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ENGINEERED DISCOURSE

Graduate Thesis 2022

TIANZE LI

Graduate Thesis 2022 Interests Provocation / Provocation Position p.05

p.37

Graduate Thesis 2022

Interests

Sound as a musical composition. Sound becomes music when arranged with composition, timbre, rhythm. The raw form of sound is manipulated into notes. Notes, instead of relating to musical elements, it can modulate lights and colors. The composition of sounds drives progression of notes; with certain algorithm built in, progression drives the variance of lights and colors.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Music and light composition, BRIAN ENO, 2014

1. LED lights, perspex, wood, usb stick, BRIAN ENO

1. These studies focus on the interaction between a musical composition and self-generated seamless colourscapes produced by interwoven LED lights. It is an exploration of time manipulation, without beginning nor end, could be even interpreted as a reflection on form without any need of exploring or rendering it in a physical way.

Sound as a medium to arouse and enhance experience in three dimensional space. Devices are designed to interact with and manipulate sound. It blends in with context and atmosphere. The ultimate goal is to create an experience when one travels through a space.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Performance einer großen Klang-Welle, BERNHARD LEITNER, 1977

2. Gallery of Mirrors, BERNHARD LEITNER, 2003

1. Four persons with sound suits, performance of a large sound wave 2. Mirrors installed in the hallway.

1. Sound circling, BERNHARD LEITNER

1. Two freely deliniated spaces of sound, in countermotion. Sound circling on each of the six walls

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Sound circling, BERNHARD LEITNER

1. Two freely deliniated spaces of sound, in countermotion. Sound circling on each of the six walls

1. Spiral-Raum Sound Tube, BERNHARD LEITNER

1. Sound circling in th tube of a circular motion

1. Spiral-Raum Sound Tube, BERNHARD LEITNER

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Gate of Sound, BERNHARD LEITNER

1. Sound travels and receives

1. Gate of Sound, BERNHARD LEITNER

1. Polytope de Montréal, IANNIS XENAKIS

1. The sculpture consisted of geometric array of steel cables stretching up through the multi-tiered atrium of the building, with speakers and flashbulbs attached to the cables

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Polytope de Persepolis, IANNIS XENAKIS

1. Polytope of Persepolis took place in the ruins of the Temple of Darius in the Iranian desert on August 26, 1971. The performance, which lasted for over an hour starting at sunset, put together a variety of sound and light devices. The audience could walk through the temple ruins and move from one listening station to the other.

1. Autonomo, CARSTEN NICOLAI

2. Wellenwanne lfo, CARSTEN NICOLAI 1. Autonomo features nine orbicular bell plates in four sizes hang like pendulums from the ceiling of gallery one, an autonomously operating ball machine projects black balls into space, on occasion hitting one of the plates. a randomized audio space is achieved, triggered by a self-operating ‘score.’ 2. the installation wellenwanne lfo uses principles from optics and acoustics, demonstrating the polarity of the elements chaos and order, movement and stagnancy. a two-channel composition of sub frequency sounds is transmitted onto the surface of a specially designed water pond via four exciters through variations in air pressure.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Pierre Paulin, PETRA BLAISSE

2. Chazen Mueum of Art, Wisconsin, PETRA BLAISSE

1. Objects can be more integrated into architecture. These large objects produce sound when force or movement is applied. 2. Objects produce sound when vibrating even though human ears can not hear.

1. Le Cylindre Sonore, BERNHARD LEITNER, 1987

1. Le Cylinder Sonore is two cylinders with a space in between. Behind the eight perforated concrete panels and between the two cylinders are twenty-four loudspeakers arranged vertically, three to each panel, forming eight columns of sound. The inner cylinder acts as a resonance chamber with the curved surface shaping the sound. Never-stop sound wave hit the wall and floors, when people are passing the space and objects in the ambiance occur sound. The architecture in inherent in sounds.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Philip Pavilion, IANNIS XENAKIS, LE CORBUSIER, 1958

1. Philip Pavilion is constructed with thin-shelled concrete panels of hyperbolic paraboloid shapes. In involves a tensile structure of steel cables strung from steel posts at the end of the tent to form the hyperbolic paraboloids. The form and interior space combine film, light and music to a total experience made to functions in time and space

Sound as information, weapon and political apparatus. Sound can be coded and interpreted with information; sound can be used as a political device. Sound constitutes a large portion of society.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Holmdel Horn Antenna, 1959

2. Horn Antenna

1. It was the first time Cosmic Microwave Background was discovered, by Penzias and Wilson. The telescope features a huge cavity and can be rotated. When the cavity is facing toward a direction, it can capture radio waves from that direction. 2. By Harold 'Doc' Ewen, the horn antenna is mounted on a laboratory at Harvard University to detect neutral hydrogen.

1. Two-horn system at Bolling Field, USA, 1921

2. A Czech loator, 1920s

3. The Dutch personal parabola, 1930s

4. The Dutch personal horns, 1930s

1. Aircraft engines create loud sound. This two-horn device can help soldiers to hear them coming in miles. 2. Scoop-shaped reflectors direct the sound into large-diameter tubes. It has deficiencies when tested. 3. The Dutch parabola is made of aluminum for lightness. The parabolic shape is to magnify sounds. 4. A more stabilized device from Dutch parabola.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Sound location equipment, Germany, 1939

2. German sound location, 1917

3. Perrin acoustic locator, France, 1930s

4. Four-horn acoustic locator, England, 1930s

1. It consists of four acoustic horns, a horizontal pair, and a vertical pair, it can detect targets at distances from 5 to 12 km. It gave a directional accuracy of about 2 degrees. 2. A junior officer and a soilder wearing combined acoustic/optical locating apparatus. The small-aperture goggles allow soilders to see the incoming aircraft when turning their head to the sound direction. 3. Designed by Jean-Baptiste Perrin, each of the four assemblies carries 36 small hexagonal horns. 4. There are three operators, two with stethoscopes linked to pairs of horns for stereo listening.

1. Acoustic Mirrors, Dungeness, Kent

1. The concrete sound locators were immovable but they had better range, about 10 to 15 miles, which would give one in Yorkshire listening to a Zeppelin approaching at a speed of 60 miles an hour a 15-minute warning of its arrival. The linear direction of receiving sound wave is reflected and arrive at one focal point due to the uniformity of parabolic surface.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. 1984, GEORGE ORWELL

2. Lenin at the Podium, EL LISSITEZKY, 1920

1. The radio, embedded in the wall, constantly sends out messages to inhabitants. Depicted in the novel of 1984 by George Orwell, the 'big brother' is watching. 2. "Lenin a newspaper without paper and without wires,” a tool for distributing propaganda far and wide without physical infrastructural encumbrances (and equally well suited to selectively disseminating untraceable messages among comrades). It was the live voice" El Lissitezky proposes elevated hovering structure which functions as a sonic infrastructure.

1. Two men listening to radio in Soviet Union, 1958

2. Cartoon "Radio-Activity" in Soviet Estonia

3. State Department announcers after first broadcast to Soviet Union from New York, 1947 1. Two men listening to radio in Soviet Union, 1958. The radio from news to Jazz and literacy, etc. 2. The American interference of radio was regarded as 'emeny voices.' Soviet Union authorities Cartoon titled “Radio-Activity” in the newspaper Soviet Estonia on January 24, 1970 as part of the Soviet press campaign against the daily broadcasts of the voice of America. 3. In 1947, radio broadcast of Voice of the United States was transmitted to Soviet Union for the first time, just one year after Cold War started. It was regarded as a propaganda by Soviet Union authorities. Special jamming stations were built around the country to block the frequencies on which the "enemy voices" were broadcasting.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. FRANK CONRAD

1. Radio Station 8XK, PA, FRANK CONRAD

3. Live album cover, RAMMSTEIN

4. Radio, RAMMSTEIN

1. Frank Conrad pioneered radio development by establishing nation's first commercial radio station that covers 1920 Election of the United States. It was the first time that radio hit massive populations of people. 2. Frank Conrad's home broadcast setup. 3. Live album cover. 3. "Radio" the song depicts people in German Democratic Republic listen to western radio stations and music. This was considered illegal.

Sound as an encoding and decoding apparatus, in which it starts to have visual implications. The coding and decoding of understanding different systems of sound reveal is a process of algorithm. Meanings are first created, and then dismantled, and constructed.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Telegraph and Morse Code, SAMUEL MORSE AND ALFRED VAIL, 1840

1. Bombe Machine, US Navy

3. Poem Q, SUTARDJI CALZOUM BACHR, Jakarta, 1981

4. Tablecloth, ANNI ALBERS, 1930

1. Morse codes are made of dots and dashes in a form of sound when transmitting through telegraph. Meanings can only be revealed when one knows by a code book 2. Invented by Alan Turing, Bombe machines are used to decode Enigma, a German encrypted means of communication. Bombe machine tries to find rotors used and their positions of intercepted codes 3. A song that is made of exclamation marks and some letters, it is detached from lanuage and only sounds are produced 4. Colors, lengths and layering of weaving generates code-like patterns, more geometrical

Sound as expressing attitude The usage and meaning of sound have varied in contemporary society. While some use sound to reveal sovereignty, some utilize for censorship. The difference of sound and what it entails to humans is important when assimilation of culture and technology is taking place.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Human microphone, 2011

2. Instruments used to generate sound during a protest, 2016 Protesters employed instruments and noisemakers of all kinds to sound their protest. Photo by Matt Ramey.

1. People 's voices are used as a natural amplify to spread out messages 2. People bring different objects that can generate loud and different sound to reinforce their presence and complaints during a protest in North Carolina for the elimination of anti-discrimination protections

1. Long Range Acoustic Devices used at Greece border to prevent migrants

2. Protests blocking Canada and U.S. border in response to COVID-19

1. Long Range Acoustic Devices are used as a sound of power 2. Truck drivers block and horn loudly in order to express their voices, sound is objectified

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Migrants from Sub-Sahara to Morocco

2. Temporary migrant camp during the trip to Nador, Morocco 1. During the trip, Touareg driver uses Thuraya for communication to avoid being exposed. The entire journey was organized in real time, verbally, in a zone where regular cell phones could not operate. This sonic assemblage produces an alternative kind of sovereignty – one that is based on speed and flexibility and has little in common with the sovereignty of the international order. This model of control does not require visualization or territory to proliferate – only sound waves and satellite links – making possible the imagination of alternative spatial-temporal regimes. 2. Migrant scouts listened at the edges of camps for the approach of Moroccan police and then shouted a call-and-response alarm, passing their voice from person to person through the forest so the larger community might shift deeper into the hills as evasive action. Sounds and voices are an intelligence for migrants

Contemporary sound issues and noise Pollution The usage and meaning of sound have varied in contemporary society. While some use sound to reveal sovereignty, some utilize for censorship. The difference of sound and what it entails to humans is important when assimilation of culture and technology is taking place.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Noise pollution, India

2. Noise pollution on species and ecosystem

1. Noise pollution, India 2. Ocean is a symphony of sound. Marine lives rely on sound to navigate and prey. 14 beaked whales stranded on the beach on Lanzarote due to ships and submarine operating using sonar. The sound from container ships, submarine and oil driller.

Graduate Thesis 2022

Provocation Positoin

Thesis Statement REDEFINING DIPLOMATIC SPACE Diplomacy has been a fundamental since the birth of mankind. While negotiation may lead to a collective agreement or concession, it may also lead to unresolved situations of violence. While the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 put casualty in pause, negotiations between EU and Russia in 2022 have not prevented the war in Ukraine. The diplomatic approach in these two events are inherently different. The driving force of diplomacy shifts from a war-oriented perspective that is prior to 1990s, to expanding contemporary scopes that cooperate with concerns of resource, environmental issues, domestic conflicts, economy and infrastructure. The mode of diplomacy shifts from 'Club diplomacy' to 'Network diplomacy'. The form of diplomacy has been focused on the result primarily. The process of diplomacy is often neglected or made private, however, it offers a platform where the gathering of information can potentially influence millions of people. Conspiracy, misinformation, partisanship and rumors leave room for media to tamper stories, events and facts. At the same time, heterogeneity that is generated by the increasing interference from media into diplomacy, has evolved into discrepancy. The discrepancy exists in different perspectives in media and their targeted audiences. To make visible of both polyphony and collective agreement is what contemporary diplomacy is seeking for. This multifaceted reciprocation requires a more productive and 'accurate' communication apparatus. The invention of Telegraph in 1830s features 'dots and dashes' that constitute messages. This translation of messages not only paved a foundation for modern telecommunication, but also improved multi-language environment. Alphabets in language are no more than 'dots and dashes', making the composition of alphabets meaningful. During diplomatic events, decoding and encoding of languages are constantly present in the form of interpreter or interpretation device. Discrepancy exists in segments of nuanced meaning of words that are often neglected. They generate different readings to an event.

Graduate Thesis 2022

Though language encompasses a bank of information, the communication relies on local infrastructural devices in a diplomatic event. Wires and intangible wires behind of microphone, speaker, projector dictate the transmission of information. I am proposing a new diplomatic space, located in 'X', by integrating and innovating communication devices. Polyphony, discrepancy and congruence could potentially be manipulated to endow an event with different readings. I will start by studying the following subject: 1) The Speaker, as an amplifier, becomes an agent symbolically and functionally for diplomacy. While each component of a Speaker has a specific function and material, the aggregation of them amplifies the voice. When components of a speaker are spatialized, the functions and properties they originally carry become intrinsic to the space. The building inhabits within an approximate form and function of a Speaker, and the relationship between components in an architectural scale start to reorganize. 2) The Current, as network, connects the Speaker to other devices.

1. Long oval table between Vladimir Putin and Emmanuel Macron

2. Diagram translated

2. The beautiful Italian work of this 20 feet long oval table is equipped with power outlet. This distance requires one to increase one's voice volume in order to be explicit. However, with two people talking in different languages, an interpretation device or an interpreter is needed. What is really happening behind the scene is the decoding and encoding of messages sent to receiver's ears.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Angela Merkel and Francois Hollande private discussion in the corridor before entering the conference room

2. Diagram translated

2. If one keeps voice down, the person at even with less than 10 feet of distance, can not hear it. The corridor in this scenario isolates sound movement, making conversations very private.

1. Seating layout for signing the Treaty of Versailles

2. EU summit

Graduate Thesis 2022

3. Diagram of Multi-tracking diplomacy

3. Diplomatic conference features complicated discourse. Not only the massive information that is being exchanged, but also apparatus that supports them. This diagram depicts a minimum required tools for a multi-tracking diplomatic discourse.

1. Simultaneous Interpreter

1. Simultaneous interpreter requires live translation. It is a constantly signal and message going back and forth. Delay is an enemy.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Donald Trump's visit to China in 2017

2. Misinformation on translation

1. In English, 'rival' equivalently means 'adversary' or 'challenger' with the idea of 'counterpart.' However, when 'rival' is translated to Chinese, 'Duishou' is more associated with the notion of an opponent. 2. On July 26, 1945, the Office of War Information in Washington demanded Japan to surrender. However the response from Japanese minister Kantaro Suzuki is translated from 'we must mokusatsu', which means 'kill with silence' (no comment) to 'ignore' and 'treat with silent contempt' by American translator. On July 30, the New York Times front page announced, “Japan Officially Turns Down Allied Surrender Ultimatum.”

Italy Media

France Media

Graduate Thesis 2022

Germany Media

U.S. Media

MODES OF CONTEMPORARY DIPLOMACY - Shuttle diplomacy - Track One and Track Two diplomacy - Multilateral diplomacy - Celebrities diplomacy - Utilize Blue-Ribbon commissions - Technology diplomacy - From 'Club diplomacy' to 'network diplomacy'

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Sound properties catalog

1. A typical loudspeaker

Graduate Thesis 2022

2. The components of a Speaker create relationship based on how it functions to extend sound from a source.

1. Components of a Speaker

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. The electric current represents a connection of electrons. While components of a Speaker function at a object level, the flow of electron is what makes the functions to work.

POTENTIAL SITE With different social ideology, the two islands of Big Diomede and Small Diomede capture the tension between the U.S. and Russia. The two islands are occupied and maintained with two different ideologies. With increasing tensions in recent years, more troops are accumulated in Big Diomede island. The residents on Small Dipmede feel threatened. Under such pressure, the U.S. is also building a naval base in Nome, 40 minutes of flight away.

Graduate Thesis 2022

1. Big Diomede and Small Diomede form a close geological approximation between the two nations

1. Big Diomede is twice bigger than Small Diomede.

Graduate Thesis 2022

Credits Field, Daniel J., et al. “A Novel Multi-Driver Loudspeaker.” SAE Technical Paper Series, 1984, https://doi.org/10.4271/840087. Loeffler, Jane C. The Architecture of Diplomacy: Building America's Embassies. Princeton Architectural Press, 1998. Meerts, Paul W. “The Changing Nature of Diplomatic Negotiation.” Innovation in Diplomatic Practice, 1999, pp. 79–93., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27270-9_5. Rawnsley, Gary D. “Introduction to ‘International Broadcasting and Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century.’” Media and Communication, vol. 4, no. 2, 2016, pp. 42–45., https://doi.org/10.17645/ mac.v4i2.641. “The Problem of Diplomatic Representation.” Diplo, 6 Jan. 2022, https://www.diplomacy.edu/ resource/who-needs-diplomats-the-problem-of-diplomatic-representation/.

Graduate Thesis 2022