bhutanese_bangk07

Good Governance Gender &

MDG Need Assessment and Costing Bhutanese Experience

by Toshihiro Tanaka

Development Context  Bhutan’s transition to parliamentary democracy under constitutional monarchy in 2008  New 10th Five Year Plan (2008-2013) under preparation    

Focuses on poverty reduction and MDGs Further decentralization (financial and administrative) Introduction of Multi-year Rolling Budget Moving towards results based management

 ODA dependency (50% of 9th Plan outlay of US$1.6 billion)  HDI ranking 135 in 2006  31.7% of population under national poverty line

MDG Needs Assessment and Costing Exercise  MDG NA and Costing exercise started June 2006 linked to planning cycle – coming 10th Plan (2008-13)  MDG NA initiative owned by the government (Planning Commission as the focal point)  MDG NA and Costing undertaken by government staffs  Adopted UN Millennium Project interventions-based approach but also covered non-MDG sectors  4 Thematic Task Forces (TTFs) constituted by themes: 1. Agriculture, rural development and farm roads, macroeconomics, and infrastructure (transport, energy and ICT) 2. Education 3. Health 4. Environment, good governance/capacity development and Gender

MDG Needs Assessment and Costing Exercise  Inter-TTF consultative process built in to address cross sectoral issues, gaps and overlap  Representation from Planning Commission & Bureau of Statistics  UNDP RCC/RCB (Gender, HIV/AIDS, Energy and Environment, Trade, and Governance), UNICEF, UNFPA, and WHO instrumental in identification of interventions, getting base line information, setting targets, and costing  Millennium Project costing tools customized to capture special intervention needs (like rural development, special education, ICT, capacity development, etc)

Graph 1a: Trend of Total MDG Investment Requirement 16000

14000

12000

10000

Million Nu

Total MDG 8000

Recurrent Capital

6000

4000

2000

0 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011 Year

2012

2013

2014

2015

Annual MDG Investment Requirement ( in million US $) •

Sectors

2006

2009

2012

2015

Health

30

45

61

71

Education

40

51

67

87

Agriculture

26

34

46

64

Energy

23

24

26

27

Road

30

38

46

56

WSS

14

15

17

19

Others

7

12

9

10

Total

168

219

272

335

Sectoral Shares in MDG Investments 2006-15 (in % shares) 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Health

17.8

21.0

19.3

20.5

23.8

26.6

22.5

20.7

23.2

21.2

Education

23.7

23.8

24.7

23.5

23.2

22.6

24.6

25.5

25.2

26.0

Agriculture Water S. & Sanitation

15.2

14.4

16.0

15.5

15.5

15.3

16.8

17.7

17.8

19.1

8.0

7.2

7.6

7.0

6.5

6.1

6.3

6.2

5.8

5.7

Energy

13.4

12.0

6.0

11.0

10.1

9.7

9.6

9.9

8.2

8.0

Environment

0.0

0.1

2.0

1.3

0.7

0.4

0.1

0.04

0.03

0.03

Roads

17.8

17.0

18.3

17.2

16.7

15.9

16.9

17.1

16.5

16.8

Capacity Dev

2.9

3.4

4.9

3.0

2.6

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

Gender

1.1

1.0

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.5

1.4

Grand Total

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Sectoral Shares in MDG Investments 2006-15

Road

Health

16.9 %

21.9%

Energy 9.6 % Education WS & S 6.5 % Agri 16.6 %

24.4%

Good Governance and Capacity Development ďƒ˜ NA and Costing for capacity development of seven institutions that have a bearing on good governance and democracy.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

-

Royal Civil Service Commission Anti-Corruption Commission Election Commission Office of the Attorney General Local Development Division, Planning Commission Cabinet Secretariat Royal Institute of Management Royal Audit Authority (not included as it is already well established) Pay Commission (not yet established)

Good governance and capacity development ď ą Nu. 2,816 million (2006-15) = 2.5% of total MDG NA ď ą Major interventions - Recurrent costs (55.2%) - HRD: Upgrading qualifications/skill level of staff - Equipment (computers, copy machines, Printers, digital cameras, LCD projectors, etc.)

- Manuals, handbooks - Networking - Publications, documentations - Facilties

Gender Equity and Women’s Empowerment  Nu. 1,344 million (2006-15) = 1.2% of total MDGs NA  Major Interventions – Helping transition of girls to work/employment • Female enrolment in vocational training institutes • National graduates’ orientation programmes

– Encouraging political participation and representation of women • Mass media campaign, Support to women’s candidates, Training for female parliamentarians

– Ending violence against women • Prevention through awareness campaign, protection through police and court services and shelters

– Systemic issues • NCWC capacity building, sensitization of judges, polices, bureaucrats..

– Research on gender

Next Steps 1. Developing MDG consistent macroeconomic framework – particularly projecting GDP, inflation, revenue, and external sector indicators; and formulating MDG consistent macro policies. (Introduction and capacity building of Simplified Macroeconomic Framework with RCC ) 2. Developing MDG financing strategy – household, domestic revenue, and external aid; estimating financing gap and analyzing fiscal space for scaling up MDG investment.

3. Institutionalizing the MDGs NA and Costing into national process <10th Five Year Plan> 4. MDG NA report to be used for resource mobilization for the achievement of MDG in Bhutan (Circulation at the Round Table Meeting in early 2008)

Lessons Learned o o o     

Strong commitment, ownership and leadership of the government/Planning Commission Consensus building for inclusion of cross cutting sectors (gender, governance, environment) Importance of timing to link with national development processes and ensure effective utilization of the results Credible knowledge/expertise/regional experiences Needs for a clear coordination mechanism at the national and regional levels Lack of standard methodologies in some areas Lack of indicators on non-MDG areas How to address the financing=>challenge to UNDP

Gross National Happiness (GNH) Indicators => Bhutan Development Index (BDI) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Time Use and Balance Psychological wellbeing Community vitality and resilience Eco-system diversity and resilience Cultural resilience and capacity Health Education Good Governance Living standards

Sub Domains of Good Governance 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Participation Effective Government Fair and Equal Law Freedom and Quality of Media Transparency, Accountability and Honesty

TASHI DELEK! Thank You !