SS Health and Medical Science Issue 08

SCIENCESTARS ISSUE 08

LIFE WITHIN HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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UPCOMING DST EVENTS Scifest Africa Budget Vote National Science Week

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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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CONTENTS CONTENTS

FEATURES

8 1 1 2 2

Shireen Mentor Bold and Steadfast

2 ARC Dr Shadrack Moephuli

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Careers Health & Medical Science

0 dST Innovation Bridge 2 Ellen Ngarande M.astering Medical Biomaterials

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6 SKA Shared Sky Exhibition 9 Science Experiment Balloon Blow-up 1 DST Advancement of Science 6 UWC Profile of Life Science Building 4 DST Mineral Processing

FOREWORD FEATURE

the

FOREWORD An insider’s perspective The ability to give life is a gift beyond description, whether you are bringing a new life into the world or restoring a slightly older one. As a fourth-year medical student, I get to be a part of these experiences daily.

Medicine is a field in which you never stop learning, even when you are old and grey. Your work is never complete. As soon as you have seen one patient, you are staring into the eyes of the next.

After a long day of work (if you are not on 24-hour call), you need to brush up on theoretical knowledge in preparation for the next day.

To become a doctor is not easy nor cheap. Tuition fees, textbooks, equipment and medical clothing are a few of the expenses to take into consideration as it is a substantial amount. Fortunately, there are bursaries available in South Africa, allowing this dream to follow a realistic path.

This Health and Medical Science issue of Science Stars covers the many career options available and also highlights some success stories of students in various fields. The content goes beyond the work done in waiting rooms and hospitals. This issue also explains the work done in the fields, where the ARC (Agriculture

Research Council) studies the crops and their nutritional value.

The anxiety about the workload and cost of becoming a doctor vanishes the moment you hold that new-born baby in your arms or see how well the patient is recovering after a major surgery.

Whatever you do for that patient, big or small, their thankfulness makes all the stress and anxiety worthwhile, even if just for that moment.

On good days and even on bad days, I would not trade my career for the world.

Nikitia Davids Fourth-year MB, ChB student at the University of Stellenbosch

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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ED’S NOTE

team Science Stars

LETTER FROM

THE DEPUTY EDITOR The world is in need of some healing.

Managing Editor • Evans Manyonga editorial@sciencestars.co.za Deputy Editor • Shani Rhoda

Graphic Designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz Project Manager • Renata Williams

The most recent (and undeniably the most devastating) health issue that crippled the world was the rapid spread of the Ebola epidemic. The disease instantly became a household name worldwide, raising concern about the healthcare efficiency in Africa and anticipating an overnight cure by leading medical scientists.

Along with this global scare came the realisation that Health and Medical Science is a field that needs constant attention in the form of theoretical and practical advancements.

When the Science Stars team started brainstorming ideas for the Health and Medical Science issue, we all immediately thought of the most obvious job titles in the field – doctors and dentists. But after further discussion, we came up with an extensive list of interesting careers that can be viewed on the Careers Page (pages 15 & 16).

We also give you some advice on choosing your future university and speak to a young neuroscientist from the University of the Western Cape (UWC) whose career path is lit by success despite her challenging circumstances growing up on the Cape Flats.

Thought you knew everything there was to know about maintaining a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle? Our Nutritional Facts (page 33) might teach you a few interesting things that could improve your academic performance. Turn to the Science News (page 42) to catch up on the latest news and developments on the national Science front.

In the process of compiling this issue, I realized that there is so much more to Health and Medical Science than a lab coat and a syringe. This complex field of study includes everything from engineering human cells to a trip to the vet to having braces straighten crooked teeth.

A career in Health Science is one that is always open to new learning possibilities and exciting technological advancements. With the constant influx of knowledge and medical discoveries, Health and Medical Science will never be subject to stagnation and there will always be room for new employees and developments.

Shani Rhoda Deputy Editor 6

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Contributing Writers • Thandile Mban Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Public Relations • Bongeka Mnotoza

Sales Representative • Tinyiko Khoza tk@sciencestars.co.za Ambassador • Azwindinni Muronga Copyright 2015 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

Science Stars is published by Roswika Media - a member of Shanduka Black Umbrellas.

10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za

FROM CLASSROOM TO BOARDROOM A DECADE OF EMPOWERMENT From building schools to supporting black entrepreneurs, from making university study possible for disadvantaged students to providing work experience for young work seekers, Shanduka Foundation strives to develop South Africa’s human potential. Over the last decade, Shanduka Foundation has created opportunities for educational development, career growth and entrepreneurial advancement.

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Adopt-a-School Foundation mobilises companies and individuals to adopt disadvantaged schools with the aim of improving the academic, infrastructural, social and security environment in schools.

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Shanduka Black Umbrellas nurtures qualifying 100% black-owned businesses by providing meaningful access to markets, networks and finance through its small enterprise incubators and online enterprise and supplier development portal.

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The Cyril Ramaphosa Education Trust provides bursaries to disadvantaged students and organises vacation work in companies in the Shanduka Group.

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The Shanduka internship programme provides experiential training for selected learners and job seekers within Shanduka Group and across its partner network.

Thanks to the ongoing support of many partners in business, government and civil society, Shanduka Foundation is making a significant impact in the lives of young South Africans.

To find out more about the work of the foundation and its programmes, visit

www.shanduka.co.za/shanduka-foundation

SHIREEN MENTOR

BOLD AND STEADFAST

A Career as a Neuroscientist

R

aised by a single parent, excelling

She then moved out of Bonteheuwel and

to do Medical Bioscience, purely because

academically has always been a

raised myself and my sister in Montana,

I love Biology, the human body and the

challenge for Shireen Mentor from

which is based in the Cape Flats area.

way it functions. And then, Prof. Fisher hap-

the Cape Flats. Demolishing any obstacles

pened to be one of my first lecturers and

standing in her way, this top student from

How did you decide that this is the career

he advised me to always study my work and

UWC has made an exceptional success of

you want to pursue?

study for an hour every day.

her studies by practising self-control and

Part of our school’s career guidance efforts

I have always had a passion for my work

perseverance in everyday life.

was to expose students to different fields

so I always worked really hard and applied

of study and that is where I was really

myself where necessary, despite the chal-

What is Neuroscience?

exposed to Science. It sparked an interest

lenges.

Neuroscience is basically the study of the

in the different fields of Science.

central nervous system and the function-

I also attended the career days at UWC

The subjects I had were Chemistry,

ing of neurons. The study focuses on how

and that is when I was exposed to Medical

Mathematics, Statistics – they were difficult

important the blood-brain barrier is to the

Biosciences. I was also exposed to the

subjects but whatever I didn’t understand, I

normal functioning of those neurons.

different divisions in the field of Medical

would go back to the lecturer and I would

Sciences and Neuroscience was one of the

ask for help.

areas that sparked my interest.

One thing I learnt about university is that

Where are you from?

I was born in Cape Town and raised by a

there’s nothing surprising, they teach you

single parent. My mother is originally from

How did you get to MSc level?

what you need to know – it’s up to you as a

Bonteheuwel, which is a disadvantaged

I matriculated in 2006 and I started my

student to put in the effort and hours into

community.

undergraduate studies in 2007. I decided

your studies.

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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

FEATURE SHIREEN MENTOR

Being a cum laude student, many other

ther my studies.

universities, including the University of Stellenbosch, have offered you place-

What impact do your studies have in

ments, but you chose to remain at UWC.

South Africa?

I had initially applied to all three universi-

What made me go down this avenue was

ties – UCT, SU, and UWC. I was provision-

the fact that in disadvantaged, poverty-

ally accepted at all three, but my matric

stricken communities you’ll find that

Mathematics mark was a bit low. So, my

there’s a lot of alcohol abuse especially by

acceptance letters were declined and then

young females.

I got to UWC and they offered to accept

These young females then give birth to

me for the course in Medical Biosciences.

babies that have foetal alcohol syndrome.

As a result, we looked at the blood-brain

The type of resources that they had to

barrier, and how important it is to the

offer me was not different to any other

normal functioning of neurons and how

university’s standards and I was able to

alcohol affects that blood-brain barrier.

excel at this university. Therefore, I don’t

So, if we can somehow better that or

see the need to switch universities to fur-

reverse the damaging effects of alcohol on

Prof. David Fisher the blood-brain barrier, we could prevent increasing cases of foetal alcohol syndrome within these communities.

Your topic of study addresses a major social issue, but how would you be able to communicate this to the general public?

We would have to target pre-natal clinics because that’s where the pregnant females are going so we would have to educate them in terms of practising better prenatal care.

We need to find ways of creating awareness, for example, educating children at schools before they even start engaging in sexual interactions.

As a scientist, are there any future projects

Ms. Shireen Mentor

that you are thinking of?

Yes, I am thinking of obtaining my PhD, it’s definitely going to happen.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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SHIREEN MENTOR

I will probably build on the current study

I managed to work really hard and keep

that I’m doing now and then do some cel-

my grades up so that by the time I got to

lular research.

post-grad level I was able to get a bursary.

I also work at campus and the university

Are you receiving any financial support

remunerates me in return.

from any institutions, government or any structures?

Other girls your age are worried about

At the moment, I am being funded by the

their hair and you chose to wear a lab

National Research Foundation (NRF).

coat. Why do make-up and pencil skirts

Coming from a single-parent upbringing,

not interest you?

how did you finance your undergraduate

At the end of the day, presentation is

and Honours studies?

important, but is make-up and a pencil

Finance was always an issue for me

skirt going to solve problems in our coun-

because my mother is a single parent so I

try? No, it’s not. I’ve always wanted to be

thought I was going to get a bursary but

behind the scenes, so research has always

because of the financial bracket she was

been a passion.

in, I was unable to receive funding for my

If following my passion means wearing a

undergraduate studies so she paid for me.

lab coat, then I’ll wear one. I’m proud of

She made contingency plans before I even

wearing it. That lab coat is making a dif-

entered tertiary institutions.

ference.

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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

What Professor David Fisher says: Twenty years after democracy, SA is still suffering the negative effects of the past. A lack of resources and opportunities presented to certain racial groups has made it difficult for them to excel in primary and high school. When applying for varsity, these disadvantaged students are declined acceptance into their desired fields of study, not because they lack potential, but because they have been unjustly crippled. He says that universities need to take this into account when receiving applications from students whose marks might not be up to standard.

DR RAMBANE FEATURE

ARC

PAVING THE WAY FOR AGRICULTURE From cattle to CEO

D

r Shadrack Moephuli developed

in animals, and new varieties of plants

referencing Information Management

the love for Animal Science from

that farmers can use in farming,” said Dr

Systems, Veterinary Sciences, Genetics,

an early age and today he is liv-

Moephuli.

Analytical Chemistry, Precision Agriculture,

ing his dream as the President and CEO

“Having done that we ensure that these

Engineering and Computer Science to name

of Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in

are relevant to the actual problems, or

a few.

Pretoria.

are actually solving the problems that the farmers might have so that production

ARC participates in national exhibits and

His career choice, Animal Science, was

and productivity can be achieved, ” he

conferences in the agriculture sector. They

inspired by observing the cattle at his

continued.

also participate in activities run by the

high school and his keen interest in the

Department of Science and Technology

veterinarians that would occasionally

Careers at ARC

(DST) such as National Science Week. This

come in to vaccinate the cattle. His visits

There are many career opportunities

is in order to raise awareness about the

to laboratories where he saw many black

at the ARC. Most opportunities are in

organisation and its work. There is also

scientists at work made him to fall in love

research science in the fields of Geo-

a big drive towards engaging students at

with science even more and strived to follow in their footsteps.

Dr Moephuli is seated at the helm of ARC which is a public entity of the government.

The council’s primary objective is to conduct research and development in agriculture and to solve problems that exist in the agricultural sector through Science.

“We develop new scientific solutions.

Some of those solutions are in the form of technical advice and some are technologies, like new machines, or diagnostic kits.

These technologies also exist in the form of new vaccines to eliminate diseases 12

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ARC FEATURE

universities and schools, especially those

land reform farmers use ARC research out-

in the rural areas, to encourage them to

puts,” he said.

take up careers in Science, particularly in

In his term as CEO, Dr Moephuli would like

Agricultural Science.

to ensure that people know about the ARC and how the research that is done by the

Currently the council does not fund under-

council contributes to their livelihoods.

graduate degrees; however there are study

“Our vision is to make sure that ARC is

opportunities at Master’s and PhD degree

recognised as an institution of excellence

level.

in agricultural research and development and is recognised by everyone in the coun-

“At that level we not only pay for the

try as well as everywhere in the world.”

students university fees, we also provide students with a form of income, and also

He hopes that ARC will remain a leading

an environment where they will do their

science institution that delivers ground-

research projects and one-on-one supervi-

breaking technologies, not only for farm-

sion with some of the world’s leading sci-

ers in the rural areas, but also for those

entists using state of the art technologies,”

that might want to do urban farming and

he said.

peri-urban farming. The future of ARC should bring new technologies and scien-

Asked what the council’s contribution

tific solutions not only in agriculture, but

towards the development of female sci-

also in other sectors.

entists in the agricultural sector was, Dr

cal thinker in that you focus on a particular

Moephuli said that ARC employs 50%

On whether he misses doing lab work or

item and you pay attention to detail. You

female scientists. He continued to say that

not, Dr Moephuli shares that he misses

then follow through in making sure that

the majority of the postgraduate students

working in the laboratory. He also informs

things add up properly through construct-

are black females from rural areas.

us that the Science foundation has helped

ing them in a particular way.

According to Dr Moephuli, farmers were

him greatly with the managerial task at

That is very important training because that

interested in the scientific solution that

hand.

forms the basis of your success in life, this

would make their enterprises successful.

“Both commercial white farmers and the

then enables you to transform things into “Studying Science makes you an analyti-

actual solutions,” he concluded.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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SCIENCE STARS

WHAT'S TO COME IN 2015 Science Stars will be at: • SCIFEST AFRICA • BUDGET VOTE • NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK • WOMEN IN SCIENCE AWARDS • ESKOM TECHNO X • SASOL SOLAR CHALLENGE • WORLD SPACE WEEK • INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS EXPO • SS ANNUAL ROLE MODELING CAMPAIGN

Science Stars Forthcoming Publications: • Scifest (Special Edition) – 1 May 2015 • Nanotechnology - 27 July 2015 • Women In Science (Special Edition) 31 August 2015 • Computer Science 30 September 2015

Science Stars Updates: • Science Stars Competition • Science Stars Workshop • Science Stars Website Revamp

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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CAREERS

CAREERS IN HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE Choose your path

T

Written by : Shani Rhoda

he Health and Medical Science field

• Dietician (The study of dietetics and

of Dentistry with departments in Oral

of study consists of a broad spec-

human nutrition)

Hygiene, Orthodontics and Paediatric

trum of career paths. Apart from the

To become a dietician, you will need a

Dentistry, Restorative Dentistry, Community

most commonly known professions such

Degree in Dietetics. The BSc in Nutrition

Oral Health, Diagnostic Sciences, as well as

as doctors and dentists, there are many

and Dietetics is a 4-year programme

Anaesthesiology & Sedation.

interlinking and unique ways of joining

available at Maties, UWC, UCT, UKZN and

the world of Health and Medical Science.

NMMU.

The study can also be done at WITS, CPUT,

After successfully completing the degree,

UKZN and other smaller institutes.

Scientific and Clinical Careers

you will be required to complete a 1-year

There is an endless list of career options

period of community service, after which

• Optometrist (The study of the eye)

within the field, with employment oppor-

you can be registered as a dietician with

The Department of Optometry at UJ is a

tunities in both the public and private

the Health Professions Council of South

good choice if you’re planning on pursuing

sector. Each part of the body functions

Africa.

a career as an optometrist. Dealing with

intricately, which has allowed for the

health-related issues pertaining to the

branching out of the broader Health and

• Dentist and Orthodontist (The study of

human eye, the study is recognised with a B

Medical Science field of study. Although

oral cavities)

Optom which can be completed on a full-

there are general studies, it is a good idea

UWC is home to Africa’s leading Faculty

time basis in 4 years.

to specialise in a specific area. Here are some examples of careers in the field: • Veterinarian (The study of animal health) A career as a vet will require a compassionate love of animals and a focused knowledge of the body and its functions.

The Faculty of Veterinary Science at the Onderstepoort campus of TUKS is the only veterinary school in South Africa.

Obtaining a BVSc degree (a 6 year programme) at the university is recognised by the South African Veterinary Council, which is a necessity in practicing in the field.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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CAREERS

• Dermatologist (The study of the skin)

as x-rays;

The study of Dermatology can be entered

Audiologist- The study of auditory impair-

at WITS, UCT and UKZN, and hands-on

ments.

Where to study: • University of South Africa (UNISA) • University of Cape Town (UCT)

tutorial throughout the course of study helps to equip learners with a confident

What subjects are essential?

approach to treating skin conditions.

To pursue a career in Health and Medical

• University of Stellenbosch (MATIES)

Science, there are a few subjects that

• University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN)

Other interesting job titles in the field of Health and Medical Science include:

you need to excel in. Mathematics, Life

• University of the Western Cape (UWC)

• University of Pretoria (TUKS)

Sciences and Physical Science are the fun-

• University of Witwatersrand (Wits)

damental subjects, but a good overall aca-

• University of Johannesburg (UJ)

demic performance needs to be achieved

• Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

Microbiologist - The study of microscopic

and maintained to be accepted into these

(NMMU)

life forms;

fields of study.

physical appearance through reconstruc-

Generally, the minimum NSC Subject

tive surgery;

Requirements for acceptance into tertiary

Geneticist -The study of genetics in living

education studies are a level 4 (50 – 59%)

organisms;

or a level 5 (60 – 69%), but you should

Sports scientist- The study of the effect of

aim for a higher aggregate to secure your

exercise on the human body;

place in the competitive field of study.

Gynaecologist- The study of female repro-

Each specific course has its own require-

ductive systems;

ments, so it is best to double check these

Neuroscientist - The study of the nervous

figures with the universities before the

system;

application process. The sooner you

Oncologist- The study of cancerous

enquire about the courses you are inter-

tumours;

ested in, the sooner you can work towards

Radiologist- The study of treating diseases

your goal and ensure you obtain the nec-

using medical imagining techniques such

essary results in Matric.

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• Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)

Cosmetic surgeon - The study of enhancing

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

3527

“

At my math and science. And it paid off.

SANRAL’s scholarship programme is helping me to pay for my schooling to pave the way for my success.

”

Seokedzi Mothokwa is just one of the 179 learners that SANRAL’s scholarships from 2012-2013 is helping to realize his dreams of doing well and going on to study at university.

It’s an investment for us, for him and for our country. Who knows what he may become – but we know that better education means more opportunities, and that means a better nation for us all.

www.sanral.co.za | 0800 SANRAL (726 725)

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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

19

DST

INNOVATION BRIDGE Leads to an improved economy

S

outh Africa is stuck between First

of Science and Technology (DST) with

World success and Third World prob-

its partners, namely, the Technology

lems – despite many urban advance-

ductive sectors of the economy.

Innovation Agency, the National

Supporting Future Development

ments made, we still have a crippling

Intellectual Property Management

For its part, DST has supported service

level of poverty. The inaugural Innovation

Office (NIPMO) and the Southern African

delivery through technology applica-

Bridge is a step in the direction of an

Research and Innovation Management

tions and incentives for businesses to

improved economy.

Association (SARIMA).

spend funds on innovation projects. The Department has also provided support for

South Africa’s efforts to grow the economy and create jobs through research and

South Africa vs the First World

the development and commercialisation of

innovation topped the agenda at the first

During the discussion, South Africa’s

R&D outputs, as well as legislation.

Innovation Bridge technology showcase

Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi

However, there seem to be bottlenecks in

and matchmaking event, which was held

Pandor, said that increasing the number of

providing infrastructural support to start-up

at CSIR ICC Pretoria Exhibition Hall from

researchers and enhancing research, inno-

companies, especially for the commerciali-

2-3 February 2015.

vation skills and outputs could contribute

sation of innovative products and in remov-

The inaugural event included policy dia-

positively to improving South Africa’s

ing complexities in setting up businesses in

logues, plenary discussions, technology

economy and job creation efforts.

the country.

exhibitions and demonstrations with up to

“Knowledge is the currency of the global

75 technologies from more than 30 pub-

economy. If South Africa wants to continue

In this context, the Innovation Bridge will

licly funded Research and Development

to compete in the 21st century, we must

serve as a key platform to close the gap

(R&D) organisations.

support research and innovation that will

between R&D and the market, contribute

generate growth and jobs, now and in the

to economic competitiveness, and stimulate

What is the aim of the Innovation Bridge?

future,” she said.

increased investment in R&D through the

The first-of-its-kind technology match-

The Minister said that the government

technology exploitation and entrepreneur-

making event in South Africa was an

was increasingly investing in research and

ial partnerships.

opportunity for local and international

development, which showed that South

technology-based companies, entrepre-

Africa was improving; but if it wanted to

neurs and financiers to scout for technolo-

be globally competitive and in alignment

gy solutions and investment opportunities.

with the best nations, it had to invest

One of the exhibited innovations at the

much more.

creation of an enabling environment for

event is the mobile health hearing screening solution. This product transforms

According to the 2011 South African

a smart phone into a calibrated device

Innovation Survey, South African enterpris-

for early identification of hearing loss,

es had a relatively high and novel innova-

which – according to the World Health

tion rate. The report recommended that

Organization – affects 360 million people

policymakers should take note of these

globally, and more than three million in

positive trends and ensure that the policy

South Africa alone.

and infrastructure environment actively

The event was driven by the Department

supported innovation activities in the pro-

20

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Ms. Grace Nadeli Mandisa Pandor

TOP ACHIEVERS

Physical Science First place

e m a F f ll o

Mosa Michael Bila

Wa

Ponego Secondary School, Johannesburg, Gauteng

Second place Rohin Jain Selborne College Boys High, Eastern Cape

Third place

Mathematics

Top Matric Achievers

First Place

Mpumelelo Wiseman Nomzaza Thuto-Lesedi Secondary School, Gauteng

Congratulations to the class of 2014! Well done on making

Rohin Jain

it through a gruelling year of intense learning, emotional

Selborne College High School, East London, Eastern Cape

goodbyes and excitement for the next phase of learning.

Second place

Science Stars wishes to congratulate the top national mat-

Julia Claudia Alsemgeest

ric achievers who have achieved outstanding results.

Hoerskool Pietersburg, Polokwane, Limpopo

Third place Lyle Ressouw Muir College Boys High School, UItenhage, Eastern Cape

Mathematics & Physical Science

in Quintile 1

in Quintile 2

First place

First place

First place

Rohin Jain

Reginald Champala

Mantsha Polyvia Mathekgane

Selborne College High School, East

Dr Harry Gwala Secondary School, Benoni,

Kgomotso Comprehensive High School,

London, Eastern Cape

Gauteng

Pretoria, Gauteng

Second place

Second place

Second place

Luvo Luzipho

Precious Mkhari

Avheani Maittakhole

St James Senior Secondary School,

Mmametlhake Secondary School, Seabe,

Makakavhale Secondary School,

Butterworth, Eastern Cape

Mpumalanga

Thohoyandou, Limpopo

Third place

Third place

Third place

Mpumelelo Wiseman Nomzaza

Senzo Lorenzo Xaba

Kgabo Philip Kubyana

Thuto-Lesedi Secondary School, Boksburg,

Mtshakelah High School, Ingwavuma,

Kgomotso Secondary School, Pretoria,

Gauteng

KwaZulu – Natal

Gauteng

in Quintile 3

in Quintile 4

in Quintile 5

First place

First place

First place

Luvo Luzipho

Rashmika Deeplal

Gareth David Mogambery

St James Senior Secondary School,

Isipingo Secondary School, Durban,

New West Secondary School, Durban,

Butterworth, Eastern Cape

KwaZulu Natal

KwaZulu-Natal

Second place

Second place

Second place

Robin Nicole Bosman

Rearabilwe Lesibana Mmatli

Yi-Tin Michelle Yuan

Swartberg Secondary, Caledon, Western

Pax High, Polokwane,

Rustenburg High School for Girls, Cape

Cape

Limpopo

Town, Western Cape

Third place

Third place

Third place

Masindi Pfanelo Mphephu

Anri Hattingh

Antoinette Schoeman

Thohoyandou Secondary,

Vryburg High School,

D.F. Malan High School, Cape Town,

Limpopo

North West

Western Cape

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

21

MEDICAL BIOMATERIALS

MASTERING MEDICAL BIOMATERIALS

Entering the Life of a Medical Biomaterials Student Written by : Shani Rhoda

P

assionate about a fairly new branch in the Health Sciences Faculty, an ambitious young UCT student

named Ellen Ngarande is focused on making a change in the world around her.

Please tell us more about yourself. Where do you come from?

I’m a budding scientist, born and raised in Zimbabwe. I relocated to Cape Town 10 years ago mainly for tertiary education purposes. I obtained my B. SC degree in molecular and cell biology and Honors degree in medicine specialising in medical biochemistry at UCT. Currently, I am with the cardiovascular research unit working on my second year Master’s Degree in Medicine focusing on Biomaterials.

Is the university sufficiently equipped (in

Do you think it is beneficial to go beyond

terms of teaching and practical exposure)

undergraduate studies?

Briefly explain what Medical Biomaterials

for the study?

After acquiring my Honors Degree, I took a

is and under which faculty it falls?

Judging from my current research experi-

2 year gap and worked as research assistant

Biomaterial is any substance or matter

ence and the needs for my project, the

with the International Center for Genetic

that has a mechanical or physical interac-

university is sufficiently equipped, and

Engineering and Biotechnology (affiliated

tion with a biological system. The study

we are at par with the research outputs

with UCT).

of biomaterials falls under the Health

with First World countries. Some of the

For me it wasn’t enough because in order

Science Faculty.

very advanced, high-end equipment is

to have a respectable scientific contribution

usually not readily available in Africa. In

and argument, I needed a higher degree.

When and how were you introduced to the

such cases, that’s what collaborations with

That’s why I took up my Masters on a proj-

field of study?

other institutions all over the world are

ect I am excited about. It is beneficial to go

I was exposed to the field of Biomaterials

for.

beyond undergraduate studies, not only for

when I joined the Health Science Faculty

career advancement, but for personal and

whilst undertaking my B. Sc Honors

What made you decide to continue your

mental growth which puts you at an even

Degree in Medicine.

studies up until your Master’s Degree?

better advantage.

22

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

MEDICAL BIOMATERIALS

What has been the highlight of your stud-

If all goes well with my current research, I

school level know enough about Medical

ies and what was the most challenging

will be doing my PhD.

Biomaterials?

aspect in your study career?

How does your field of study contribute to

I don’t think the subject of Biomaterials

The highlight of my studies so far is when

a better society, directly or indirectly?

alone or study thereof is common at high

I was awarded a prestigious UCT-WFIRM

In a nutshell, my field of study aims for

school level.

(Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative

a healthy society by finding cost effec-

This is because Regenerative Medicine is a

Medicine) exchange training program

tive cure for diseases, specifically heart

fairly new branch of revolutionary medicine

with a renowned institute in the field of

disease.

which is probably why it’s not fully pro-

Regenerative Medicine. I got the oppor-

moted at high school level.

tunity to go to North Carolina in the USA

What can school pupils do in their spare

for 2 months and experienced first world

time to prepare themselves for a career in

scientific research and real life application

the study?

of biomaterials and advanced technology

Learners can visit laboratories at various

Do you have any advice for students who are considering a career in Medical Biomaterials?

in tissue/organ regeneration.

institutions like universities and hospitals,

Like how it is with every career choice, you

The most challenging aspect is finding

arrange with their school heads to organ-

have to be passionate about what you do. If

the will to carry on with the research and

ise career days where they invite profes-

you like solving problems and are inquisi-

finding solutions when experiments do

sionals in various fields to speak about

tive then you will do well on this career

not work out.

their work.

path.

What are your plans for the next 3 years?

Do you think that students at high

Most of all, you have to be prepared to work hard.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

23

There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.

REMOTE SEN SIN

Y ENGINEER C EN

SPACE WEA TH

RADIO FREQ U

NS TECH TIO NI A C ER

N IA

SATELLITE O P

However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!

G

CHER SEAR E R

ORECASTER F ER

WeWe useuse communication communication satellites satellites every every dayday when when we we watch watch Digital Digital Satellite Satellite television television (DStv), (DStv), access access thethe internet internet or use or use ourour cellcell phones. phones.

Navigation Navigation apps apps useuse GPSGPS satellites satellites to accurately to accurately steer steer youyou to your to your requested requested destination. destination.

Spacecraft Spacecraft areare launched launched intointo space space on rockets on rockets andand need need to be to be monitored monitored along along thethe way. way.

SANSA SANSA provides provides launch launch support support andand recently recently assisted assisted twotwo Mars Mars launches launches – NASA’s – NASA’s Mars Mars Science Science Laboratory Laboratory andand India’s India’s Mars Mars Orbiter Orbiter Mission.

Mission.

Weather Weather in space in space cancan damage damage satellites satellites andand interfere interfere with with ourour technology technology likelike GPS, GPS, cellcell phones phones andand internet. internet.

SANSA SANSA keeps keeps a a close close eyeeye on space on space weather weather to protect to protect ourour technology technology in in space space andand on Earth. on Earth.

Images Images from from satellites satellites are are used used to develop to develop maps maps andand monitor monitor natural natural disasters disasters likelike floods floods andand droughts. droughts.

South South African African National National Space Space Agency Agency

Tel +27 Tel 12 +27 844 120398 844 0398 | Fax| +27 Fax 12 +27 844 120396 844 0396 EmailEmail information@sansa.org.za information@sansa.org.za | Website | Website www.sansa.org.za www.sansa.org.za Science Stars Magazine Mathematics Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

25

DST

DIVERSE CULTURES CELEBRATE THE SAME SKY SKA and Shared Sky bring the stars to earth projects to have ever been conducted. This makes the Shared Sky project a very big deal, not only to scientists and astronomers, but as an added value to people’s cultural heritage.

This project shows us how Science does not, and has not, been living outside of human culture and it also shows us how one stems from the other. We are able to see how Science is not an isolated sphere, it highlights the importance of both art and Science within our cultures and how they can work hand in hand. Naledi Pandor herself stated that “Art is Science, surely it has to be”, in reference to the art exhibition and artwork as a whole. This cross-continental project allows people to come together to share their human experiences, where they share stories that have been passed on from generation to generation. This allows the people to speak about their shared his-

T

he Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

intriguing coming about.

event was held in Cape Town at the South African National Gallery,

One might ask what it is that this art

which is part of the Iziko Museums, on

exhibition has to do with Science. The

13 February 2015. The exhibition was

Shared Sky project was introduced by SKA

launched in collaboration with Shared

as a means of sharing their vision which

Sky, an indigenous art and astronomy

“embodies the spirit of the international

exhibition, and was a very different and

science and engineering collaboration that

unique event. This was mainly because it

is the SKA project itself, bringing together

brought about a different way of looking

many nations around two sites in Australia

at Science and Astronomy. The opening

and South Africa to study the same sky”.

of the art exhibition was done by the

The SKA Radio Telescope will be the big-

Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi

gest telescope ever to be produced, also

Pandor, which is fitting considering its

making it one of the biggest scientific

26

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Ms. Grace Nadeli Mandisa Pandor

DST

tory.

Shared Sky brings together two distinct communities - the artists that are the descendants of the San from the Bethesda Arts Centre in Nieu Bethesda situated in the Eastern Cape and the Yamaji Aboriginal artists from the Yamaji Art Centre in Geraldton, Australia. It is incredibly fascinating seeing and realising how these people, these artists, have grown to have such rich and unique cultures over the generations. Where these cultures have actually grown so beautifully in two very distinct and very different parts of the world and yet share the very same serious concerns when it comes to the preservation and love for each of their cultural heritages. attention because of the relationship to

the vast cultures. These stories allow us to

For each culture, art is not something that

the importance of the hair to the night

begin new conversations which show new

has just come about recently. Although

sky. In our culture, hair is not to be cut at

and different perspectives when it comes to

their canvases may have changed over

night”. This shows the connections that

our lives and experiences. These conversa-

time, going from rock and caves to

can be made between one’s culture, the

tions do not necessarily have to only be

paper and linen, the message and what

night sky and how Science can help make

spoken, but they can also be shown through

is expressed has not. Both the San and

these discoveries thus enhancing ones

art exhibitions such as Shared Sky.

Yamaji people looked at the same night

artwork.

The exhibition will end on the 31st May

sky, where they painted their visions as the

The connections made by each culture’s

2015. This gives people from all walks life,

night sky spoke to them. The SKA Radio

artwork to one another shows us how the

whether you have a more of a scientific

Telescope and its scientists have allowed

night sky is shared by all humanity and

mind or an artistic one, the opportunity to

these artists to be brought closer to their

helps us understand that it has no borders.

see how these two components collaborate

muse through technology, where they

in the most unique and fascinating manner.

have an artistic and scientific viewpoint.

Therefore, even though we may live sepa-

The exhibition is both moving and colourful

Charmaine Green, whose artwork refers to

rately as the human race and live our sep-

and would make for a great day out for the

Coma Berenices states that “After talking

arate lives on our secluded and bordered

whole family.

and spending time with the scientists, I

areas, we live under the same sky, where

The South African National Gallery is open

want to look at other constellations. The

the moon and the different constellations

to visitors on a daily basis and the operat-

story behind Coma Berenices caught my

carry the stories of many generations of

ing times are from 10h00 to 17h00.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

27

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Competition closes on 31 May 2015 /sciencestars.faceb.co.za @ScienceStars2 28 Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue

| www.sciencestars.co.za

EXPERIMENT FEATURE

BALLOON BLOW-UP HOME EXPERIMENT

What you will need.

2. Use the (clean and dry) funnel to put 1 tablespoon of baking soda into the bottom of the balloon. Shake gently to make sure all of the baking soda falls to the bottom.

You will need: 1. Bottle 2. Vinegar 3. Baking Soda 4. Funnel 5. Balloon

1. Use the funnel to pour 1/2 cup of white vinegar into the bottle.

Rinse and dry the funnel.

3. Stretch the open end of the balloon over the neck of the bottle and make sure it is secured tightly. Let the rest of the balloon hang over the side (while you hold the bottle upright) so that no baking soda falls into the bottle just yet.

4. Hold onto the neck of the bottle (where the end of the balloon is) and carefully lift the heavier end of the balloon until you are holding it completely upright.

All of the baking soda should fall into the bottle. The reaction will be immediate.

The reason it is Science related When the baking soda and vinegar mix, it creates a chemical reaction. We can tell by this through seeing bubbles. This chemical reaction gives off a gas which inflates the balloon.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

29

QUOTES

STUDENTS SHARE THEIR THOUGHTS Studying towards a career in Science has its ups and downs. Some students have shared their daily duties, loves and challenges of this exciting journey.

“Science is very interesting and challenging, but it became more fun and educational when I had to go to the field to learn about water sampling, soil water and ground water. We had to collect air samples which were then taken to a lab for tests, in the hope of discovering any diseases present in the air we breathe.”

Jennerveve Davids: Environmental Management

“The world that we live in wouldn’t exist without Science. Being an engineer means being involved in the production sector, such as creating plastics, using raw materials to produce computers or laptops, as well as food processing. Chemical Engineering is a very large field as it starts from the design to production to the operation of an idea. The job also aims to improve what has already been produced and spot possible problems that may arise.”

John Mulamba: Chemical Engineering

“With the advancement of modern technology, the world has become a better place for all of us living in it. My dream was not to use what already exists, but to make things that will improve the lives of ordinary people, and that is why I decided to become an electrical engineer.”

Tawanda Mukanhairi: Electrical Engineering

“There have been some challenges during my studies but they prepared me for the field work I did during my internship in Mpumalanga last year. I enjoyed every minute of working outside and getting my hands dirty and I look forward to a future in Environment Management.”

Anelisa Grabe: Environmental Management

30

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DST FEATURE

THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA Naledi Pandor highlights the significance and predicts its future.

I

t is our belief that Africa’s capacity for

Astronomy, Laser Technology or High

and innovation partnerships are required to

innovation will shape the future of

Performance Computing, South Africa has

unleash Africa’s enormous potential to con-

not only Africans, but everyone on this

made an impact in the global Science

tribute to global knowledge generation.

planet. Companies such as Microsoft, IBM,

area. Measured by the impact of their pub-

and Intel have recognised the innovation

lications in international scientific jour-

potential of some regions of Africa, but we

nals, South African researchers are among

Using Science to Alleviate Poverty and Inequality

have not yet built research and develop-

the most productive in the world.

South African programmes to lift people out of poverty, especially in remote rural

ment partnerships that will lead to the emergence of a robust and productive

Africa is confronted by many global chal-

areas through Science- and Technology-

innovation system in Africa.

lenges, such as climate change, pandemic

based interventions, have attracted huge

diseases or energy security. In order to

international interest from respected part-

address these, enhanced global Science

ners, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates

Whether it is in Nanotechnology or

Foundation. South Africa is now at the forefront of innovative programmes to provide decent sanitation service delivery to impoverished communities.

CSIR’s “wireless mesh network”, which brings Internet connectivity to rural areas, is not only narrowing but also eliminating the digital divide and enables micro enterprise development in poverty-stricken areas.

Life Sciences With regard to Life Sciences, South African scientists have for years been at the forefront of the fight against infectious diseases such as HIV-Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

31

DST

Our goal is now to ensure our scientific

all our projects. All this astronomy work

excellence will translate into the develop-

has brought economic opportunity to vul-

ment of South Africa’s own pharmaceutical

nerable communities and supported the

industry, which will create jobs. A secret

development of science and mathematics

weapon in our Life Sciences arsenal with

at local schools.

tremendous potential is our pioneering work in indigenous knowledge systems.

Radio astronomy investment in recent years has raised both the supply of and

Marine Science

demand for a skilled Science, Technology

Our research in Marine Science and

and Engineering workforce. Because of

its potential contribution to the blue

this increase of human capital in African

economy and our successful technology

economies, it has contributed to the cre-

development programmes to support

ation and growth of a high-knowledge

beneficiation of raw materials, such as the

skill-base across the African continent.

development of the Titanium metal power industry and fluoro-chemicals products.

The Future of Science in Africa

Our investment in advanced manufactur-

There is now a golden opportunity to

ing technologies continues to ensure the

develop new, strategic and mutually ben-

South African aeronautics industry is a

eficial African Science partnerships. These

sought after partner for global players like

are partnerships that will not only enrich

Airbus and Boeing.

the global scientific knowledge base but also transform scientific disciplines to the

Astronomy Sciences

benefit of us all.

MeerKAT, the South AfricanSquare Kilometre Array (SKA) precursor, is already

The most important new technology driver

contributing to the development of astro-

is highly skilled human capital. We all

nomical and engineering skills across

compete in a global market for scientists

Africa. Since technologies being developed

and entrepreneurs. It’s remarkable that

for these telescopes will be commer-

of the five South African Nobel laureates

cialised in the next 10-20 years, young

who have received their prize for chem-

Africans currently working on the project

istry or medicine, all now live in other

will be in high demand around the world.

countries.

Engineers, astrophysicists, ICT specialists and several other professions have been

Determining the best technology policy

able to participate in our initiatives. Some

is relatively straightforward, but having

of our telescopes are located in remote

the people ready to take advantage of

rural areas –we have had to build roads,

resource-rich opportunities is the real

ensure energy supply and connectivity for

challenge.

32

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

NUTRITIONAL FACTS

NUTRITIONAL FACTS

1 3

out up to 40 days with Humans can live od, depending on the consuming any fo take, stored body fat amount of water in and muscle mass.

It has been proven breakfast perform that kids who eat Healthy breakfast better at school. grain cereal and looptions include wholebutter and jam sa w-fat milk or a peanut ndwich.

5

It is possible for children to be over nourished. Health problems such as type two diabetes and high cholesterol can lead to obesity in very young children.

2

ce of calcium, Milk is an important sour to building y but it is not the only wa such as brocstrong bones. Vegetables onds and coli, shellfish, salmon, alm dried beans.

4 6

Without proper nutrition, students perform worse academically and fail to excel in sports.

Dehydration ca n cause headac fatigue. hes and

7

eir ter iron intake in th Girls need a grea for what is lost during diets to make up ds. their monthly perio

8

In moderate doses, ca mental alertness and ffeine increases rary energy boost. Ovtriggers a temponegative effects such er-indulging has aches and dizziness. as anxiety, head-

gefruits and ve lthy , s in ra g in d a Fibre is founontributes towards a he eltables and cstem. Fibre leaves one fe digestive sy enting overeating. ing full, prev

9

10

The 5-second rule is a myth. Bacteria can attach to food instantly and although not all bacteria is harmful, some do cause health issues such as diarrhea.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

33

PUZZLE

Health Word Scramble Challenge your puzzle solving skills with our health word scramble.

1. ACATRBEI

9. ULGSN

2. LBDOO

10. REAWT

3. ELGYALR

11. ERTHA

4. IEXEESRC

12. XGYNEO

5. ISVUR

13. IESADSE

6. LPSHIOAT

14. OSTYMMSP

7. IEIMDECN

15. ESNUR

8. EIHYGEN

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

DOWN 1. How many taste buds are there on your your tongue?

4

2. _____ have the highest metobolic rate.

3.The energy-burning aspect of metabo1

2

1

lism is called?

5

3

4. A sneeze accur at about 100 miles an hour? True or false?

5. The _______ is responsible for regulating the body’s metabolism.

3

2

ACROSS 1. What percentage of the human body is water?

2. Our bodies needs _______ essential

4

vitamins 3. A humans thumb is as long as his or 6

her nose? True or false?

4. What are one of the major types of

5

health facilities?

5. The smallest bones in the body are found in?

6. What heart smart supplement is derived from the lilly family?

34

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ANSWERS

ANSWERS

SUDOKU SUDOKU ANSWERS 11/12/14

Mathematics magazine

SCIENCESTARS ISSUE 07

THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS

CROSSWORD PUZZLE 2

QUIZ

A B

1

P E

R

C

E

N

T

A

1. Thirty-seven (37) G

E

2. 30 Degrees 3. Two hundred and ten (210)

C

R 2

O

C

O

N

C

T

R

U

R

E

N

4. The Hypotenuse

T

5. Six (6)

S

6. Three (3)

R 3

A 3

C

I

R

C

T 4

G

O

O

G

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4

P

L

R

U

M

F

E

6

P R

R

O

E

P

E

N

C

5

Y

9. 1050

Q

P

10. They are all square numbers

U

O

11. Three Quarters (3/4)

7

O

Y

R

L

E

I

T

A

N

M

I

T

U

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R

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G

6

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8. Fours- 11, 13, 17, 19

E

L

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7. 43, 560 Square feet

H

I

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A

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L

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12. One hundred and Sixty eight

A 5

P

R

O

P

E

R Y Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

35

UWC

UWC LAB HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH Modern technology and information enables research projects at UWC

S

cience Stars visited the University

large usage of crystal meth (tik) and other

still training and then, we have research

of the Western Cape’s Medical and

drugs, specifically in the Western Cape. We

labs which is specialised for research

Health Sciences laboratory and

are also looking at herbal remedies for

projects undertaken by Honours, Masters,

spoke to Professor Ralf Henkel, the Head

testosterone replacement in men to pre-

Doctoral and Post-Doctoral students.

of Department of the Faculty of Natural

vent testosterone cancer in our indigenous

Sciences. We found out about the latest

knowledge research projects.

Is it possible for school groups to take a tour of these labs?

technological advancements and research projects that are currently undertaken

What state-of-the-art equipment do you

Small groups can be guided under supervi-

by the university’s students and research

have at the moment that can assist the

sion, but it must be noted that a laboratory

groups.

scientists?

has many potential risks.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), lumi-

Are the labs, and the faculty as a whole,

Name a few of the major projects under-

nometers, inverted microscopes, cell

efficiently equipped to tackle pressing

taken within the Health and Medical

motion analyser and chemical identifica-

health issues in the country, such as the

Science department at the university.

tion amongst others.

The department is quite diverse. The department consists of different areas of

What equipment will be added in the

expertise such as cancer, cardiovascular,

future?

reproduction, nutrition, biology, toxicology

That depends on which direction the

and anatomy. It is quite a big variety of

department and the individual researchers

fields of specialisation and each of these

decide to take and what funding is avail-

have their own projects. With regards to

able.

nutrition, the university recently estab-

What is the main aim of the lab? Is it

lished a national centre for nutrition.

more for the students of UWC or for larger

Otherwise, we have major funded projects

research projects?

in reproduction, cancer and biology.

We have two types of labs – the under-

There are also projects relating to the

graduate labs are for students who are

36

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Prof. Ralf Henkel

UWC

aforementioned cancer?

stated that we have to have gas, we have

With our current water research project,

to have CO2. If there’s CO2 there has to

we are investigating water quality and

be relevant safety measures and access

how poor water quality affects the health

control. There must be extractor facilities

in an area, especially in informal settle-

for toxic substances, and cold rooms for

ments. By investigating the male repro-

freezing cells.

ductive organs, we also learn more about infertility. All our research projects are

What are the benefits of having the lab on

somehow related to daily health issues –

the community on the whole?

breast cancer and prostate cancer, depend-

The research benefits the community and

ing on the particular interests.

this research is carried out in our labs and our research groups and relates to

How often will the equipment in the lab

valid society problems, like cancer, fertility

This building is one of the most recent

be upgraded?

issues, cardiovascular, water, obesity and

buildings that was built for this purpose,

If we receive funding, updating the lab’s

other major health issues.

so it is the most modern. In the end, what

equipment will be possible, otherwise

counts is the qualification of the principal-

we’ll have to collaborate with other

How many students are currently enrolled

investigators working in the labs and what

groups who have the latest equipment, or

in the faculty?

equipment is available. What is essentially

carry on using the existing equipment.

About 800-900 postgraduates are enrolled

done in the lab and what is published is

in the faculty.

also important.

Are there any facilities on the university’s

Do you think that the facilities will con-

campus that complement the work done

tribute towards students’ decisions to

Briefly explain the significance of the fac-

in the labs, such as a library or research

study at UWC?

ulty in the country and how the research

centre?

Students have to think about their future

conducted through the projects contribute

It is essential for us to have a library.

career and part of being a scientist

to the growth of the economy.

Without access to actual information, a

involves proper education in conducting

Research in general builds the future. For

scientist is stranded. It is crucial to have

research projects. The labs are properly

instance, finding South African herbal

access to up to date information without

designed and equipped to conduct such

extracts can create jobs in the farming

being barred.

projects.

industry and the pharmaceutical industry

Were there any special requirements that

In comparison to other universities, how

well as the affordability for individuals. The

were necessary in the design of the lab?

does UWC’s Health Science facilities differ

data collected in research projects can also

From our side, the planning committee

to the facilities offered elsewhere?

contribute to policy-making.

and it will benefit the public’s health as

Is there anything else you would like to add to motivate students wanting to study in the field of Health and Medical Science?

These labs, and universities in general, should actually be the centre point of future development of a country because this is where the knowledge is created.

Universities should not just be an extended high school. Students wanting to come to university must come prepared and they must be able to do basic things in the important subjects such as Maths and Science. The end goal of a university is knowledge creation.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

37

38

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

QUIZ

QUIZ

Test your brain

1

Which cavity of the brain is the largest?

A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum

7

Which organ in the body is connected to the ear by the auditory nerve?

A. brain

C. Medulla

B. trachea

D. Hypothalamus

C. spinal cord

2

Which is not a sensory organ?

A. Eye B. Ear C. Liver D. Skin

3

How many bones are in the body?

A. 377 B. 206 C. 119 D. 4

4

What is the largest sensory organ?

A. Nose B. Eye C. Skin D. Ear

5

Which is the largest internal organ?

A. Liver B. Kidney C. Lungs D. Heart

6

What is the resting beat of your heart?

A. 70 beats B. 100 beats C. 57 beats D. 130 beats

D. ear drum

8

What is another name for short sightedness?

A. glaucoma B. cataracts C. hyper myopia D. myopia

CSIR ADVERTORIAL

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W

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nology, photonics, robotics, cybersecurity,

The Council for Scientific and

Industrial Research (CSIR) was constituted

sensors, materials sciences, optronics and What we do

by an Act of Parliament in 1945 with a

biotechnology, and leading scientific infrastructure.

mandate to foster industrial and scien-

The CSIR undertakes directed research

tific development and contribute to the

and development (R&D) for socio-eco-

The CSIR is developing and executing a

improved quality of life of South Africans.

nomic growth. It defines its role as:

Growth and Impact Strategy to grow the impact of its work, building on existing

The CSIR is differentiated from other sci-

• Fostering industrial development, includ-

capabilities.The current focus within the

ence councils by its ability to undertake

ing technology development and transfer,

CSIR Growth and Impact Strategy is the

integrated, multidisciplinary research

new sector development, start-ups, pilot-

addition of Flagship Programmes, compris-

across diverse areas of science.

ing, productivity and waste minimisation

ing large, impact-driven development and

The CSIR has offices in Gauteng, the

and strategic initiatives.

innovation initiatives integrated across the

Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, KwaZuluNatal, and Mpumalanga.

CSIR. Flagship Programmes aim to achieve • Building national capability, including

impact at the national scale and include

support to service delivery, policy develop-

focus areas such as water sustainability,

What does this mean?

ment and information management.

health, and safety and security.

The CSIR can deliver on its mandate to

The CSIR generates knowledge and

Over the years, South Africa has benefited

improve the lives of South Africans and

research output to be applied or trans-

from many CSIR innovations such as the

respond to national priorities by pooling

ferred as proven technologies, skilled

development of the now ubiquitous lithium

together the best expertise from a range

people and through projects that add

ion battery; improved architectural design

commercial and social benefit.

of hospitals to limit the spread of tuberculosis; a satellite-based fire information

40

Specific areas of focus are health, energy,

tool that delivers locations of active fires

the natural environment, the built envi-

in near-real time over southern and east-

ronment, defence and security as well as

ern Africa; a machine that determines the

the needs of industry – specifically mining

condition of a road 20 years from now; a

and advanced manufacturing.

device that warns miners of loose rocks in

Its multidisciplinary skills base includes

underground mines; a camera that shows

expertise in core technologies such as

power-loss on electrical installations at

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CSIR ADVERTORIAL FEATURE

Twitter: @CSIR (http://twitter.com/CSIR) Facebook: CSIRSouthAfrica (https://www.facebook.com/CSIRSouthAfrica) LinkedIn group: CSIR (South Africa) YouTube: CSIRNewMedia (http://www.youtube.com/CSIRNewMedia) night and day; an eye treatment product that has taken the beauty market by storm; or a system that protects vehicles and its occupants from the effects of landmine explosions; a novel hosting system that allows for the loading of more – and different types of – boats onto ships, giving the South African Navy an effective and rapidly deployable tool against acts of piracy.

How we do it The CSIR works closely with government, state-owned enterprises, funding agencies, tertiary education institutions, other science councils as well as a range of public and private sector institutions locally and abroad – either as partners or clients where the focus is on quality science, skills and socio-economic improvement.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

41

SCIENCE NEWS

SCIENCE NEWS RC), togethrch Council (SAMms to tackle ea es R al ic ed M The South Africane country’s finest universities, ai tablishing er with three of th causes of death worldwide by es one of the leadingCentres around the country.

Cancer Research

Space will have its first black African visitor as 25-year-old Mandla Maseko from a township in Pretoria prepares for his orbital trip in 2015.

The vice-president of engineering for Twitter, Nandini Ramani, addressed young South African girls from Khayelitsha at a meeting that formed part of the TechWomen mentorship programme.

World-renowned South African AIDS researcher, Professor Salim S. Abdool Karim, was recently awarded an African Union science prize for his great work on HIV prevention and treatment.

s Year of Light kick l na io at rn te In e Th a 2015. off at Scifest Afric festival will be held e The annual sciencin the Eastern Cape n in Grahamstow 2015. from 18-24 March

The CSIR’s Microsystems Research Group is working to develop paperbased diagnostic sensors, ideal for lowresource areas such as rural clinics

ale and in ms on a global scng at about te ys os ec g in ct fe af si Climate change is an region temperatures are increathis alarmic at fr A th t rn ec ers proj the Southe for example te. CSIR research twice the global ra pact many different local sectors, ing statistic will imdustries. agriculture and in 42

Science Stars Magazine Mathematics Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

SCIFEST FEATURE

Scifest Africa At the speed of light!

S

cifest Africa, South Africa’s National

Microscopy, Nanotechnology, Optics,

blind astronomer Wanda Diaz, who will tell

Science Festival, invites visitors to

Photonics, Space Sciences, the spectrum,

the story of how she followed a career in

see the light from space, the spar-

and the universe.

astronomy against all odds and how she

kling light through diamonds, and the

listens to the stars.

shining light of inspiration at this year’s

A sure highlight will be the attendance of

The festival programme will also place spe-

event to be held in Grahamstown from 18

a high-level delegation from NASA, whose

cial focus on Grahamstown’s Observatory

to 24 March.

contributions will focus on the John

Museum, home to the only Victorian camera

Webb Space Telescope, Mars Exploration

obscura in the southern hemisphere, and

The 2015 theme, “Science alight!”, will

Programme, New Horizons Mission and

the room in which the first diamond found

form part of the 2015 International Year of

Rosetta Mission, and will include public

in South Africa, later named the Eureka

Light and Light-based Technologies.

appearances by astronaut, Dr Catherine

Diamond, was identified in 1867.

The event will celebrate several anniver-

Coleman.

saries, including the 1000th anniversary

Sponsored by the Department of Science

of the publication of the seven volume

Other international contributions to the

and Technology (DST), Scifest Africa remains

treatise on optics by Ibn al-Haytham, the

programme will come from Argentina,

the largest festival of its kind on the African

centenary of Einstein’s theory of general

China, France, Germany, Turkey, the UK

continent, welcoming over 68,000 visitors

relativity and the announcement last year

and USA. Back by popular demand, is

of all ages to Grahamstown in 2014.

that the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics had been awarded to the inventors of the blue LED. The festival programme will offer visitors exhibitions and over 600 interactive events that will explore all facets of light, including Anatomy, Architecture, Arts and Culture, Astronomy, Atmospheric Sciences, Aviation, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Diet, Energy, Fibre Optics, Gravity, Lasers, Matter,

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

43

DST

TURNING SOIL INTO SUSTAINABLE INCOME Mineral processing to become a key industry

T

he Minister of Science and

exposed to Mintek techniques for mineral

titanium metal can be produced from our

Technology, Naledi Pandor, says the

processing and undergoing in-service

abundant mineral resources. These new

time is now for the Non-Aligned

training. The first cohort comprises par-

capabilities can position South Africa as

Movement countries to make the best of

ticipants from 11 countries, namely Egypt,

a world leader in the cost-competitive

the resources in their soil.

Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, South

production of high-grade titanium metal

Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan

powder. Titanium is a sought after metal,

Minister Pandor was speaking at the

and Zambia. Minister Pandor gave exam-

especially in the aerospace industry, where

start of the Department of Science and

ples of what South Africa was doing to

aircraft and satellites need to be lighter so

Technology/Non-Aligned Movement’s

localise and advance the field of mineral

as to consume less fuel.

Centre for Science and Technology

beneficiation.

Training Programme on Minerals by the Council for Mineral Technology

Another example is platinum. Ten years ago The first example is titanium. South Africa we launched the Hydrogen South Africa is the second largest supplier of the (HySA) programme. This marked the initia-

(Mintek), in Johannesburg.

mineral ore that can produce titanium

tion of research and development activities

metal. However, we add little value to the

by two centres of Latest News competence,

The three-month training programme

mineral ore before export. The Council

namely, HySA Catalysis and HySA Systems.

(to be held from 15 January to 30 March

for Scientific and Industrial Research

We also established Clean Energy, a South

2015) will see the participants being

has developed a novel process in which

African fuel cell company that will ini-

Processing and Beneficiation, hosted

tially market and eventually assemble and manufacture fuel cells in Sub-Sahara Africa, in partnership with Anglo Platinum and Altergy Power Systems.

Minister Pandor concluded: “A third example is fluorine. Five years ago, we launched the Multi-purpose Fluorination Pilot Plant at Necsa’s Pelchem in Pelindaba. Through this initiative, South Africa has the potential not only to develop much-needed human capital, but also to reduce the country’s chemical trade deficit through exports, to attract foreign direct investment, and to increase high-tech research and development towards a stronger fluorochemicals industrial base”.

44

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DST FEATURE

RECOGNITION OF HOME GROWN TECHNOLOGIES Local technologies to uplift South Africa's market

T

he Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor, has urged the private sector, govern-

ment and research institutions to collaborate in elevating the recognition of home-grown technologies to service the country’s markets and address local needs.

The Top Technology 100 (TT100) programme, an initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), working together with the Technology Innovation Agency, the National Intellectual Property Management Office and the Southern African Research and Innovation

ings were generally recognised as the best

management and energy, including project

Management Association, is committed

in the world.

development and funding and establishing

to increasing employment. Furthermore,

partnerships and networks, such as investor

providing hope for budding entrepreneurs

“We need to implement our policies that

in the technology field, and demonstrating

favour South African-based technologies

that developing countries are capable of

and local procurement,” the Minister said,

The Minister’s Award for Overall Excellence

competing with the best.

adding this was out of concern that both

was taken by Accsys (Pty) Ltd in the cat-

the state and the private sector preferred

egory of medium enterprises, and PFK

The TT100 Awards is an annual event

international over local technology sup-

Electronics (Pty) Ltd in the large enterprises

hosted by the Da Vinci Institute for

pliers.

category. These are awarded to recognise

the Management of Technology and

The 2014 TT100 Awards Programme not

companies that consistently and progres-

Innovation, under the auspices of DST. This

only showcases the increase in the output

sively demonstrate a unique ability to man-

year the awards ceremony is taking place

and quality of South African technologies,

age core elements of the business, includ-

on the sidelines of a first-of-its-kind event

but has also expanded its scope to include

ing technology, innovation, people, systems,

in South Africa, namely, the Innovation

organisations from Brazil, Russia, India and

research and sustainability.

Bridge. This is an event that DST has

China.

In the Emerging Enterprise category, Olive

organised to bring together innovators,

Among the recipients was Eskom’s

Expert Services (Pty) Ltd scooped four

financiers and technology incubators

Group Executive for Sustainability, Dr

awards for overall excellence.

under one roof, a platform that aims to

Steve Lennon, who received a Lifetime

“It is encouraging to see how, year-on-year,

bridge the gap between them.

Achievement Award.

many of these organisations have been able

Speaking at the TT100 Awards ceremony

Dr Lennon, who also chaired the National

to find innovative ways of sustaining their

in Pretoria, the Minister said that there

Advisory Council on Innovation, is widely

businesses, and, in many cases, have been

seemed a lack appreciation in South Africa

recognised locally and internationally for

able to export their products and services

for home-grown technological capabilities,

leadership in areas such as technologi-

in fiercely competitive global markets,” said

even in areas in which the country’s offer-

cal innovation and R&D, sustainability

the Minister.

relationships.

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

45

Qs & As

WHAT HEALTH SCIENCE MEANS TO THE YOUTH

1

When you think of Health & Medical Science, what is the first thing that comes to your mind?

• “Health issues (e.g. HIV)” - Notemba Silewana • “Pharmaceutical industries” - Nomandla Genge • “Medication and health services” - Yazini Bekebu

2 3

46

What would interest you into pursuing a career in the science field?

• “Working in laboratories” - Ziyanda Tukwayo • “Educating people about Health & Medical Science in the community and rural areas”- Reabetswe Tebele • “Seeing more young people taking Science seriously” Asanda Voto

If you could choose any field of study in Science and Health, which field would you choose?

• “Pathology” - Notemba Silewana • “Nature Conservation (Conservation Ecology)” - Asanda Voto • “Environmental Health” - Katlego Mafura • “Analytical Chemistry” - Nomandla Genge • “Radiology” - Reabetswe Tebele • “Doctor” - Ziyanda Tukwayo • “Pharmaceuticals” - Yazini Bekebu

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference

DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

47

Draw up a study timetable.

FCB CAPE TOWN 10007095CT/E

Study tips

Don’t procrastinate!

Make flashcards, use acronyms, sing jingles - anything to help you remember.

Exercise and eat correctly to combat stress.

Use tables, flowcharts and figures - pictures can help you remember facts.

Get up a little earlier on the morning of an exam - it will allow you time to have a proper breakfast and you will feel calm when you arrive at your exam venue.

Create a study environment free from clutter and distractions.

If the workload is too big, join a study group. But make sure you actually study.

Get a decent night’s sleep. It helps with your concentration.

Go over as many past papers as you can.

Don’t postpone difficult topics when studying tackle the hard bits first.

Good luck!

At Engen, we want to give you some extra encouragement during your final exams because we understand that education is the first step to a brighter future.

That’s one of the reasons why we invest in subjects that will be of long-term value to our business and South Africa. For nearly 3 decades, Engen Maths and Science Schools have provided extra tuition to learners in grades 10 to 12 across the country. Engen wishes you every success for your final matric exams. www.engenoil.com/education

48

Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za