SS Nanotechnology Issue 10 by Science Stars Magazine

SCIENCESTARS Issue 10 | August/September 2015

THE EVOLUTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CONTENTS CONTENTS

FEATURES

2 3 4 4 4

Make your own nano product

visualising a future with vanadium

solving nano problems

opportunities in nanotechnology

wall of fame

REGULARS

6 2 2 4 4

editor's note

science news

careers

facts

6 activity

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

FOREWORD FEATURE

the

FOREWORD Manipulation of matter

cine, electronics, biomaterials, energy production and consumer products.

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at an atomic or molecular scale. In terms of size, Nanotechnology is the manipula-

Because of the variety of potential applications, governments

tion of matter at 1-100 nanometers. Nanotechnology includes a

around the world have invested large sums of money into

diverse range of Science fields such as organic chemistry, molecu-

Nanotechnology research in their countries. This is very much

lar biology and semiconductor Physics, for example. The concepts

the case in South Africa.

of Nanotechnology were first alluded to in 1959 by renewed Physicist Richard Feynman in his talk ‘There’s Plenty of Room at

In this issue of Science Stars magazine you will learn more

the Bottom’. In this talk, Feynman described the possibility of syn-

about what Nanotechnology is, how it is studied as well as the

thesis via direct manipulation of atoms.

history behind it. You will also learn about some of the applications of Nanotechnology and exciting degrees you need to

With powerful accelerator machines we will one day be able

obtain in order to pursue a career in Nanotechnology.

to use Femntotechnology to manipulate matter on the scale of

Enjoy this issue of Science Stars magazine and appreciate the

femtometer for a vast amount of applications. This scale is much

wonders of Nanotechnology.

smaller in comparison to Nanotechnology and Picotechnology. With Nanotechnology we may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as medi-

Prof. Azwinndini Muronga, Professor of Physics - University of Johannesburg

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ED’S NOTE

team Science Stars

LETTER FROM

THE DEPUTY EDITOR Now, now, Technology.

editor@sciencestars.co.za Deputy Editor • Shani Rhoda

Graphic Designers • Cinzia-Joey Swartz • Stacey Okkers

I recall a time where beauty products served a simple purpose – to make women more attractive. Nowadays, Nanotechnology has transformed this to include 3D printing of the perfect shade of eye shadow. Technology has gone beyond our basic needs and has introduced us to new and simpler ways of living.

Technology develops at a pace that is difficult to keep up with. Products are constantly being updated and improved, leaving little time for us to appreciate what we already have. We are constantly anticipating the next big thing. This is both the beauty and curse of Science, Technology and Innovation. If we stop for a minute and take a deeper look into Nanotechnology, you will undoubtedly be amazed by this advanced study and its results. The world as we know it is being reinvented by tiny materials that we cannot see. In a sense, Nanotechnology has taken us back to the basics of innovation – using small particles to create a larger product. Science Stars has compiled an issue dedicated to Nanotechnology - its past, present and unimaginable future. Read the cover story on pages 8 – 11 to understand Nanotechnology a little better, then move on to page 33 where our quiz will test your knowledge. We also provide aspiring scientists with the basic information that leads to a career in Nanotechnology from page 27 – 29. Now, now, Technology… allow us to enjoy your magic for just a minute before you carry us away to your next destination. Aspiring scientists, have fun shaping the future.

Shani Rhoda Deputy Editor

Managing Editor • Evans Manyonga

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Project Manager • Renata Williams Contributing writers • Oswald Kucherera • Cherri-Lee Rhode • Leandra Taylor • MJ Schwartz Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Public Relations • Bongeka Mnotoza

Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright 2015 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission. Science Stars is published by Roswika Media

10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za

FROM CLASSROOM TO BOARDROOM A DECADE OF EMPOWERMENT From building schools to supporting black entrepreneurs, from making university study possible for disadvantaged students to providing work experience for young work seekers, Shanduka Foundation strives to develop South Africa’s human potential. Over the last decade, Shanduka Foundation has created opportunities for educational development, career growth and entrepreneurial advancement. a combination of the best practices of both the Kagiso Trust • Adopt-a-School Foundation mobilises companies and and the Shanduka Foundation. individuals to invest in education by adopting disadvantaged schools throughout South Africa. Through its model of Whole • Shanduka Black Umbrellas (SBU) develops qualifying 100% School Development, the foundation aims to improve the black-owned businesses to a level where they may gain academic, infrastructural, social and security environment meaningful access to markets, networks and finance. This is in schools, enabling sustainable excellence in teaching and conducted via enterprise and supplier development activities learning. The foundation creates opportunities for temporary within its small business incubators where members are employment of community members and for local businesses provided with a working environment and support services that will enable them to thrive, and Shanduka Blackpages, an to get involved in improving schools. It works closely with online enterprise and supplier development portal. communities and maintains strong relationships with all stakeholders. • The Cyril Ramaphosa Education Trust provides bursaries to disadvantaged students and organises holistic holiday work • Kagiso Shanduka Trust (KST) is a collaboration between programmes for all its students. the Free State Department of Education, Kagiso Trust and Shanduka Foundation to develop and implement a district• The Shanduka experiential work programme provides wide school development model. It is a five-year programme opportunities for selected graduates and job seekers within that will work in over 400 schools, in two districts, utilising the Shanduka Group and across its partner network. Thanks to the ongoing support of many partners in business, government and civil society, Shanduka Foundation is making a significant impact in the lives of young South Africans.

www.shanduka.co.za/shanduka-foundation

COVER STORY

ALL ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY The next big thing in Science Written by : Shani Rhoda

cience is all about discovery.

dimensions and tolerances of less than 100

Qualified researchers spend hours

nanometres, especially the manipulation of

in labs, manipulating chemicals and

individual atoms and molecules.

materials to create objects and products general public. To realise the great extent

But what is Nanotechnology in simple terms?

to which Science influences our lives,

Nanotechnology, according to profession-

rewind to the 1990s when mobile phones

als, involves the manipulation of atoms and

were the size of a landline and a single

molecules conducted at nanoscale which is

colour lit up the small screen. Now, a few

one billionth of a metre.

years later, our mobile phones can filter

Each atom and molecule that exists pos-

images we capture and a voice directs us to

sesses specific properties that can be

our destination.

manipulated to perform a particular duty.

that can improve the quality of life for the

Properties include strength, lighter weight, A lot has changed in Science and

increased control of light spectrum and

Technology over the years and these

chemical reactivity.

changes will continue to evolve in the years to come. The latest phenomenon,

Nanotechnology is displayed in objects and

Nanotechnology, is the centre of amaze-

products that we use every day, such as

ment. As it advances, it creates solutions to

mobile phones, sunscreen and cosmetics.

everyday problems by working with materi-

Tennis rackets and golf clubs are examples

als that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

of Nanotechnology in commercial markets. Nanotechnology also occurs naturally in

What is Nanotechnology?

the form of windborne sea salt and oceanic

The word ‘nano’ derives from the Greek

plankton.

word ‘Nanos’ which means dwarf.

How big is Nano? Here is a dictionary definition of

When one hears that a nanometre is equiv-

Nanotechnology (noun):

alent to one billionth of a metre, it is diffi-

The branch of technology that deals with

cult to imagine how big that really is.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

COVER STORY

Metric prefixes and Scientific notation prefixes: Deci- (1/10)

When dealing with measurements, a nanometre is one billionth of a meter 1 metre (m) = 100 centimetres (cm)

Centi- (1/100)

1 cm = 10 millimetres (mm)

Milli- (1/1000)

1 mm = 1 000 micrometres (micron)

Micro- (1/1,000,000)

1 micron = 1 000 nanometres (nm)

Nano- (1/1,000,000,000)

Tiny things that are still bigger than a nanometre:

How can we see a nanometre? The first electron microscope was designed by two German engineers, Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska, in the 1930s. This microscope could magnify objects up to a million times by using electron beams. From this discovery, more research was put

Ants

into finding new ways of magnification that would allow the human eye to view materials that cannot be seen using an average microscope. From this research, a new instrument was created, The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). STM won its inventors the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics due to its ability to view objects at the nanoscale. The STM functions by running a

Sugar

sharp stylus over the sample being viewed and then sending electron signals. The final view can be seen on a computer screen. Sand

Further research then resulted in what scientists use today â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Although the process of magnification remains similar to the STM, the AFM replaces the stylus with a laser.

The history of Nanotechnology We know that Nanotechnology has a long future ahead of it, but when did it begin? Bacterial cells

Thickness of a bookâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s page

Richard Feynman, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, first came up with the concept

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

COVER STORY

4th century: Lycurgus Cup

9th century: Stained glass

13th century: Damascus sword

1959: Richard Feynman

of Nanotechnology in 1959. Feynman did

it. Nanoparticles of gold and silver were

What can we expect in the future?

research using normal-sized robots that

manipulated by exposing them to heat,

Nanotechnology is rapidly approaching, and

continued to replicate themselves until

allowing this colour-changing property.

overtaking, the future. Scientists are coming

they reached the molecular scale.

up with ideas that we cannot even begin

How Nanotechnology is improving our lives

to imagine. Apart from all the uncertainties

Artists made use of Nanotechnology hundreds of years ago (between the 9th and

This multidisciplinary field of research

one thing is certain â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Nanotechnology will

17th centuries), without even being aware includes research performed by Materials of it. The colours that can be seen in the

Scientists, Mechanical and Electronic

stained glass of medieval churches and

Engineers and Medical Researchers. This

European cathedrals today were created

research is then put into practice by profes-

by nanoparticles of gold and silver.

sional biologists, physicists and chemists.

From the 13th to the 18th century, the

Currently Nanotechnology is being used to

Damascus saber blades were created

produce medical devices, sensors for secu-

using carbon nanotubes and cementite

rity systems, displays for mobile phones

nanowires. The use of this carbon steel

and hand-held computer games, as well as

formulation added to the strength and

cinema screens.

that come along with scientific research, be recreating the world for a long time.

resilience of the sword. If Nanotechnology continues at the pace it Way before then, Nanotechnology also

is currently evolving, we can expect to see

existed but without its current name.

great advancements in the near future. It is

During the 4th century, craftsmen made

predicted that research in Nanotechnology

use of high heat to create objects that

will aid doctors in identifying and curing

possesses novel properties. The Lycurgus

diseases, assist power generation by tak-

Cup created in Rome was made of

ing advantage of environmentally-friendly

dichronic glass. This glass enabled the

renewable energy sources and drastically

cup to change colour depending on which increasing the speed of mobile telecomdirection the light would shine through

munications. Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Research that can change the world

Impact is at the core of the CSIR's mandate. In improving its research focus and ensuring that it achieves maximum impact in industry and society, the organisation has identified six research impact areas: Energy - with the focus on alternative and renewable energy. Health - with the aim of improving health care delivery and addressing the burden of disease. Natural Environment - with an emphasis on protecting our environment and natural resources. Built Environment - with a focus on improved infrastructure and creation of sustainable human settlements. • Defence and security - contributing to national efforts to build a safer country. • Industry - in support of an efficient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure. • • • •

www.csir.co.za

NANO CLOTHING

Back to basics Nanotechnology creates a new wardrobe

lothing is one of the most basic and essential needs. It covers us up and keeps our bodies warm. Nanotechnology is the designer of brand-new outfits

that serve a purpose far greater than making us look good. Nanoparticles can be used to render clothing safe from harmful or unpleasant factors such as harsh sunlight, excessive rain and even the outbreak of fires.

Nanoparticles to the rescue Silica is used to protect clothing from water and stain-producing liquids. Coating clothing in silica creates surface tension which turns liquid into beads that roll off the material instead of soaking into it. Petroleum Engineers can be protected from stains and cyclists will be free from the burden of rain or excessive perspiration. Africa is known for its picture-perfect sunsets but the same sun can also be a hazard to our health. Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide or zinc have been used in the production of clothing to protect the human skin from sunburn. The nanoparticles are able to protect the skin by scattering the ultraviolet light in sunlight. For example, engineers who spend hours working outdoors will be protected from sunburn. Bacteria and fungi are normal in the lives of doctors, veterinarians, paramedics and others working in the medical field. When silver nanoparticles are used in the production of clothing, they reduce any strong odours by releasing positively charged ions which prevent bacterial cells from

Cyclists in Cape Town

functioning.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PRODUCTS

THE BEST OF NANO Nano products in sport

Written by : Cherri-Lee Rhode

ver the past two decades, the com- New balls, please mercial use of Nanotechnology in Tennis balls and football balls that are consumer products has increased.

air and contracts the body to increase buoyancy.

enhanced with nano-clay lining as a bar-

Nanotechnology is quite commonly

rier material increase the uphold pressure

used in sport equipment, skincare and

and gameplay for these sports. Basic tennis

sportswear. Nano innovations bring some

balls are pressurized for bounce and the

complexities to sport but promote the

aim was to create balls that maintain their

performance of athletes and reduce the

bounce throughout the game. Wilson Sports chances of injury and as a result, the game Equipment manufactured a double-core becomes more exciting to watch. tennis ball coated with nanoparticles, which prevents air from escaping from these balls.

All that racquet

The nanomaterials in these balls enhance

Carbon nanotubes, nanoclay, silica

the bounciness of the balls and the balls no

nanoparticles and nano-titanium are used

longer have to be replaced as often.

to make tennis equipment. These materials increase stiffness, consistency, durability, resilience, power and vibration control. It comes as no surprise that former world number-one tennis player, Roger Federer, has won many grand slams using nanoenhanced rackets. Federer is renowned for his speed, fluidity and powerful backhand that he evokes with his Wilson Prostaff RF97 Autograph. Many other tennis heroes also use these rackets for a more powerful hit and performance.

All in the suit The Speedo LZR Bodysuit has been worn

Hole-in-one

by approximately 90% of Olympic Gold

Scientists are using a nano-complex mate-

Medalists at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

rial to substitute titanium crowns on the

After hundreds of world records were bro-

Wilson Staff Driver golf club. The aim is

ken by competitive swimmers who wore

to make the top part of the driver lighter

this swimsuit, the Federation Internationale

in order to help the golfer achieve more

de Natation (Fina) banned the non-textile

precision and a more accurate shot. The

swimsuit in 2010 for giving competitors an

golf clubs are not the only golfing equip-

unfair advantage. The fabric of the suit is

ment that received a Nano makeover. The

finished with water-resistant nanoparticles

NDMX Golf balls were the first of its kind,

and integrates polyurethane panels, traps

that features a higher momentum and 432

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PRODUCTS

lift-optimising dimples that provides symmetrical flight for a longer distance. The nanoparticles in the balls allow the ball to redistribute its weight and, as a result, change direction in mid-air.

Nano cycle

crush at angles vertical to the fibers.

The use of carbon nanotubes instead of traditional carbon fiber in bike frames

Sunscreen

has increased over the years. Bike

Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide based

manufacturers such as BMC, Bianchi and

sunscreens are often the better choice as

Easton have designed more advanced

they provide strong sun protection with

bicycles that are more lightweight and

lower health concerns and zinc oxide has

stronger than the ones made of carbon

good protection from UV rays. Both of

fiber.

these components can be found in sunscreen that makes use of nanoparticles

The carbon nanotube bikes are stronger

and these sunscreens do not penetrate

than steel but are more likely to chip and

the skin. Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

iThemba LABS

POWER UP THE NATURAL WAY Let’s go solar

Written by : Leandra Taylor

n the quest for a solar energy environ-

with an alternative and inexpensive mate-

ment, the following questions can be

rial. The production of this material is done

raised; Why use solar absorbers? How

under the supervision of Prof. M. Maaza,

do solar absorbers work and how can the

who is chairperson of the UNESCO- UNISA

average person benefit from them? What

Africa Chair in Nanoscience and

advantages come with using solar energy

Nanotechnology.

in our home and work spaces? What role can the use of solar energy play in the

How is energy produced?

long-term saving of money and coal?

Presently, the world is relying on fossil fuels to produce 86% of its energy. The combus-

Introducing Pt-Al2O3

tion of these fossil fuels generate green-

One of the leading solar absorber materi-

house gases, which is a huge contributing

als is the combination of Platinum and

factor to (yes, you guessed it!) global warm-

Aluminium Oxide (Pt-Al2O3). The Pt-Al2O3

ing. The use of solar energy as an alterna-

solar absorber harnesses 96% of solar

tive resource has huge potential to satisfy

radiation, while emitting 5% thereof. The

the high demands of energy in society, and

ideal conditions for the functioning of

as a result it can act as a solution to the

these concentrated solar-power systems

global warming epidemic.

are created with a maximum thermal stability of 700˚C under air.

The sun is an important candidate in the quest for a world powered by solar energy.

Pt-Al2O3 is produced for Nanotechnology

The sun contains environmentally-friendly

research at iThemba LABS by Dr ZY

energy which can be converted to heat

Nuru at the institute’s Material Research

and electricity, an advantage which South

Department (MRD). Due to the high

Africa does not utilise to its full potential.

cost of Platinum (Pt), the iThemba LABS

Using solar systems will also reduce our

team in collaboration with UNISA (via

carbon footprint and as a result minimise

the UNESCO-UNISA African Chair in

global warming through the reduction of

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology) is cur-

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions into the

rently working on replacing Platinum (Pt)

atmosphere.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

iThemba LABS

No more dark days At the moment, the notorious load shedding is a huge inconvenience being experienced in our country. Concentrated solar thermal systems have been installed by the government in Upington and Priska in the Northern Cape, as a proposed solution to load shedding. These installations have been made with the intention of making electricity more affordable to people living in remote areas, where the installation of such electricity is difficult. The residents in these areas will benefit immensely as solar energy can act as a substitute for electricity to heat water and pasteurize milk as well as to ensure that other farm essentials are always taken care of.

Presently, the world is relying on fossil fuels to produce 86% of its energy.

Fig. 1: Solar thermal system demonstrating the use of solar thermal systems in the home

What are solar thermal systems and how should they be used?

hot water tank or cylinder, a pump and their

Solar thermal systems are used to cap-

controls (as seen in Figures 1 and 2).

accompanying pipework and insulation with

ture the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy to heat water. These systems include a solar panel collector, a

These systems function alongside your conventional water heater in order to provide hot water. Solar thermal systems can also provide almost all of your hot water requirements during the summer months, and approximately 50-60% of your total hot water requirements all year round. As illustrated in the figures, the solarabsorber is currently being manufactured with a coat around a tube situated at the centre of the receiver (systems), where the light is focused. Inside this tube there is a liquid (salt water) which will be heated and transformed through a turbine to generate electricity. We look forward to a solar future

Fig.2: A concentrated solar-power system built outside Upington in the Northern Cape

- goodbye load shedding, hello solar system friends!

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

SCIENCE STARS BUILDING LEGENDS

Science Stars is supported by: • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

The Department of Science and Technology CSIR University of Stellenbosch UCT SANRAL Shanduka Foundation Old mutual NSFAS UJ Engen Scifest Africa Shanduka black umbrellas SAASTA TCTA

Science Stars is distributed to all 9 South African provinces by ELTINSEF.

021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.co.za www.sciencestars.co.za /sciencestars.faceb.co.za @ScienceStars2

SCIENCE NEWS

SCIENCE NEWS The Textiles Nanotechnology Laboratory at Cornell University in the USA develop clothing that can kill bacteria and prevent malaria.

The Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in Seoul, Korea, has developed a lightweight heating element that can be used to ease chronic muscle pain.

A nanogenerator that can harvest and reuse the energy usually lost due to a vehicleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rolling tyre friction has been designed.

Nanowires will use less energy than LEDs and prov ing, according to scientists who have studied nano ide brighter lightwires using X-ray microscopy.

The ability of chameleons to change colour in order to camouflage themselves has inspired scientists at the University of Central Florida in the USA to create colour-changing clothing using metallic nanostructures.

The All African Nanoscience-Nanotechnology Initiative (AANNI) held a workshop at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) in 2014 for members to broaden their knowledge on Nanotechnology. duate Teaching and Training The National Nanoscience Postgrave supported by the Department Programme (NNPTTP) is an initiati Universities involved include the of Science and Technology (DST). C), University of Johannesburg University of the Western Cape (UW S) and the Nelson Mandela (UJ), University of the Free State (UF Metropolitan University (NMMU).

SHARE YOUR IDEA AND TRAVEL TO BERLIN BE PART OF THE FALLING WALLS LAB JOHANNESBURG ON 18 SEPTEMBER 2015

Y L P P A ! W O N .FAL WWW

LING

LLS -WA

. CO M

/L A B

Win a Trip to Berlin Your Presentation • Share your research project, business plan,

entrepreneurial or social initiative that is relevant to the world of today. • Present your idea in 3 minutes. • Convince a top-class jury with members from academia, research institutions and business. • Exchange insights on an interdisciplinary level and network with fellow researchers and professionals. Who can Apply • Young talents and innovative thinkers from all

disciplines up to 35 years. • Master students, PhD candidates, post-docs,

young scientists, professionals or entrepreneurs. Application & Deadline Apply online at www.falling-walls.com/lab Application deadline: 14 August 2015

A distinguished jury selects the winner who • travels to Berlin on 8/9 November 2015 • qualifies directly for the Falling Walls Lab Finale

in Berlin on 8 November 2015 as one of 100 international and interdisciplinary participants (travel costs and accommodation are covered). • gets a ticket for the international Falling Walls Conference on 9 November 2015 where some of the world’s most prominent scientists present their current breakthrough research in 15 minute talks. Falling Walls Lab Johannesburg 18 September 2015 at the Wits Origins Centre, Yale and Enoch Sontonga Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg Start: 3 pm QUESTIONS? Send an e-mail: johannesburg.fallingwalls@atkearney.com TWEET ABOUT THE LAB: #fallingwalls

The Falling Walls Lab Johannesburg is hosted by A.T. Kearney.

PROFILE

THE FUTURE OF ICT Dr Ismail from Durban explains

any consider Science, Technology,

manipulation of matter on an atomic and

Engineering and Maths (STEM)

molecular scale. She carries on to state that

difficult subjects and those who

as Nanotechnology advances, it furthers

do enjoy them, worry about how they

the advancement of Quantum Technology.

would be able to continue studying them

Nano-devices are designed when quantum

at tertiary level. Dr Yaseera Ismail explains

effects are exploited.

how a career in STEM is rewarding and outreach activities are possible due to

Quantum Technology consists of research

initiatives of the Science, Technology

in two fields, namely quantum computing

and Engineering Centre (STEC) at the

and quantum communication. This field of

University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN).

research aims to create technology that aids Information and Communications

Students from disadvantaged schools

Technology (ICT) solutions available to

are invited to attend talks and lab dem-

users.

onstrations at UKZN where they can interact with students and professionals.

Who is she?

As a young professional herself, Dr Ismail

Dr Ismail started her academic life at

shares some of her experiences with

UKZN where she completed her Bachelor

most prominent quantum group which is

us.

of Science degree followed by an Honours

made up of professionals in the fields of

degree in Physics. UKZN had always been

quantum computing, quantum communica-

her first choice and this proved to be a

tion, quantum biology and open quantum

strong stepping stone towards her career

systems.

A professionalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view on Nanotechnology and Quantum Technology

Dr Yaseera Ismail

in Quantum Technology. The university

Dr Ismail describes Nanotechnology as the currently boasts South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest and

Her academic career granted her the opportunity to see how international research groups operate. During her postgraduate studies, Dr Ismail visited the United Kingdom and spent time at the Photon Science Institute at the University of Manchester. Experiencing Science at national and international levels, she has presented her research at 25 conferences which has won her 6 awards. This young researcher also accepted an invitation from the DST-NRF and UNESCO

Dr Ismail with Prof. Francesco Petruccione, head of the Quantum Research Group

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

to attend the International Year of Light opening ceremony in Paris earlier this year.

PROFILE

Her pathway to her profession

What she does

As a researcher, she started her career at one of the leading research councils in

“I am currently working in the field of quan- goal is improving the knowledge base of the scientific community, making a differtum information science or more specifi-

the country – the Council for Scientific

cally quantum communication which deals

ence to civilisation and attaining interna-

and Industrial Research (CSIR). After being

with the security of information. It is feared

tional recognition.”

awarded an Honours degree, she applied

that current classical methods of encryp-

for her Masters of Science degree through

tion will eventually be rendered obsolete.

Her advice to the youth

UKZN and was based at the CSIR National

Quantum communication would thereafter

Leaving high school and deciding on a

Laser Centre in Pretoria. Her research was

be the preferred method of encryption as

career can be a daunting experience and

based on the development of novel laser

it is a physical process of encrypting infor-

often matriculants are unaware of all the

beams for the application of optical trap-

mation which is governed by the laws of

opportunities available at tertiary institu-

ping, and she was awarded several acco-

quantum mechanics. This process utilises

tions. Dr Ismail says that attending career

lades for her research.

quantum particles in the form of single

fairs and university open days is effective in

advancements. For a scientist the ultimate

photons to encode information resulting in

helping young people decide what to study.

The Quantum Research Group of UKZN

the generation of a secure key which can

Along with the exposure to the various fac-

is headed by Prof. Francesco Petruccione.

be used to encrypt and decrypt sensitive

ulties and degrees available, young people

This is where Dr Ismail completed her

data,” explains Dr Ismail.

can also talk to professionals who would

Doctoral of Philosophy degree in the field

be able to explain what their profession

of Quantum Information Processing and

What she loves about her career

entails. Dr Ismail is a judge at the annual

Communication (QIPC).

Dr Ismail explains her love for Science say-

Eskom Expo for Young Scientists and urges

ing; “Research is the driving force behind

young researchers to take part in similar

She is currently working as a post-doctoral the innovation of technology. Being a physi- events in order to challenge their thinking researcher at the Centre for Quantum and share their findings. cist places you at the forefront of these Technology within the Quantum Research Group at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN).

How was she able to pay for her studies? As an aspiring young student, funding needed to be secured. The CSIR funded Dr Ismail’s Honours and Masters Studies. During her PhD, she received funding from the CSIR as well as from UKZN. One of the main funders for postgraduate studies is the National Research Foundation (NRF). She mentions that bursaries and other funding opportunities are also offered by the Department of Science and Technology

Lab demonstrations provided to school learners

(DST) through its various entities.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.

REMOTE SEN SIN

Y ENGINEER C EN

SPACE WEA TH

RADIO FREQ U

NS TECH TIO NI A C ER

N IA

SATELLITE O P

However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!

CHER SEAR E R

ORECASTER F ER

WeWe useuse communication communication satellites satellites every every dayday when when we we watch watch Digital Digital Satellite Satellite television television (DStv), (DStv), access access thethe internet internet or use or use ourour cellcell phones. phones.

Navigation Navigation apps apps useuse GPSGPS satellites satellites to accurately to accurately steer steer youyou to your to your requested requested destination. destination.

Spacecraft Spacecraft areare launched launched intointo space space on rockets on rockets andand need need to be to be monitored monitored along along thethe way. way. SANSA SANSA provides provides launch launch support support andand recently recently assisted assisted twotwo Mars Mars launches launches – NASA’s – NASA’s Mars Mars Science Science Laboratory Laboratory andand India’s India’s Mars Mars Orbiter Orbiter Mission. Mission.

Weather Weather in space in space cancan damage damage satellites satellites andand interfere interfere with with ourour technology technology likelike GPS, GPS, cellcell phones phones andand internet. internet. SANSA SANSA keeps keeps a a close close eyeeye on space on space weather weather to protect to protect ourour technology technology in in space space andand on Earth. on Earth.

Images Images from from satellites satellites are are used used to develop to develop maps maps andand monitor monitor natural natural disasters disasters likelike floods floods andand droughts. droughts.

South South African African National National Space Space Agency Agency

Tel +27 Tel 12 +27 844 120398 844 0398 | Fax| +27 Fax 12 +27 844 120396 844 0396 EmailEmail information@sansa.org.za information@sansa.org.za | Website | Website www.sansa.org.za www.sansa.org.za

UNIZULU

MAKE YOUR OWN NANO PRODUCT

Get your hands dirty with Nanotechnology Written by: MJ Schwartz

anotechnology is engineering at a very, VERY small size. Nanotechnology deals with the world

Did you know?

at the nanoscale which is a billionth of a meter.

Your fingernails grow one nanometer every second!

Quick Quiz What is a billion times larger than a marble?

A. Soccer ball

B. South Africa

C. Planet Earth

D. Sun

By changing things at the nanoscale we can change their prop-

been coated with a nano-coating. This nano-coating is special

erties. We can make socks that never get smelly even after you

because it is hydrophobic, meaning that it repels water. Since

have worn them, or a cable that is strong enough to pick up

every grain of sand in Magic Sand gets this special nano-coating,

a car but is no thicker than a few strands of hair. We can even

even when all of it is put in water, it remains dry.

make Magic Sand which is sand that does not get wet, EVER!

Make your own Magic Sand and see how it works:

Magic Sand is the same as normal sand - both are made up of

Warnings Adult supervision required. Do not dispose of Magic Sand in nature. Do not eat Magic Sand.

the chemical silicon dioxide (SiO2). Magic Sand, however, has

The Unizulu Science Centre Magic Sand Recipe Ingredients

Method

1. Clean sea sand (not river sand because it is too fine)

1. Place the clean sea sand into the baking tray and spread

2. Baking tray

evenly;

3. Waterproofing spray (e.g. Scotchguard)

2. Bake in the oven for 30 minutes at 180Ë&#x161;C or until all moisture

4. Oven

has been removed; 3. Remove the tray from the oven and allow the sand to cool to room temperature; 4. Coat the sand with the waterproofing spray. Make sure you stir the sand between coats to ensure even coating; 5. Place in water and have fun!

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CAREERS

A BIG CAREER IN NANOTECHNOLOGY All your questions answered

long with the excitement of planning your career and entering a new field of discovery, comes many ques-

tions. Often, these questions linger in our minds and cause a lot of confusion. Not this time! Science Stars has the answers to your career in Nanotechnology.

Which school subjects do you need to take? In order to be accepted into a tertiary institution, you will have to pass science and mathematics with a minimum of 60%. Because Nanotechnology has branches in various fields, the subjects you choose at high school should be linked to the career you wish to follow. Each university has its own specific entry requirements for any given course, so it is important to find out what these requirements are while you are still in high school and work towards obtaining the necessary results.

Where can you study? After completing your undergraduate studies and obtaining your degree, you can apply for postgraduate studies at any of the universities in South Africa. During the course of your postgraduate degree, you can choose to complete a research project in Nanotechnology. Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CAREERS

The universities will be able to provide

tant to remember that along with your

Nanotechnology.

you with details of the Masters and PhD

qualification, you will need certain skills in

Prospective graduates can apply for these

level research topics. Research at this level order to be successful in your career. For

funding opportunities at several public and

will include contributions from interna-

a career in Nanotechnology, candidates

private organisations, such as;

tional universities, research centres (such

should possess an open mind, ask ques-

as the CSIR, Mintek and NECSA) as well as

tions, understand scientific methods and be

National Research Foundation (NRF)

industry professionals including Sasol and

able to analyse various situations.

Students can receive scholarships and grants from the NRF. Available programmes

Rand Water. Bearing in mind that Nanotechnology is

cater for both undergraduate and postdoc-

Which degree should you apply for?

a fairly new branch, there is still a lot to

toral candidates. More information regard-

be discovered. Potential Nanotechnology

ing these opportunities can be found on

Prospective undergraduate students

specialists in South Africa will be required

the NRF’s website – www.nrf.ac.za

should apply for a Bachelor of Science

to perform in-depth research projects and

(BSc) or a Bachelor of Technology (B-Tech)

study the properties of nanomaterials.

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

Chemistry, Maths, Life Sciences and

The more we know about nanomaterials

The CSIR has a centre that is dedi-

Engineering needs to be achieved in order

and the properties they possess, the more

cated to the advancement of research in

to apply for a Postgraduate degree in

we can manipulate these nanomaterials to

Nanotechnology and Nanoscience. More

Nanotechnology.

improve existing products and objects.

information about the National Centre for

How do you prepare yourself for a career in Nanotechnology?

Who can fund your education?

During your time at university, it is impor-

those who wish to study in the direction of

degree. A minimum of 50% in Physics,

Nanostructured Materials (NCNSM) can be

found on www.ls-ncnsm.csir.co.za

Bursaries and scholarships are available to

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Students enrolled at one of South Africa’s

CAREERS FEATURE

universities as well as students based at

ing research in Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology, job opportunities are predicted to increase in the near future. Those

the CSIR may apply for bursaries and stu-

who want to specialise in Nanotechnology-

Visit www.csir.co.za for further informa-

Microscopy Society of Southern Africa (MSSA)

tion.

MSSA focuses on microscopy studies which

jobs at various public and private organisa-

includes the study of nanoparticles and

tions, including universities.

dentships offered by the council.

The DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials (CoE-SM)

nanomaterials. The website (www.micros-

Hosted by the University of the

information regarding available funding

Witwatersrand (Wits), this research net-

and learning opportunities.

copy.org.za) will provide you with further

work is a partnership between South African universities and organisations.

India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Programme

Those involved include Nelson Mandela

This programme is a collaboration between

Metropolitan University (NMMU),

the Department of Science and Technology

University of Johannesburg (UJ), University

in South Africa, India and Brazil.

of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), University of

This programme hopes to improve educa-

Limpopo (UL), Mintek and NECSA.

tion in Nanotechnology and support human resource development in the countries

Sasol

involved.

Sasol is a petrochemicals company in South Africa that provides universities

based research and products can apply for

Where can you find a job?

Here are a few places that could use your input: The DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC); CSIR; South African Nanotechnology Initiative (SANI); iThemba LABS; University of the Western Cape (UWC); Rhodes University.

with funding with the objective of improv- Due to the growing interest in

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

INFOGRAPHIC

WATER WORRIES

Recent statistics on access to safe water

6 kilometers

The average distance African and Asian women walk to fetch water

3.6 million

98 %

people die each year from waterrelated diseases

of water-related deaths occur in the developing world

84 %

43 %

of water-related deaths are in children aged 0â&#x20AC;&#x201C;14

of water-related deaths are due to diarrhoea

to safe water â&#x20AC;&#x201D; approximately one in nine people 750 million people lack access 30

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PROBLEM SOLVING FEATURE

SAFE WATER ON ITS WAY How Nanotechnology can solve water problems

What is being done about these daunting figures? Is Nanotechnology helpful in ensuring that more people gain access to clean drinking water? A recent case study in South Africa shows how scientists make use of Nanotechnology to purify contaminated water and deliver it to rural communities. This initiative had begun in 2014 and is expected to run until 2016. Lead by Professor Sabelo Mhlanga from the University of Johannesburg (UJ), a team of Nanotechnology researchers plan to ease the water worries of rural citizens.

ccording to statistics released by the World Health Organisation and UNICEF in 2014, one in nine people lack access to clean water. Without clean water, communities are prone to diseases because they are forced to use contaminated water for cooking, cleaning and sanitary purposes.

The Department of Applied Chemistry at UJ aims to develop a sustainable water purification system for schools in rural areas of South Africa. This flagship project of the National Research Foundation (NRF) has seen the negative effects that borehole water has on five schools in Mpumalanga. The project will be a joint collaboration between the NRF, UJ and the DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre. The Nanotechnology water filtration system that Prof. Mhlanga and his team plan on implementing will remove heavy metals, microbes and organic pollutants from water before making it available to the schools. The clean water will be stored in a completely new storage tank after being cleansed through the filtration system.

Stellenbosch University. What sets us apart?

YOU UNLIMITED www.maties.com

Branding | www.gstudio.co.za

Are you creative and eager to explore? So is Stellenbosch University. Do you see the world as your classroom and your future as yours to shape? Stellenbosch University does. Are you driven to make a difference? Then Stellenbosch is the place for you.

QUIZ

QUIZ Are you a Nanotechnology mastermind? Take this quiz and find out.

1 2 3 4

Nanotechnology Public Engagement Programme (NPEP) is implemented by which organisation? A. CSIR

Which one of these liquids is unique due to the nanoscale interactions between its ingredients? A. Ketchup

B. SAASTA

B. Water

C. MRC

C. Juice

D. MINTEK

D. Mayonnaise

When was the first real discovery of Nanotechnology? A. 1895 B. 1999

Nanorobots… A. Are replacements for doctors B. Are already in nanomedicine

C.1985

C. Will be used by NASA’s next mission to space

D. 1958

D. Do not exist

Which item of clothing has a layer of silicone nanofilaments,

Which of these consumer products is already being made

which creates a coating and prevents water from soaking?

using Nanotechnology methods?

A. Hat

A. Fishing lure B. Golf ball

B. Jeans

C. Sunscreen

C. Jacket

D. All of the above

D. Scarf

Which of the well-known phrases from Star Trek depends on

Optical tweezers… A. Are used to remove facial hair with miniaturized laser beams B. Use light to manipulate particles as small as a single atom

the (fictional) use of Nanotechnology? A. Beam me up, Scotty!

C. Are a Nanotechnology based tool used to pick up small particles

B. Tea. Earl Grey. Hot

D. Don’t exist

C. You will be assimilated. Resistance is futile D. All of the above

Lost in Translation Bongi goes to Japan for his birthday celebration.

Uuhhm... thanks... but what is it? Happy birthday, Bongi!

Nantero’s NRAM® is the next generation memory technology that is incredibly fast,

Lost in Translation is produced by Roswika Media Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PUZZLE

WORD SEARCH S

BUCKYBALL

NANOTUBE MATERIALS

ATOMS

FULLERENE

NANOROBOTICS

NANOSCALE

MOLECULAR

PARTICLES

BIOFUELS

PRODUCTS NANOMETRE

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

DOWN 1. Gold at the nanoscale is? 2. Buckyballs are a form of which element? 3. Materials on the nanoscale exhibit different properties than the macroscope. 3

2 4

True/False? 4. How many oxygen atoms lined up in a row would fit in a nanometer space? 5. Buckyballs are also called? 6. Which condiment is unique due to nanoscale interactions between its ingre-

dients? 4

ACROSS 1. Who first used the term ‘Nanotechnology’ in 1974? 2. The Greek word meaning of Nanotechnology is? 3. In 2010, the Nobel Prize was awarded

to Andre Geim and Konstatin Novoselov for their work with which nano material? 4. Do nanorobots exist? Yes/No? 5. The prefix “nano” comes from a ______ word? 6. Copper at the nanoscale is? 34

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ANSWERS Â

ANSWERS Youth Issue

SUDOKU

SCIENCESTARS Issue 09 | June/July 2015

THE FUTURE OF TOMORROW

5 6

8 9

7 4

4 8

2 3

6 1

1 2

3 5

9 7

7 8

2 6

9 5

5 3

1 4

8 7

3 9

4 1

6 2

9 3

7 5

8 6

1 2

6 8

3 4

4 7

2 9

5 1

CROSSWORD PUZZLE 1

U 4

2. WhatsApp, Facebook, Facebook messenger, Google+,

R R

1. 11 years old

QUIZ

Twitter

M 3

L 5

4. WhatsApp N

5. True

6. Hashtag

7. Instagram

M I

3. Vibe

C R 5

S 6

O F T

N N

S 7

C T S

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

3581/E

Empowering women for roads.

SANRAL is committed to creating a path of growth and development for women in engineering and in business to ensure long-term sustainability of critical skills in our economy and our country. We salute all those female trailblazers and achievers who dared to join us on the road less travelled.

iThemba LABS

ouldn’t you like to enjoy an office and car where you can be kept warm on a cold day or

cool on a humid day, without the inconve-

VISUALISING A FUTURE WITH

VANADIUM

nience of having to reach for too many air regulating buttons?

More than just a ‘nano’ part of Nanotechnology Written by : Leandra Taylor

In this day and age, enjoying a green lifestyle is a luxury which often leaves our pockets empty. That is why we bring VO2 (Vanadium dioxide) to the rescue – a chemical compound which will help you revolutionise the way you use your windows.

The history of Vanadium Vanadium’s alloying properties goes back as far as the time of Henry Ford, the inventor of the Ford automobile. He used it in 1908 to strengthen and lighten the body of the Ford Model T. Portable artillery pieces and body armour made during World War І were also produced from Vanadium metal, due to its alloying properties and heat resistance. If you think this is as far back as Vanadium’s history goes, think again. It seems that mankind may have already been unconsciously developing the metal during the 3rd Century BC. Damascus steel was used in sword pro-

Along with China and Russia, South Africa

structure) from being a semiconductor

supplies close to 90% of Vanadium-related

below 68˚C to being a metal above 68˚C.

by-products.

In the semiconducting state, it allows for the transmission of infrared radiation – the

Vanadium has a strong electron-electron

electromagnetic spectrum (visible and

correlated system. It is very popular and

non-visible radiation) responsible for heat-

has a wide variety of applications and uses.

ing spaces behind windows, glass doors

Some of these uses include optical switch-

or glass enclosures. In the metallic state

ing, thermal-regulating smart windows,

(above 68˚C), the previously semi-conduct-

thermal shields, night vision goggles and

ing VO2 becomes highly reflective of heat

heat mirrors. More examples include elec-

causing infrared radiation. This property

trochromic devices, lithium-ion batteries,

makes it possible for VO2 coatings on glass

infrared shutters and bolometers as well

to be used as thermal regulators for your

as heat seeking sensors for missile guiding

working and living spaces.

and satellite mapping. The image below demonstrates how

Changing phases

Vanadium plays a role in maintaining tem-

Since Vanadium (IV) oxide is a metal oxide,

perature levels on a hot and cool day.

it undergoes a phase change (change of

On a cool day, the person behind the glass

duction during these early stages.

Where is VO2 found? VO2 is a multifunctional oxide of Vanadium metal, which cannot be found in nature as a pure oxide, but can be prepared using the Vanadium metal. Vanadium (V) is found in South Africa as we have some of the world’s highest reserves of Vanadium-containing ore.

Cool day

Hot day

Figure 1: The image above demonstrates how Vanadium plays a role in maintaining temperature levels on a hot and cool day.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

iThemba LABS

window (coated with VO2) receives light and infrared (IR) radiation from the sun (in the semiconducting state) as it gets transmitted through the window. On a hot day, temperatures can soar above the transition temperature of the VO2 coated glass window. Hence, VO2 then switches to a metallic state, becoming reflective to Infrared radiation, while simultaneously allowing visible light to pass through the glass window.

Figure 3: The optical properties of some vanadium dioxide films.

Transmission and reflection percentages

of the hot topics of research in thermochro-

fers considerably with temperature. When

The switching between reflective and

mism as far as VO2 is concerned.

the Vanadium oxide transitions increase

The emissivity of the VO2-coated glass dif-

transmissive states that occur at the

in temperature, the structure undergoes a

pivotal point of approximately 68˚C is a

sudden decrease in emissivity – appearing

defining factor in the use of VO2 as tem-

colder on the infrared cameras than what it

perature regulating coatings.

actually is in reality.

Figure 2 illustrates how this VO2 transi-

Along with China and Russia, South Africa supplies close to 90% of Vanadium-related byproducts.

tion occurs, from the semiconducting state to the metallic state as its temperatures decreases from 68˚C to 25˚C. Therefore, the VO2 coated glass will then become the material of interest for regulating temperature in buildings, living areas, working spaces and cars. This objective of decreasing the transition temperature is now one

Figure 2: Transmission in VO2 thin film black line depicts transmission of VO2 in the semiconductor state while the red line depicts transmission of VO2 in the metallic state.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

The present and future of Vanadium Vanadium is presently utilised as steel in the construction of bridges, but the oppor-

iThemba LABS

Terminology Alloy: A mixture of metals Damascus steel: Steel given a wavy pattern by hammerwelding strips of steel and iron followed by repeated heating and forging Emissivity: The measure of an object’s ability to

tunities for the use of Vanadium in industry

China is the country with the highest

has dramatically increased. Due to the

demand for the utilisation of Vanadium.

popular increase in demand of Vanadium, this metal is slowly but surely climbing the

According to Laurence Knight in his article

‘in demand’ ladder.

titled Vanadium: The Metal That May Soon Be Powering Your Neighbourhood, he mentioned

China, Russia and South Africa are the main that; “A recent decision by Beijing to stop country sources where the metal is extract-

using low-quality steel rebar has bumped

ed as a useful by-product from iron-ore

up forecast demand for Vanadium by 40%”.

slag and other mining processes. However,

Thus, the demand for Vanadium in steelmanufacturing may be placed on the back-

produce and discharge infrared energy

drop for future reference as Vanadium may

Thermochromism:

be playing a bigger role in Nanotechnology

The property of changing the optical

than ever before.

properties when influenced by temperature Transmissive: Acting as a medium for light to pass through Figure 4: Nanostars of Vanadium(IV) oxide

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

FACTS

10 FACTS ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY Did you know?

‘Nano’ is a prefix used to describe one billionth of something.

Cosmetics company, L’Oreal, has developed nanosize vesicles. These vesicles (called nanosomes) are used to transport active ingredients such as pure Vitamin E through the skin.

The colours seen in medieval stained glass (like the windows of a cathedral) are the result of nanocrystals.

Materials display unusual properties when viewed at the nanoscale – like change in colour, transparency and melting points.

Nanoparticles can be found naturally in smoke and volcanic ash.

A human hair is 80,000 nm in diameter.

At nanoscale, the differences between disciplines like Physics, Chemistry, Engineering and Biology are less distinctive.

Nanotechnology solar power aims to absorb sunlight from any angle with the goal of generating as much energy as possible.

The difference in size between a nanometer and a meter can be illustrated as the difference between a golf ball and earth.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Fingernails grow 1 nm per second.

DST

DST AWARDS

YOUNG SCIENTISTS South African pupils head to London

he National Science Olympiad

are confronted with the urgent challenge

and opportunities to express their wisdom.

has, in its 51-year existence,

of developing our science and technology

At the National Science Olympiad, a catego-

aimed to recognise learners who

capabilities so that we are able to respond

ry has been dedicated to learners from pre-

have excelled in science with the goal

to the development challenges of the con-

viously disadvantaged schools. This year’s

of encouraging young people to pursue

tinent.”

winner, Lesibana Rammutla, is a grade 12

careers in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths.

pupil at Erasmus Monareng High School in “Global scientific endeavour requires the

Gauteng who came first in Physical Science.

contributions of all regions, especially the

As a result of their achievements at the

Learners from grades 10 to 12 are

developing world, which was excluded in

National Science Olympiad, learners from

required to write tests in Physical, Natural

the past,” said the Minister. The Department

four provinces in South Africa have trav-

or Life Sciences. Prizes are rewarded to the of Science and Technology recognises the

elled overseas for the London International

best performers in each subject as well as

important input that can be provided by

Youth Science Forum in July 2015.

the schools who have the top-performing

those who might not have the resources

entrants. Prizes range from laptops, iPads and e-book readers for individuals and Science equipment for schools. A learner from Mbilwi Secondary School in Limpopo has received R40 000 towards registration and tuition fees at a university of his choice. Hamandishe Mathivha has performed exceptionally well in the past three years and has earned his reward for his work in the Physical Science Category. At the National Science Olympiad Awards Ceremony held in Johannesburg, Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor

Minister Pandor with a young winner

said: “South Africa and the whole of Africa

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PROBLEMS

Petroleum Engineer

SOLVING NANO PROBLEMS Nanoproducts that need some rethinking

anotechnology has succeeded in solving many social problems, but does Nanotechnology have any problems of its own? Below are a few problems of Nanotechnology that future scientists need to figure out.

out of clothing and lands up in waste-water treatment plants. Along with aquatic life, other forms of life could also be threatened by the inaccurate testing of Nanotechnology. Because Nanotechnology research is still in its early stages,

One market that has benefited greatly from the

the complete effects of nanoparticles might not be fully

advancement of Nanotechnology is the clothing and textile

understood by those working with them. The small scale of

industry. Researchers have noted possible improvements in

nanomaterials make it easier for them to enter the body,

the manufacturing of clothing that might perform a specific

both human and animal. Nanoparticles behave differently

task. When umbrellas fail to keep you dry, Nanotechnology

once they have entered the body and may cause interfer-

will come to your rescue in the form of a jacket that does

ence in the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s normal biological processes.

not absorb water. The problem? If the jacket does not get wet, how would you be able to wash it?

As exciting as it is to deal with something new, there are also certain factors that need to be considered when

Concerns have also been raised about whether the skin can

dealing with something you are not completely familiar

absorb nanoparticles that might be released into sweat.

with. Nanotechnology is a field open to new innovations

Further research has proven that nanosilver, one of the

but along with this new branch of Science comes the

most widely used nanoparticles, could be toxic to aquatic

pressures of ensuring that all research is questioned, tested

life. This would pose a threat when nanosilver is washed

and retested.

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

W MEN IN SCIENCE

OPPORTUNITIES

OPPORTUNITIES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY Is it here to stay?

Written by : Oswald Kucherera

here is an adage that says the

the Physicist Richard Feynman in 1959

future belongs to the youth, but

when he proposed his idea of what later

what does the future hold in store

became known as Nanotechnology in his

In countries such as the United Kingdom

for Nanotechnology? This is an industry

speech titled ‘There’s Plenty of Room at

some products ranging from clothes to

in which several tiny computers called

the Bottom’. It was not well-received by his

tennis rackets are being controlled using

nanites simultaneously work together

peers and the world at large. This would

the Nanotechnology system and this has

throughout whatever object they are

be the last time it would be publicly dis-

helped businesses to keep shrinkage costs

inserted into in order to perform amazing

cussed until the 1980s when Eric Drexler

at minimal.

tasks at the molecular level.

was doing research and was exposed to

falling of hair.

the speech of Feynman. Drexler developed

South Africa and the world at large are fac-

Historically, many great scientific ideas

it into a concept and coined the term

ing challenges of youth unemployment and

have often been met with resistance.

‘Nanotechnology’ which is credited to him.

inequality, while millions and millions are

When they were first introduced, they were

in poverty. Nanotechnology can be a game

completely and absolutely dismissed as

As technology has become a major driver of

changer. With its advanced food preserva-

unsound and unfounded researches. Some

development, it is crucial that today’s youth

tion techniques it can solve hunger prob-

unfortunate scientists such as Galileo

read and research to broaden their knowl-

lems in the future.

were persecuted for refusing to recant his

edge and understanding of Nanotechnology

support for heliocentrism (the sun at the

and become part of this development.

center of the universe) rather that geo-

Perhaps you will be part of the team that designs clothing using nanofibers, produc-

centrism (the earth at the center of the

Nanotechnology brings an ocean of oppor-

ing outfits that automatically respond to

universe) which was supported by many

tunities. Most promising is the possible

your body. Perhaps you will produce some-

astronomers of that time. But later on it

breakthrough in finding a cure for cancer,

thing entirely new using nanoparticles.

was proved that his critics were wrong

a deadly disease that claims lives of many

and he was right.

people. Chemotherapy is used, it kills cancer Invest your time in gathering information in

The same was to be experienced by

cells but it also destroys the living tissues

Nanotechnology and exploit the opportuni-

which do not need to be killed, hence the

ties it presents.

DST

WALL OF FAME National Science Olympiad

Science-lovers unite and compete

outh African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) hosted the 51st annual National Science Olympiad in July 2015. The

national event is a call for high school learners from all schools in South Africa to enter a competition that involves writing tests in natural sciences, life sciences and physical sciences.

The following schools boasted the highest participation in the National Science Olympiad Competition: Dinaledi schools:

National Winners – Life Science Paper

1. Mpandeli High School in Limpopo - 559 pupils entered, winning the school a R5000 voucher.

1. U Wagner (66%) – Grade 12, Crawford College in Pretoria, Gauteng 2. AL Pandit (64% ) – Grade 12, Fairbairn College, Western Cape

2. Derek Kobe Senior Secondary School in Limpopo

3. D Dara (63% ) – Grade 11, African Leadership Academy, Gauteng

- 481 pupils entered, winning a R4000 voucher for their

4. AS Asu (61% ) – Grade 12, African Leadership Academy, Gauteng

school.

5. ST Diale (61% ) - Grade 12, Dendron Secondary, Limpopo 6. AM Midzuk (61% ) - Grade 12, King David Victory Park High, Gauteng

3. THS Klerkdorp in the North West

7. S Goldsmid (61% ) - Grade 12, Stirling High, Eastern Cape

- A R3000 voucher was won by the 279 entries.

National Winners – Physical Science Paper Top 5 National Winners:

Harmony schools: 1. Jabulani Technical High in Gauteng – A total of 266 entries and a R5000 voucher.

1. JJ Wilkinson (77%) – Grade 12, Bishops High School, Western Cape

2. Carleton Jones High in Gauteng

3. D Nadesan (73% ) - Grade 12, Star College in Durban, KZN

2. S Lee (73% ) – Grade 12, Bishops High School, Western Cape 4. AD Garreb (73% ) – Grade 12, Star College in Durban, KZN

– Had 171 entries and won a R4000 voucher.

5. HY Mathiva (73% ) – Grade 12, Mbilwi Secondary School, Limpopo

Other school: 1. S.J. Van der Merwe Technical High in Limpopo - With 208 entries, won a R5000 voucher. Registration for 2016 1st closing date: 30 October 2015 (entry at R15.00 per learner) 2nd closing date: 04 December 2015 (entry at R20.00 per learner) 3rd closing date: 29 January 2016 (entry at R25.00 per learner)

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ACTIVITY

HOW SMALL IS A NANOMETER REALLY? Complete this easy activity so that you can get an idea of how small nanoscale is. The challenge of this activity is to determine the number of times a strip of paper can be cut in half in order to make it between zero and ten nanometers long.

Remember: When dealing with measurements, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. 1 metre (m) = 100 centimetres (cm) 1 cm = 10 millimetres (mm) 1 mm = 1 000 micrometres (micron) 1 micron = 1 000 nanometres (nm)

Before you start, think about these questions: • How many times do you think the paper can be cut before you can no longer cut it? • Do you think a pair of scissors is the best tool to use in this activity? • Do you think it’s possible to see nanoscale with the naked eye?

What you need:

1. Cut the strip of paper in half

4. Keep a record of how many times the

Scissors

2. After each cut, tape one half to a

paper strip has been cut

Tape

separate sheet of paper. Keep the other

5. Using the pieces of paper you have

A strip of paper (dimensions 216mm x

half for further cutting

taped to the extra sheet of paper, use

5mm)

3. Keep cutting the paper in half until

your calculator to sum up the amount

Pen or pencil

you can no longer cut it

of times the strip of paper had been cut

Ruler Calculator

Record your findings after answering these questions: 1. How many times were you able to cut the paper in half? 2. How close was the smallest piece to the nanoscale? 3. Why did you have to stop cutting? 4. Can macroscale objects, like scissors, be used on the nanoscale? 5. Can you think of a way to cut the paper any smaller?

Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Results: After completing this activity, you will notice how small the nanoscale is and how macro scale tools, like scissors, are unable to work with such a small scale.

Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference

DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

Draw up a study timetable.

FCB CAPE TOWN 10007095CT/E

Study tips

Don’t procrastinate!

Make flashcards, use acronyms, sing jingles - anything to help you remember.

Exercise and eat correctly to combat stress. Use tables, flowcharts and figures - pictures can help you remember facts.

Get up a little earlier on the morning of an exam - it will allow you time to have a proper breakfast and you will feel calm when you arrive at your exam venue.

Create a study environment free from clutter and distractions.

If the workload is too big, join a study group. But make sure you actually study.

Get a decent night’s sleep. It helps with your concentration.

Go over as many past papers as you can.

Don’t postpone difficult topics when studying tackle the hard bits first.

Good luck!

At Engen, we want to give you some extra encouragement during your final exams because we understand that education is the first step to a brighter future. That’s one of the reasons why we invest in subjects that will be of long-term value to our business and South Africa. For nearly 3 decades, Engen Maths and Science Schools have provided extra tuition to learners in grades 10 to 12 across the country. Engen wishes you every success for your final matric exams. www.engenoil.com/education