SCIENCESTARS Issue 17 | 2017
SCIENCE FORUM
Earth Fun Facts
70% 7 billion people on Earth
4.5 10 000km
of Earth’s surface is covered in water, with the rest being land mass.
billion years old
into space is how far the Earth’s atmosphere reaches up.
97% 3%
of the water is salt water/ocean is freshwater.
The Earth itself has 3 layers - the Crust, the Mantle and the Core.
C
84% of the Earth’s volume is the Mantle, with it being 2970km thick.
17 milliseconds is how long the Earth’s rotation is gradually slowing down for, every 100 years.
23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds is how long it takes for the Earth to fully rotate, not 24 hours.
365 365 and a quater days is how long the Earth takes to orbit the sun.
100 1/3 of the Earth’s surface is desert, either partially or fully.
times per second the Earth is struck by lightning - that is 8.6 million times a day.
CONTENTS CONTENTS
FEATURES
1 2 2 2 2 3 2 3
6
Reaching for the stars
3
Meet the google of incubators
6
Coding in South Africa
7
Preparing you for university
8
Polymer science postgrad shines
0
The process of desalination
7
Traces of large dinosaur in Western Lesotho
8
Natural disasters in South Africa
REGULARS
5 6 8 3 3 3 3 3
Foreword
Editor’s note
Cover story
2
Events
3 Bursaries
4
Quiz
5
Puzzles
6
ANSWERS
FOREWORD
the
FOREWORD
in our soil. How then do we continue this legacy and employ the potential of all citizens, particularly the youth? The Department of Science & Technology (DST) will host the 3rd Science Forum South Africa (#SFSA2017) at the CSIR Convention Centre in Pretoria. The purpose of the science forum is to showcase African science as world-leading, relevant and accessible to a broad public. This year’s theme highlights the science-public interface by rallying to Ignite Conversations about Science and create open spaces to grow public science conversations about the role of science on the continent. The program features a series of engagements by celebrated thought leaders from across the globe, in an interactive format encouraging debate. A special feature of this event is the FameLab – promoting science communication to a non-scientific audience. The Science Forum is an important feature on the Pan-African landscape – not only for providing a platform to promote research and collaboration but also to remind us that science belongs to all and we each have a contribution to make. We carry a responsibility to make our work accessible and the obligation to ensure that research benefits those most in need – within a sustainable ecosystem for the advancement of humankind. In a world grappling with “fake news”, promoting open-science remains an asset in combatting the negative impacts of pseudoscience. Finding solutions to climate change, drought, food insecurity and disease are the responsibility of all humanity – irrespective of
Empowering a generation through igniting conversations
the scale or scope of the solution.
With the advent of the 4th industrial revolution, the world is
For me, this is the amazing part of science: stumbling upon the
increasingly reliant on science and technology solutions. Despite
right questions, the right partners, and exploring solutions through
this, global trends indicate that public understanding of science
the promotion of curiosity.
remains low. The human-technology interface is only recently being understood and it is our shared responsibility to ensure that
The Science Forum 2017 aims to develop a population that’s curi-
the benefits of STEM investment accrue to the general public,
ous about the world we live in, create the questions we need to
cementing the contribution of science to society.
answer when building solutions that stimulates a change in thinking, and empower the next generation to change the world.
South Africa’s large youth population represents a societal asset to harness and accelerate social, economic and political development.
But all this starts with a simple conversation. So, friends, let’s start
Historically, domestic scholars have revolutionised global science
a conversation.
– with advances such as the CAT scan, heart transplants, fuel-from-
Dr Saahier Parker Chief Researcher at the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)
coal technology and prepaid telephone services all have their roots
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5
ED’S NOTE
team Science Stars
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR
Editor • Nadine Sims
Embracing Science
As we draw the curtains on 2017, we dedicate this issue of Science Stars to one of the biggest science events held in South Africa, Science Forum. The event, which took place on the 7-8 December, was held in Pretoria and brought together 2000 participants. Different industry role players, including students, scientists and various government departments were all present, allowing for an open discussion about science in South Africa. Read more about that on page 8. Currently in its third year, the event is a great platform for engaging and debating the role of science, technology and innovation in our society. Opening up discussions about science is also our mandate at Science Stars. We are aware that STEM can be intimidating and this may be why many students don’t consider venturing into those career fields. That is exactly why we are here, to promote the study and make science accessible to all.
Graphic designers • Cinzia-Joey Swartz Contributing writers • Moeketsi Tigeli • Nicole Ludolph • Bongeka Mnotoza • Veronica Mohapeloa • Wilda Fourie-Basson Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Sales & Marketing Rep • Ntombizanele Thangayi Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright 2017 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission. Science Stars is published by Roswika Media.
Many of you may be starting university for the first time next year, and your anxiety levels may be high in anticipation. We have put together an informative article about how to prepare for university and what you can expect in your first year, on page 27. I hope you enjoy this final edition of Science Stars for 2017. And I hope that this year, we have inspired you to not look at science as something intimidating and difficult to understand, but rather, to embrace it. Happy holidays, and stay safe!
Nadine Sims Editor
10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za
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COVER STORY
Science Forum
South Africa
Africa must participate in the Fourth Industrial Revolution By: Taslima Viljoen
T
he next industrial revolution must be inclusive and the
He said, it provides a platform to sharpen public debate on
science community must ensure that young people are
the role of science in the lives of people and how, through
empowered to participate, said Deputy President Cyril
cooperation and partnerships, we can collectively advance the
Ramaphosa.
practice of science.
The Deputy President addressed thousands of people who packed the CSIR for the first day of the Science Forum South
“By breaking down barriers and challenging hierarchies in
Africa (SFSA). The Deputy President joined Department of
the science community, it has come to represent collegiality,
Science and Technology Naledi Pandor for the opening cer-
collaboration and inclusivity among participants and contribu-
emony in Pretoria on the 7 December.
tors,” said Ramaphosa.
The Deputy President said the SFSA is working to advance
He added that, “SFSA must rekindle hope in a world of unend-
Pan-African cooperation in science and technology to advance
ing possibilities, a world where imagination, innovation and
regional integration, peace, social cohesion, inclusive develop-
scientific discovery allows us to dream of a better, more
ment and global partnerships.
secure and equitable future.”
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COVER STORY
He said, a community of young people that believe there is a
we need to take action to enable young people to participate.
future for science in South Africa and on the continent, must
“In a rapidly changing global economy, our continent must
be developed.
invest in the development of young scientists to reap the economic and social benefits of the fourth industrial revolution.
“We must ensure that the youth see themselves as agents of
The next industrial revolution must be inclusive,” he said.
development, working to redesign the urban environment,
“It is up to us to ensure that Africans are not treated only as
expanding transport networks and building new, more sus-
consumers of technology, but also as developers and manag-
tainable human settlements.”
ers of innovation.”
The Deputy President called on the science community to
The Deputy President stressed the need to make science work
partner with young entrepreneurs to support the develop-
for the benefit of society. He said that in a world challenged
ment and sustainability of innovative businesses.
by dwindling resources and rising inequality between individuals and among nations, the scientific enterprise cannot be
He said, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is here with us and
indifferent to the needs of humanity.
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9
COVER STORY
“The many challenges we face – from
tionally, and that groundbreaking research
agenda and South Africa is committed to
pandemics and food insecurity to poverty
is enabled.
playing its part in contributing to devel-
and climate change – require a concerted
oping Africa’s capacities for science and
response from the global science
Third, to showcase African science and
technology. “I’m confident that our Forum
community.”
technology to the world. Too little is
will help to foster a continental consensus
known about the tremendous contributions
on the critical role of science in African
He added that no country or research
African scientists make towards global
society.”
group can work or succeed alone.
science. We have a rich and diverse port-
Resources need to be pooled and expertise
folio of international collaboration but in
Over the next two days several panel dis-
shared.
our fast-changing world, we need to work
cussions will be held on a variety of sci-
with even more energy to profile African
ence, technology and innovation topics, as
In her address, Minister Pandor said that
countries as reliable partners of choice for
well as interesting science talks. Science
South Africa has tried to put in place the
global scientific cooperation.
councils, embassies and several other
best science and technology policies. “We
organisations are also exhibiting locally
focus on promoting specific areas for
Minister Pandor, said science is an integral
developed technologies.
R&D - astronomy, energy, bio economy - in
part of Africa’s growth and development
For more information visit www.sfsa.co.za
which we are becoming world leaders. We invest in knowledge-based activities that are driven by the quality of the scientists we train, the quality of our research and development infrastructure, and the enablers we have put in place to turn scientific research into technology.’’ With the African Union Commissioner for Human Resources, Science and Technology and the CEO of the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, as well as Ministers from Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Jamaica, Namibia, Uganda and Swaziland, in attendance. The Minister said that the Science Forum South Africa is already regarded as one of Africa’s premier platforms for public debate on science. She outlined the objectives of SFSA as follows: First, to put science at the service of African society. It is through science that many of the challenges faced by our communities can be addressed. Second, to promote international collaboration. It is through collaboration that ties are strengthened, that science not only becomes stronger in Africa, but interna10
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
SMALL THINGS AMUSE
GREAT MINDS
“If I want to be a successful leader, I need to lead by example.” PRof SUPRAkAS SINHA RAy As chief researcher in the field of polymer nanocomposites at the National Centre for Nano-structured Materials at the CSIR, Suprakas is not only a thought-leader but also a brilliant team manager. Suprakas deals with molecules thousands of times smaller than the width of a human hair, fiddling with their structure to make them stronger, lighter and even more fire-resistant. Rated one of the top 100 chemists in the world, Suprakas is a great asset to the CSIR and industry in South Africa.
BRIGHT yoUNG SCIENTISTS BEHIND ideas that work. www.csirideasthatwork.co.za
PROFILE
Changing the perception of Science
I
n 1999, a teacher introduced the world of Astronomy and space-travelling to his youthful grade 8 class in rural
KwaNongoma in KwaZulu-Natal. Little did he know that, among his humble crop of pupils, he sparked a Science flame in the then-12-year-old Sinamile Masango. Fast-forward to 2017, Masango is now a 30-year-old scientist and is complet-
ing her Masters in Nuclear Physics at the University of the Western Cape (UWC). She reflects on her decision to study and says, “I remembered that my father taught us that education is always the bigger plan.” Having started university at 16, Masango didn’t have it all planned out and recalls what it meant to her at that tender age, “To me, university was more freedom.” With great freedom, comes great responsibility, and Masango subsequently says going to university for her, as early as she did was not the best option, admitting that she was too young. She also urges prospective young students to consider taking a gap year to reevaluate their plan. Masango returned to varsity and com-
SENAMILE MASANGO’S
WISE WORDS
pleted her undergraduate studies, began working as a trainee engineer at a con-
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By: Moeketsi Tigeli
PROFILE
sulting firm in KwaZulu-Natal, and worked
in Science and Engineering Africa (WISE
“It’s all in the mind. Politicians, teach-
her way to the junior project manager
Africa) to groom women interested in
ers and parents must change this (fear
position in the space of just five years.
Science, and to counter the shortage
of failure) mindset and plant the seed
of women in the fields of Science and
of Science in our children,” she says.
Upon beginning her studies at UWC, she
Engineering. She explains, “As a woman,
Speaking about the inferiority complex
met her supervisor Professor Nico Orce,
you are told you can’t do this or that, and
towards Science education, she says, “As
who had successfully submitted an experi-
women have reduced themselves to fit
South Africans, we can break those barri-
ment proposal to the coveted European
these descriptions.”
ers, and we can do whatever they can do.”
Alluding our shortcomings in Science edu-
Through her organisation and experience,
Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland.
cation at schools, she says, “For me, I still
Masango wishes to change the mental-
As part of the team (and the only female
have to fill in the gaps by going back to
ity around Science conversations. She
involved), Masango later became the first
the foundation and the way Science was
strongly believes a change in approach is
black African woman to lead and conduct
introduced to me. As South Africans, we are
needed. “Just explaining physics to kids
research at the centre – a feat that result-
afraid of learning and failing Science, and
doesn’t help; you need to motivate their
ed in her being honoured by President
it’s clear in the way we speak about it.”
minds into believing: ‘Oh! I can do this!’”
Jacob Zuma. Speaking about her time in Switzerland, Masango says, “It was so motivating to be at CERN. The environment and the culture at CERN is inspiring… people are so principled and focused.” Comparing the experience to her work back home, “Again, as a scientist, I realised that their level and ours is completely different” she said. Masango’s time at CERN gave her reason to reflect on her journey, “I was so happy that even a black child that is coming from a disadvantaged area in terms of institutions, you can make it one of the best facilities in the whole world! CERN is every scientist’s dream and you’ll find the answers to every question you’ve ever asked there.” In efforts to give back to her community, Masango founded an NGO called Women
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
13
DST
ICT BOOST NEEDED IN SCHOOLS ACROSS SOUTH AFRICA Improving education through technology
T
he private sector needs to part-
progress, and gaps in key sectors of the
Chief Economist and council member,
ner with government in providing
economy, such as education, mining and
Dr Azar Jammine, said that South Africa
digital technologies to schools in
manufacturing.
should seize the opportunities and ben-
a bid improve the standard of education countrywide.
efits of digitisation and the fourth indusAccording to the STI report, the percentage
trial revolution.
of matric learners who passed mathematThis is according to Jamie Martin, founder
ics and physical science with at least 50%
With the report, showing that the number
and CEO of Injini, EdTech Incubator, an
remains low. The proportion of matric
of internet users per 100 people increas-
organisation aimed at empowering teach-
female learners passing mathematics and
ing, Dr Jammine said digital technology
ers, entrepreneurs and individual citizens
physics with at least 60% has been declin-
could help improve the country’s educa-
to improve education through technology.
ing from 2008 to 2016.
tion system.
and business to collaborate to improve the
Unsurprisingly, the undergraduate percent-
NACI also demonstrated the newly
quality of education.
age SET enrolment has remained stagnant
launched the National STI portal that
between 2005 (29.4%) and 2015 (29.7%).
will serve as a credible central repository
“Education will be the great engine of
Notwithstanding, at the postgraduate
for innovation-related data. The portal
Africa’s future development. It is therefore
level, the proportion of science engineer-
brings relevant STI data and information
important to empower people to improve
ing and technology (SET) enrolment as a
together into a single repository, giving
education through technology in order
percentage of total student enrolments has
stakeholders a central point of access to
to realise the huge potential for richer
increased between 2005 and 2015.
the information in the NSI.
He said it was imperative for government
economies and stronger societies across the continent.” “If we are serious about raising standards, about extending opportunities and particularly serious about doing it for the poor and valuable people who need it the most, we have to take advantage of the spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation that is so rich in the country,” said Martin. Martin was among the stakeholders including academics, business and government, participating in the National Advisory council on Innovation (NACI) provincial roadshow in Cape Town. NACI hosted the workshop following the release of the latest Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators report. Released in Pretoria, it identified areas of
14
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Armscor promotes a culture of learning Armscor is the acquisition agency for the Department of Defence and other organs of state. Driven by our vision to be the premier defence technology and acquisition service provider for the South African Government and our allies on the African continent and beyond, Armscor continues to drive creativity and innovation in both the defence and commercial environments, in collaboration with our strategic partners. Armscor advocates for the growth and empowerment of women, thus to date, the number of women in strategic positions in the organisation has sharply risen, including those in the technical fields such as Engineering and Science. Owing to its commitment to attract and retain the best talent in the organisation, Armscor has a Talent Development Programme (TDP), which is aimed at developing, equipping and empowering interns for opportunities within the defence and aerospace environment.
Science trainee at Armscor: Lucia Mogashoa Born with an inquisitive instinct, Lucia always wanted to analyse and find out about how things are made. She studied BSc Chemistry because she realised that chemistry is the central science and she can easily branch out to other science and engineering fields later. Only when she started working that she has realised that the defence industry was more than the physical protection of the country and its citizens; she has found that the industry is also about helping the country in general where needed. Her passion for science and curiosity is driving her to learn more about robotics and how life is advancing in terms of technology and this is beneficial considering that some jobs are too dangerous to be done by humans. She believes that with passion and excellence it is possible to make chemistry a career. She is an adrenaline junkie in her spare time and her wish is to travel the world.
Follow us on:
To be part of the TDP, students must send their latest CV and transcript to tdp@armscor.co.za
CONTACT US Corporate Communication Private Bag X337, Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 1911 E-mail: Info@armscor.co.za www.armscor.co.za
REACHING FOR THE STARS Placing Africa on the global scientific map
O
By: Nadine Sims
n 18 October, Minister Naledi Pandor and Northern
The importance of this is huge for South Africa – as Minister
Cape Premier, Sylvia Lucas, officially opened the new
Pandor explained: “We now have the capability for researchers
80km road leading from Carnarvon to the core Square
to come from all over the world, to our country, to actually carry
Kilometre Array (SKA) site.
out significant research. So, we are placing Africa on the Global scientific map.
The cutting-of-the-ribbon ceremony was followed by a community imbizo and the Minister and Premier were able to answer
“For the first time, through the MeerKAT, we have over 500
questions and address concerns held by the community. There
research groups from 45 different countries coming to use an
was also a Science exhibition where the children could interact
instrument located in our country,” she said.
and explore the exciting concepts.
What is SKA?
What training takes place? The SKA site also consists of a training facility and centre, where
SKA is situated in the Northern Cape, and once it’s completed, it
young artisans are trained. Most of the artisans come from the
will be the largest radio telescope in the world. The MeerKAT is
local surrounding communities, including Carnarvon and Williston.
expected to be fully integrated by March 2018.
This year will see six students receive an electrical engineering qualification, and next there will be seven graduates.
The telescope is located in the Karoo because of the clear skies and absence of any light pollution, which are all essential to the
“Hosting research infrastructure of this kind, we are going to train
research and exploration of our skies.
new engineers, astrophysicists and IT specialists. We are giving young people a perspective on their future that they would not
Why is it important?
have, had this instrument not have been located in the Northern
It’s not only a South African-based project; there are many other
Cape. They will meet scientists from all over the world and have
African and International countries that we are collaborating
an international sense of science,” says Minister Pandor.
within the development of the MeerKAT.
For more information about the SKA, turn to page 18.
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DST
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17
DST
AFRICAN MEGASCIENCE PROJECT Square Kilometre Array By: Veronica Mohapeloa under construction in the Northern Cape, outside the town of Carnarvon. As part of the SKA project, the DST is constructing the MeerKAT telescope, an array of 64 dishes, scheduled for completion by next March. Engineering and construction on the MeerKAT have been progressing well, with the first set of 16 antennas connected into an array, known as Array Release 1 (AR1), launched in June 2017. In order to build MeerKAT, SKA SA developed the engineering testbed KAT-7 (Karoo Array Telescope) with seven dishes spread over 200 metres producing the first radio images of galaxies in 2012. The Science, Technology and Engineering involved in the building of what will be the world’s most sensitive telescope is so
A
frica’s share of the global megasci-
Scientists expect that the SKA will make
phenomenal that the head of the opera-
ence project, the Square Kilometre
new discoveries unimaginable at present.
tions at the SKA Office based in Cape
Array (SKA) radio telescope, means
that the continent is set to become a
Town, Dr Lindsay Magnus, says the project The SKA will collect and process vast
will be able to give answers to “big astro-
sought-after Science destination. Over the
amounts of data and will stimulate cut-
nomical questions”.
next few decades, many of the world’s top
ting-edge advances in high-performance
scientists and research students will visit
computing. After the International Space
“The MeerKAT project is looking at how
South Africa to carry out cutting-edge
Station and the Large Hadron Collider, the
galaxies have evolved and is testing vari-
work in the field.
SKA is the world’s next great Science proj-
ous theories that will make us see things
ect. It is anticipated that the SKA will help
in a different way,” said Dr Magnus.
Scientists will use the SKA, a project of
answer some of the world’s biggest mys-
the Department of Science and Technology
teries, such as the origins of the universe.
(DST), to try and understand how the
Not only is this project exciting the global scientific community, it is also making a
universe evolved, how stars and galaxies
The megascience project, hosted in Africa
huge impact in the lives of the people
form and change, and to unravel the mys-
and Australia, is set to be completed by
in and around Carnarvon, Williston and
teries of “dark matter” and “dark energy”.
2050. South Africa’s share of the project is
Vanwyksvlei.
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GADGETS
5 BEST
It is argued that technological innovation has reached a ceiling, with companies merely repackaging old products
GADGETS OF 2017 Today’s innovation; tomorrow’s norm By: Moeketsi Tigeli
and selling them off at ridiculous prices. We did, however, manage to find some gems and put together the five best gadgets to come out in 2017.
Microsoft Hololens With a price tag of R50 000 it’s no surprise that the Hololens is the best virtual reality product on the market. Microsoft’s Emma Watch
The platform can impressively display virtual images in the real world, enabling
Kuri, the robot nanny
Microsoft’s Emma Watch
you to interact, create as well as explore.
Microsoft released a groundbreak-
This gadget’s capabilities have earned
ing watch that can stop people with
it the title of world’s first self-contained
Parkinson’s disease from experiencing
holographic computer.
tremors by sending vibrations through the
Kuri, the robot nanny
user’s wrist to help halt the shakes caused
Mayfield Robotics have assembled what
by the neurological disease.
can only be described as an adorable robot for your own personal home use.
The tech giant says the key element lies in the disruptive vibrations that affect the
Microsoft Hololens
Kuri, the robot nanny, is equipped with an
loop of feedback between the brain and
HD camera, Bluetooth connection for your
wrist. It is reported to assist patients with
Polaroid Pop
music playlist, and WiFi to set reminders,
abilities such as precision drawing, which
Polaroid has released a tiny portable cam-
play audiobooks, podcasts and inform you
some patients struggle with.
era that instantly prints out photographs. The handy tool is fun for creating
about the weather. The design is userfriendly with smooth finishes. It doesn’t
‘Iron Man’ suit
hurt that Kuri smiles either.
With six mini jet engines and an exoskel-
mementos on the go.
eton cover, Richard Browning has invented a flying suit that has led to him being dubbed ‘iron man’. Unveiled in Canada, Browning mesmerised TED fellows when he reportedly hovered in the air for about one minute. The suit was built for a project by the British army in efforts to enhance their ‘Iron Man’ suit
defence. Let’s hope they don’t plan on using it on anyone anytime soon.
Polaroid Pop
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DST
IGNITING CONVERSATIONS ABOUT SCIENCE SFSA 2017 ends on High Note By: Veronica Mohapeloa capacities significantly, with close to 200 eminent researchers chairs at universities around the country, significantly increasing and improving research output and providing valuable impetus to advanced researcher training. “There was a strong call at the Forum for governments to invest in science and innovation in Africa and to develop robust national systems of innovation. Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa tasked us to design innovation systems that encourage young people to turn ideas into products and services,” said the Minister.
T
he Minister of Science and
profile of African science and enhance the
Technology Naledi Pandor, believes
continent’s science prowess on the global
In response to the Deputy President’s call,
Africa should host the prestigious
stage.
the DST will strategically leverage South
World Science Forum in 2021 as it will not
Africa’s current leadership of the Southern
only advance science on the continent but
In a bid to boost the training of the next
African Development Community (SADC)
globally as well.
generation of scientists and researchers on
to support the development of national
the continent, the Minister announced the
and regional innovation systems.
Minister Pandor spoke during the closing
establishment of five new research chairs
of the highly successful third installment
at universities around Africa, in commemo-
“As political support and appreciation of
of the Science Forum South Africa, that
ration of the 100th year anniversary of the
science is critical, the DST as a first step
attracted over 2000 researchers, academ-
birth of Oliver Tambo.
in partnering with UNESCO, would also
ics, and scientists mainly from around this continent this year.
facilitate a science and technology policy Discussions were advanced between the
orientation course for parliamentarians,
Department of Science and Technology
early in 2018 – in anticipation of a signifi-
The Minister said the Department of
(DST) and the Oliver Tambo family and
cant rise in the number of parliamentar-
Science and Technology would begin talks
foundation, to create the programme based
ians participating in next year’s Forum,”
with the Hungarian Academy of Science
on the South African Research Chairs
she said.
and other organisers of the World Science
model.
Forum.
The closing ceremony also saw Science
The Minister said the hosting of such an
The Research Chairs Initiative has enriched
Diplomacy Awards conferred on several
international event would further raise the
South Africa’s science and technology
scientists from the African continent.
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TECHNOLOGY
MEET THE GOOGLE
OF INCUBATORS Propella Business Incubator
T
By: Bongeka Mnotoza
he Propella Business Incubator
Propella believes that even after an entre-
“Each individual should strive to be better
provides support for start-up busi-
preneur is equipped with the best business
than they were the previous day. If you do
nesses and is known for being
tools, the entrepreneur still needs further
not how to get to where you want to be
a high-tech incubator for SMART city.
support. Propella Business Incubator is
as an entrepreneur, do research and never
Through the use of information and tech-
home to disruptive technology, out-of-the-
stop asking questions. Always ensure that
nology, the incubator positively improves
box thinking, sustainable products and
you are consistent and persistent when
the efficiency of products and services
services, while creating jobs.
it comes to your work. Remember, we are
through change and growth in the lives of the country’s citizens.
all born to be great,’’ says Anita Palmer, On 23 October, Propella invited 20 start-up
Propella Business Incubator Manager.
entrepreneurs to participate in the Telkom As an incubator driven by success, Propella
Future Makers’ programme, which is open
Propella prides itself on its SMART
aims to be the first choice in commer-
to anyone that is interested in learning
city initiative and one of its incubates,
cialising SMART products and services. To
and being SMART for a period of eight
Hendrick Williams, designed a SMART
achieve this, Propella provides support to
weeks.
parking model for disabled people. The
its incubates (the entrepreneurs) through
SMART parking model has a sensor if a
an evaluation process, during which their
This programme is designed to assist each
non-disabled person parks next to this
ideas and business models are evaluated.
candidate by giving them an opportunity
SMART parking model, a red light will
to gain exposure through mentorship.
start flashing or a loud siren will ring. This
Thereafter, the incubator works closely
Candidates attend workshops, assessments
is done through an app that connects your
with the incubates by mentoring, sup-
and business advisor sessions.
smartphone to the SMART parking model.
porting and assisting them with research,
The incubator also supports community
Propella Business Incubator is also plan-
which grants them an opportunity to
awareness programmes such as the Nelson
ning a SMART city ‘’theme park’’ where
network and meet other entrepreneurs in
Mandela University (NMU) Young Women,
children can visit the incubator. Having a
their industry.
which provides computer literacy skills
SMART academy is also in the incubator’s
over a two-day workshop for grade 11 and
plans for success, to ensure that the incu-
12 learners.
bator is available virtually.
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
23
QOBOQOBO School shoes & stationery drive A pair of school shoes can determine whether a child stays in school or drops out.
Primary schools = 25
75%
of age group is 0 to 14
74%
Unemployment
86%
household have no income
60% of households with income earn less than R1600 which is below the poverty line
Do something today that your future self will thank you for!!! Join the Qoboqobo school shoes and stationery drive today Shoe sizes: 1 to 5 Please deliver before 26 December 2017 by 5pm Contact Sibongile for details and donations: 083 264 3462
PROFILE
SELF-TAUGHT COMPUTER WIZ Ramochaki Matthews Shale offering IT solutions By: Moeketsi Tigeli
B
orn in Maseru, Lesotho, 24-year-old
land, Shale says, “At the end of my first year
GoReefers Transport App. “It assists drivers
software developer and part-time
at university, I topped my whole class in
with container validation, and it can cap-
photographer Ramochaki Matthews
programming – that’s where my strengths
ture weight, seal numbers and allow for
have always been.”
event tracking,” he explains.
approach to IT would quickly earn him
In Cape Town Shale made his way to the
Essentially, drivers are able to control
a job at an Information Technology firm,
Richfield Institute of Technology (RIT),
the number of trips they make through a
where he develops websites and creates
where he did Basic IT and PC training.
“reject or accept push-notification”.
App solutions for an array of companies.
Come graduation, Shale won most out-
Shale came to Cape Town in hopes of achieving his dreams. His creative
On his choice to take up Information
standing student for the two years he
In South Africa, truck accidents occur
spent at RIT.
frequently and are often unaccounted for, and this application allows for transpar-
Technology, Shale recalls a deep-lying talent since his high-school days. “Essentially,
His remarkable self-taught climb up the IT
ency. “Every update a driver makes on
throughout high school, I’d always get first
ladder began in his spare time, he says.
GoReefers, whether it’s a comment to
place in IT and it came to a point where
“I started building from the scope I already
subject company about a late delivery
I decided this was the thing for me.”
had via documentation and YouTube videos
or a report on depot delays, it automati-
After finishing high school in 2012
to a point where I had built a portfolio and
cally goes to the database and a push-
Shale enrolled for a degree in Computer
garnered some clients of my own.”
notification is delivered to the respective company,” he says.
Sciences at the National University of Lesotho (NUL). Talking about his schooling in his home-
Nicknamed ‘Chuck’ by his mates, Shale has developed a booking application similar to
To have a look at Shale’s portfolio, visit
a RSVP mechanism for truck drivers, called
chuckshale.co.za
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
25
CODING
CODING IN SOUTH AFRICA Where to get started By: Nicole Ludolph We are living in the Digital Age, with technology evolving faster than it ever has before. Computers, cell phones and other digital technologies have become integral to our lives and with these technologies come new, non-traditional career opportunities. Coding is one of those opportunities. In simple terms, coding is what allows us to create computer software, applications and websites. It is the instructions computer programmers put into computers or mobile devices to tell it what to do. If you are interested in learning how to code, have a look at the list of organisations below, teaching coding in South Africa.
invited to a month-long selection boot camp, after which only the top candidates are selected.
Hour of Code
You can find more information at wethinkcode.co.za
Hour of Code is a website created for learners, with the aim of increasing participation in computer science in schools. The
Damelin College
website is an offshoot of Code.org, whose vision is “that every
Damelin College offers a diploma in Information Technology
student in every school should have the opportunity to learn
and has branches across the country. The 3-year course has the
computer science”. The website provides activities students can
option of studying part-time.
do to learn to code and resources for further study.
Apply at damelin.co.za/courses
Find out more at hourofcode.co.za
Universities
codeX
Traditional Sout African universities, such as Wits University
Based in Cape Town, codeX offers a year-long, full-time coding
and the University of Stellenbosch, have also branched into the
course for those interested in software development. Students
Information Technology sector and offer undergraduate and
at codeX manage the pace of their own learning, with mentors
postgraduate degrees in Computer Science.
acting as guides in their learning process. For more information, visit the website at projectcodex.co
Their undergraduate programmes range between three and four years and are offered on a full-time basis.
We Think Code Offering a two-year, full-time coding course for people between
In South Africa, the demand for digital products, especially cell
the ages of 17 and 35, We Think Code is based in Johannesburg.
phones, continues to grow. There has never been a better time
Prospective students need to play an online application game
to learn to code, so if you’re interested, head over to one of the
to apply, and those who pass the game requirements are then
above-mentioned websites and start applying now.
26
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
TERTIARY STUDIES
PREPARING YOU FOR UNIVERSITY A 5-step-guide
By: Moeketsi Tigeli
A
ttending university is an exciting prospect – independence, a better life for yourself, meeting new friends, and some of the best memories of your life await. But there’s
also the angst that comes with stepping into the unknown. To help navigate through this important time of your life, we’ve provided a comprehensive 5-step guide to preparing you for your time at university.
Step 1: Choose a career and stick with it Identify your choice of study before you apply. Institutions typically offer two or three career choices when applying. Universities allow course changes while studying, in case you want a different challenge. This is not advised, but if
Step 2: Research universities Institutions that specialise in your field of choice will afford you the best learning experience. As a prospective student, you must familiarise yourself with university issued prospectuses. These documents are clear guidelines on what the university offers career-wise, what subjects each qualification has, and the period it takes to attain your preferred qualification. Prospectuses can be downloaded on any University’s website or sent via post upon request.
you absolutely have to, be clinical about your next choice. Consider a gap year if you are uncertain.
Step 4: Tracking application status There are millions of university hopefuls, you should keep track of your application status by frequently making calls to the administration.
Step 3: Apply, apply, apply! There are 26 universities in South Africa, apply to as many as you can. Applying in grade 11 means you can spend your matric year concentrating on getting the best marks to attain bursaries and entrance. APS (Admission Point
Some Institutions create online portals for prospective students to keep them informed on developments. Do not assume you’ve been accepted, that can only be determined by your final matric results.
Score) is a system that helps identify which career you’re eligible for by calculating your marks to determine how many points you have. This can be accessed on university websites.
Step 5: Orientation Once accepted, learn about the institution you’ll attend. A walk-about to familiarise yourself with different departments and residences is good for creating friendships. Be friendly to other students. Do not be afraid to ask questions confidently, and seek out mentors via different university platforms. Most of all, keep in mind why you are there in the first place.
POLYMER SCIENCE
POLYMER SCIENCE POSTGRAD SHINES By: Wiida Fourie-Basson
Inspiring student wins award
“Few people at the age of 17 know what
This degree was followed by an MSc in the
In 2017, Radebe presented a poster on her
they want to do for the rest of their lives.
same field, focusing on two highly special-
research at an international conference in
I only knew that I wanted to go to uni-
ised techniques, namely thermal field-flow
Austria, and walked away with the presti-
versity,” says Nonkululeko Radebe, a post-
fractionation and Fourier Transform infra-
gious Borealis Poster Award. “I want to be
graduate student in Polymer Science at
red spectroscopy, to determine the struc-
in a position where I can put more effort
Stellenbosch University (SU).
tural properties of complex polymers in
into investing in women to study Science.
terms of their molecular weight distribu-
There needs to be systematic changes
tion and chemical composition distribution.
that will allow racial and gender diversity
“When I was in grade 9, my Natural Sciences teacher advised me not to pursue
in Science,” she says
Science any further. I ignored her and took
“Understanding the structural properties
Science anyways. It turned out that I had a
of polymeric materials is imperative to the
For more information on your study
knack for calculating bond energies,
development of new products. The data
options in the Faculty of Science at US,
I wanted to know and understand the
can be used for quality control purposes,
contact Ntsiki Langa, recruitment and
periodic table of elements and I was inter-
comparison of supplier materials and
marketing officer, at 021 808 2681 or
ested in finding out ‘nerdy’ stuff like why
design of production lines.”
nalanga@sun.ac.za.
the sky is blue and why salt melts ice.” After matriculating in 2011, Radebe applied at several universities for programmes ranging from Law to Accounting and Engineering. She was accepted for a BSc in Chemistry and Polymer Science at SU and decided to study there. In her third year of study, she developed an interest in Polymer Science. “I realised that polymers are a big part of our everyday lives. Polymers are in our face creams, our cars’ tires, faux leather seats and dashboard, cell phone covers, food packaging, soles of our shoes, and so much more. I subsequently worked night and day to get a place in the honours group.”
28
In December 2017 Nonkululeko Radebe will graduate with an MSc in polymer science (cum laude).
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
DESALINATION
THE PROCESS OF DESALINATION A possible solution to the ongoing water crisis
I
By: Nicole Ludolph
Energy
n November 2015, the City of
Reverse Osmosis
Johannesburg implemented level 2 water restrictions due to the lack of
Fresh water
rainfall in Gauteng. Around the same time, parts of KwaZulu-Natal were almost completely devoid of water and reservoir
Ocean
levels were almost 20% less than the previous year in the Western Cape. PreTreatment
Fast forward to 2017, and Cape Town is
Debrine
experiencing its worst drought in over a century. The City of Cape Town has imposed level 5 water restrictions, and
ways to manage the crisis, with desalina-
mal desalination – all three are depen-
with the rainy season almost over, resi-
tion listed as a possible solution.
dant on various degrees of heat, which
dents will face their toughest summer yet.
is why it is sometimes associated with
South Africa is in the grip of a water crisis,
What is desalination?
with the drop in rainfall and increase in
In simple terms, desalination is removing
temperatures attributed to climate change.
salt and other minerals from seawater.
The drawbacks of desalination
This has prompted discussions around
There are several methods of desalination,
While desalination provides a source of
such as distillation, reverse osmosis and
water not dependant on rainfall, it does
thermal desalination.
have other drawbacks. For example, dis-
power plants.
tillation and certain types of thermal Distillation is the oldest known method of
desalination are dependant on energy. An
desalination and occurs when seawater is
increase in energy usage is bad for the
boiled. The steam from the boiled water is
planet, as it increases the levels of carbon
then condensed.
emissions into the atmosphere. Increased carbon emissions worsen climate change.
Reverse Osmosis pushes seawater through
Renewable energy like wind energy can
semipermeable membranes at high pres-
be used instead but would increase costs.
sure. The membranes allow the water to move through it, while the salt molecules
Desalination in SA
are kept behind. The salt is thus separated
Cape Town is predicted to run out of water
from seawater.
by March 2018. The City of Cape Town has decided to build eight desalination plants
30
Thermal desalination imitates the natural
across the Western Cape, starting con-
water cycle. There are three types of ther-
struction in November 2017.
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
DISCOVERY
TRACES OF LARGE DINOSAUR
IN WESTERN LESOTHO A Megatheropod discovery
T
By: Moeketsi Tigeli
he University of Cape Town recently
“The Elliot Formation” and it is made up
Jurassic upper Elliot Formation, and thus
released a statement documenting
of limestone, sandstone, and mudstone.
were made after the end-Triassic mass
the discovery of very large dinosaur
In the past, dinosaur fossil discoveries
extinction event (ETE).”
footprints found in Roma Valley, near the
such as the Prosauropod dinosaur and the
National University of Lesotho in Western
Massospondylus (one of the first dinosaurs
The Triassic time period that occurred 200
Lesotho by a group of scientists.
to have been named) were unearthed on
years ago, and is said to have signalled
the upper Elliot Formation.
the rise of dinosaurs. The megatheropod
The discovery was made by scientists from
trackway site is believed to indicate the
universities in South Africa, Brazil and the
“The tracks are preserved on ripple marked,
first occurrence of very large carnivorous
United Kingdom, and reveals evidence of
very fine-grained sandstone of the Lower
dinosaurs, estimated at 8-9m in length.
a large carnivorous dinosaur believed to have roamed Southern Africa 200 million years ago. Scientifically termed Ambrokholohali, the discovery was named in honour of Emeritus Professor David Ambrose and his documented traces of fossils in the Roma Valley area of Lesotho, wrote Lara Sciscio, author of the journal article. This is an important discovery because it has similar characteristics to the early Jurassic, as well as early to middle Cretaceous eras, where dinosaurs were believed to have been much smaller and only started growing some 120 million years ago. There are no records of dinosaur discoveries that big on this side of the planet. “The 3-toed tracks are 57cm long, 50cm wide and have no Southern Hemisphere equivalent,” read the statement. Lesotho and South Africa share an interesting geological rock formation called
Image credit: Dr Fabien Knoll
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
31
EVENTS
SCIENCE CALENDAR Events to look forward to in 2018 SciFest 7 - 13 March
MAR 7-13
SciFest is South Africa’s very own National Science Festival
AstroQuiz
and Africa’s largest science festival. The annual event was
October
OCT
established in 1996, to promote awareness around Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), in South
This live, action-filled competition is aimed at Grade 7 learn-
Africa. In 2017 the festival offered an interactive programme
ers who are interested in Astronomy. Coordinated and man-
and saw 58 exhibitions and more than 700 events. If 2017 is
aged by SAASTA, the competition seeks to improve aware-
anything to go by, 2018 is sure to be bigger and better.
ness, interest and understanding in Astronomy. The provincial rounds take place from May through to August, with the Finals in October. For entry guidelines, visit saasta.ac.za
National Science Olympiad June/July holidays
JUN/ JULY
This exciting event is offered to learners in grades 10 - 12. The students have the opportunity to compete against other students from SADC countries like Lesotho, Zimbabwe and Namibia, and the top national performers will win a trip to the International Youth Science Forum, in either London or Australia.
Eskom Expo October
OCT
The expo is specifically targeted at young school learners that are aspiring scientists. The expo always has a huge turnout, with hundreds of hopefuls. The expo happens at a provincial level from July - August and then the best of the best go through to compete at the National Expo.
National Science Week August
AUG
This exciting week-long event, brought to you by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), usually commences in the first week of August. Each year a different theme is chosen and interactive activities take place during the week long celebration. The event takes is countrywide, so be sure to look out for what’s happening in your province.
32
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
BURSARIES
BURSARIES 2018 Young Leaders
Funding the future
Field of study: • Engineering • Construction • Accounting • Medical • Technology
AfriSam Field of Study: • Mining – Engineering • Civil – Engineering
• Computer Science
• Finance
Application:
• Artisans
Candidates must be in their first year of studying at the University of Cape Town (UCT) or the University of Pretoria (UP). Applicants from UP should email: Apply.UP@dellyoungleaders.org and applicants from UCT should email:
• Marketing
National Youth Development Agency Field of Study: • Nuclear
Application:
• Engineering • Mining Industry
The documentation and other require-
• Health Care
ments and application details can be
• Science
found on afrisam.co.za.
• Agriculture
Closing date: End of January
• IT Industries
Apply.UCT@dellyoungleaders.org
• Accounting
Closing date: Not stipulated
• Aerospace Industry • ICT
SAPPI National Skills Fund
Field of Study:
• Pharmacy
Field of Study:
• Chemical Engineering
Application:
• Software Development
• Electrical Engineering
Candidates must be younger than 25 years
• Civil Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
old. Application forms can be downloaded
• Civil Engineering Technician
• Built Environment
from the website nyda.gov.za or col-
• Chemical Engineering
• Forestry
lected at any National Youth Development
• Electrical Engineering
• Paper Technology
Agency. Documentation must be deliv-
• Electrical Technician
• Pulp Technology
ered to: The NYDA Bursary Program, 11
• Rock Engineering
• Information Technology
Broadwalk Avenue, Halfway House, 1685.
• Rock Technician
Application:
Application:
For more visit sappi.com/careers-hub-sa.
Online applications are not available and
Include latest school results and a certi-
candidates need to contact the Higher
fied copy of your ID, CV and motivational
Education Department for more infor-
letter and post documentation to the bur-
mation. Accompanying your application
sary department of SAPPI or email appli-
please include latest school results, certi-
cations to: bursary.recruitment@sappi.com.
fied copy of your ID and your CV.
Closing date: 30 November
Closing date: End of January
Closing date: 1 February
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
33
QUIZ
TEST YOURSELF
1 2
After humans, which primate is considered the most intelligent on the planet? A. Gorillas
7
A. Max Planck
B. Orangutans
B. Albert Einstein
C. Chimpanzees
C. Heinrich Hertz
Where can the world’s largest volcano be found? A. Mount Agung, Bali B. Mauna Loa, Hawaii
8
C. Mount Fuji, Honshu Island
3
Quantum Theory was introduced in 1900 by which scientist?
How many pairs of ribs are there in the human body? A. 8 B. 12 C. 16
The Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the Law of Photoelectric Effect was awarded to: A. Isaac Newton B. Albert Einstein C. Wilhelm Roentgen
4
Who is considered to be the founder of Meteorology? A. Plato B. Galileo C. Aristotle
5
The source of oxygen in photosynthesis is: A. Minerals B. Glucose C. Water
6
The gas commonly known as ‘Laughing Gas’ is: A. Nitrous Oxide B. Sodium Oxide C. Sulfur Dioxide
34
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
PUZZLES
SUDUKO Fill in the 9Ă—9 grid with digits so that each column, row, and 3Ă—3 section contain the numbers between 1 to 9.
9 5
6 7
1
4 2
8 9
3 5
9
1
5 4
8 2
9
6
4
3 9
7 5
2
1 2 9
6 8
CROSSWORD Down
1
1. Which cat is the fastest land animal?
1
2. What is the largest species of bird? 3. What is the highest mountain on Earth? 3
4. What is the hot molten rock that comes from
2
an erupted volcano called? 2
Across 4
1. Which animal is the biggest and largest living
3
on Earth? 2. Bees can be found on every continent on Earth except one. Which continent is it? 3. How many bones do sharks have in their
5
bodies? 4. Arachnophobia is the fear of which animal? 6
4
5. What is a group of lions called? 6. Name the part of the human skeleton that protects the brain.
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
35
ANSWERS
TEST RESULTS What was your score for the Food Science Issue?
SUDUKO
SCIENCESTARS
Issue 16 | 2017
g 0,6
5g
6g
FOOD SCIENCE
1 5 9
2 8 6
3 4 7
6 2 1
7 3 4
8 9 5
9 7 3
4 6 2
5 1 8
3 6 4
7 9 5
2 1 8
4 5 7
6 8 9
1 3 2
5 2 6
8 7 1
9 4 3
8 2 7
3 1 4
6 9 5
9 8 3
2 5 1
4 7 6
1 4 8
5 3 9
7 6 2
QUIZ
CROSSWORD
1. B – Ethology 2
2. C – Pituitary Gland
M
3. B – A force acts upon it
A
4. A – Zoology
T 1
H Y
P E
R
2
R
D
I
O N
I
C
H T
E R
5. A – Frequency 6. C – Anatomy 7. C – Nucleolus
A
8. B – Ultraviolet
R U
N Y 5
G
L
E
A
I
N
R
V
I 6
36
S
M
B O T
T R U
N
3
R
4
E
E
Y
3
T
F A
G
E
R O N
T O
L
E L
S
E
R
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
O
G Y
FACTS
DID YOU KNOW? • The
South Pole is colder than the North Pole – this is because it sits on a very thick sheet of ice and is higher above sea than the North Pole. • The dung beetle, in relation to its size, is the world’s strongest insect and animal. When rolling their dung balls, the beetle can pull nearly 1000 times its own body weight. • There is a 98.5% similarity between the DNA of humans and that of chimpanzees, and we share a lot of similar traits, such as our manner of grooming, communication and the ability to walk upright, amongst other things. • The giant Arctic glaciers hold more than 10% of the world’s fresh water. They reflect sunlight, keeping the region cool, while also helping keep our global climate fairly constant. • Leopards have a distinctive communication style and can alert other leopards of their presence, marking their territory; they also purr when relaxed and happy, like domestic cats. • Volcanoes are not only found on land or mountains; they can exist under the ocean or under ice caps, too. There are about 1900 volcanoes that are considered active on Earth. • Octopuses defend themselves against other sea creatures by shooting out a dark inky liquid which darkens the water around them and confuses their opponent. • Jellyfish are not actually fish as they have no brain, heart or eyes. They are also invertebrates and have no bones in their bodies. Be careful of touching a jelly, though. They sting! • There are more than 10 000 varying types of tomatoes across the world – apart from the common red tomato, there are also yellow, pink, purple, black and even white types. • There are 36 kinds of seahorse species in our oceans. They are very good at camouflaging themselves to stay away from feeding predators. • Stingrays have been around longer than many other species and fossil records date them as far back as the Jurassic period (approximately 150 million years ago)! • There are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on all of the beaches on Earth. Mind blowing!
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
37
NATURAL DISASTERS
NATURAL DISASTERS
IN SOUTH AFRICA By: Nicole Ludolph
2
017 has propelled the subject of
Earthquakes
Gauteng and the Northwest, and mea-
natural disasters into the spotlight,
Under the Earth’s surface are moving
sured 4.6 on the Richter Scale.
with constant news coverage of
masses called tectonic plates. When these
extreme weather conditions being experi-
plates collide, earthquakes occur. The
Wildfires
enced all across the globe.
ground trembles or starts shaking violently
Fires caused by naturally in the wild, by
for the duration of the earthquake, and the
lightning or falling rocks for instance, are
A natural disaster is a blanket term for
bigger the magnitude of the earthquake,
called wildfires. These fires are uncon-
calamities caused by nature or the ele-
the more damage and fatalities it causes.
trolled and often spread to nearby homes and farmland.
ments. Natural disasters usually cause economic or environmental losses, as well
Earthquakes are measured on the Richter
as the loss of human lives. These disasters
Scale, with minor earthquakes measuring
Wildfires often have catastrophic conse-
can take many forms – let’s explore them:
from 3, while major earthquakes measure
quences for humans. Although, in South
anywhere from 8 upwards.
Africa, the indigenous Fynbos plants
Flash floods
require wildfires every now and then in
These occur in low-lying areas, and are
The last earthquake to occur in South
caused by extremely heavy rainfall. Water
Africa, in April 2017, was felt in parts of
order to maintain their habitat.
floods into a low-lying area very rapidly,
In June 2017, the uncontrolled Knysna and
causing the area to flood. Flash floods are
Plettenberg Bay fire caused destruction
dangerous because of how fast they occur.
to homes in the area, leading to 10 000
They are fast-moving bodies of water and
people being evacuated. Nine fatalities
can cause devastation to any structures in
were recorded.
their path – they are powerful enough to sweep away any human beings and ani-
Natural disasters come in many other
mals caught in its grip.
forms, and while they can be incredibly devastating, one cannot help but feel in
Durban saw multiple flash floods in October 2017. People living in low-lying areas were warned to find higher ground, due to the massive storms that took place in KwaZulu-Natal.
38
Science Stars Magazine Science Forum Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
awe at the power of Mother Nature.