibly displace residents. A provision of land for relocation, as well

PROTECTION & CONNECTION STRATEGIES

ECONOMIC & DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Road Mangroves Water-taxi Routes 96

Existing coastline Water-taxi Stop/Transfer Point

0.25

MILES 0.5

Existing coastline Relocation opportunity Ecotourism opportunity

0.25

MILES 0.5

DISTRICT PLANS: TIERRA BOMBA Introduce Eco-friendly Tourism

ECOTOURISM ELEMENTS

Eco-tourism and adventure tourism will

Caribbean Sea

be expanded in Tierra Bomba to diversify the locations and attractions of the tourism economy. The tourism on Tierra Bomba BERM &will have three new components including TIDAL INLET the mangroves, a resort, and adventure tourism activities.

Resorts Adventure Tourism Mangroves

0.25

www.adventureziplinesofsevierville.com

MILES 0.5

EXTENDED BEACH

The mangroves will be incorporated as part of ecotourism, similar to the boat tours in La Boquilla. This will incentivize

Existing coastline

OYSTER REEFS

enforcement EXISTING of their FABRIC preservation and protection. A low-density bungalow resort area will be integrated into the landscape on the new coastline of Tierra Bomba, interacting

with the floating mangroves. These bungalows not only allow tourists to stay longer increasing spending in the area, but also provide tourists with a unique experience of living with nature, while promoting environmental consciousness. Adventure tourism will be introduced in the area further inland from the resort, allowing low impact recreational activities methoshomestay.com

for visitors. These activities will include

CANOE ROUTE

additions such as low-density structures for zip lining and other such sports as well as trails for walking, running, or biking. The floating mangroves,AQUACULTURE the bungalows,

BRT

and the adventure areas will be connected ECO-EDUCATION by canoe LABSroutes, elevated pathways, and the formalized main road.

aquapedia.ro

Floating Mangroves RESORT BUNGALOWS

50ft

Bungalow Resorts New Coast Line

FORMALIZED ROAD CANOE ROUTE

Elevated Path Network

RAISED BUNGALOWS

FLOATING MANGROVES

ECOTOURIAM RESORT SITE PLAN

0 100 98

300

FEET 500

TIERRA BOMBA ECORESORT SECTION

50ft

0 25 50

FEET 100

DISTRICT PLANS: TIERRA BOMBA

EXISTING HIGHER GROUND FOR HOUSING

Greater Impact on Cartagena The existing untouched landscape and low density character of Tierra Bomba is one that is unique to Cartagena. As development continues in the mainland of the city, pressures for future development on Tierra Bomba will no doubt persist. By proposing a plan that incorporates retreating from and protecting the coastline, instead of building large scale protective infrastructure, the Plan aims to direct inevitable future development from the most sensitive areas of the island

while still preserving the atmosphere of the region for its existing residents. Additionally, the Plan seeks to establish provisions

for

the

islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

current

residents of affordable housing options, viable occupation choices, reliable means of transportation, and space for growth. As for the Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impact on the rest of the city, it aims to create a more attractive and enticing option for those tourists wanting

the

secluded

atmosphere

of resort accommodations while yet experiencing the outdoors and the natural surroundings of Tierra Bomba.

aquapedia.ro

Provides a precedent for environmental conservation

Creates a greater connection to mainland

NEW HOUSING OPTIONS

Existing coastline Mixed Use Residential

100

0.25

MILES 0.5

Draws tourists to Cartagena Provides additional housing opportunities

Tierra Bomba Green network 101

CHAPTER FOUR

102

103

CON

NEC

DEV

TIO

ELO

IMPLEMENTATION The proposed plans need the support of policies to implement the developments, and large amount of investments. Therefore, it is essential to identify the

104

policies and stakeholders for each specific development within each framework, as well as the funding sources that support each development.

PRO

ENT

TEC

ECO

TIO

NOM

105

Policies & Stakeholders Economy Framework

which will contribute to their protection.

and stimulate ecotourism development.

In order to move forward and take full

Ecotourism Development

Creation

Examples of these incentives include tax

advantage of the sustainable ecotourism

including

credits, tax shields, and subsidies.

the government must:

ecotourism

local-based

operators,

agencies

The government will be the intermediary

Tierra Bomba and La Boquillla, are

It is also recommended that restrictions

•

Include tourism in land-use planning

for the ecotourism and sustainable

recommended. Ecotourism can bring

and regulations regarding development

•

Create a tourism advisory board that

economy.

significantly

numerous benefits to Cartagena and its

of ecotourism facilities are streamlined

involves all stakeholders (the public,

contribute to environmental protection,

specific regions by generating foreign

to further incentivize trade, development,

local residents, tourist industry,

conservation, restoration of biological

investment, creating local employment,

and increased productivity.

diversity, and sustainable use of natural

and raising environmental awareness.78

These policy shifts would encourage the

resources. Bringing ecotourism to the

The Plan proposes that the government

successful realization of the objectives in

and awareness programs to sensitize

mangroves and other sensitive areas

provide

the economy framework.

people to ecotourism development

makes

ecotourism operators in order to promote

Tourism

them

can

economically

valuable,

capital

incentives

for

the

NGOs, etc.) •

Design and implement educational

issues • ECONOMY FRAMEWORK PLAN

Enforce regulations relating to the desecration of historic sites

•

Include the mangroves and Tierra

Goals Met • Ensure equal access to employment opportunities • Diversify the locations and attractions of the tourism economy • Protect and maintain important ecosystems • Improve environmental stewardship and discourage inappropriate use of marine resources

Bomba as national designated parks

Stakeholders Se

• Government of Colombia Ca

rib

• Gobernacion del Atlantico • Gobernacion de Bolivar • National Ministry of Finance • World Bank

Cienaga de la Virgen

• Caribbean Development Bank • New Development Bank

Cartagena Bay

• Caribbean Community (CARICOM) • Financiera de Desarrollo Territorial Findeter (National Development Bank) Ecotourism Cultural tourism Resorts Industrial Beach

INFORMAL ECONOMY TODAY

106

0.5

Miles 2

• Universidad de Cartagena • La Asociación Bancaria y de Entidades Financieras de Colombia Asobancaria

• Asociacion Nacional de Empresarios de Colombia (Andi) • La Asociación Hotelera Colombiana (Asotelca) • The Latin Chamber of Commerce of the United States • Cámara de Comercio de Cartagena • Asociación Hotelera y Turística de Colombia (COTELCO) • Federacion Nacional De Comerciantes (FENALCO) • Fendipetrol • Asociación Colombiana de Agencias de Viaje y Turismo Anato

107

POLICIES & STAKEHOLDERS

Stormwater / Impervious Surface Fee

public-works projects to mitigate the

better stormwater infrastructure on-site,

El Centro

The national Government needs to

effects of the impending rainy season. To

and potentially pay for improvements

allocate money for the implementation of

For climate protection measures the Plan

date, only 400 of these have been finished,

to the city’s stormwater infrastructure.

stormwater prevention measures. The city

recommends the issuing of tax allocation

with another 680 near completion.

Impervious surface is any surface that

has struggled with stormwater flooding

bonds by the government to be repaid

This Plan proposes the creation of

does not allow rainfall to penetrate into

and inadequate drainage for years. Never

via tax revenue generated from within

(PPP),

the ground. This water will eventually

was this more evident than during the La

which was created and subsidized by

run off and overload the city’s stormwater

Nina event in 2011, which lasted for over

the government, to help monitor and

infrastructure,

2 years, destroying roads, houses, and

appropriate. Examples of allocation of

implement an impervious surface fee.

flooding.83

farmland with mudslides and flooding.

these funds include:

New development will have higher fees

The Plan proposes that once this PPP has

These events left millions homeless and

•

for impervious surface, or receive a tax

been created it will start implementing

the flooding caused economic damage

exemption for the implementation of

the fee in the higher strata neighborhoods

amounting to $5.1 billion, 2% of the GDP.

green stormwater infrastructure on site.

first. As this system is tested and becomes

After the 2010 floods the government set

This impervious surface fee is intended

more refined, it will eventually be

aside $850 million U.S. dollars, for 4,250

to reduce impervious surface, incentivize

implemented across all strata levels.

Protection Framework

rib

El Centro. A special fund will be created

from this revenue to be allocated as

the extension of the Crespo tunnel and

the

accompanying

seawall

Cienaga de la Virgen

around El Centro, •

conserving land along coastal areas in El Centro

•

Cartagena Bay

a series of stormwater pumps, and other protective measures.

Stakeholders

Cienaga de la Virgen Ecosystem

• Government of Colombia

The Plan for the northern La Boquilla

• Gobernacion del Atlantico

district proposes constructing a dune to protect the Cienaga de la Virgen from

Seawall/floodwall Retreat area Elevated land Beach restoration Oyster reef Lock/Inlet

inundation by sea level rise. In order to maintain water quality and a more natural exchange with the ocean, which currently supports the large mangrove ecosystem in the area, a controlled tidal

0.5

Miles 2

PROTECTION FRAMEWORK PLAN

la Virgen’s southern mouth. This existing project cost $30 million to install, and the Plan estimates the same figure for this proposed inlet. It

recommended

that

Cartagena

establish a Carbon Credit Market to help in funding this project. There is evidence that many Colombian corporations, including those in Cartagena, are already interested in engaging in the carbon trading market and have invested in green infrastructure projects.79 Though Colombia does not have legally binding greenhouse gas 108

emission limits it did sign onto the

market fluctuations. The ultimate goal

Kyoto Protocol in 2001. Carbon credits

is to reduce carbon emissions while Miles

and carbon markets are a component of

allowing companies and corporations to

national and international attempts to

participate in a tradable market. This is

mitigate concentrations of greenhouse

will occur through the re-sale of carbon

gases.80 These credits create a market for

credits to other organizations after they

reducing greenhouse gas emissions by

are purchased by the government. The

putting a price on externalities.

Plan proposes carbon emission mitigation

The worth of carbon is stabilized by

in Cartagena because it is more feasible

government

than a tax regulation approach.81

regulation

rather

than

0.5

• Ministry of Finance • World Bank • New Development Bank

inlet is proposed. A precedent for this type of water control is found at the Cienaga de

• Gobernacion de Bolivar

• National Environmental Policy

public-private

partnership

creating

widespread

Goals Met • Ensure equal access to employment opportunities • Diversify the locations and attractions of the tourism economy • Protect and maintain important ecosystems

• Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambietales (ANLA)

• Improve environmental stewardship and discourage inappropriate use of marine resources

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

• Protect existing infrastructure

• Secretaria de Planeacion • Sociedad de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Bolívar (SIAB) • Sociedad de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Bolívar (SIAB) • Consorcio Vía al Mar 109

POLICIES & STAKEHOLDERS

Development Framework

The government will also purchase land

Housing Policies/Affordability

development framework. This land is

Goals Met

in the expansion areas designated in the

• Ensure equal access to employment

New housing development on parcels

selected for future informal settlements

located near new BRT stations are

that are inevitable with the influx of low-

required to provide affordable units

income residents. To make these areas

to increase the amount of affordable

more accessible, the government will

housing. The affordable housing units

provide BRT stops at each development,

need to be at least 10% of the total units of

connecting employment opportunities

each development.

to the tourism areas. The private sector

It is proposed that the government also

will provide basic infrastructure such as

provide tax shields for other housing

water, gas, and electricity. These services

developments that build at least 15%

will be operated by the private sector. In

affordable housing units. This will provide

return, these companies will charge fees

incentives for developers to encourage

to the users and receive subsidies from

more affordable housing developments

the government. These subsidies will be

and promote mixed-income development.

intended to offset discounts that private

The affordable housing will target low-

companies will provide for residents of

income residents currently residing in

lower strata neighborhoods. Affordable

strata 2 and 3 neighborhoods. Strata 1

housing will also be provided through the

neighborhoods have the least economic

tax-shields and subsidy system, discussed

Airport & Navy Base Development

means, and even with public assistance

above, in these designated areas to create

The government will establish a third-

it is unlikely that residents here will be

mixed-income neighborhoods.

party company with private investors

able to afford any of these formal units.

With the integration of these housing

for the airport site redevelopment,

Affordable housing units will be both for

policies the Plan strives to reserve

including the mixed-use development

rent and for sale. Assistance programs,

• Diversify the locations and attractions of the tourism economy opportunities • Encourage mixed use and mixed income housing

DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK PLAN

and expand the supply of good-quality

and affordable housing development.

such as vouchers, will be given to low

housing units, link housing with essential

The corporation will take over the

income people to help subsidize the cost

supportive

development and management of this

of these units.84

balanced metropolitan growth.

services,

and

promote

Serena Del Mar

rib

el universal

AIRPORT Cienaga de la Virgen

new redevelopment area. The City government will transfer the

NAVY BASE

ownership of the land and existing

Stakeholders • Government of Colombia • Gobernacion del Atlantico • Gobernacion de Bolivar • Ministry of Finance • World Bank • New Development Bank 110

• OPEC Fund for International Development (FOID) • Secretaria de Planeacion • Universidad de Cartagena • Sociedad de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Bolívar (SIAB) • Asociación Colombiana de Agencias de Viaje y Turismo Anato

Cartagena Bay

infrastructure of the original airport to the new corporation. With this public-private partnership, it will be easier to bring

EXPANSION AREAS

private investments to the redevelopment of the site. The government will regulate this company to ensure that they use any

Development Adaptive development Expansion areas BRT stops Water taxi stops

revenue generated from the property to work on the redevelopment of the site. Despite this regulation, it is more efficient and effective to have the private sector operate the redevelopment.

PROPOSED NAVY BASE

0.5

Miles 2

111

POLICIES & STAKEHOLDERS

Connection Framework

Stakeholders

• Corporacion Andina de Fomento

• Instituto Nacional de Vias

BRT

• Government of Colombia

• Distrito de Cartagena

• Gobernacion del Atlantico

• Distriseguridad

• Gobernacion de Bolivar

• Corvivienda

routes, bus stops, stations and the private

• Ministry of Transport

• Edurbe

• Superintendencia de Puertos y Transportes

sector provides operation, monitoring

• Ministry of Finance

• IPCC

• Direccion General Maritima DIMAR (National Maritime Authority)

• Departamento Administrativo de Transito y Transporte (DATT)

public sector provided infrastructure, bus

equipment, fare collection and access control, as well as some supporting infrastructure like bus-yards.85

Water Taxi

• Universidad de Cartagena

A public-private operating partnership (PPOP) will be formed for the water taxis.

• Departamento Nacional de Planeacion (National Planning Department)

A PPOP ensures the delivery of the best transit system possible with the available resources. The government will provide

• World Bank

the infrastructure for the water taxis, including the construction of the docks, as well as providing the taxis. The private

TRANSCARIBE BRT STATION

• ICONTEC Internacional • Asociación Colombiana de Ingenieros (Aciem)

• Secretaria de Planeacion • Sociedad de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Bolívar (SIAB)

CONNECTION FRAMEWORK PLAN

• Consorcio Vía al Mar • Agencia Nacional de Infrastructura

• BIDs a

public- private partnership in which the

implemented in November 2015, uses a

The creation of the current BRT system,

rib

operator will be in charge of the operation

of the system. The structure will save money, and increase effectiveness. The PPOP will improve performance and accountability, overhauling operations in accordance with best practices, and

Cienaga de la Virgen

prioritizing passengers.

Cartagena Bay

Goals Met • Ensure equal access to employment Bus rapid transit Water taxi route Green network Navy Base BRT stops Water taxi stops

• Create a formalized and consistent multi-modal transit system 0

112

0.5

Miles 2

113

Funding Sources

Timeline

Infrastructure Protection Tourism Housing 0

The potential funding sources for the

The different forms of public-private

values and the viability and resiliency of

proposed plans in each framework are

partnerships,

the tourism economy in Cartagena. Along

listed below. The majority of the funding

and

sources identified are public funding. It

implementation

government

regulations

are

for

the

with the revenue generated from the

Plan.

The

housing development and infrastructure

is proposed that the stakeholders raise

development of ecotourism, protection

services, the Plan incentivizes the private

capital from these potential funding

of ecosystems, and the enhancement

sector to provide capital for the proposed

sources, as well as future sources not

and protection of important cultural and

developments.

included in this list.86

historic areas will increase real estate

key

subsidies,

this

Economy

Development

•

Government of Colombia

•

Government of Colombia

•

District of Cartagena

•

District of Cartagena

•

Government of Bolivar

•

Government of Bolivar

•

World Bank

•

World Bank

•

Inter-American Development Bank

•

Inter-American Development Bank

•

Banco de la República

•

Banco de la República

•

CAF Development Bank of Latin

•

CAF Development Bank of Latin

America

•

Bancolombia S.A.

•

Bancolombia S.A.

•

International Finance Corporation

•

Fundacion de la Mujer

•

Banco Davivienda S.A.

•

The Fund for Social Housing and Urban Reform District

•

National Housing Fund

•

Ministry of Housing

•

Banco Davivienda S.A.

Protection

Connection

•

Government of Colombia

•

Government of Colombia

•

District of Cartagena

•

District of Cartagena

•

Government of Bolivar

•

Government of Bolivar

•

World Bank

•

World Bank

•

Inter-American Development Bank

•

Inter-American Development Bank

•

Banco de la República

•

Banco de la República

•

CAF Development Bank of Latin

•

CAF Development Bank of Latin

America

114

America

•

Bancolombia S.A.

•

Bancolombia S.A.

•

International Finance Corporation

•

Administrative Department of Traffic

•

Climate & Development Knowledge

and Transportation

Network

•

International Finance Corporation

•

Least Developed Countries Fund

•

Banco Davivienda S.A.

•

Banco Davivienda S.A.

25 YR

LA BOQUILLA BRT Dune Tidal Inlet Beach Piers & Nourishment Aquaculture Dock & Eco-Education Rooms Oyster Reef EL CENTRO Tunnel Sea Wall Drainage System Lock Terraced Park Boardwalk Traffic Calming BOCAGRANDE Canals & Land Elevation Housing Development Retail Development TIERRA BOMBA Water Taxi Stops Roads Resort Trail Housing Navy Base 115

Goal Evaluation INFRASTRUCTURE

Diversified Tourism Economy Create a resilient, sustainable tourism economy by adding 20% value and 70,000 jobs through ecotourism. The United Nations estimates that the ecotourism sector will contribute 25% of the world’s tourism revenues in 2012,87 therefore we estimate ecotourism in Cartagena will add 20% value to the tourism economy by 2040. The total employment of tourism in Cartagena was 130,000 in 2014, so it is estimated that with a constant growth rate, the

the top source of traffic accidents. By

units for low-income residents.

regulating motor taxis, expanding the

According to the historic data of the

BRT system, and formalizing the water

housing deficit and population projections

taxi systems, it is estimated that public

in Cartagena, it is estimated that the City

transit ridership will increase to 60% by

will have a shortage of approximately

2040. Additionally, efforts by the City have

68,595 housing units in 2040, excluding

aimed to decrease road accident rates by

the housing increase in the free market.

2% by 2015. Therefore, it is presumed that

To provide land for the relocation of the

with the implementation of the various

residents living in informal settlement at

transit projects, road accident rates will

risk of flooding, two sites were selected

continue to decrease in the coming years

for future development with a total area

concurrently with the increase in public

of up to 1,900 acres. Assuming a density

transit ridership.

of 25 units per acre, the land is capable of holding 47,550 housing units with

implementation of ecotourism activities

Sustainable Ecology

will add approximately 70,000 jobs by

Protect 70% of mangroves at risk of 2040

2040.

projected sea level rise, creating 12 miles of mangrove-lined canals. By 2040, 70% of mangroves will be at

Resilient Infrastructure Ensure resiliency by 2040 by protecting 80% of coastal areas and adapting 20% of the coastline areas to sea level rise. Based on the sea level rise estimate of almost 8 inches by 2040, nearly all of Cartagena’s coastline is at risk. Bocagrande and Tierra Bomba, making up 20% of Cartagena’s coastline, will employ adaptive measures. The remaining 80% of the coastal areas will be protected by sea walls, locks, elevated land, and other approaches.

risk from sea level rise. Among these mangroves at risk, the Plan seeks to protect 60% of them through defensive measures such as the lock system and the sea walls, while restoring 10% of those in a degraded condition. The other 30% of protected mangroves are located in Tierra Bomba where the Plan has utilized the adaptive “retreat” approach, allowing the water to rise. Furthermore, the Plan creates 12 miles of mangrove-lined canal networks connecting Cienaga de la Virgen with the coastal area, while 10 miles

Multi-modal Transportation Increase public transportation ridership

of eco-buffers are established through beach restoration and oyster reefs along the coastline.

to 60% of all commutes. Currently

the

bus

ridership

covers

less than 3% among all types of transit, while

motorcycles

cover

around

Affordable, Accessible Housing

convenient connections to public transit and

other

important

infrastructure.

Future development on current sites, specifically the airport and Navy base, will accommodate approximately 10,000 housing units with a density of 40 units per acre. In addition, development in Serena Del Mar is intended to supply 12,700 housing units. Total dwellings in Cartagena in 2014 were 196,915 and it is predicted that the housing supply will

HOUSING & DEVELOPMENT

MULTI-MODAL

ENVIRONMENT

TOURISM ECONOMY

STEWARDSHIP

LA BOQUILLA BRT Dune Tidal Inlet Beach Piers & Nourishment Aquaculture Dock & Eco-Education Rooms Oyster Reef EL CENTRO Tunnel Sea Wall Drainage System Lock Terraced Park Boardwalk Traffic Calming

increase by 35% by 2040. Currently more than 30% of the population are living in poor conditions and 27% are in poverty. The Plan aims to address equity through incentivizing the formal housing market to include 30% affordable units for lowincome residents in Cartagena.88 For new developments along the BRT line, affordable rental units are proposed in addition to market rate units. To avoid and discourage displacement of the informal settlement populations from at risk areas, the Plan instead allocates land for the relocation and development of

60%. Based on the survey by DATT

Increase housing choice by 35% and

essential housing infrastructure for such

(Administrative Department of Transit

address equity by incentivizing the formal

populations to be completed at their own

and Transportation), motorcycles are

housing market to include 30% affordable

discretion.

116

EQUITY

BOCAGRANDE Canals & Land Elevation Housing Development Retail Development TIERRA BOMBA Water Taxi Stops Roads Resort Trail Housing 117

CHAPTER FIVE

118

119

CONCLUSION

Cartagena is an exciting city on the

and maintaining its important national

cusp of both expansion and disaster.

status. The threatening water provides

As its population swells, popularity

opportunities for the city and these have

increases, and economy surges, its land

been illustrated throughout the plan

is threatened with inundation by the

in the form of expanded tourism, canal

rising sea level. Throughout Cartagena

cities, extended beaches, lock parks, and

2040: Rethinking the Role of Tourism in

increased connections. By incorporating

a Dynamic and Growing City, the current

federal and local policies across 4

inhabitants, their livelihoods and their

frameworks

land are carefully considered. The planned

development and connection - and

expansion of tourism throughout the city

focusing on 4 site areas - La Boquilla, El

is proposed in a way so as to highlight

Centro, Bocagrande, and Tierra Bomba

and preserve the ecological attributes of

- with 7 ambitious but achievable goals,

the city, encourage development within

this plan strives to guide the city towards

the city limits, and enhance the job

a more prosperous future. Through

opportunities and connections for the

coordinated public and private buy-in

residents of the city. This is all done while

and citizen involvement, and committed

mitigating and adapting to the impending

city administrations this plan will not

challenges of sea level rise.

only protect Cartagena from sea level

Without

turning

waterfront,

its

Cartagena

back must

economy,

protection,

the

rise projected for 2100, but it will prepare

protect

Cartagena to be a resilient waterfront for

its infrastructural investments, while

decades to come.

improving its opportunities for residents,

VISION STATEMENT We envision a resilient and climate-prepared Cartagena with equitable housing, secure infrastructure, an efficient transit system, a robust and diverse tourism economy, and protected and nourished ecosystems and beaches.

120

121

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