SCIENCESTARS Issue 18
INNOVATION 4.0
CONTENTS CONTENTS
FEATURES
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
2
Changing the landscape one app at a time
6
Scifest Africa 2018
8
Artificial Intelligence
9 International Supercomputing Conference 3
Cryptocurrency
6
Young scientist wins at Taiwan Science Fair
7
Technovate conference
8
Tech careers that didn't exist 10 years ago
0
Careers of the future
REGULARS
5 6 8 3 3 3 3 3
Foreword
Editor’s note
Cover story
1
Science Centre
2 Bursaries
4
Quiz
5
Puzzles
6
ANSWERS
FOREWORD
the
FOREWORD Innovation 4.0
First Revolution now became electrified, cleaner and more efficient.
Believe it or not but as you read this foreword you will, over your
Industrial Revolution. The network of wires connecting telephones
lifetime, be part of at least two industrial revolutions.
was replaced by fibre optic cables and the world-wide-web. Fixed
As we move into the Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Innovation 4.0
telephones and computers became portable as computing power
as some call it, we need to briefly look back at how each industrial
got both smaller and more powerful with the miniaturisation of
revolution before us has brought huge socioeconomic benefits to
transistors on circuit boards.
The computer and the internet are at the heart of the Third
countries that have engaged with them. While many of us have lived through the Third Revolution, all of Steam stood on the centre stage of the First Industrial Revolution
us will be present for the Fourth Industrial Revolution – a new
providing the power to drive new modes of locomotion in the form
phase of taking all previous technological revolutions and blurring
of steam trains and also powering machinery that was now housed
the boundaries between them with a goal of making sustainable
in large factories that we build to cope with the demand of manu-
systems be they biological, physical or digital.
factured goods. Science is the thread that runs through these revolutions that have The Second Industrial Revolution started with widespread electri-
impacted on all our lives and Science will be the basis for the Fifth
fication and the invention of the telephone. Communication, once
Revolution – whatever it may be.
restricted to (snail) mail now provided an interconnected grid with businesses and homes being in contact with one another via a network of wires and cables in almost real-time. The factories from the
Prof AJ Booth Dean of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
5
ED’S NOTE
team Science Stars
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR
Editor • Nadine Sims
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is upon us The first major science event of the year is upon us and is opening this year’s science calendar with a bang. Scifest Africa is one the largest National Science Festivals on the continent and in 2017 they welcomed 62 000 visitors. The theme for this year’s Scifest Africa is ‘Innovation 4.0’ and focuses on everything digital, virtual and new and exciting emerging technologies, like Artificial Intelligence and 3D printing. If you would to find out more about Scifest, you can find that on page 16.
Artificial Intelligence is a topic that over the past few years and months, has seen endless debates and analyses. To learn more about what exactly Artificial Intelligence is and where it is going, you can find that interesting read on page 18. Sticking with the theme of Scifest, the page 13, we have documented an amazing individual doing amazing work in the Cape Town township of Langa. The story of a self-taught computer programmer, Sihle Tshabalala, was one the most inspiring I have personally read in a while.
Graphic designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz Contributing designer • Stacey Okkers Contributing writers • Moeketsi Tigeli • Nicole Ludolph Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Sales & Marketing Rep • Ntombizanele Thangayi Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright 2017 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission. Science Stars is published by Roswika Media.
We have also introduced a new regular feature in Science Stars, where we will visit and feature different science centre’s around South Africa. There are currently 26 science centres in SA and the team and I are excited to introduce you to a new one in each issue. In this issue we have looked at Nelson Mandela Bay Science Centre, in Port Elizabeth and you can read more about that on page 31. This year already looks like it will be an eventful one for science and I am excited to be able to have you, our readers, along with us to enjoy this eventful journey.
Nadine Sims Editor
10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za
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Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
THE CSIR providing opportunities for young and upcoming
RESEARCHERS
L
aser technology benefits various domains of our
of light, describing a research field which aims to
modern existence through various devices such as;
generate, manipulate and detect photons – particles
lighting displays in entertainment, office equipment like
of light. It is an essential component of everyday
laser printers, DVD players at home, barcode scanners
technologies, addressing societal challenges such as
in the shops, surgical technology in hospitals or devices
energy generation, healthcare and security.
for cutting and welding industrial materials in factories. People like Rendani Nemagovhani, a Laser Technician intern at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) National Laser Centre (NLC) can play a critical role in advancing laser technology knowledge to young people. As an intern, Rendani is responsible for operating and maintaining various laser systems and metallurgical laboratory work such as preparing samples and analysing them. He holds a National Diploma in industrial physics with major streams in laser technology and material sciences from the Tshwane University of Technology. “Studying physics opens doors to a myriad of careers in many sectors. My interest in physics developed when I was still in high school and that is when I decided I was going to study a physics-related course in tertiary.” Rendani enrolled for a diploma in industrial physics because he wanted to study something that incorporated photonics and metrology. Photonics is the science
I also saw that there were scarce skills in the field of photonics and laser technology, therefore I took this as an opportunity.” Rendani would like to be a principal researcher and also further his studies. “The CSIR has given me an opportunity to learn a lot and to grow academically. I would like to have a PhD degree in Physics before I reach the age of 30, he adds.” He encourages those who would like to pursue a career in physics to take mathematics and physical science in high school and get good results. “Know your goal and aim towards achieving it by working hard. You need to be curious about how things work and why they work in a specific way,” he says. He also says that you need to be enthusiastic, patient and have a continuous desire to learn more.
COVER STORY
BRIEF BREAK-DOWN OF
BUILDING AN APP Building an app made easy With the dawn of the so-called ‘Fourth Industrial Evolution’
Though, the technology industry can sometimes appear to be
or the technology era upon us, we, now have applications like
quite an intimidating place, especially for a young person that
Facebook, Uber and WhatsApp, which have changed the way
is trying to make a breakthrough, time and time again, we
that we communicate and live our day to day lives.
hear inspiring stories about students in their teens or early 20’s building an amazing application or start up business that
Some have even improved productivity in businesses, which
breaks creative and innovative boundaries.
would ultimately result in more profit, and others allow you to learn a new skill, like coding, mathematics or even a new lan-
That may be because those young people are the ones that
guage. The possibilities are almost infinite.
are the motivated newbies, bringing with them fresh, new and innovative ideas. If you are one of those cutting edge individuals and you think you have a brilliant idea for an application, below we have broken down how to build an application and get your idea off the ground.
The idea This is a crucial step that should not be overlooked. Looking critically at your idea, you need to think about where the idea came from and how it is that it will someone in their daily lives. If the idea is something like a game, is the game exciting and will it keep the player entertained and keep them coming back? Or how will you achieve this?
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COVER STORY
Ask yourself if the idea has already been done? If it has, how is
courses and tutorials. W3Schools is also a good place to start,
yours different? What about your idea is helpful or exciting?
they have a wide variety of coding languages to learn and
Look at other applications that are similar to yours and weigh
choose from.
up the whether it would be a good idea to spend time developing this idea. Also look at if there is a need for this currently
The other option would be to outsource a computer program-
or a gap in the market.
mer and have that person to the back end coding for your application. This will cost money and if aren’t too familiar with
Coding
the industry you stand the risk of being overcharged. To avoid this, remember do a lot of reading and research. There are also
This may be the difficult part, if you are not a coding or pro-
freelance websites where you may hire someone to do the
gramming boffin, there are a few options you have available
application for you, like Upwork or O-desk.
to you. There are always applications for you to build an application, The first step is to do a lot of reading and decide which
like Appmarkr, which is fairly easy to use. The downside to with
operating system you want your application to run on, either
this is that monetising and seeing profits from your app is pro-
Android, iPhone or both.
hibited. Although, this may be a good starting point to see how your application fares in the market.
Then the next and probably the best option would be to learn how to code and make the application yourself, from scratch. This will take time and a lot of effort will be involved in learning how to code, but it is an invaluable skill that will not go to waste and will definitely stand you in good stead for the future. There are many free resources to use online to learn how to code. There is Codecademy, which has free interactive online
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COVER STORY
Upload for review
Sell your idea
Once completed, you will need to take screenshots of your
If your application starts to really gain traction and becomes
application and submit the app on Play Store or the Apple App
popular enough, there is the potential for you to sell it to an
Store, depending on the platform used to develop it.
interested third party and make money that way.
Their response will not be immediate. A good idea in the
Do remember that when you sell your application, that means
meantime is to test out the application yourself, play with it
that all potential profits from there on out, will no longer be
and see if it’s user friendly and that there are no ‘bugs’.
yours. That way, you may be winning, but if your application becomes really big, you may lose long-term.
Once the application has been approved and is on the App Store and/or Play Store, this is when potential monetising happens. You can start selling ads on your application or even have people pay for your application.
DRIVING UNMATHCED INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS Armscor, the acquisition agency for the South African Department of Defence is renowned for its acquisition expertise in providing turnkey defence solutions to its clients Key to its research and development output is to create an environment which conducive for economic growth whilst driving defence innovation. In the same vein, Innovation in the defence industry has evolved drastically with some technology being used in the commercial and domestic sectors. Furthermore Armscor boasts capabilities in various fields such as its communication systems, e.g. radar and communication equipment and services which are used to strengthen border controls and security, and in unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as the engineering skills to develop missiles and other technologies to meet the needs of the changing global landscape. The entity’s forensic laboratory testing provides solutions for the prevention of chemical warfare, automotive vehicle testing and long-range artillery testing, which has aided global clientele for more than two decades.” Armscor remains committed to provide cost-effective turnkey defence solutions globally whilst placing Africa’s high-quality expertise on the global map to secure and strengthen relations and boost South Africa’s socio-economic development. To this end Armscor is relentlessly seeking to stimulate and encourage growth of Engineers and Scientists in the country. Career awareness campaigns conducted throughout the country to raise awareness about career opportunities available in the defence industry.
CONTACT US
Feynman
Corporate Communication Private Bag X337, Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 1911 E-mail: Info@armscor.co.za www.armscor.co.za
Follow us on:
TECH START-UPS
CHANGING THE LANDSCAPE ONE APP AT A TIME 3 tech startups taking SA by storm By: Nicole Ludolph
P
overty, pollution, crime and the effects of climate change are some of the social challenges South
Africans have to deal with on a daily basis. While these challenges can make life difficult, they also tend to spark inventiveness and innovation within our society. Some of
Spazapp
these sparks come to life as tech startups.
Spaza shops are a very common feature in South African neighbourhoods, with small business people spending quite a bit of money getting to, and transporting products from, wholesalers and manufacturers. Spazapp lowers the cost of transportation by allowing shop owners to order
JumpIn Rides
from manufacturers directly using the
One such startup is a Cape Town based
app. Manufacturers deliver goods directly
company called JumpIn Rides. Launched
Karri
to the spaza shop, and shop owners can
in July 2016, the carpooling service was
A mobile payment app specifically for the
track delivery for free. The app also offers
created as a cheaper alternative for those
use of schools, Karri is a convenient alter-
additional services, like the generating
who need to travel medium to long dis-
native to sending learners to school with
of airtime to sell to customers, and even
tances. Drivers can offer a ride to fill up
physical money. Schools sign up on the
funeral policies!
their spare seats, while potential pas-
website and load their learner data. The
sengers can search the posted rides for
app will generate a unique code for each
There are many, many more tech start-ups
offers that suit their travelling needs. The
learner, which is sent to their parents. Their
in South Africa. With our Information and
service is cheap, good for the environment
parents then download the app, enter the
Technology industry being one of the fast-
and users are verified to ensure that the
code and add their electronic payment
est growing in Africa, it is exciting to see
service is safe.
details. Each time the school has an event,
what other innovations the industry will
parents receive a notification and are able
produce through start-up companies.
to pay immediately on the app. Karri not only provides a safer solution to carrying cash but also reduces the time and admin associated with school events.
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PROFILE
HACKING INTO THE COMMUNITY Sihle Tshabalala teaches Coding in Langa By: Moeketsi Tigeli
My vision is about turning this township into the next Silicon Valley. For me it’s about how we inspire our people about technology and teach them how to integrate technology into their own lifestyles “We offer training programs for free, for a full one year, to disadvantaged community members between the ages of 16 - 35. We write strictly JavaScript because with that you can learn front-end and back-end.” According to the World Economic Forum’s
T
2017 report on ‘The Future of Jobs and
he Langa township in Cape Town
constraints, in 2016 Sihle and his company
Skills in Africa’ there is a strong job
faces many social and economic
moved offices to the Love Life Centre in
growth potential in the Information
challenges. With the help of a group
Langa where the coding training started.
Communications and Technology (ICT)
of community members, Sihle Tshabalala
sector. Quirky30 NPC’s main goal is pro-
has brought a different approach to solv-
The first non-profit organisation of its kind
ducing a competitive workforce by teach-
ing some of these problems: a non-profit
to offer skill sets of its kind in South Africa,
ing Information Technology skill sets such
organisation that offers training in tech-
Tshabalala begins by explaining the reason
as JavaScript, that are in-demand and
nology entrepreneurship skills.
behind the name, “Quirky means unusual,
compete across all platforms.
which really defines the work that we do. Quirky30 NPC, as the budding organisa-
And 30 because we align what we do with
A renowned motivational speaker
tion is known, was founded in 2014. Then
the United Nations framework of sustain-
and self-taught Coder in 4 languages,
known as Brothers For All, the organisa-
able development goals for 2030.”
Tshabalala says the world is moving
tion sort to assist ex-offenders to acquire
towards a digital economy, but he is wary
the necessary skills to integrate them back
Coding languages such as HTML5 and
of what this means for marginalised com-
into their communities. Due to financial
JavaScript are on offer in the curriculum,
munities.
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PROFILE
“Let’s be realistic, people in townships
government subsidised internet connectiv-
list of over 100. The program is open to
need to firstly be enticed about technol-
ity an expense.
everyone, as well as learners from grade
ogy, Langa for instance is a small township,
10 onwards and students don’t need to
a population of 54 000, an unemployment
Tshabalala has since garnered support
have a maths and science background to
rate of 60%, 70% of the people don’t have
from corporates such as the National
join.
matric, and 90% households are without
Lottery Commision and especially Nedbank
computers, what are the prospects of a
which also runs workshops at the organ-
The younger ones start with computer
better life if they are not digital oriented?”
isation’s quarters and have put forward R2
training and move on to digital and social
he explains.
million to build infrastructure.
media marketing.
“Everything is online, job opportunities,
“My vision is about turning this township
applications for learnerships, intern-
into the next Silicon Valley. I’m setting up
ships. Even when it comes to govern-
an Internet cafe and building a 3D ani-
Open every weekday from 9am - 5pm and
ment and broadband connectivity, all the
mation studio. For me it’s about how we
Saturdays from 9:00am to 14:00pm.
WiFi hotspots are in the Central Business
inspire our people about technology and
Districts (CBD), not townships where inter-
teach them how to integrate technology
net is needed the most,” he says.
into their own lifestyles,” he says.
and the team behind it.
For Langa residents, it costs R24 a taxi
As it stands the organisation currently
Visit: www.quirky30.co.za
to and from Cape Town. Making access to
accommodates 33 students with a waiting
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Quirky30 NPC
To find out more about this organisation
IDENTITY IS IN THE
EYE OF THE BEHOLDER “Dare to be different, but at the same time, stay true to yourself.” GUGULETHU MABUZA-HOCQUET These are very appropriate words indeed from the woman who has committed her research to identity protection. The way Gugu sees it, your identity is all you really have – and the answer to protecting it, lies in iris biometrics. She is exploring the unique iris properties of the South African population that may just hold the key to a uniquely South African security encryption system. “Your iris does not only hold information such as your age, gender and race, it also says you are part of a demographic mix that is not found elsewhere in the world. Now imagine a future where those unique features in your eyes will protect the most valuble thing you have – your identity.” Gugu describes the way she ended up in science as a “beautiful accident”. It’s certainly one to be thankful for.
BRIGHT YOUNG SCIENTISTS BEHIND IDEAS THAT WORK. www.csirideasthatwork.co.za
SCIFEST
Scifest Africa 2018 Innovation 4.0 - The Fourth Industrial Revolution
H
aving been established in 1996, Scifest Africa is an important annual event in the South African science calendar; with its objectives being to promote public awareness,
understanding and appreciate of STEM and innovation. The national science festive will be taking place on the 7 - 13 March, with the theme for this year being ‘Innovation 4.0’. The theme is in reference to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and includes everything, digital, virtual and innovative. Guests can expect subjects and topics touching on 3D printing, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, digital, quantum computing and many emerging technological breakthroughs. With support from the Department of Science and Technology, the festival ensures that they make science available to the public, promote and encourage parents and students to participate and providing a platform for local and international scientists to interact, engage and encourage the youth to embark on careers in science. Last year, the event hosted more than 62 000 visitors, exhibitors, talks and lectures, events, and contributors, from more than 75 different organisations. Scifest Africa is held in Grahamstown every year and this year the festival will see it’s 22nd year anniversary. The festival is a project of the Grahamstown Foundation, which is a non-profit public ben-
menting Stephen Hawking’s life. There will also be educational
efit organisation.
theatre, science shows and virtual tours.
This year’s events will include workshops, lectures and fun-filled
The Water World exhibit will be open for visitors to learn and
activities. There will be something to do for everyone, from a
explore the aquatic world and life in the ocean, from tiny organism
Grade R student to an experience scientist, all are welcome.
to large sharks. The centre is a huge information and knowledge
Throughout the programme, daily workshops looking at varying
source for the study of aquatic biodiversity and ecosystems.
topics will take place. Several lectures, workshops and activities at Scifest are free of There will also be activity zones and a mini film festival, showing
charge, but most come at a cost of between of R25 - R50. To find
informative films, like ‘The Theory of Everything’, the movie docu-
out more, please visit: www.scifest.org.za
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SCIFEST
LECTURES The high-profile lecture programme lends the festival its trademark international flavour, and proudly welcomes esteemed international and South African scientists and researchers to this celebration of science.
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AI
Artificial Intelligence Machines imitating humans By: Moeketsi Tigeli There has been a huge surge in the inter-
strong AI.
est and chatter in the technology commu-
Weak AI is mainly
nity around the introduction of Artificial
based on machines
Intelligence (AI) and its implications and
doing a particular task,
ethics. But what is AI and where did it
like a self-driving car.
originate?
Another example is Apple’s famous voice recognition functionality Siri, a virtual
In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing
assistant at your fingertips, you can ask
developed the “Turing Test”, he wanted to
your iPhone (Siri) questions and get a
service providers with knowing our day-
test whether a computer can think like a
reply or command it to perform a specific
to-day shopping, dependencies, consump-
human.
task.
tion of goods, and general human activi-
The term Artificial Intelligence, however,
Then there’s strong AI, whereby a com-
for companies such as Amazon, Google,
came in 1956 and was presented at a
puter system exhibits human behavioural
Facebook etc.
conference by John McCarthy, an American
functions. Through automatic action, it
computer scientist. AI is the simulation of
can perform complicated tasks at a scale
Experts have warned about the use
human behaviour by a machine and is the
far larger than humans are capable of, at
of strong AI, with theoretical physicist
display of human intelligence through pro-
incredible speeds, as well as find solutions
Stephen Hawking quoted saying, ”It would
cesses such as speech recognition, reason-
to problems via the use of algorithms.
take off on its own, and re-design itself
ties. This is especially true and valuable
ing and self-correction.
at an ever increasing rate. Humans, who Computer scientists are being recruited
are limited by slow biological evolution,
The term itself has broadened since the
by big tech companies and paid huge
couldn’t compete, and would be super-
1950s, from just being about automatic
amounts of money to build computer
seded.”
equipment, to the dawn of robotics. There
systems that can use data to determine
are two types of AI systems, weak AI and
human behaviour patterns. Thus assisting
SUPERCOMPUTING
INTERNATIONAL SUPERCOMPUTING CONFERENCE SA students in the running to bag big prize By: Nicole Ludolph
E
very year, the city of Frankfurt in
case their talent in the final, each country
The students won the opportunity to
Germany hosts the International
hosts a national or continent-specific
represent South Africa at the ISC after
Supercomputing Conference (ISC)
competition to choose the team that will
competing at a national competition that
for individuals the Science, Technology,
be representing them in Frankfurt. In the
took place during the annual Centre for
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) field.
final, the chosen teams compete against
High Performance Computing (CHPC) con-
The conference also hosts an annual com-
each other over the course of three days.
ference.
petition for university students in STEM,
Team South Africa The competition took place in December
called the Student Cluster Competition
The students who will be representing South Africa are:
2017 in Pretoria, and saw undergradu-
dents have qualified to compete in this year’s competition, which will be held from
• Joshua Bruton
compete. Students were divided into ten
25 to 27 June.
• Kimessha Paupamah
teams of four undergraduate students, and
(SCC). Eight South African university stu-
ates from universities across the country
• Katleho Mokoena
those who best displayed their cluster
How does the SCC work?
• Njabulo Sithole
building and high performance computing
The ISC invites STEM students from all
• Nathan Michlo
skills were crowned the winners.
over the world to submit proposals for
• Sharon Evans
their annual competition. The aim is to
• Zubair Bulbilia
South Africa came in second place in 2015 and in 2017. In 2016 they were crowned
build a supercomputer within ISC guidelines. The team who builds the fastest
All of the students study at Wits
champions. Team South Africa 2018 has
computer within these guidelines wins.
University, except for Njabulo Sithole, who
big boots to fill. Keep an eye out for the
Since only 12 teams are selected to show-
is a student of the University of Limpopo.
final results at the end of June.
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3D PRINTING
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THROUGH 3D PRINTING A brief history of 3D printing By: Nicole Ludolph 3D printing is one of the most exciting
sculpting them from existing blocks of
The technology also spawned a process
and innovative inventions of the last 50
material.
called Bioprinting, which is the use of liv-
years. Created by Charles W Hull in the
ing cells as the material in the 3D print-
What precisely is 3D printing used for?
ing process. Bioprinting is used to create
type production in many industries. In 2014, Hull won the European Inventor
When Hull created 3D printing, he intend-
the experimental phase. It is an exciting
Award, almost 30 years after he patented
ed for it to be a quicker solution to pro-
prospect, however because of the possibil-
the invention. The award was bestowed by
totype production. Traditional subtractive
ity of producing functional replacement
the European Patent Organization (EOP)
methods took long to produce and were
tissue and organs. Waiting lists for kidneys
and according to their write-up, Hull came
often not accurate enough for testing.
and other organs could potentially disap-
early 1980s, it has revolutionised proto-
up with the concept of 3D printing while
skin tissue and even organs, and is still in
pear and countless lives could be saved
he was working for a company that used
Hull initially sold his product to automo-
once the technology moves beyond the
UV light to apply thin sheets of plastic
tive and aviation companies, with great
experimental stage.
over furniture and other objects.
success. The technology affected the automotive industry in particular, chang-
3D printing products have changed mul-
What is 3D printing?
ing the way car companies design and
tiple industries for the better, and with
3D printing is the printing of solid objects
manufacture cars. The technology allows
many trades still only starting their explo-
from a digital file that contains a three
car companies to print out prototype cars
ration of this technology,
dimensional model of that object. The
in a matter of hours. This allows car engi-
the possibilities
printer makes the object by laying down
neers to test their new designs and refine
are endless.
very thin layers of material on top of each
it much more quickly than before.
other until the object is created. This pro-
3D printing also revolutionised the medi-
cess is referred to as an additive process,
cal industry. It allowed for quicker, cheaper
as opposed to the traditional, subtractive
production of medical devices like finger
methods of making objects by shaping or
splints, plaster casts and prosthetic parts.
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CRYPTOCURRENCY
CRYPTOCURRENCY The new form of money By: Moeketsi Tigeli Cryptocurrency referred to as ‘virtual currencies’, or ‘digital money’ is a term that’s been trending for some time now. All thanks to an anonymous internet user called Satoshi Takamoto, who in 2009 created the new online based currency.
What is it? At a financial conference in Boston, Microsoft founder and billionaire Bill Gates called the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, “better than currency”. Cryptocurrency money transactions can be made online
You can anonymously book hotels, buy furniture and Xbox
without a bank or government’s intervention. One to one
games using, for example, Bitcoins. For businesses, they are
transactions protected by cryptography, which is the math-
ideal because they are not tied to any country or subject to
ematics behind the secure network databases. It’s not money
regulation, and they have no credit card fees! Although it
in the bank, but digital money, protected by their own net-
seems users prefer to trade with it, over anything else.
works, and users can choose to be anonymous.
Bitcoin in South Africa There are quite a few networks of the currency, namely
According to BusinessTech, it is almost impossible to track
Ethereum, Ripple and Monero, among many emerging others.
just how many cryptocurrency users there are. It reported
The most famous and the pioneers of cryptocurrencies are
that the popularity has not gone unnoticed however.
Bitcoin and Litecoin, with the latter being called ‘the silver to Bitcoin’s gold’.
The South African Revenue Service released a statement in December 2017 stating that they are in talks with some of the top technology companies in the world that are doing similar work for Canada and the UK and they hope to get the technology needed to track users. According to a network called eToro, in South Africa the number of Bitcoin traders rose by 671% in 2016. And as of 5 January 2017, in a single day Bitcoin was being traded at a rate of R212,000 through eToro’s network platform. It remains to be seen just how popular cryptocurrency will get among the masses, but experts have already speculated that the market phenomenon could reach a Trillion dollar mark in 2018.
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
23
SCIENCE STARS BUILDING LEGENDS
021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.co.za www.sciencestars.co.za /sciencestars.faceb.co.za @ScienceStarsSA
PROFILE
IN CONVERSATION WITH BRITTANY BULL Launching Africa’s first privately owned satellite By: Nadine Sims
R
ecent matric graduate, 18-year old
grade 10.
States, to start her tertiary education at
Brittany Bull is part of a group of software and engineering interns
Morehead State University, in Kentucky. She says that she has always had a love
This is where she will be studying Space
to send the first privately owned South
for STEM, but sometimes the industry can
Science and Engineering.
African satellite into space. Bull completed
be intimidating, “There is not many females
matric last year and placed second at her
in the industry and I find that there are not
She is also currently running workshops
Cape Town high school, Pelican Park.
many that will make you feel welcome, it’s
at local schools in Cape Town before her
a competitive space.”
departure in August. She teaches students
The satellite, owned by Xinabox, will
about how technology can be applied in
help the agricultural sector, being that it
This is a problem because only 30% of the
is such an important sector in Africa. It
STEM workforce globally is female and the
will be monitoring water and dam levels,
statistics tell a gloomier story in Southern
There will be 8 workshops in Cape Town,
droughts, temperatures and wildfires,
Africa, according to UNESCO’s latest sta-
10 in Gauteng and another 10 in Port
amongst other things.
tistics.
Elizabeth throughout 2018.
The cube satellite will be launched in
She also says that her mentor, Judi
“If you love something, if you have a pas-
October 2018, and will make its way over
Sandrock, is her go-to person when things
sion for it and you want to go for it, there
the African continent twice a day.
become overwhelming, “She understands
is nothing wrong with trying. Without
Bull was earmarked, by her physics teacher,
and knows what it is like to be a female in
failure, you won’t learn, don’t be afraid of
as a pupil with great potential and was
the field.”
mistakes, just give it a try.”
Bull is also set to leave for the United
To find out more, visit: xinabox.cc
the real world, using xChips and coding.
then encouraged to get involved in the Xinabox programme when she was in
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
25
AWARDS
YOUNG SCIENTIST WINS AT TAIWAN SCIENCE FAIR Zara Nijzink-Laurie snatches second prize
R
epresenting South Africa at the Taiwan International Science Fair, Zara Nijzink-Laurie took home 2nd
prize in the behavioural and social sciences category. The annual event has learners from 23 countries participating in the competitive science fair and cultural tour of Taipei. The prestigious event took place from 28th January to 2 February in Taipei and had learners from 23 countries participat-
ing in the competitive science fair and a cultural tour of the city. The annual event saw grade 8 learner Zara Nijzink-Laurie, from Rustenburg High School in Cape Town, compete and snatch
schoolgirls. She was motivated to look at
presenting at an international fair of this
2nd place in the highly specialised cat-
this issue when she heard estimates that 2
calibre. She is also excited that a topic so
egory.
million young women miss several days of
close to her heart has gained recognition
school each month due to a lack of access
from such prestigious quarters.
Also competing at the fair was Kalsee
to sanitary products.
Nadasen, a fellow South African from
“We are very proud that Zara took home a
Hatfield Christian School in Gauteng. The
“My project investigates the awareness of
silver medal at the Taiwan International
pair were selected to represent South
the menstrual cup and barriers to using
Science Fair. The Eskom Expo is all about
Africa thanks to the outstanding projects
it among schoolgirls. Although menstrual
encouraging and motivating young people
that they presented at the Eskom Expo for
cups are cheaper and more environmental-
to pursue careers in the sciences, and we
Young Scientists International Science Fair
ly-friendly than pads or tampons, they are
really hope this recognition at an inter-
in October last year.
not widely known or used,” she explains.
national level spurs her on to develop her research further.” says Parthy Chetty,
The two were selected from amongst
Nijzink-Laurie’s project involved con-
600 participants, in the country’s largest
ducting research among young women
school-level science fair, for a chance to
in grades 8 and 11 at a local school.
Pieter Pretorius, Chairman of the Board of
take home prizes worth more than R4 mil-
Participants were asked to complete a
Directors, Eskom Expo, says, “Competing at
lion.
questionnaire before and after watching a
an international science fair is always an
video about the menstrual cup.
exciting and challenging experience that
Nijzink-Laurie was selected thanks to
Executive Director of the Eskom Expo.
offers great learning opportunities. We
her impressive research into the barriers
Nijzink-Laurie is delighted with her per-
hope that this is just the beginning of a
to the use of the menstrual cup among
formance in Taiwan and the experience of
long career in the sciences for Zara.”
26
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
CONFERENCE
Technovate conference
A
Gauteng province is a technology hub
t the beginning of February, the Gauteng Provincial Government hosted their Technovate conference, which brought industry experts and stakeholders, from in the
Information and Communication Technology (ICT), together. The 2-day conference took place from 1 - 2 February at the Gallagher Conference Centre and aimed to put a spotlight on innovation and technology, in both the public and private sectors, in the Gauteng province. The conference consisted of an exhibit with more than 50 companies, networking opportunities with more than 300 companies present and 40 speakers, sharing their knowledge and expertise, with the more than 1000 delegates. The conference was also honoured to have Minister Naledi Pandor, Minister Siyabonga Cwele and Premier of Gauteng David Makhura, in attendance. Speaking about the previous conference, held in 2015, Mpho Moremi, Business Development at Thorburn said, “I used to think these Summits were a waste of time, until the last two days. Progressive and awesome!� The Gauteng province remains the first province in the country to Amongst the topics the conference tackled is the impact of the
take the initiative to introduce tablets in all high schools with the
Fourth Industrial Revolution on the Gauteng provinces’ develop-
aim of taking public schools into the 21st century.
ment potential and how that region can reap the benefits and MEC for Finance in Gauteng, Barbara Creecy, stated that it is a key
become fully integrated.
for the province to creatively look for ways to create economic As one of the leading business and economic hubs on the African
inclusion for start-ups and township start-ups in the process of
continent, the Gauteng government aims to have the province
transformation.
technically and digitally connected. During her talk, Yolisa Kani, head of Public Policy at Uber SA said One of the key commitments made by the province, was the goal
we must think ahead to what the future of governance and ser-
of 100% broadband connectivity in the Gauteng City Region by
vice delivery will look like with regards to innovation and tech-
2020.
nology. Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
27
CAREERS
CAREERS THAT DID NOT EXIST 10 YEARS AGO Technology inspired careers
By: Moeketsi Tigeli
The world economic forum recently released a report that esti-
Driverless car engineer
mated 65% of primary school children today will have job titles
The new age mechanic will be fixing engines of cars that drive
that don’t exist yet. In light of this report we put together a
themselves. Although automated
shortlist of technology inspired careers that didn’t exist 10 years
vehicles are set to wipe out the taxi and courier industries, on
ago.
the bright side, new job titles will also emerge.
Content creator
App developers
This field was born in the age of digital media. Content creating
Mobile applications only emerged around 2006 with the creation
is described as the contribution of information to media plat-
of iPhone and Android smartphones. This led to a huge demand
forms, especially digital spaces such as websites, applications
and the iPhone’s ‘App store’ had a recorded estimate of 1.5 mil-
and social media pages. This is in the form of visuals, blog posts,
lion apps on their list in 2015.
surveys etc. for a specific audience in a specific context.
Video blogging/‘Vlogging’
Uber drivers/ Uber App Although it can be argued Uber drivers are glorified taxi drivers.
YouTube opened a pot of gold in terms of this career. Vloggers
The taxi service came about in 2009, and through the use of the
document their lives, share ideas, and entertainment, attracting
Uber application, the driver and the passenger can make a trip
millions of interested viewers in the process. The most famous
happen from wherever they are. In 2015 Uber was the largest
YouTube stars managed to secure marketing contracts, endorse-
and most valuable start-up business at an estimated value of $62
ments and comfortable livelihoods.
million, and the company doesn’t even own the cars.
Drone operators Also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the drone industry created a gap in the market for drone operators. Drones are now used to deliver mail, in rural or difficult to reach regions, among many other uses.
It’s what we build
3112
We all dream of a better future. For ourselves, our families and our country. SANRAL, as part of the National Development Plan, is improving and expanding vital road infrastructure. In the process we are creating jobs, transferring skills and developing opportunities for all South Africans. We are proud to be a part of the National Development Plan, because we know that roads are more than just roads, they pave the way to a better future.
More than just roads
HIGHER EDUCATION
CAREERS OF THE FUTURE Tech-related tertiary qualifications By: Nicole Ludolph
T
he technological advances of the
formally accredited until 2017. For more
medical equipment like MRIs and EKG
last three decades have changed
information, visit their website www.uj.ac.
machines and medical devices like pace-
the world irrevocably. Technology
za
makers and cochlear implants. For more
continues to grow at a rapid pace, and
information, visit the Wits website www.
there seems to be no limit to technologi-
Mechatronic Engineering
cal innovation and ingenuity.
Offered by Stellenbosch University, the
wits.ac.za
Mechatronic Engineering degree combines
There are many more qualifications avail-
These advances have not only caused
elements of mechanical engineering,
able for anyone wanting to go into the
massive changes in most industries, but
electronics and computer systems. It is
tech industry. A big chunk of existing
have also spawned entirely new indus-
essentially a degree for those interested
industries will require people who have
tries, which young (and also not so young)
in creating advanced systems that require
technological qualifications. It is evident
people can pursue careers.
more than one specialisation to build.
that, judging from the rate that today’s
If you are interested in a career in tech-
Robotics is also a subset of mechatronics,
technology continues to grow, even more
nology and innovation, have a look at our
although not all mechatronic systems are
technological specialisations will develop
list of technology-centred qualifications
robotic. You can find more information at
in the future.
below:
www.sun.ac.za
Game Design and Development
Biomedical Engineering
Vega School, a tertiary institution that
Wits University offers a three year
forms part of the Independent Institute
Biomedical Engineering degree that mixes
of Education group, offers a 3-year Game
parts of science, engineering, medicine and
and Development degree. The school has
biology with its biomedical courses. The
branches in Johannesburg, Durban, Cape
degree requires further postgraduate stud-
Town and Pretoria, and graduates of this
ies to make a graduate eligible for working
course will be able to create gaming con-
in the field. Some examples of biomedi-
tent on multiple platforms and perform
cal engineering are the development of
multiple functions within the gaming space. You can find out more on www.vegaschool.com
Computer Science If you are interested in becoming a software developer, you can obtain a Computer Science degree from almost any of the major universities in the country. The duration of the courses varies from 3 to 4 years, depending on the institution. In terms of international accreditation, the University of Johannesburg is the only institution to boast affiliation with the British organisation BCS. They were 30
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
SCIENCE CENTRE
Nelson Mandela Bay Science and Technology centre A beacon of hope By: Moeketsi Tigeli
U
itenhage in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape is a town
for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA), and
that boasts the biggest car factory on the African
corporate bodies such as Vodacom, and Eskom Development
continent. It is no coincidence that the town is also
Foundation towards programs, operations and infrastructure.
home to one of the biggest Science and Technology cen-
Programmes are tailor made for both the science, technolo-
tres in South Africa, the Nelson Mandela Bay Science and
gy and maths enthusiasts, as well as the novice, by showcas-
Technology centre.
ing the daily applications of STEM within their surroundings in a fun and engaging manner.
A brainchild of the Uitenhage Despatch Development Initiative (UDDI), the centre, according to the Nelson
Learners are guaranteed an in-house experience that
Mandela Bay Development agency is a R30 million project
appeals to the senses by touching, hearing, feeling and see-
launched in March 2013.
ing the results of STEM, allowing them to develop a career interest in these fields.
It has been widely regarded as a beacon of hope for local learners. Singa Poswa, the centre’s manager said, “we focus
Activities and offerings are in abundance including wall
on outreach activities where we bring the programmes we
climbing, green screens, game zones, electrical, construction,
do to poorly resourced schools. Our outreach targets the
momentum and sound exhibits among many others.“The
schools around Uitenhage and Despatch.”
centre is mostly utilised by learners and teachers and they are the ones that get the most value from the resource,” said
A proud host of the Department of Science and Technology
Poswa.
(DST) annual initiatives, such as National Science Week (NSW) and SciFest Africa, the centre has been growing from
Although primarily targeting disadvantaged schools, Nelson
strength to strength.
Mandela Bay science and technology centre is open to everyone interested in science and technology at a small
The centre is not affiliated to any institution of higher
fee. For more details call: 041 911 5000 or
learning and enjoys support from the South African Agency
email: singa@iddi.co.za
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
31
BURSARIES
BURSARIES NMISA Field of study: • Electronics Engineering • Electrical Engineering • Mechatronics Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • Physics • Organic Analysis
KANTEY & TEMPLER
• Bio Analysis
Field of study:
• Material Characterization
• Mechanical Engineering
Apply:
• Electrical Engineering
NMISA bursaries application online can
• Civil Engineering
be done through the company’s Website.
Apply:
Applications can be found under the
Bursary application forms can be found
DELL YOUNG LEADERS
Opportunities Tab by selecting Internships
on their website.Candidates who cannot
Field of study:
& Bursaries. You will also have to com-
download the forms may send a request
• Engineering
plete the questionnaire supplied in full.
for the application to be e-mailed to
• Business
Closing date: 31 July 2018
them, using this e-mail address: info@
• Construction
ct.kanteys.co.za. Alternatively, candidates
• Accounting
David Morrison
can also call their Cape Town offices at
• Medical
Field of study:
021 – 405 9600.
• Technology
• Virology
Closing date: 30 September 2018
• Law
• Fitness Studies
• Education
• Audiology
HAW & INGLIS
• Computer Science
• Toxicology
Field of study:
Apply:
• Microbiology
• Civil Construction – Engineering
100 candidates will be selected to study
• Biomedical Science
• Building Construction
at either the University of Pretoria or Cape
• Biomedical Technology
• Building Science
Town. Young Leaders bursaries applica-
• Health Care
• Quantity Surveying
tions online are made available through
• Health Science
• Sanitation – Engineering
the Dell Foundation offices at the selected
Apply:
• Construction Management
Universities. Candidates interested in
Online applications are not available.
• Architectural Technology
this bursary program may contact the
Candidates may enquire at the University
• Industrial Designing
Dell Foundation offices at the following
of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, cam-
• Town Regional Planning
Universities.
pus career center for an application form.
• Road Construction – Engineering
Completed applications must also be
• Building Surveying
University of Pretoria
returned to this University. Candidates will
Apply:
E-mail: Apply.UP@dellyoungleaders.org
also be able to find out more regarding
Civil engineering bursaries application
Tel: 012 420 4874
these bursaries from the Witwatersrand
online is available for download from
University of Cape Town
University financial center and campus
their website. For more information, candi-
E-Mail: Apply.UCT@dellyoungleaders.org
career center.
dates can visit their website.
Tel: 021 650 4147
No closing date stipulated.
Closing date: 30 September 2018
No closing date stipulated.
32
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Mzansi For Science
Scientists, Technologists and Innovators are just like you. They’re curious. They ask questions. They try new things. The desire to try new things has been inside you from the very beginning.
Facebook.com/MzansiForScience Mzansi4Science
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
33
QUIZ
TEST YOURSELF
1 2
One inch is equal to? a) 2.05 cm b) 1.05 cm c) 2.54 cm
Fungo can absorb food from the substrate because they have? a) Sporangium b) Spores
7 8
An average adult has a blood volume of many litres? a) 5l b) 6l c) 7l
Which year was the first computer virus launched? a) 1992 b) 1982 c) 1972
c) Rhizoids
3
The gastric glands in the stomach produce which enzyme? a) Ptyalin b) Pepsin c) Insulin
4 5 6
What is the outermost planet in the solar system? a) Neptune b) Pluto c) Uranus
Which is not a renewable energy? a) Solar b) Nuclear c) Geothermal
If the Earth stopped rotating, what would the weight of objects at the equator be? a) The same as before b) Less c) Grater
34
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
PUZZLES
SUDUKO Fill in the 9×9 grid with digits so that each column, row, and 3×3 section contain the numbers between 1 to 9.
7
9
3
1
8 4
7 6
6
9
8 3 1
7
4 1 3
9
5
1
3 4 7
6
2
4 9 4
5
4 1
CROSSWORD Down
2
1. What is considered the fourth state of matter? 2. Which is the most abundant element in the Earth’s atmosphere? 3
3. The sun is made up of mostly which gas? 4. Pollen is produced in which part of the plant?
1
5. What is the instrument called that measure 2
5
atmospheric pressure?
Across
3
1. This branch of biology deals with the study of 4
functions of different parts of an organism.
4
2. The source of oxygen in photosynthesis is? 3. What is the study of plants called? 4. What is the smallest bone in the body? 5. What is the name of the space exploration 6
company owned by Elon Musk? 6. Pollen is produced in which part of the plant?
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
35
ANSWERS
TEST RESULTS What was your score for the Science Forum Issue?
SUDUKO
SCIENCESTARS
Issue 17
SCIENCE FORUM
2 3 1
9 5 4
6 7 8
1 8 9
4 2 3
5 6 7
8 1 5
3 4 2
7 9 6
6 5 4
3 8 7
9 1 2
5 7 3
1 6 9
2 4 8
4 3 6
7 9 1
8 2 5
9 8 7
6 1 2
4 5 3
2 4 6
8 7 5
3 9 1
7 2 9
5 6 8
1 3 4
QUIZ
CROSSWORD 1 1
W
C H
A
L
1. C – Chimpanzees
E
2. B – Mauna Loa,Hawaii
E
3. B – Albert Einstein 3
E
N
T 2
A
2
O
N
E
I
C
4. C – Aristotle 5. C – Water
S N
T
A
R
C
H
T
6. A – Nitrous Oxide
A
7. A – Max Planck 8. B – 12
R 4
S
P
I
D
3
C
E
R
S
I
D
E
K
U
L
V
H
E 5
P
R E 6
S T
4
L A V A
36
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
SCIENCE NEWS
SCIENCE NEWS South Africa scientists awarded South African neuroendocrinologist and nanoscientist have been awarded the African Union Kwame Nkrumah Award for Scientific Excellence (AUKNASE), for their pioneering work in their respective scientific fields. Professor Malik Maaza received the award for his nanotechnology research and Robert Millar was recognised in the category of Earth and Life Sciences for his work in neuroendocrinology Reconstruction of Mesolithic-era woman Scientists have reconstructed the face of a Mesolithic-era woman. Archaeologists found the 9000 year-old bones in the 1990’s, buried in a cave in Greece. Thanks to new technology, face reconstruction can help us see how she looked. Scientists who worked on the reconstruction estimate that she was 18 years old. SpaceX launch delayed SpaceX has delayed their Falcon Heavy launch. The initial delay was due to strong winds and the second one they said was due to payload fairing concerns. When it launches, the Falcon Heavy will be the world’s most powerful rocket. The next launch date is yet to be confirmed, but keep an eye out and be sure not to miss the launch. Afrilabs new event location Afrilabs, a Pan-African network of tech hubs, has announced that their annual gathering will be taking place in October, with the location moved to Tanzania. Taking place from the 11 - 13 October, with the theme will be “Innovation in the Data Age”. The 3 days will include feature panel discussions, a pitching event, multiple parallel workshops and a local ecosystem tour. Ethiopia’s new waste-to-energy site Ethiopia is the first African country on the continent to use their landfill and recycle that trash and turn it into electricity. The rubbish dump has been turned in to a new waste-toenergy site and is estimated to provide citizens with 30% if their household electricity supply. Waste is a huge problem on the continent and this initiative will revolutionise waste management.
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
37
ROCK PULSE
ROCK PULSE WILL REDUCE MINE FATALITIES Students develop early warning system to help miners
S
outh Africa’s mines remain one
gramme, which has trained 141 students
production,” said Roux, who spent three
of the most hazardous working
since inception in 2014.
years underground during her geology
environments in the country, with
studies.
seismic activity and rock bursts result-
Rock Pulse works by collecting data in
ing in injuries and fatalities (73 in 2016).
real-time underground using a geophone
John Isaacs, research group leader of the
Preventing ongoing fatalities and creating
connected to a roof bolt in a mineshaft.
Embedded Intelligent Systems unit at the
a safer working environment is critical to
Algorithms then interpret the data in order
Meraka Institute (a business unit of the
this multi billion rand sector.
to identify triggers or potentially hazard-
CSIR), says South Africa’s mines are old
ous events, eventually setting off an alarm
and the further down you dig, the more
Early warning and monitoring rock sta-
initiating the evacuation of the affected
dangerous it becomes.
bility in the mines could reduce these
sections of the mine.
“We need very robust technologies to be
accidents significantly, which could help
able to improve working conditions in
sustain an industry that is one of the cor-
Nicolene Roux, Boitumelo Mahlobo and
these mines. The ultimate goal is that the
nerstones of the country’s economy.
Clodita Mandlazi, the students who devel-
system should be able to inform future
oped the dashboard, confirm the technolo-
planning, identify the risks and define the
A group of young data science students
gy has reached a level of confidence, which
shortest exit paths in cases of evacuation,”
could have the answer, with the develop-
assures its validity, but that improvements
says Isaacs.
ment of an early warning and monitoring
are still needed.
system called “Rock Pulse”. The students
He believes the system is a step in the
are part of a group participating in the
“When designing the dashboard, we
right direction. With the country’s gold
Data Science for Impact and Decision
realised that the technology could not
reserves predicted to be depleted by 2030,
Enablement (DSIDE) programme.
differentiate between a man-made and
mining will be more dangerous, and it is
a non-man-made sound. This is where it
systems like Rock Pulse that will create
At least 50 students from across the
needs to improve, because you don’t want
better working conditions in South African
country were recruited in this year’s pro-
a false trigger negatively affecting a mine’s
mines.
38
Science Stars Magazine Innovation 4.0 Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference
DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E