Tunnel Vision by SCI-Arc

TUNNEL VISION

TUNNEL VISION CHARLES ALLEN

STUDENT: CHARLES ALLEN | SCI-ARC GRADUATE THESIS RESEARCH SPRING 2022 | THESIS RESEARCH COORDINATOR: JACKILIN BLOOM | FACULTY THESIS RESEARCH ADVISOR: DEVYN WEISER

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

Statement 04 Provocations 06 Positions 12 Proposal 22 References 28

THESIS STATEMENT

INTRODUCTION

1 Boullée, Étienne-Louis, Architect. Newton's Cenotaph. Paris Île-De-France France, 1784. [Place of Publication Not Identified: Publisher Not Identified] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669836/.

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

My thesis responds to two key oddities regarding the discourse of architecture. The first is the unquestioning adoption of stacking and verticality without any further questions regarding how it pertains to movement. The second is the untrammeled use of perspective in both architecture and urban design that has crept up in the wake of the Modern and Post-Modern era. The flattest part of the city being the street, I decided to start with a walk, through past postures toward the street. Jane Jacobs, Rem Koolhaus, and even MOS in their recent projects have thoroughly exhausted plays on the relationship between the street and the buildings that construct their necessity.234 Additionally, there is the recent response of the urban street to COVID, which involved rapidly permitting semi-permanent structures across all portions of the street we have previously regarded as unbuildable. And finally, as we look into the future the things that have historically kept our streets sacrosanct, individually owned, gas-powered cars, and non-transferable air rights are all disappearing normals. I hope to fight the temptation people feel as they walk, move, or look down the street, pursuing the single point at the end of a cultural attitude of one-point-perspective, by designing an urban intervention I’ve termed “building blinders”. These would range from the scale of a small park bench to nearly the size of the street’s cross-section itself, producing a series of inferred but not enclosed rooms, that invite inhabitants to ruminate on rooms, inhabiting each portion of the street, and counteracting the streets propensity to want to simply move one along. My thesis seeks to join Joe Day’s two camps: the Recombinant and the Recur5 sive. By designing the blinders in two dimensions as a series of collages, and their spatial uses in three, my hope is to dematerialize the street line’s registration as wall, and allow this new language to flow into, around, and even above existing buildings, offering an infrastructure that provides new opportunities to interiorize the exterior and exteriorize the interior and in this way better adapt to a Post-COVID world.

2. Jacobs, Jane, and Jason Epstein. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, NY: Modern Libray, 2011. 3. Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York : a Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. New York :Monacelli Press, 1994. 4. Meredith, Michael, Hilary Sample, Katy Barkan, and Et. al. “Housing, No. 1, Thoughts on a Walking City.” MOS, 2011. https://www.mos.nyc/project/thoughts-walking-city.

5. Banham, Reyner, and Joe Day. “After Ecologies.” Foreword. In Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies, xv-xxxi Berkeley, CA: University of California, 2009.

MOVEMENT

PROVOCATIONS

MOVEMENT In my 2GA studio with Peter Trummer, he asked students to select a language of primitive forms, a circulation system, and an urban plan from which to work on our proposed office space. This formula of polyhedrons from the lost canon of Herzog and De Meuron’s Vitrahaus, connected by unfolded Villa Savoye Ramps, whose location was determined by a scaled down Greenwich Village had me asking a series of questions. This quickly devolved into a staggered set of floor plates defined by the volumes that were then connected to each other by ramps. This interconnected excess of circulation had also, to my surprise taken a completely nodal form and concept.

3 1. 2. 3. 4.

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

OBSOLETE CATEGORIZATIONS... URBAN SUBURBAN NODAL

Foyer 1

FRACTAL

CONNECTING

BRANCHING

VOLUMETRIC

PLANAR

CIRCUITIOUS

DISCRETE

DENSE

SPREAD

DIVERSE

SIMILAR

Restrooms

Multipurpose Area

Lamproom

Hall

Hotshop 2

Coats Courtyard Courtyard Food Holding Hotshop 1

Primary Exhibition 2

Art Holding

Cafe Foyer 1

Foyer 2 Foyer 1 Collection Exhibition 1

Primary Exhibition 3

Primary Exhibition 1

Courtyard Collection Exhibition 2

...NEW ONES?

Rest

"One can live in a plan, but one cannot experience it."

-Peter Trummer

NODALITY IN PLAN This notion of nodality returned in a subsequent class with Trummer when we discussed plan as diagram. A dissection of the Toledo Glass Museum (3) and conversion into a programmatic bubble diagram (4)revealed a nodal circulation idea here too. CITY AS NODAL DIAGRAM Examining Guy Debord’s The Naked City (5) and reading some Situationist work the idea of nodes proliferated how the Situationist’s perceived their world and mapped it. The arrows here denote the routes for which taxis should be taken to these nodes, where one would presumably pay for the cab and then join the walking practice of the ‘derive.’

EXTRUDED PLAN: CITY AS SUBURB A necessary next inquiry focused on whether any of these nodal systems have been carried into a third dimension. An examination of Delirious New York (6), OMA's Jussieu Library (7), and the chapter Typical Plan from the book S,M,L,XL by Rem Koolhaus revealed that in fact in their very nature skyscrapers constitute a branching system of movement; vertical suburbs in the sky. 7

5. Programmatic Bubble Diagram | Drawing | HT Plan at SCI-Arc | Student: Charles Allen | Instructor: Peter Trummer 6. Debord, Guy. 1957. The Naked City. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/AWSS35953_35953_34644341. 7. Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York : a Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. New York :Monacelli Press, 1994. 8. Koolhaas, Rem D.. 1992. Two Libraries for Jussieu University. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/ AWSS35953_35953_29396295.

PERSPECTIVE BAIRBALLIET'S: NO MORE ROOM BairBalliet’s No More Room juxtaposes a virtual projection of a room on a “blue screen” with a built room core sample. This in turn allow for a layering and spatialization of the room that reaches beyond its borders, while engaging with any who enter.

PROVOCATIONS

IMAN FAYYAD'S THESIS: PHANTOM SPACE Similarly, Iman Fayyad’s thesis at the GSD Phantom Space is designed around and privileges a few views that between which she animates views. Here a grid is employed to aid the registration as the eye attempts to determine what is double curved, and what is planar. 2

ANDREW CHITTENDEN'S THESIS: THAT'S ONE WAY TO LOOK AT IT Andrew Chittenden’s SCI-Arc Thesis That’s One Way to Look at It stresses a parametric approach to perspective registration as well as a reprojection of these elements in the form of a new architectural form. FREELAND-BUCK: VIEWS FROM THE FIELD Freeland-Buck’s SCI-Arc exhibition Views From The Field also builds a sires of complicated polyhedrons and projects images across them and onto the walls behind them. The introduction of materiality and dimension to these images appears to have produced a felling of immersion in the image. ARCHITECTURE OF PERSPECTIVE Could the sudden flood of perspective-oriented projects be a late resurgence of the Modernism-Post-Modernism dialectic brought about by the recent arrival or accessible technological tools? While Rhino has existed for the better part of two decades, grasshopper, and the ability to render these juxtapositions seamlessly are far more recent. Further, could producing a view from the perspective of a particular user group suggest a means by which we can now better understand that user group? Is this the fulfillment of John May’s proclamation in Signal. Image. Architecture. that we are already becoming digital?

1. 2. 3. 4.

"Only now in the electric light of lives lived out after the end of orthography are we finally becoming digital."

-John May Signal. Image. Architecture.

Bair, Kelly, and Kristy Balliet. “No More Room,” 2021. Fayyad, Iman. “Phantom Space.” Log, no. 43 (2018): 139–52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26588491. Fayyad, Iman. “Phantom Space.” Log, no. 43 (2018): 139–52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26588491. Freeland, David, and Brennan Buck. “Views From the Field,” 2021.

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

ROOMIFICATION OF SIDEWALK This Diagram of the New York City Department of City Planning manual Active Design: Shaping the Sidewalk Experience reveals a fascinating shift in how we see sidewalks, and more importantly, how the discipline of urban design is willing to adopt this perspective dependent abstraction of sidewalk space as room. Outdoor streets are substituted for an interiorized arcadia. 5

MORE OF THE SAME The hyper-acquiescence to the pedestrian has been internalized and catered to, but it is still done through this lens of perspective. Ignoring the classic fulfillment of Mike Davis’ City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles, and the subtle changes in time of day, crowd, and color between before and after images, these ideas are still elucidated through perspective, from the vantage point of a pedestrian.

THE RE-EXAMINING OF THE URBAN-SUBURBAN DIALECTIC THROUGH PERSPECTIVE Does Contemporary Urban Design have any better grip on improving the city than the Modern architects did in a little less than a century ago? What if the internalization of books like Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs carry the vital task of preserving good things to far, inevitably devolving into Neighborhood exclusionary practices and NIMBYism. The late Michael Sorkin in his aptly named The End(s) of Urban Design concluded (despite the fact that he described many recent urban design projects as essentially "Starbucks Urbanism") that urban design had a future as long as it sought an inclusive urbanism that continuously explored urbanisms full range of possibilities. Is this the urban design we see being promulgated a decade later?

5. Active Design: Shaping the Sidewalk Experience. New York: City of New York, 2013. 6. Active Design: Shaping the Sidewalk Experience. New York: City of New York, 2013. 7. unknown. “Reimagining Ventura Greening the Boulevard.” Arcgis storymaps. Esri, August 18, 2021. https://storymaps. arcgis.com/stories/0ed8905783cf4f00a13d06d60f1ef2f4.

SYSTEMS

PROVOCATIONS RESIDENTIAL 100,000-250,000 Population

INFRASTRUCTURE MOBILITY

Promoting mass transit micro-mobility to reduce Carbon footprint by 4.6 metric ton per person/year

Stormwater Average Discharge: LA River: 163,624acre-feet annually San Gabriel River: 137,560acre-feet annually

Stormwater

Wastewater •Reduced runoff: reduces approximately 25% of total rain runoff

Wastewater

•Passes 5-10 inches of rain per hour

Domestic Wastewater Flow Irwindale (proposed)

Acre ft/year 7,392.95

Average Discharge:

San Gabriel Valley

18,482.37

LA River: 163,624acre-feet annually San Gabriel River: 137,560acre-feet annually

COMBINATORY GF

Baldwin park Asuza West Covina Duarte Arcadia Monrovia El Monte

Bioswale Surface •Reduced runoff: reduces approximately 25% of total rain runoff •Passes 5-10 inches of rain per hour

The urbanism takes on a very horizontal formal posture. Wide open spaces for the cadastral gaze. Land use and attitude is very different here though. Democratically friendly toward nature and to large sweeping public landscapes upon which people are free to situate themselves both in and outside of the moments of densification. Flexibility in the housing floorplan and design is to allow this space to evolve with its population and offering new opportunities for function and purpose for these formally expressive programs being proposed.

Flood event

17 major aggregate mining pits with the covering roughly 85 acres with depth of up to 400 ft to be converted into water retention and wastewater treatment for Irwindale and surrounding communities.

100 yr

% chances of flooding per yr 1%

500 yr

Irwindale No. 1 Pit is a former aggregate mine in the City. Irwindale currently owns the rights to 37 acres of the quarries

% chances of flooding flooding over 30yr 26%

.02%

BIOSWALES

High

600 Water Reclamation

Effluent Treatment Wetland Detention Basin

Groundwater Table & Aquifer

Water Storage / Scale

Ocean Disposal

400 Flow (cfs)

Reduced runoff: reduces approximately 25% of total rain runoff

200

Forebay (Reservoir)

Wastewater Treatmen

Flood Basin

Passes 5-10 inches of rain per hour Aquifer Injection Well

Flood Plain or Wetland

Levee

Recharge Basin

Water Reservoir

5 Mile

Low

1 Mile

1980 storm: 74,400 cfs

Pits & Aquifer

COMBINATORY SYSTEM

1938 flood: 79,000 cfs (max of 99,000)

Densification of Commercial Public Facilities with Surf Park focal points to allow for rest of Irwindale to go into Reforestation/Afforestation

2,016.26 1,058.54 2,800.36 378.05 1,971.45 665.37 3,080.40

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Swale & Bio Swale

2030 Aquifer

Levee

Bio Swale

Effluent Integrated Wetland

Wetlands

Settlement Basin

Basins

IRWINDALE 63 acre proto-city for rest of San Gabriel River adjacent cities to adopt the 0% to Ocean Initiatve

Reservoirs

Wastewater Treatment P

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

GRID SYSTEM Ultimately, the project proposes a counter-thesis to the original binary wrestled with between grid as organizer and grid as symbolic manifestation, or registration, of form. It’s an attempt to establish enough order to register the disorder. It is building as grid, wearing grid, and supported by grid, that reveals that when the grid is eroded of just a little of it’s orthogonality, new potentialities for movement, form, and collaboration emerge. Its the simultaneously utopian and distopian assertion of the grid walker that whispers, “we will meet again.”

ARCHITECTURE IS THINKING WAY TOO SMALL

POSITION

ARCHITECTURE IS THINKING WAY TOO SMALL

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

"American design culture has been split since the mid-1990s between the continued development of the collage-based approaches that Rowe and Banham's generation pioneered, and the rise of the strictly digital methods, driven by three-dimensional modeling and animation software. Recombinant designers crop and reassemble parts, fragments, or overlays to generate design solutions, whether at the scale of the drawing, the building, or the urban plan. Recursive designers build up complexity through the modulation of "primitive," self-similar parts through techniques of cyclical iteration. At its extremes, this opposition pits compositional artistry against computational rigor in contmporary vanguard architecture." -Joe Day in his new foreward titled After Ecologies for the 2009 reprinting of Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies by reyner Banham1

1. Banham, Reyner, and Joe Day. “After Ecologies.” Foreword. In Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies, xv-xxxi. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 2009.

THREE ROLES OF STREET

POSITION

1961 - DEATH AND LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES -

1978 - DELIRIOUS NEW YORK: A RETROACTIVE MANI-

JANE JACOBS

FESTO FOR MANHATTAN - REM KOOLHAUS

This book repositions the street as a measure of the quality of the city, and suggests that beyond its role as a connector and unifier, it is ultimately a place to be in itself. This measure of urban success by the quality of street activity was an attack on architectural work that involved urban scale interventions where streets and corridor became harder to define.

Koolhaus' manifesto and subsequent work at OMA explore the internalization of street into the building itself. Here the transplanting and rescaling of streets into buildings suppose that by replicating the formal typologies of streets in large buildings, that urban activity will be reproduced inside.

Streets => Building

Street in Building

1. Gopnik, Adam, Nicholas Lemann, and Antonya Nelson. “Jane Jacobs's Street Smarts.” The New Yorker. The New Yorker, September 19, 2016. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/26/jane-jacobs-street-smarts. 2. Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York : a Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. New York :Monacelli Press, 1994. 3. Koolhaas, Rem D.. 1992. Two Libraries for Jussieu University. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/ AWSS35953_35953_29396295.

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

2011- HOUSING NO. 1 - THOUGHTS ON A WALKING CITY - MOS This project speculates that streets may not even be necessary in dense nodes that are purely navigated by walking, and in fact one might be able to place the building in the street.

Building in Street

4. Meredith, Michael, Hilary Sample, Katy Barkan, and Et. al. “Housing, No. 1, Thoughts on a Walking City.” MOS, 2011. https://www.mos.nyc/project/thoughts-walking-city.

IN-STREET DINING DURING COVID-19

PROVOCATION

"A new design genre was born last month..." -Pete Wells in an article titled, Outdoor Dining Offers Fresh Air and Fantasy to a City that Needs Both.2

1. Karsten Moran for The New York Times,Wells, Pete, and Karsten Moran. “Outdoor Dining Offers Fresh Air and Fantasy to a City That Needs Both.” The New York Times. The New York Times, July 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/ dining/outdoor-dining-design-nyc-coronavirus.html. 2. Wells, Pete, and Karsten Moran. “Outdoor Dining Offers Fresh Air and Fantasy to a City That Needs Both.” The New York Times. The New York Times, July 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/dining/outdoor-dining-design-nyccoronavirus.html.

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

Other cities rapidly implemented urban outdoor dining permits as well. Los Angeles Implemented L.A. Al Fresco, which offered permits to lane and street closures just four months after COVID-19's March arrival in the US.4

3. Karsten Moran for The New York Times,Wells, Pete, and Karsten Moran. “Outdoor Dining Offers Fresh Air and Fantasy to a City That Needs Both.” The New York Times. The New York Times, July 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/ dining/outdoor-dining-design-nyc-coronavirus.html. 4. “L.A. Al Fresco.” City of Los Angeles seal. Accessed April 3, 2022. https://coronavirus.lacity.org/laalfresco.

THE FUTURE

PROVOCATION

THE PROLIFERATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

THE MASS ADOPTION OF DRIVERLESS VEHICLES

• •

The elimination of the primary polluter on street Significant noise reduction

Reduce the need for street parking. Reduce required street viewshed

1. Iea. “Electric Vehicles – Analysis.” IEA, November 1, 2021. https://www.iea.org/reports/electric-vehicles. 2. Marshall, Aarian. “As Waymo v. Uber Ends, Robocars Enter the Era of Reality.” Wired. Conde Nast, February 9, 2018. https://www.wired.com/story/uber-waymo-trial-settlement-self-driving-cars/.

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

??? 3

TRANSFERABLE DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS

POST-COVID NEW YORK CITY

•

• •

How concerned are we really about light if we are able to transfer our air rights to the highest bidder? A matter of quantity or quality of sunlight? Would you take a reduction of sunlight for an equivalent reduction of light pollution at night?

•

Could the city sell some of it's street air rights as the necessity of certain streets in maintaining general welfare and safety wane? Could implementing a new street infrastructure maginfiy the amount of public space the city could offer the public?

3. “Transferable Development Rights.” Transferable Development Rights - DCP, 2015. https://www1.nyc.gov/ site/planning/plans/transferable-development-rights/transferable-development-rights.page.

RECOMBINANT DESIGN APPROACH

POSITION

TAKE A WALK.

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

A MISCONCEPTION ABOUT NODAL SYSTEMS It is tempting to believe that Nodal Systems are primarily about the nodes. Just think about Aldo Rossi's focus on urban artifiacts. Or consider Reyner Banham moving about by car and realizing that in a place like Los Angeles, with no places, that ecologies, or vast, almost bombastic generalizations must be made about huge swaths of land on which he'd never set foot. Finally, return to Guy Debord's The Naked City where the nodes are collaged portions of the city, the whole act of 'derive' is relegated to a place at which you've arrived. Let's invert Architecture's canonized notion of place and focus on the journey, the walk. NEW YORK CITY SIDEWALK GUIDANCE IS BORING

The idea of moving through pedestrian ways is charged with all sorts of grids and coded geometry to aid pedestrians in their taking in of their surroundings. Why so rational? Why not take liberties with the building side of the sidewalk and allow for moments similar to those described by Colin Rowe, that expand and compress pedestrians notion of travel through time and space by offering spatial and formal alternatives?

"I want to invert Architecture's notion of place and substitute this with an emphasis on the journey, movement, the walk."

...pardon the cliche...

"But, on the flank, the typical bay becomes compressed and flatnessbecomes corrugation. In other words, the typical bay can expand or contract; and so we have expansion-contraction, the grid, or lattice, behaves like an accordion or concertina."

-Grid/Frame/Lattice/Web:Giulio Romano's Palazzo Maccarani and the Sixteenth Century by Colin Rowe

POSSIBLE ROUTES AND THE GAMIFICATION OF TRAVEL As we examine grids and streetscapes, we must be attuned to the possibility that urban travel might have to be gamified. Just presenting the Manhattanite with hundreds of equidistant routes might still be boring, or allowed to turn mundane. The route itself may even be randomized daily, spawning the need for a layering of route curation with numerous points of overlaps. Are we flaneurs, members of the derive, or something new? PERSPECTIVE OR ORTHOGONAL? Is there an implied formal language that determines whether city visionaries employ a perspective view down the street or an orthogonal one?

1. Active Design: Shaping the Sidewalk Experience. New York: City of New York, 2013.

2. Actual Paris Street; Plan; Henard. Shane, Grahame. “The Street in the Twentieth Century.” Cornell Journal of Architecture 2, no. 2 (January 5, 1982): 20–41. 3. View of Project for Stepped Back Terrace Street; Paris; Sauvage. Shane, Grahame. “The Street in the Twentieth Century.” Cornell Journal of Architecture 2, no. 2 (January 5, 1982): 20–41.

SELECTING A STREET

CODES • • •

Help decide whether a street is fully adopted or just partially adopted. Avoid areas where codes are more restictive Determine the extent to which the project can utilize the street and prioritize which places are best to apply for permits beyond code.

PROJECT

To begin I propose an algorithmic approach to find streets that might be advantageous to convert to pedestrian travel only. This would involve exploring the retail and discretionary spending as well as being aware of the parts of New York City with more stringent codes. The Pedestrian only stretch might only extend a few blocks, while blinders may extend numerous blocks beyond in a lighter capacity. This algorithmic information will then inform the parameterization of the buiding blinders themselves, so that the size, shape, and type of intervention fuels the existing populus in being themselves. The project is an enabler of its urban inhabitants.

ECONOMIC • • • •

Mixed-Use typical Manhattan stack Retail and restaurant mix at street level Diversity of building heights Conistent per building frontage

TRAFFIC CONSIDERATIONS • • •

High pedestrian traffic Low vehicular traffic Would you take a reduction of sunlight for an equivalent reduction of light pollution at night?

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

1. A Potential Site Plan | Drawing | Thesis Research | Student: Charles Allen | Instructor: Devyn Weiser

DESIGN APPROACH

POSITION

BUILDING BLINDERS Here is a conception suggesting some of the ways that we might build building blinders can support a broader public use of the street. The language can be as small as street furniture and at times will be large enough to act as infrastructure allowing outdoor spaces to be constructed across the street line with a speculation into the possibility that the city might want to offer up their air rights for the public use at times. This would further enable vertical parks, above-street-entries, and the roomification of all these interventions lead to a less binary conception of public and private space in the street and make an urban place of what can often default into just a throughway.

1. Interation Perspective from Above | Render | Thesis Research | Student: Charles Allen | Instructor: Devyn Weiser

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

TEST

PROJECT

CHARLES ALLEN

TUNNEL VISION

REFERENCES 1919; released 1920. Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. film still. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822001121431. Allen, Stanley, and G. B. Piranesi. “Piranesi’s ‘Campo Marzio’: An Experimental Design.” Assemblage, no. 10 (1989): 71–109. https://doi. org/10.2307/3171144. Bair, Kelly, and Kristy Balliet. “No More Room,” 2021. Banham, Reyner. Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009. Banham, Reyner, and Joe Day. “After Ecologies.” Foreword. In Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies, xv-xxxi. Berkeley, CA: University of California, 2009. Boullée, Étienne-Louis, Architect. Newton's Cenotaph. Paris Île-De-France France, 1784. [Place of Publication Not Identified: Publisher Not Identified] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2021669836/. BOURNEUF, ANNIE. “‘Radically <em>Uncolorful</Em> Painting’: Walter Benjamin and the Problem of Cubism.” Grey Room, no. 39 (2010): 74–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27809427. Chittenden, Andrew. “That's One Way to Look at It,” 2019. Davis, Mike. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Verso, 2018. Debord, Guy. 1957. The Naked City. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/AWSS35953_35953_34644341. Fayyad, Iman. “Phantom Space.” Log, no. 43 (2018): 139–52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26588491. Freeland, David, and Brennan Buck. “Views From the Field,” 2021. Giedion, Sigfried. Space, Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition. Fifth Editioned. Revised and Enlarged. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1974. Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and Italian. The Round Tower. Images, n.d. https://jstor.org/stable/community.14803391. Giovanni Battista Piranesi. mid-1750s. Architectural Fantasy: Interior of a Basilica. drawing. Place: Ashmolean Museum, http://www.ashmolean.org/. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/AGERNSHEIMIG_10313151681. Gopnik, Adam, Nicholas Lemann, and Antonya Nelson. “Jane Jacobs's Street Smarts.” The New Yorker. The New Yorker, September 19, 2016. https:// www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/26/jane-jacobs-street-smarts. Huyssen, Andreas. “Nostalgia for Ruins.” Grey Room, no. 23 (2006): 6–21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20442718. Iea. “Electric Vehicles – Analysis.” IEA, November 1, 2021. https://www.iea.org/reports/electric-vehicles. Jacobs, Jane, and Jason Epstein. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, NY: Modern Libray, 2011. Koolhaas, Rem D.. 1992. Two Libraries for Jussieu University. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/AWSS35953_35953_29396295. Koolhaas, Rem. “Junkspace.” October 100 (2002): 175–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/779098. Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York : a Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. New York :Monacelli Press, 1994. “L.A. Al Fresco.” City of Los Angeles seal. Accessed April 3, 2022. https://coronavirus.lacity.org/laalfresco. Marchesano, Louis. “Invenzioni Capric Di Carceri: The Prisons of Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720-1778).” Getty Research Journal, no. 2 (2010):

REFERENCES 151–60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23005415. May, John. Signal. Image. Architecture.: (Everything Is Already an Image). New York, NY: Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2019. Meredith, Michael, Hilary Sample, Katy Barkan, and Et. al. “Housing, No. 1, Thoughts on a Walking City.” MOS, 2011. https://www.mos.nyc/project/ thoughts-walking-city. Nedelea, Andrei. “Waymo Demonstrates Autonomous Driving Tech in San Francisco.” InsideEVs. InsideEVs, April 2, 2022. https://insideevs.com/ news/577493/waymo-driverless-autonomous-san-francisco/. New York MTA, (client), Massimo Vignelli, (graphic designer), Vignelli Associates, (donor). 1970. New York subway map, 1970. cartograms, grids (layout features), keys (texts), maps. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/ACOOPER_10310348443. Pei, I.M.. 1966-1967. University Village, Silver Towers. https://library-artstor-org.sciarc.idm.oclc.org/asset/AWSS35953_35953_34624864. RIEDEL, MIJA, and Massimo Vignelli. “An Interview with Massimo Vignelli (1931-2014).” Archives of American Art Journal 53, no. 1/2 (2014): 78–115. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43155544. Rossi, Aldo. The Architecture of the City. New York, NY: OPPOSITIONS BOOKS, 1984. Shane, Grahame. “The Street in the Twentieth Century.” Cornell Journal of Architecture 2, no. 2 (January 5, 1982): 20–41. Sorkin, Michael. “‘The End(s) of Urban Design.’” The Urban Design Reader, 2013, 638–54. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203094235-66. unknown. “Reimagining Ventura Greening the Boulevard.” Arcgis storymaps. Esri, August 18, 2021. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0ed 8905783cf4f00a13d06d60f1ef2f4. Wells, Pete, and Karsten Moran. “Outdoor Dining Offers Fresh Air and Fantasy to a City That Needs Both.” The New York Times. The New York Times, July 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/dining/outdoor-dining-design-nyc-coronavirus.html. FIND BETTER SOURCE: https://www.archdaily.com/544946/ad-classics-cenotaph-for-newton-etienne-louis-boullee/53a2643bc07a8079c500022f-ad-classics-cenotaph-fornewton-etienne-louis-boullee-section-during-the-day-with-interior-night-effect

END OF PRESENTATION

END OF THE TUNNEL