Table of Contents 3 5
What is Diabetes?
4 5
Classifications
5
Type 1 Diabetes
7 5
Type 2 Diabetes
9 5
Gestational Diabetes
10 9
Insulin
11 5
Deadliest Myths
12 5
Facts
14 5
Dear Readers
3
What is Diabetes?
DIABETES is the leading cause of death worldwide. BUT, what is it exactly?
(K.G.M.M. Alberti et al, 1998)
“
Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs when the body cannot produce or effectively use insulin.
Generally speaking, diabetes is a disorder involving the metabolism of a person. The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.”
WIKIPEDIA
“
Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).”
NATIONAL DIABETES INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE (NDIC), U.S.A
“
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism—the way the body uses digested food for growth and energy. Most of the food people eat, is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body. After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells for growth and energy. For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach. When people eat, the pancreas automatically produces the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into the cells. In people with diabetes, however, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced. Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of the body through urine. Thus, the body loses its main source of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of glucose.” (http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/ overview/#what)
4
Classification
I
n simple terms, Diabetes is a rotting disease that spreads the rot and damage throughout the body.
Diabetes Mellitus - Know the types Diabetes Mellitus
There are three main types of Diabetes Mellitus. They are as follows:
Marked Obesity
» Type 1 Diabetes alias Juvenile Diabetes Yes
NO
Insulin resistance
Autoantibodies
» Type 2 Diabetes » Gestational Diabetes Apart from these primary three types, the other types include: » Type 1.5 (LADA)
Yes
NO
Type - 2 dIABETES
Autoantibodies
» Type 3
Yes
NO
Type - 1a dIABETES
aFFRICAN aMERICAN
Yes
» MODY » Brittle
fAMILY hISTORY-1
NO
fAMILY hISTORY-2
» Steroid-induced (incl. CFRD) » Double
Yes ATypical Diabetes
NO
NO
Type - 1B dIABETES
Yes MODY
5
Type 1 diabetes - alias “Juvenile Diabetes”
T
ype 1 Diabetes is also known as Juvenile Diabetes. It is the result of an auto-immune reaction. The body fails to produce insulin it needs which is produced by the beta cells known as “Islets” (pronounced as EYE-lets) in the pancreas which is a consequence of the attack on the beta cells. The reason behind this is yet to be discovered. Type 1 Diabetes can occur to any individual irrespective of the age but it is most prominent among children or young adults. An individual suffering from Type 1 Diabetes will die if not given insulin everyday, to control the levels of the glucose in his blood. It is a disease which develops suddenly and shows specific signals like: » Abnormal thirst and a dry mouth
SYMPtoms of diabetes
Frequent Urination
Weight Loss
» Frequent urination » Sudden weight loss » Lack of energy, extreme tiredness » Constant hunger
Lack of Energy
» Slow-healing wounds » Recurrent infections » Blurred vision
Excessive Thirst
6
Type 1 diabetes - alias “Juvenile Diabetes”
Control TYPE 1 DIABETES
T
ype 1 Diabetes is the one where the beta cells in the pancreas stop producing enough insulin needed by the body, the reason why it is to be managed by insulin replacement through lifelong insulin injections. At the same time, it is to be noted that only insulin is not enough to keep Type 1 Diabetes in control. The basic underlying factor is to keep the glucose level in the blood as close to normal as possible. One needs to maintain a combination of few things to do the same and they go like: » Daily Insulin Therapy » Close monitoring of the glucose level in the blood » Maintaining a healthy diet by eating right » Regular physical exercise
GLUCOSE MONITORING
INSULIN HEALTHY DIET
REGULAR EXERCISE
7
Type 2 diabetes - most commonly found globally
T
ype 2 Diabetes is the most common diabetes found across the globe. It is generally found in adults, but gradually it is increasingly being noticed in children and adolescents as well. Unlike Type 1 Diabetes, in Type 2 Diabetes the body is able to produce insulin but complications arise when either the body is ineffective to produce enough insulin needed by the body or else the body grows immune to the effects of Frequent the insulin produced. This situation where the body stops Urination responding to the effects of the insulin is known as “Insulin Resistance”. As a result the glucose level in the blood rises up. In most of the cases individuals fail to identify the illness for a long time as the symptoms are likely to take years to appear. All these years, the body slowly and gradually goes through extensive damage and erosion due to the excessive Weight glucose in the blood being piled up. Only when the symptoms start Loss appearing does one get himself/herself diagnosed. Several risk factors can be mentioned even though the exact reasons for the occurrence of this disease still remains a mystery. They are:
SYMPtoms of diabetes
Obesity
Physical Inactivity
» Obesity » Poor Diet » Physical Inactivity
Lack of Energy
Advancing Age
» Advancing Age » Family History of Diabetes » Ethnicity
Excessive » High blood glucose during pregnancy affecting the unborn Thirstchild
Excessive Thirst
8
Type 2 diabetes - most commonly found globally
Putting forth the possible preventions for Type 2 Diabetes
T
ype 1 Diabetes is the one where the beta cells in the pancreas stop producing enough insulin needed by the body, the reason why it is to be managed by insulin replacement through lifelong insulin injections. One needs to maintain a combination of few things to do the same and they go like:
Follow a healthy balanced diet on a daily basis Many factors affect how well diabetes is controlled. A dietician can help to create a food plan that is tailored to a person’s medical needs, lifestyle, and personal preferences. Check your meal timings, maintain a diet & keep a tab on the weight. Reduce alcohol intake, carbohydrate intake consistency.
Exercise : Exercise is very important in controlling your type 2 diabetes. It reduces stress, improves body’s use of insulin, burns extra fat hence helping in weight control, improves muscle strength & bone density, lowers blood pressure, improves blood circulation keeping at bay heart diseases and stroke.
Proper knowledge, regular check-up : Know everything possible about diabetes - its symptoms, preventive cures, see the doctor regularly, take insulin on time if required and stay active. DO NOT NEGLECT!
9
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
the third type apart from the two main ones
A
part from the two main kind of diabetes discussed upon earlier in this presentation, the third type of diabetes visible is the Gestational Diabetes. This is the type which develops in pregnant women when they develop a resistance to insulin and subsequent high blood pressure during their period of pregnancy. This happens around the 24th week of pregnancy when probably the action of insulin is blocked by the hormones or the placenta. Uncontrolled Gestational Diabetes can have severe effects on both the mother and the baby hence it is not to be neglected and should be treated on time.
Possible Preventions Women with gestational diabetes or diabetes in pregnancy need to monitor and control their blood glucose levels to minimize risks to the baby which can be done by taking up a healthy diet and moderate exercise but in some cases, insulin or oral medication can be needed as well.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES Preventions
10
Insulin
What is Insulin, that we talk so much about it in every case of Diabetes?
H
aven’t we been discussing and mentioning about Insulin a bit too often in the whole presentation? Irrespective of the type of diabetes, it has been mentioned in both cause and effect, even in the preventive measures index. It is time that we throw some light on “INSULIN”.
Defining Insulin Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas. It allows the glucose to enter the body cells, where it is converted into energy. People with Type 1 diabetes cannot survive without Insulin doses. Some people with Type 2 or Gestational Diabetes also need doses of Insulin along with other medications prescribed by the doctor!
11
Deadliest Myths
DEADLIEST MYTHS We all have our own notions about it, which leads to lethal myths . Myth 1: Diabetes doesn’t run in my family, so I am safe! mYTH
Myth 2: Diabetes is caused by eating carbohydrates! Myth 3: I’m not fat, so I won’t get diabetes! Myth 4: Diet has nothing to do with Type 1 Diabetes! Myth 5: Only adults get Type 2 Diabetes! Myth 6: Gestational Diabetes is an issue only for the pregnant! Myth 7: You can control and reverse your diabetics with surgery! Myth 8: Diabetes drugs are mostly free of side effects! Myth 9: Diabetes isn’t serious if you take pills instead of Insulin! Myth 10:DIABETES IS IRREVERSIBLE!
12
Facts about Diabetes
Facts about Diabetes
Facts
» About 347 million people worldwide have diabetes. There is an emerging global epidemic of diabetes that can be traced back to rapid increase in weight, obesity & physical inactivity! » Diabetes is predicted to become the 7th leading cause of death in the world by the year 2030 – total deaths from Diabetes are projected to rise by more than 50% in the next 10 years! » There are two major forms of diabetes. » 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. » Type 2 diabetes can be prevented. » Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness, amputation and kidney failure. » Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for around 50% - 80% of deaths in people with diabetes!
13
DEAR READERS
W
e have tried & covered almost all the basics of Diabetes! But you can never know enough about a topic. There’s more to the nitty-gritty of this precarious and alarmingly increasing disease. So, enlighten yourself and everyone around with the knowledge & information available & start taking the necessary precautions this very moment for keeping Diabetes at bay & securing yourself for a better tomorrow! Let us all unite for this global burden and stop this rot from spreading! Help us to help you and all better.
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BOX
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Thank you By Team