Nine responses to bullying behaviour Murray Irwin
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
think of an example of bullying behaviour
Body language Insults Name calling Teasing
Inappropriate physical contact Assault Sexual harassment Making threats
Anonymous notes Hiding possessions Gossiping Excluding
Damaging property Sabotaging work or relationships Stalking Getting them blamed
minor
overt
Body language Insults Name calling Teasing
Inappropriate physical contact Assault Sexual harassment Making threats
Anonymous notes Hiding possessions Gossiping Excluding
Damaging property Sabotaging work or relationships Stalking Getting them blamed
or covert
serious
key aspects of definition Behaviours Repeat or significant Detrimental Power imbalance Unwanted Unwarranted
Avoid using labels
behaviour variation personality makes change hard
identify specific behaviour
avoiding labels Bullying behaviour User of bullying behaviour Bullying behaviour user Target Bystander Witness Practitioner Organisation
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
individual vs group indicators
Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Severity of behaviour Fear
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
That type of behaviour is not okay!
coaching challenging reprimanding consequences
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
Immediate feedback on behaviour Bystanders see action taken Target not the informer Variety of responses Can use other response options
You need to see incident Needs immediate response Needs practitioners to act consistently Issuing consequences often the default option Hard to catch indirect & relationship bullying behaviour
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
building skills confidence self esteem verbal physical support networks resilience
P
P
T T
T BBU
Resolve minor problems Target can be highly motivated Lots of training options Whole organisation without specifically identifying targets
Does not work to change bullying behaviour user Only low level incidents Can blame situation on the target Hard to help with group behaviours Power or skill level difference to high to overcome disadvantage
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
P
BBU
T
When target is provocative Solving conflict that triggers bullying behaviour Can use peer mediators Conflict management skills Can complete on the spot
Evidence inconclusive (Rigby, 2010) Requires conflict situation Requires both parties to cooperate Needs trained mediator Can blame the target Does not handle group situations Pressure to support less powerful Rigby, Ken (2010) Bullying Interventions in Schools: Six Basic Approaches
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
P P scripted questions BBU
scripted questions BBU
T
T
Questions for the bullying behaviour users What happened? What was the purpose of doing that? What were you thinking of at the time? What have you thought about since the incident? Who do you think has been affected?
Questions for the target What did you think when you realised what had happened? What impact has this incident had on you and others? What was the hardest thing for you? What do you think needs to happen to make things right?
Questions for both
What can be done to repair the harm? How can we make sure this does not happen again? Do you think that suggestion is fair?
1
Engagement
2
Reflection
3
Understanding
4
Acknowledgment
5
Agreement
6
Followup
Thorsborne, Margaret and Vinegrad, David (2009) Restorative Justice Pocketbook
1
Engagement
2
Reflection
3
Understanding
4
Acknowledgment
5
Agreement
6
Followup
Thorsborne, Margaret and Vinegrad, David (2009) Restorative Justice Pocketbook
Focus on behaviour Person still respected Use for groups & involves bystanders Builds relationships Use with other options
Target must face bullying behaviour user Requires acknowledgement of wrong Pressure and shame Unknown effectiveness in schools Stakeholder refusal
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
1 2
Talk with target
3
Explain problem
4
Share responsibility
5
Ask for ideas
6 7
Leave it to them Followup
Bring group together
Maines, Barbara & Robinson, George (2010) The Support Group Method Training Pack
2
Bring group together P
BBU
BBU
1
Talk with target
2
Bring group together
3
Explain problem
4
Share responsibility
5
Ask for ideas
6 7
Leave it to them Followup
Maines, Barbara & Robinson, George (2010) The Support Group Method Training Pack
1
Talk with target
2
Bring group together
3
Explain problem
4
Share responsibility
5
Ask for ideas
6 7
Leave it to them Followup
Maines, Barbara & Robinson, George (2010) The Support Group Method Training Pack
Can be used for group behaviours Can include prosocial peers Uses group influence Studies suggest effective in schools (Maines & Robinson, 2010 & Rigby, 2010) Avoids blaming Less directive
Stakeholders perception it’s soft on behaviour Relies on empathy Group dynamics Exposes target to claims of telling Requires strong group facilitation skills
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
1
Talk individually with group members
2
Talk with target
3
Group meeting
4
Summit meeting
5
Follow up
Pikas, Anatol (1989) The common concern method for the treatment of mobbing and (2002) New developments of the shared concern method
1 P
BBU
P
P
P
?
?
Individual discussions
Build up confidence Shared concern Turning point Solutions Group meeting
1
Talk individually with group members
2
Talk with target
3
Group meeting
4
Summit meeting
5
Follow up
Pikas, Anatol (1989) The common concern method for the treatment of mobbing and (2002) New developments of the shared concern method
3 P
BBU
BBU
BBU
?
4 P
T
BBU BBU
?
BBU
1
Talk individually with group members
2
Talk with target
3
Group meeting
4
Summit meeting
5
Follow up
Pikas, Anatol (1989) The common concern method for the treatment of mobbing and (2002) New developments of the shared concern method
Uses group psychology Suitable young people & adults (Pikas, 2002) Reduces chance of target victimisation Do not need to identify ringleader Not blaming Considerable evidence effective (Rigby, 2011) Rigby, Ken (2011) The Method of Shared Concern: A positive approach to bullying in schools
Time consuming Requires observation or report of bullying behaviour Training and group management skills
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
1
Establish suitability
2
Appoint mentors
3
1 to 1 meetings
4
Joint meeting
5
Followup 1 to 1
6 7
Solution joint meeting Closure meeting Sullivan, Keith (2011) The Anti-Bullying Handbook (2nd ed.)
3
4
P1
P2
P1
P1
P2
BBU
T
P2
BBU
T
5
6
P1
P2
P1
P1
P2
BBU
T
P2
BBU
T
1
Establish suitability
2
Appoint mentors
3
1 to 1 meetings
4
Joint meeting
5
Followup 1 to 1
6 7
Solution joint meeting Closure meeting Sullivan, Keith (2011) The Anti-Bullying Handbook (2nd ed.)
Individual support give to all parties Solution focused Can address provocative behaviour One to one counselling Builds empathy & understanding
Staffing & training Time Appears not to handle group situations No evaluation support
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
Options - schools Verbal reprimands Writing apology letters Time out from normal activities Loss of privileges Segregation Parent involvement Detention Expelled
Options - workplace Verbal reprimands Conflict mediation Coaching Counselling Additional training & skills development Written reprimands & warnings Performance monitoring Demotion Dismissal
Zero Tolerance
Zero Tolerance 20 year review in US schools concluded: “surprisingly few data that could directly test the assumptions” “and the data that are available tend to contradict those assumptions” American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force (2008) Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools? An Evidentiary Review and Recommendations. American Psychologist
Widely supported Easily understood more successful with younger children (Rigby, 2010) Suitable consequences in severe cases Can use a range of consequences
Lack of evidence that it works effectively in schools (Rigby, 2010) Fosters simplistic set and forget approach To be effective punishment needs to occur as soon as possible after the act (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1998) Negative reactions towards the person issuing the punishment (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1998) Baldwin, John. D. & Baldwin, Janice. I. (1998) Behaviour Principles in Everyday Life, 3rd ed.
Possible cause for lack of reporting Blaming and stigmatisation Blame of targets for punishment so retaliates Difficult in dealing with groups Unintended consequences by capturing acceptable behaviour
Referral Individual Indicators
Group Indicators
Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern
Method Shared Concern
Group support method Restorative Justice Mediation
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
Demonstrates the seriousness Addresses high levels of fear, injury or personal danger Training and legal powers to deal with serious issues Investigators impartial Removes organisation from decision making
Community resources and cost Pathway into the legal/justice system Adversarial approach Outcome based on a punishment framework Can intensify negative feelings and conflict between the parties Process may not offer any support to the target Lose control
Referral
Individual Indicators Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Group Indicators Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern Group support method Restorative justice
Mediation
Method Shared Concern
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
?
Referral
Individual Indicators Level of: Severity of behaviour Power difference Fear Lack of remorse Lack of empathy
Group Indicators Level of: Severity of behaviour Fear
Punishment Collaborative problem solving & resolution
Method shared concern Group support method Restorative justice
Mediation
Method Shared Concern
Group Support Method
Strengthening Direct response Individual using bullying behaviour
Group using bullying behaviour
www.saviconsulting.com.au Presentation & information available in: presentation and helpful stuff sections
Murray Irwin murray@saviconsulting.com.au