SCIENCESTARS ISSUE 08
LIFE WITHIN HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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UPCOMING DST EVENTS Scifest Africa Budget Vote National Science Week
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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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CONTENTS CONTENTS
FEATURES
8 1 1 2 2
Shireen Mentor Bold and Steadfast
2 ARC Dr Shadrack Moephuli 5
Careers Health & Medical Science
0 dST Innovation Bridge 2 Ellen Ngarande M.astering Medical Biomaterials
2 2 3 3 4
6 SKA Shared Sky Exhibition 9 Science Experiment Balloon Blow-up 1 DST Advancement of Science 6 UWC Profile of Life Science Building 4 DST Mineral Processing
FOREWORD FEATURE
the
FOREWORD An insider’s perspective The ability to give life is a gift beyond description, whether you are bringing a new life into the world or restoring a slightly older one. As a fourth-year medical student, I get to be a part of these experiences daily. Medicine is a field in which you never stop learning, even when you are old and grey. Your work is never complete. As soon as you have seen one patient, you are staring into the eyes of the next. After a long day of work (if you are not on 24-hour call), you need to brush up on theoretical knowledge in preparation for the next day. To become a doctor is not easy nor cheap. Tuition fees, textbooks, equipment and medical clothing are a few of the expenses to take into consideration as it is a substantial amount. Fortunately, there are bursaries available in South Africa, allowing this dream to follow a realistic path. This Health and Medical Science issue of Science Stars covers the many career options available and also highlights some success stories of students in various fields. The content goes beyond the work done in waiting rooms and hospitals. This issue also explains the work done in the fields, where the ARC (Agriculture
Research Council) studies the crops and their nutritional value. The anxiety about the workload and cost of becoming a doctor vanishes the moment you hold that new-born baby in your arms or see how well the patient is recovering after a major surgery. Whatever you do for that patient, big or small, their thankfulness makes all the stress and anxiety worthwhile, even if just for that moment. On good days and even on bad days, I would not trade my career for the world.
Nikitia Davids Fourth-year MB, ChB student at the University of Stellenbosch
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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ED’S NOTE
team Science Stars
LETTER FROM
THE DEPUTY EDITOR The world is in need of some healing.
Managing Editor • Evans Manyonga editorial@sciencestars.co.za Deputy Editor • Shani Rhoda
Graphic Designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz Project Manager • Renata Williams
The most recent (and undeniably the most devastating) health issue that crippled the world was the rapid spread of the Ebola epidemic. The disease instantly became a household name worldwide, raising concern about the healthcare efficiency in Africa and anticipating an overnight cure by leading medical scientists. Along with this global scare came the realisation that Health and Medical Science is a field that needs constant attention in the form of theoretical and practical advancements. When the Science Stars team started brainstorming ideas for the Health and Medical Science issue, we all immediately thought of the most obvious job titles in the field – doctors and dentists. But after further discussion, we came up with an extensive list of interesting careers that can be viewed on the Careers Page (pages 15 & 16). We also give you some advice on choosing your future university and speak to a young neuroscientist from the University of the Western Cape (UWC) whose career path is lit by success despite her challenging circumstances growing up on the Cape Flats. Thought you knew everything there was to know about maintaining a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle? Our Nutritional Facts (page 33) might teach you a few interesting things that could improve your academic performance. Turn to the Science News (page 42) to catch up on the latest news and developments on the national Science front. In the process of compiling this issue, I realized that there is so much more to Health and Medical Science than a lab coat and a syringe. This complex field of study includes everything from engineering human cells to a trip to the vet to having braces straighten crooked teeth. A career in Health Science is one that is always open to new learning possibilities and exciting technological advancements. With the constant influx of knowledge and medical discoveries, Health and Medical Science will never be subject to stagnation and there will always be room for new employees and developments.
Shani Rhoda Deputy Editor 6
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Contributing Writers • Thandile Mban Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Public Relations • Bongeka Mnotoza
Sales Representative • Tinyiko Khoza tk@sciencestars.co.za Ambassador • Azwindinni Muronga Copyright 2015 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission. Science Stars is published by Roswika Media - a member of Shanduka Black Umbrellas.
10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za
FROM CLASSROOM TO BOARDROOM A DECADE OF EMPOWERMENT From building schools to supporting black entrepreneurs, from making university study possible for disadvantaged students to providing work experience for young work seekers, Shanduka Foundation strives to develop South Africa’s human potential. Over the last decade, Shanduka Foundation has created opportunities for educational development, career growth and entrepreneurial advancement. •
Adopt-a-School Foundation mobilises companies and individuals to adopt disadvantaged schools with the aim of improving the academic, infrastructural, social and security environment in schools.
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Shanduka Black Umbrellas nurtures qualifying 100% black-owned businesses by providing meaningful access to markets, networks and finance through its small enterprise incubators and online enterprise and supplier development portal.
•
The Cyril Ramaphosa Education Trust provides bursaries to disadvantaged students and organises vacation work in companies in the Shanduka Group.
•
The Shanduka internship programme provides experiential training for selected learners and job seekers within Shanduka Group and across its partner network.
Thanks to the ongoing support of many partners in business, government and civil society, Shanduka Foundation is making a significant impact in the lives of young South Africans. To find out more about the work of the foundation and its programmes, visit
www.shanduka.co.za/shanduka-foundation
SHIREEN MENTOR
BOLD AND STEADFAST
A Career as a Neuroscientist
R
aised by a single parent, excelling
She then moved out of Bonteheuwel and
to do Medical Bioscience, purely because
academically has always been a
raised myself and my sister in Montana,
I love Biology, the human body and the
challenge for Shireen Mentor from
which is based in the Cape Flats area.
way it functions. And then, Prof. Fisher hap-
the Cape Flats. Demolishing any obstacles
pened to be one of my first lecturers and
standing in her way, this top student from
How did you decide that this is the career
he advised me to always study my work and
UWC has made an exceptional success of
you want to pursue?
study for an hour every day.
her studies by practising self-control and
Part of our school’s career guidance efforts
I have always had a passion for my work
perseverance in everyday life.
was to expose students to different fields
so I always worked really hard and applied
of study and that is where I was really
myself where necessary, despite the chal-
What is Neuroscience?
exposed to Science. It sparked an interest
lenges.
Neuroscience is basically the study of the
in the different fields of Science.
central nervous system and the function-
I also attended the career days at UWC
The subjects I had were Chemistry,
ing of neurons. The study focuses on how
and that is when I was exposed to Medical
Mathematics, Statistics – they were difficult
important the blood-brain barrier is to the
Biosciences. I was also exposed to the
subjects but whatever I didn’t understand, I
normal functioning of those neurons.
different divisions in the field of Medical
would go back to the lecturer and I would
Sciences and Neuroscience was one of the
ask for help.
areas that sparked my interest.
One thing I learnt about university is that
Where are you from? I was born in Cape Town and raised by a
there’s nothing surprising, they teach you
single parent. My mother is originally from
How did you get to MSc level?
what you need to know – it’s up to you as a
Bonteheuwel, which is a disadvantaged
I matriculated in 2006 and I started my
student to put in the effort and hours into
community.
undergraduate studies in 2007. I decided
your studies.
8
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
FEATURE SHIREEN MENTOR
Being a cum laude student, many other
ther my studies.
universities, including the University of Stellenbosch, have offered you place-
What impact do your studies have in
ments, but you chose to remain at UWC.
South Africa?
I had initially applied to all three universi-
What made me go down this avenue was
ties – UCT, SU, and UWC. I was provision-
the fact that in disadvantaged, poverty-
ally accepted at all three, but my matric
stricken communities you’ll find that
Mathematics mark was a bit low. So, my
there’s a lot of alcohol abuse especially by
acceptance letters were declined and then
young females.
I got to UWC and they offered to accept
These young females then give birth to
me for the course in Medical Biosciences.
babies that have foetal alcohol syndrome. As a result, we looked at the blood-brain
The type of resources that they had to
barrier, and how important it is to the
offer me was not different to any other
normal functioning of neurons and how
university’s standards and I was able to
alcohol affects that blood-brain barrier.
excel at this university. Therefore, I don’t
So, if we can somehow better that or
see the need to switch universities to fur-
reverse the damaging effects of alcohol on
Prof. David Fisher the blood-brain barrier, we could prevent increasing cases of foetal alcohol syndrome within these communities. Your topic of study addresses a major social issue, but how would you be able to communicate this to the general public? We would have to target pre-natal clinics because that’s where the pregnant females are going so we would have to educate them in terms of practising better prenatal care. We need to find ways of creating awareness, for example, educating children at schools before they even start engaging in sexual interactions. As a scientist, are there any future projects
Ms. Shireen Mentor
that you are thinking of? Yes, I am thinking of obtaining my PhD, it’s definitely going to happen. Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
9
SHIREEN MENTOR
I will probably build on the current study
I managed to work really hard and keep
that I’m doing now and then do some cel-
my grades up so that by the time I got to
lular research.
post-grad level I was able to get a bursary. I also work at campus and the university
Are you receiving any financial support
remunerates me in return.
from any institutions, government or any structures?
Other girls your age are worried about
At the moment, I am being funded by the
their hair and you chose to wear a lab
National Research Foundation (NRF).
coat. Why do make-up and pencil skirts
Coming from a single-parent upbringing,
not interest you?
how did you finance your undergraduate
At the end of the day, presentation is
and Honours studies?
important, but is make-up and a pencil
Finance was always an issue for me
skirt going to solve problems in our coun-
because my mother is a single parent so I
try? No, it’s not. I’ve always wanted to be
thought I was going to get a bursary but
behind the scenes, so research has always
because of the financial bracket she was
been a passion.
in, I was unable to receive funding for my
If following my passion means wearing a
undergraduate studies so she paid for me.
lab coat, then I’ll wear one. I’m proud of
She made contingency plans before I even
wearing it. That lab coat is making a dif-
entered tertiary institutions.
ference.
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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
What Professor David Fisher says: Twenty years after democracy, SA is still suffering the negative effects of the past. A lack of resources and opportunities presented to certain racial groups has made it difficult for them to excel in primary and high school. When applying for varsity, these disadvantaged students are declined acceptance into their desired fields of study, not because they lack potential, but because they have been unjustly crippled. He says that universities need to take this into account when receiving applications from students whose marks might not be up to standard.
DR RAMBANE FEATURE
ARC
PAVING THE WAY FOR AGRICULTURE From cattle to CEO
D
r Shadrack Moephuli developed
in animals, and new varieties of plants
referencing Information Management
the love for Animal Science from
that farmers can use in farming,” said Dr
Systems, Veterinary Sciences, Genetics,
an early age and today he is liv-
Moephuli.
Analytical Chemistry, Precision Agriculture,
ing his dream as the President and CEO
“Having done that we ensure that these
Engineering and Computer Science to name
of Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in
are relevant to the actual problems, or
a few.
Pretoria.
are actually solving the problems that the farmers might have so that production
ARC participates in national exhibits and
His career choice, Animal Science, was
and productivity can be achieved, ” he
conferences in the agriculture sector. They
inspired by observing the cattle at his
continued.
also participate in activities run by the
high school and his keen interest in the
Department of Science and Technology
veterinarians that would occasionally
Careers at ARC
(DST) such as National Science Week. This
come in to vaccinate the cattle. His visits
There are many career opportunities
is in order to raise awareness about the
to laboratories where he saw many black
at the ARC. Most opportunities are in
organisation and its work. There is also
scientists at work made him to fall in love
research science in the fields of Geo-
a big drive towards engaging students at
with science even more and strived to follow in their footsteps. Dr Moephuli is seated at the helm of ARC which is a public entity of the government. The council’s primary objective is to conduct research and development in agriculture and to solve problems that exist in the agricultural sector through Science. “We develop new scientific solutions. Some of those solutions are in the form of technical advice and some are technologies, like new machines, or diagnostic kits. These technologies also exist in the form of new vaccines to eliminate diseases 12
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
ARC FEATURE
universities and schools, especially those
land reform farmers use ARC research out-
in the rural areas, to encourage them to
puts,” he said.
take up careers in Science, particularly in
In his term as CEO, Dr Moephuli would like
Agricultural Science.
to ensure that people know about the ARC and how the research that is done by the
Currently the council does not fund under-
council contributes to their livelihoods.
graduate degrees; however there are study
“Our vision is to make sure that ARC is
opportunities at Master’s and PhD degree
recognised as an institution of excellence
level.
in agricultural research and development and is recognised by everyone in the coun-
“At that level we not only pay for the
try as well as everywhere in the world.”
students university fees, we also provide students with a form of income, and also
He hopes that ARC will remain a leading
an environment where they will do their
science institution that delivers ground-
research projects and one-on-one supervi-
breaking technologies, not only for farm-
sion with some of the world’s leading sci-
ers in the rural areas, but also for those
entists using state of the art technologies,”
that might want to do urban farming and
he said.
peri-urban farming. The future of ARC should bring new technologies and scien-
Asked what the council’s contribution
tific solutions not only in agriculture, but
towards the development of female sci-
also in other sectors.
entists in the agricultural sector was, Dr
cal thinker in that you focus on a particular
Moephuli said that ARC employs 50%
On whether he misses doing lab work or
item and you pay attention to detail. You
female scientists. He continued to say that
not, Dr Moephuli shares that he misses
then follow through in making sure that
the majority of the postgraduate students
working in the laboratory. He also informs
things add up properly through construct-
are black females from rural areas.
us that the Science foundation has helped
ing them in a particular way.
According to Dr Moephuli, farmers were
him greatly with the managerial task at
That is very important training because that
interested in the scientific solution that
hand.
forms the basis of your success in life, this
would make their enterprises successful. “Both commercial white farmers and the
then enables you to transform things into “Studying Science makes you an analyti-
actual solutions,” he concluded.
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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SCIENCE STARS
WHAT'S TO COME IN 2015 Science Stars will be at: • SCIFEST AFRICA • BUDGET VOTE • NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK • WOMEN IN SCIENCE AWARDS • ESKOM TECHNO X • SASOL SOLAR CHALLENGE • WORLD SPACE WEEK • INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS EXPO • SS ANNUAL ROLE MODELING CAMPAIGN
Science Stars Forthcoming Publications: • Scifest (Special Edition) – 1 May 2015 • Nanotechnology - 27 July 2015 • Women In Science (Special Edition) 31 August 2015 • Computer Science 30 September 2015
Science Stars Updates: • Science Stars Competition • Science Stars Workshop • Science Stars Website Revamp
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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
CAREERS
CAREERS IN HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE Choose your path
T
Written by : Shani Rhoda
he Health and Medical Science field
• Dietician (The study of dietetics and
of Dentistry with departments in Oral
of study consists of a broad spec-
human nutrition)
Hygiene, Orthodontics and Paediatric
trum of career paths. Apart from the
To become a dietician, you will need a
Dentistry, Restorative Dentistry, Community
most commonly known professions such
Degree in Dietetics. The BSc in Nutrition
Oral Health, Diagnostic Sciences, as well as
as doctors and dentists, there are many
and Dietetics is a 4-year programme
Anaesthesiology & Sedation.
interlinking and unique ways of joining
available at Maties, UWC, UCT, UKZN and
the world of Health and Medical Science.
NMMU.
The study can also be done at WITS, CPUT,
After successfully completing the degree,
UKZN and other smaller institutes.
Scientific and Clinical Careers
you will be required to complete a 1-year
There is an endless list of career options
period of community service, after which
• Optometrist (The study of the eye)
within the field, with employment oppor-
you can be registered as a dietician with
The Department of Optometry at UJ is a
tunities in both the public and private
the Health Professions Council of South
good choice if you’re planning on pursuing
sector. Each part of the body functions
Africa.
a career as an optometrist. Dealing with
intricately, which has allowed for the
health-related issues pertaining to the
branching out of the broader Health and
• Dentist and Orthodontist (The study of
human eye, the study is recognised with a B
Medical Science field of study. Although
oral cavities)
Optom which can be completed on a full-
there are general studies, it is a good idea
UWC is home to Africa’s leading Faculty
time basis in 4 years.
to specialise in a specific area. Here are some examples of careers in the field: • Veterinarian (The study of animal health) A career as a vet will require a compassionate love of animals and a focused knowledge of the body and its functions. The Faculty of Veterinary Science at the Onderstepoort campus of TUKS is the only veterinary school in South Africa. Obtaining a BVSc degree (a 6 year programme) at the university is recognised by the South African Veterinary Council, which is a necessity in practicing in the field. Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
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CAREERS
• Dermatologist (The study of the skin)
as x-rays;
The study of Dermatology can be entered
Audiologist- The study of auditory impair-
at WITS, UCT and UKZN, and hands-on
ments.
Where to study: • University of South Africa (UNISA) • University of Cape Town (UCT)
tutorial throughout the course of study helps to equip learners with a confident
What subjects are essential?
approach to treating skin conditions.
To pursue a career in Health and Medical
• University of Stellenbosch (MATIES)
Science, there are a few subjects that
• University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN)
Other interesting job titles in the field of Health and Medical Science include:
you need to excel in. Mathematics, Life
• University of the Western Cape (UWC)
• University of Pretoria (TUKS)
Sciences and Physical Science are the fun-
• University of Witwatersrand (Wits)
damental subjects, but a good overall aca-
• University of Johannesburg (UJ)
demic performance needs to be achieved
• Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Microbiologist - The study of microscopic
and maintained to be accepted into these
(NMMU)
life forms;
fields of study.
physical appearance through reconstruc-
Generally, the minimum NSC Subject
tive surgery;
Requirements for acceptance into tertiary
Geneticist -The study of genetics in living
education studies are a level 4 (50 – 59%)
organisms;
or a level 5 (60 – 69%), but you should
Sports scientist- The study of the effect of
aim for a higher aggregate to secure your
exercise on the human body;
place in the competitive field of study.
Gynaecologist- The study of female repro-
Each specific course has its own require-
ductive systems;
ments, so it is best to double check these
Neuroscientist - The study of the nervous
figures with the universities before the
system;
application process. The sooner you
Oncologist- The study of cancerous
enquire about the courses you are inter-
tumours;
ested in, the sooner you can work towards
Radiologist- The study of treating diseases
your goal and ensure you obtain the nec-
using medical imagining techniques such
essary results in Matric.
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• Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)
Cosmetic surgeon - The study of enhancing
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
3527
“
At my math and science. And it paid off. SANRAL’s scholarship programme is helping me to pay for my schooling to pave the way for my success.
”
Seokedzi Mothokwa is just one of the 179 learners that SANRAL’s scholarships from 2012-2013 is helping to realize his dreams of doing well and going on to study at university. It’s an investment for us, for him and for our country. Who knows what he may become – but we know that better education means more opportunities, and that means a better nation for us all.
www.sanral.co.za | 0800 SANRAL (726 725)
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Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
19
DST
INNOVATION BRIDGE Leads to an improved economy
S
outh Africa is stuck between First
of Science and Technology (DST) with
World success and Third World prob-
its partners, namely, the Technology
lems – despite many urban advance-
ductive sectors of the economy.
Innovation Agency, the National
Supporting Future Development
ments made, we still have a crippling
Intellectual Property Management
For its part, DST has supported service
level of poverty. The inaugural Innovation
Office (NIPMO) and the Southern African
delivery through technology applica-
Bridge is a step in the direction of an
Research and Innovation Management
tions and incentives for businesses to
improved economy.
Association (SARIMA).
spend funds on innovation projects. The Department has also provided support for
South Africa’s efforts to grow the economy and create jobs through research and
South Africa vs the First World
the development and commercialisation of
innovation topped the agenda at the first
During the discussion, South Africa’s
R&D outputs, as well as legislation.
Innovation Bridge technology showcase
Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi
However, there seem to be bottlenecks in
and matchmaking event, which was held
Pandor, said that increasing the number of
providing infrastructural support to start-up
at CSIR ICC Pretoria Exhibition Hall from
researchers and enhancing research, inno-
companies, especially for the commerciali-
2-3 February 2015.
vation skills and outputs could contribute
sation of innovative products and in remov-
The inaugural event included policy dia-
positively to improving South Africa’s
ing complexities in setting up businesses in
logues, plenary discussions, technology
economy and job creation efforts.
the country.
exhibitions and demonstrations with up to
“Knowledge is the currency of the global
75 technologies from more than 30 pub-
economy. If South Africa wants to continue
In this context, the Innovation Bridge will
licly funded Research and Development
to compete in the 21st century, we must
serve as a key platform to close the gap
(R&D) organisations.
support research and innovation that will
between R&D and the market, contribute
generate growth and jobs, now and in the
to economic competitiveness, and stimulate
What is the aim of the Innovation Bridge?
future,” she said.
increased investment in R&D through the
The first-of-its-kind technology match-
The Minister said that the government
technology exploitation and entrepreneur-
making event in South Africa was an
was increasingly investing in research and
ial partnerships.
opportunity for local and international
development, which showed that South
technology-based companies, entrepre-
Africa was improving; but if it wanted to
neurs and financiers to scout for technolo-
be globally competitive and in alignment
gy solutions and investment opportunities.
with the best nations, it had to invest
One of the exhibited innovations at the
much more.
creation of an enabling environment for
event is the mobile health hearing screening solution. This product transforms
According to the 2011 South African
a smart phone into a calibrated device
Innovation Survey, South African enterpris-
for early identification of hearing loss,
es had a relatively high and novel innova-
which – according to the World Health
tion rate. The report recommended that
Organization – affects 360 million people
policymakers should take note of these
globally, and more than three million in
positive trends and ensure that the policy
South Africa alone.
and infrastructure environment actively
The event was driven by the Department
supported innovation activities in the pro-
20
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Ms. Grace Nadeli Mandisa Pandor
TOP ACHIEVERS
Physical Science First place
e m a F f ll o
Mosa Michael Bila
Wa
Ponego Secondary School, Johannesburg, Gauteng
Second place Rohin Jain Selborne College Boys High, Eastern Cape
Third place
Mathematics
Top Matric Achievers
First Place
Mpumelelo Wiseman Nomzaza Thuto-Lesedi Secondary School, Gauteng
Congratulations to the class of 2014! Well done on making
Rohin Jain
it through a gruelling year of intense learning, emotional
Selborne College High School, East London, Eastern Cape
goodbyes and excitement for the next phase of learning.
Second place
Science Stars wishes to congratulate the top national mat-
Julia Claudia Alsemgeest
ric achievers who have achieved outstanding results.
Hoerskool Pietersburg, Polokwane, Limpopo
Third place Lyle Ressouw Muir College Boys High School, UItenhage, Eastern Cape
Mathematics & Physical Science
in Quintile 1
in Quintile 2
First place
First place
First place
Rohin Jain
Reginald Champala
Mantsha Polyvia Mathekgane
Selborne College High School, East
Dr Harry Gwala Secondary School, Benoni,
Kgomotso Comprehensive High School,
London, Eastern Cape
Gauteng
Pretoria, Gauteng
Second place
Second place
Second place
Luvo Luzipho
Precious Mkhari
Avheani Maittakhole
St James Senior Secondary School,
Mmametlhake Secondary School, Seabe,
Makakavhale Secondary School,
Butterworth, Eastern Cape
Mpumalanga
Thohoyandou, Limpopo
Third place
Third place
Third place
Mpumelelo Wiseman Nomzaza
Senzo Lorenzo Xaba
Kgabo Philip Kubyana
Thuto-Lesedi Secondary School, Boksburg,
Mtshakelah High School, Ingwavuma,
Kgomotso Secondary School, Pretoria,
Gauteng
KwaZulu – Natal
Gauteng
in Quintile 3
in Quintile 4
in Quintile 5
First place
First place
First place
Luvo Luzipho
Rashmika Deeplal
Gareth David Mogambery
St James Senior Secondary School,
Isipingo Secondary School, Durban,
New West Secondary School, Durban,
Butterworth, Eastern Cape
KwaZulu Natal
KwaZulu-Natal
Second place
Second place
Second place
Robin Nicole Bosman
Rearabilwe Lesibana Mmatli
Yi-Tin Michelle Yuan
Swartberg Secondary, Caledon, Western
Pax High, Polokwane,
Rustenburg High School for Girls, Cape
Cape
Limpopo
Town, Western Cape
Third place
Third place
Third place
Masindi Pfanelo Mphephu
Anri Hattingh
Antoinette Schoeman
Thohoyandou Secondary,
Vryburg High School,
D.F. Malan High School, Cape Town,
Limpopo
North West
Western Cape
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
21
MEDICAL BIOMATERIALS
MASTERING MEDICAL BIOMATERIALS
Entering the Life of a Medical Biomaterials Student Written by : Shani Rhoda
P
assionate about a fairly new branch in the Health Sciences Faculty, an ambitious young UCT student
named Ellen Ngarande is focused on making a change in the world around her. Please tell us more about yourself. Where do you come from? I’m a budding scientist, born and raised in Zimbabwe. I relocated to Cape Town 10 years ago mainly for tertiary education purposes. I obtained my B. SC degree in molecular and cell biology and Honors degree in medicine specialising in medical biochemistry at UCT. Currently, I am with the cardiovascular research unit working on my second year Master’s Degree in Medicine focusing on Biomaterials.
Is the university sufficiently equipped (in
Do you think it is beneficial to go beyond
terms of teaching and practical exposure)
undergraduate studies?
Briefly explain what Medical Biomaterials
for the study?
After acquiring my Honors Degree, I took a
is and under which faculty it falls?
Judging from my current research experi-
2 year gap and worked as research assistant
Biomaterial is any substance or matter
ence and the needs for my project, the
with the International Center for Genetic
that has a mechanical or physical interac-
university is sufficiently equipped, and
Engineering and Biotechnology (affiliated
tion with a biological system. The study
we are at par with the research outputs
with UCT).
of biomaterials falls under the Health
with First World countries. Some of the
For me it wasn’t enough because in order
Science Faculty.
very advanced, high-end equipment is
to have a respectable scientific contribution
usually not readily available in Africa. In
and argument, I needed a higher degree.
When and how were you introduced to the
such cases, that’s what collaborations with
That’s why I took up my Masters on a proj-
field of study?
other institutions all over the world are
ect I am excited about. It is beneficial to go
I was exposed to the field of Biomaterials
for.
beyond undergraduate studies, not only for
when I joined the Health Science Faculty
career advancement, but for personal and
whilst undertaking my B. Sc Honors
What made you decide to continue your
mental growth which puts you at an even
Degree in Medicine.
studies up until your Master’s Degree?
better advantage.
22
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
MEDICAL BIOMATERIALS
What has been the highlight of your stud-
If all goes well with my current research, I
school level know enough about Medical
ies and what was the most challenging
will be doing my PhD.
Biomaterials?
aspect in your study career?
How does your field of study contribute to
I don’t think the subject of Biomaterials
The highlight of my studies so far is when
a better society, directly or indirectly?
alone or study thereof is common at high
I was awarded a prestigious UCT-WFIRM
In a nutshell, my field of study aims for
school level.
(Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative
a healthy society by finding cost effec-
This is because Regenerative Medicine is a
Medicine) exchange training program
tive cure for diseases, specifically heart
fairly new branch of revolutionary medicine
with a renowned institute in the field of
disease.
which is probably why it’s not fully pro-
Regenerative Medicine. I got the oppor-
moted at high school level.
tunity to go to North Carolina in the USA
What can school pupils do in their spare
for 2 months and experienced first world
time to prepare themselves for a career in
scientific research and real life application
the study?
of biomaterials and advanced technology
Learners can visit laboratories at various
Do you have any advice for students who are considering a career in Medical Biomaterials?
in tissue/organ regeneration.
institutions like universities and hospitals,
Like how it is with every career choice, you
The most challenging aspect is finding
arrange with their school heads to organ-
have to be passionate about what you do. If
the will to carry on with the research and
ise career days where they invite profes-
you like solving problems and are inquisi-
finding solutions when experiments do
sionals in various fields to speak about
tive then you will do well on this career
not work out.
their work.
path.
What are your plans for the next 3 years?
Do you think that students at high
Most of all, you have to be prepared to work hard.
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
23
There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.
REMOTE SEN SIN
Y ENGINEER C EN
SPACE WEA TH
RADIO FREQ U
NS TECH TIO NI A C ER
N IA
SATELLITE O P
However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!
G
CHER SEAR E R
ORECASTER F ER
WeWe useuse communication communication satellites satellites every every dayday when when we we watch watch Digital Digital Satellite Satellite television television (DStv), (DStv), access access thethe internet internet or use or use ourour cellcell phones. phones.
Navigation Navigation apps apps useuse GPSGPS satellites satellites to accurately to accurately steer steer youyou to your to your requested requested destination. destination.
Spacecraft Spacecraft areare launched launched intointo space space on rockets on rockets andand need need to be to be monitored monitored along along thethe way. way. SANSA SANSA provides provides launch launch support support andand recently recently assisted assisted twotwo Mars Mars launches launches – NASA’s – NASA’s Mars Mars Science Science Laboratory Laboratory andand India’s India’s Mars Mars Orbiter Orbiter Mission. Mission.
Weather Weather in space in space cancan damage damage satellites satellites andand interfere interfere with with ourour technology technology likelike GPS, GPS, cellcell phones phones andand internet. internet. SANSA SANSA keeps keeps a a close close eyeeye on space on space weather weather to protect to protect ourour technology technology in in space space andand on Earth. on Earth.
Images Images from from satellites satellites are are used used to develop to develop maps maps andand monitor monitor natural natural disasters disasters likelike floods floods andand droughts. droughts.
South South African African National National Space Space Agency Agency
Tel +27 Tel 12 +27 844 120398 844 0398 | Fax| +27 Fax 12 +27 844 120396 844 0396 EmailEmail information@sansa.org.za information@sansa.org.za | Website | Website www.sansa.org.za www.sansa.org.za Science Stars Magazine Mathematics Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
25
DST
DIVERSE CULTURES CELEBRATE THE SAME SKY SKA and Shared Sky bring the stars to earth projects to have ever been conducted. This makes the Shared Sky project a very big deal, not only to scientists and astronomers, but as an added value to people’s cultural heritage. This project shows us how Science does not, and has not, been living outside of human culture and it also shows us how one stems from the other. We are able to see how Science is not an isolated sphere, it highlights the importance of both art and Science within our cultures and how they can work hand in hand. Naledi Pandor herself stated that “Art is Science, surely it has to be”, in reference to the art exhibition and artwork as a whole. This cross-continental project allows people to come together to share their human experiences, where they share stories that have been passed on from generation to generation. This allows the people to speak about their shared his-
T
he Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
intriguing coming about.
event was held in Cape Town at the South African National Gallery,
One might ask what it is that this art
which is part of the Iziko Museums, on
exhibition has to do with Science. The
13 February 2015. The exhibition was
Shared Sky project was introduced by SKA
launched in collaboration with Shared
as a means of sharing their vision which
Sky, an indigenous art and astronomy
“embodies the spirit of the international
exhibition, and was a very different and
science and engineering collaboration that
unique event. This was mainly because it
is the SKA project itself, bringing together
brought about a different way of looking
many nations around two sites in Australia
at Science and Astronomy. The opening
and South Africa to study the same sky”.
of the art exhibition was done by the
The SKA Radio Telescope will be the big-
Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi
gest telescope ever to be produced, also
Pandor, which is fitting considering its
making it one of the biggest scientific
26
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Ms. Grace Nadeli Mandisa Pandor
DST
tory. Shared Sky brings together two distinct communities - the artists that are the descendants of the San from the Bethesda Arts Centre in Nieu Bethesda situated in the Eastern Cape and the Yamaji Aboriginal artists from the Yamaji Art Centre in Geraldton, Australia. It is incredibly fascinating seeing and realising how these people, these artists, have grown to have such rich and unique cultures over the generations. Where these cultures have actually grown so beautifully in two very distinct and very different parts of the world and yet share the very same serious concerns when it comes to the preservation and love for each of their cultural heritages. attention because of the relationship to
the vast cultures. These stories allow us to
For each culture, art is not something that
the importance of the hair to the night
begin new conversations which show new
has just come about recently. Although
sky. In our culture, hair is not to be cut at
and different perspectives when it comes to
their canvases may have changed over
night”. This shows the connections that
our lives and experiences. These conversa-
time, going from rock and caves to
can be made between one’s culture, the
tions do not necessarily have to only be
paper and linen, the message and what
night sky and how Science can help make
spoken, but they can also be shown through
is expressed has not. Both the San and
these discoveries thus enhancing ones
art exhibitions such as Shared Sky.
Yamaji people looked at the same night
artwork.
The exhibition will end on the 31st May
sky, where they painted their visions as the
The connections made by each culture’s
2015. This gives people from all walks life,
night sky spoke to them. The SKA Radio
artwork to one another shows us how the
whether you have a more of a scientific
Telescope and its scientists have allowed
night sky is shared by all humanity and
mind or an artistic one, the opportunity to
these artists to be brought closer to their
helps us understand that it has no borders.
see how these two components collaborate
muse through technology, where they
in the most unique and fascinating manner.
have an artistic and scientific viewpoint.
Therefore, even though we may live sepa-
The exhibition is both moving and colourful
Charmaine Green, whose artwork refers to
rately as the human race and live our sep-
and would make for a great day out for the
Coma Berenices states that “After talking
arate lives on our secluded and bordered
whole family.
and spending time with the scientists, I
areas, we live under the same sky, where
The South African National Gallery is open
want to look at other constellations. The
the moon and the different constellations
to visitors on a daily basis and the operat-
story behind Coma Berenices caught my
carry the stories of many generations of
ing times are from 10h00 to 17h00.
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
27
How to Enter:
1. Like “Science Stars Magazine� on Facebook 2. Send a selfie with our Science Stars magazine to our Facebook inbox. 3. Share your picture and get all your friends to like it. The more likes you have, the better your chances of winning. 1st Prize - A Huawei tablet
Terms & Conditions: In order for a vote to be valid, voters need to like the Science Stars Magazine Facebook page as well as your picture. Competition closes on 31 May 2015 /sciencestars.faceb.co.za @ScienceStars2 28 Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue
| www.sciencestars.co.za
EXPERIMENT FEATURE
BALLOON BLOW-UP HOME EXPERIMENT
What you will need.
2. Use the (clean and dry) funnel to put 1 tablespoon of baking soda into the bottom of the balloon. Shake gently to make sure all of the baking soda falls to the bottom.
You will need: 1. Bottle 2. Vinegar 3. Baking Soda 4. Funnel 5. Balloon
1. Use the funnel to pour 1/2 cup of white vinegar into the bottle. Rinse and dry the funnel.
3. Stretch the open end of the balloon over the neck of the bottle and make sure it is secured tightly. Let the rest of the balloon hang over the side (while you hold the bottle upright) so that no baking soda falls into the bottle just yet.
4. Hold onto the neck of the bottle (where the end of the balloon is) and carefully lift the heavier end of the balloon until you are holding it completely upright. All of the baking soda should fall into the bottle. The reaction will be immediate.
The reason it is Science related When the baking soda and vinegar mix, it creates a chemical reaction. We can tell by this through seeing bubbles. This chemical reaction gives off a gas which inflates the balloon.
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
29
QUOTES
STUDENTS SHARE THEIR THOUGHTS Studying towards a career in Science has its ups and downs. Some students have shared their daily duties, loves and challenges of this exciting journey. “Science is very interesting and challenging, but it became more fun and educational when I had to go to the field to learn about water sampling, soil water and ground water. We had to collect air samples which were then taken to a lab for tests, in the hope of discovering any diseases present in the air we breathe.” Jennerveve Davids: Environmental Management
“The world that we live in wouldn’t exist without Science. Being an engineer means being involved in the production sector, such as creating plastics, using raw materials to produce computers or laptops, as well as food processing. Chemical Engineering is a very large field as it starts from the design to production to the operation of an idea. The job also aims to improve what has already been produced and spot possible problems that may arise.” John Mulamba: Chemical Engineering
“With the advancement of modern technology, the world has become a better place for all of us living in it. My dream was not to use what already exists, but to make things that will improve the lives of ordinary people, and that is why I decided to become an electrical engineer.” Tawanda Mukanhairi: Electrical Engineering
“There have been some challenges during my studies but they prepared me for the field work I did during my internship in Mpumalanga last year. I enjoyed every minute of working outside and getting my hands dirty and I look forward to a future in Environment Management.” Anelisa Grabe: Environmental Management
30
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
DST FEATURE
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA Naledi Pandor highlights the significance and predicts its future.
I
t is our belief that Africa’s capacity for
Astronomy, Laser Technology or High
and innovation partnerships are required to
innovation will shape the future of
Performance Computing, South Africa has
unleash Africa’s enormous potential to con-
not only Africans, but everyone on this
made an impact in the global Science
tribute to global knowledge generation.
planet. Companies such as Microsoft, IBM,
area. Measured by the impact of their pub-
and Intel have recognised the innovation
lications in international scientific jour-
potential of some regions of Africa, but we
nals, South African researchers are among
Using Science to Alleviate Poverty and Inequality
have not yet built research and develop-
the most productive in the world.
South African programmes to lift people out of poverty, especially in remote rural
ment partnerships that will lead to the emergence of a robust and productive
Africa is confronted by many global chal-
areas through Science- and Technology-
innovation system in Africa.
lenges, such as climate change, pandemic
based interventions, have attracted huge
diseases or energy security. In order to
international interest from respected part-
address these, enhanced global Science
ners, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates
Whether it is in Nanotechnology or
Foundation. South Africa is now at the forefront of innovative programmes to provide decent sanitation service delivery to impoverished communities. CSIR’s “wireless mesh network”, which brings Internet connectivity to rural areas, is not only narrowing but also eliminating the digital divide and enables micro enterprise development in poverty-stricken areas.
Life Sciences With regard to Life Sciences, South African scientists have for years been at the forefront of the fight against infectious diseases such as HIV-Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis.
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
31
DST
Our goal is now to ensure our scientific
all our projects. All this astronomy work
excellence will translate into the develop-
has brought economic opportunity to vul-
ment of South Africa’s own pharmaceutical
nerable communities and supported the
industry, which will create jobs. A secret
development of science and mathematics
weapon in our Life Sciences arsenal with
at local schools.
tremendous potential is our pioneering work in indigenous knowledge systems.
Radio astronomy investment in recent years has raised both the supply of and
Marine Science
demand for a skilled Science, Technology
Our research in Marine Science and
and Engineering workforce. Because of
its potential contribution to the blue
this increase of human capital in African
economy and our successful technology
economies, it has contributed to the cre-
development programmes to support
ation and growth of a high-knowledge
beneficiation of raw materials, such as the
skill-base across the African continent.
development of the Titanium metal power industry and fluoro-chemicals products.
The Future of Science in Africa
Our investment in advanced manufactur-
There is now a golden opportunity to
ing technologies continues to ensure the
develop new, strategic and mutually ben-
South African aeronautics industry is a
eficial African Science partnerships. These
sought after partner for global players like
are partnerships that will not only enrich
Airbus and Boeing.
the global scientific knowledge base but also transform scientific disciplines to the
Astronomy Sciences
benefit of us all.
MeerKAT, the South AfricanSquare Kilometre Array (SKA) precursor, is already
The most important new technology driver
contributing to the development of astro-
is highly skilled human capital. We all
nomical and engineering skills across
compete in a global market for scientists
Africa. Since technologies being developed
and entrepreneurs. It’s remarkable that
for these telescopes will be commer-
of the five South African Nobel laureates
cialised in the next 10-20 years, young
who have received their prize for chem-
Africans currently working on the project
istry or medicine, all now live in other
will be in high demand around the world.
countries.
Engineers, astrophysicists, ICT specialists and several other professions have been
Determining the best technology policy
able to participate in our initiatives. Some
is relatively straightforward, but having
of our telescopes are located in remote
the people ready to take advantage of
rural areas –we have had to build roads,
resource-rich opportunities is the real
ensure energy supply and connectivity for
challenge.
32
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
NUTRITIONAL FACTS
NUTRITIONAL FACTS
1 3
out up to 40 days with Humans can live od, depending on the consuming any fo take, stored body fat amount of water in and muscle mass.
It has been proven breakfast perform that kids who eat Healthy breakfast better at school. grain cereal and looptions include wholebutter and jam sa w-fat milk or a peanut ndwich.
5
It is possible for children to be over nourished. Health problems such as type two diabetes and high cholesterol can lead to obesity in very young children.
2
ce of calcium, Milk is an important sour to building y but it is not the only wa such as brocstrong bones. Vegetables onds and coli, shellfish, salmon, alm dried beans.
4 6
Without proper nutrition, students perform worse academically and fail to excel in sports.
Dehydration ca n cause headac fatigue. hes and
7
eir ter iron intake in th Girls need a grea for what is lost during diets to make up ds. their monthly perio
8
In moderate doses, ca mental alertness and ffeine increases rary energy boost. Ovtriggers a temponegative effects such er-indulging has aches and dizziness. as anxiety, head-
gefruits and ve lthy , s in ra g in d a Fibre is founontributes towards a he eltables and cstem. Fibre leaves one fe digestive sy enting overeating. ing full, prev
9
10
The 5-second rule is a myth. Bacteria can attach to food instantly and although not all bacteria is harmful, some do cause health issues such as diarrhea.
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
33
PUZZLE
Health Word Scramble Challenge your puzzle solving skills with our health word scramble. 1. ACATRBEI
9. ULGSN
2. LBDOO
10. REAWT
3. ELGYALR
11. ERTHA
4. IEXEESRC
12. XGYNEO
5. ISVUR
13. IESADSE
6. LPSHIOAT
14. OSTYMMSP
7. IEIMDECN
15. ESNUR
8. EIHYGEN
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
DOWN 1. How many taste buds are there on your your tongue?
4
2. _____ have the highest metobolic rate. 3.The energy-burning aspect of metabo1
2
1
lism is called? 5
3
4. A sneeze accur at about 100 miles an hour? True or false? 5. The _______ is responsible for regulating the body’s metabolism.
3
2
ACROSS 1. What percentage of the human body is water? 2. Our bodies needs _______ essential
4
vitamins 3. A humans thumb is as long as his or 6
her nose? True or false? 4. What are one of the major types of
5
health facilities? 5. The smallest bones in the body are found in? 6. What heart smart supplement is derived from the lilly family?
34
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
ANSWERS
ANSWERS
SUDOKU SUDOKU ANSWERS 11/12/14
Mathematics magazine
SCIENCESTARS ISSUE 07
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS
CROSSWORD PUZZLE 2
QUIZ
A B
1
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R
C
E
N
T
A
1. Thirty-seven (37) G
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2. 30 Degrees 3. Two hundred and ten (210)
C
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4. The Hypotenuse
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5. Six (6)
S
6. Three (3)
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9. 1050
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10. They are all square numbers
U
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11. Three Quarters (3/4)
7
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12. One hundred and Sixty eight
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R Y Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
35
UWC
UWC LAB HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH Modern technology and information enables research projects at UWC
S
cience Stars visited the University
large usage of crystal meth (tik) and other
still training and then, we have research
of the Western Cape’s Medical and
drugs, specifically in the Western Cape. We
labs which is specialised for research
Health Sciences laboratory and
are also looking at herbal remedies for
projects undertaken by Honours, Masters,
spoke to Professor Ralf Henkel, the Head
testosterone replacement in men to pre-
Doctoral and Post-Doctoral students.
of Department of the Faculty of Natural
vent testosterone cancer in our indigenous
Sciences. We found out about the latest
knowledge research projects.
Is it possible for school groups to take a tour of these labs?
technological advancements and research projects that are currently undertaken
What state-of-the-art equipment do you
Small groups can be guided under supervi-
by the university’s students and research
have at the moment that can assist the
sion, but it must be noted that a laboratory
groups.
scientists?
has many potential risks.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), lumi-
Are the labs, and the faculty as a whole,
Name a few of the major projects under-
nometers, inverted microscopes, cell
efficiently equipped to tackle pressing
taken within the Health and Medical
motion analyser and chemical identifica-
health issues in the country, such as the
Science department at the university.
tion amongst others.
The department is quite diverse. The department consists of different areas of
What equipment will be added in the
expertise such as cancer, cardiovascular,
future?
reproduction, nutrition, biology, toxicology
That depends on which direction the
and anatomy. It is quite a big variety of
department and the individual researchers
fields of specialisation and each of these
decide to take and what funding is avail-
have their own projects. With regards to
able.
nutrition, the university recently estab-
What is the main aim of the lab? Is it
lished a national centre for nutrition.
more for the students of UWC or for larger
Otherwise, we have major funded projects
research projects?
in reproduction, cancer and biology.
We have two types of labs – the under-
There are also projects relating to the
graduate labs are for students who are
36
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Prof. Ralf Henkel
UWC
aforementioned cancer?
stated that we have to have gas, we have
With our current water research project,
to have CO2. If there’s CO2 there has to
we are investigating water quality and
be relevant safety measures and access
how poor water quality affects the health
control. There must be extractor facilities
in an area, especially in informal settle-
for toxic substances, and cold rooms for
ments. By investigating the male repro-
freezing cells.
ductive organs, we also learn more about infertility. All our research projects are
What are the benefits of having the lab on
somehow related to daily health issues –
the community on the whole?
breast cancer and prostate cancer, depend-
The research benefits the community and
ing on the particular interests.
this research is carried out in our labs and our research groups and relates to
How often will the equipment in the lab
valid society problems, like cancer, fertility
This building is one of the most recent
be upgraded?
issues, cardiovascular, water, obesity and
buildings that was built for this purpose,
If we receive funding, updating the lab’s
other major health issues.
so it is the most modern. In the end, what
equipment will be possible, otherwise
counts is the qualification of the principal-
we’ll have to collaborate with other
How many students are currently enrolled
investigators working in the labs and what
groups who have the latest equipment, or
in the faculty?
equipment is available. What is essentially
carry on using the existing equipment.
About 800-900 postgraduates are enrolled
done in the lab and what is published is
in the faculty.
also important.
Are there any facilities on the university’s
Do you think that the facilities will con-
campus that complement the work done
tribute towards students’ decisions to
Briefly explain the significance of the fac-
in the labs, such as a library or research
study at UWC?
ulty in the country and how the research
centre?
Students have to think about their future
conducted through the projects contribute
It is essential for us to have a library.
career and part of being a scientist
to the growth of the economy.
Without access to actual information, a
involves proper education in conducting
Research in general builds the future. For
scientist is stranded. It is crucial to have
research projects. The labs are properly
instance, finding South African herbal
access to up to date information without
designed and equipped to conduct such
extracts can create jobs in the farming
being barred.
projects.
industry and the pharmaceutical industry
Were there any special requirements that
In comparison to other universities, how
well as the affordability for individuals. The
were necessary in the design of the lab?
does UWC’s Health Science facilities differ
data collected in research projects can also
From our side, the planning committee
to the facilities offered elsewhere?
contribute to policy-making.
and it will benefit the public’s health as
Is there anything else you would like to add to motivate students wanting to study in the field of Health and Medical Science? These labs, and universities in general, should actually be the centre point of future development of a country because this is where the knowledge is created. Universities should not just be an extended high school. Students wanting to come to university must come prepared and they must be able to do basic things in the important subjects such as Maths and Science. The end goal of a university is knowledge creation. Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
37
38
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
QUIZ
QUIZ
Test your brain
1
Which cavity of the brain is the largest? A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum
7
Which organ in the body is connected to the ear by the auditory nerve? A. brain
C. Medulla
B. trachea
D. Hypothalamus
C. spinal cord
2
Which is not a sensory organ? A. Eye B. Ear C. Liver D. Skin
3
How many bones are in the body? A. 377 B. 206 C. 119 D. 4
4
What is the largest sensory organ? A. Nose B. Eye C. Skin D. Ear
5
Which is the largest internal organ? A. Liver B. Kidney C. Lungs D. Heart
6
What is the resting beat of your heart? A. 70 beats B. 100 beats C. 57 beats D. 130 beats
D. ear drum
8
What is another name for short sightedness? A. glaucoma B. cataracts C. hyper myopia D. myopia
CSIR ADVERTORIAL
CSIR IN SOUTH AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT The role in the socio-economic growth
W
ho we are
of scientific disciplines to ensure compre-
information and communications tech-
hensive and integrated solutions.
nology, photonics, robotics, cybersecurity,
The Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR) was constituted
sensors, materials sciences, optronics and What we do
by an Act of Parliament in 1945 with a
biotechnology, and leading scientific infrastructure.
mandate to foster industrial and scien-
The CSIR undertakes directed research
tific development and contribute to the
and development (R&D) for socio-eco-
The CSIR is developing and executing a
improved quality of life of South Africans.
nomic growth. It defines its role as:
Growth and Impact Strategy to grow the impact of its work, building on existing
The CSIR is differentiated from other sci-
• Fostering industrial development, includ-
capabilities.The current focus within the
ence councils by its ability to undertake
ing technology development and transfer,
CSIR Growth and Impact Strategy is the
integrated, multidisciplinary research
new sector development, start-ups, pilot-
addition of Flagship Programmes, compris-
across diverse areas of science.
ing, productivity and waste minimisation
ing large, impact-driven development and
The CSIR has offices in Gauteng, the
and strategic initiatives.
innovation initiatives integrated across the
Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, KwaZuluNatal, and Mpumalanga.
CSIR. Flagship Programmes aim to achieve • Building national capability, including
impact at the national scale and include
support to service delivery, policy develop-
focus areas such as water sustainability,
What does this mean?
ment and information management.
health, and safety and security.
The CSIR can deliver on its mandate to
The CSIR generates knowledge and
Over the years, South Africa has benefited
improve the lives of South Africans and
research output to be applied or trans-
from many CSIR innovations such as the
respond to national priorities by pooling
ferred as proven technologies, skilled
development of the now ubiquitous lithium
together the best expertise from a range
people and through projects that add
ion battery; improved architectural design
commercial and social benefit.
of hospitals to limit the spread of tuberculosis; a satellite-based fire information
40
Specific areas of focus are health, energy,
tool that delivers locations of active fires
the natural environment, the built envi-
in near-real time over southern and east-
ronment, defence and security as well as
ern Africa; a machine that determines the
the needs of industry – specifically mining
condition of a road 20 years from now; a
and advanced manufacturing.
device that warns miners of loose rocks in
Its multidisciplinary skills base includes
underground mines; a camera that shows
expertise in core technologies such as
power-loss on electrical installations at
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
CSIR ADVERTORIAL FEATURE
Twitter: @CSIR (http://twitter.com/CSIR) Facebook: CSIRSouthAfrica (https://www.facebook.com/CSIRSouthAfrica) LinkedIn group: CSIR (South Africa) YouTube: CSIRNewMedia (http://www.youtube.com/CSIRNewMedia) night and day; an eye treatment product that has taken the beauty market by storm; or a system that protects vehicles and its occupants from the effects of landmine explosions; a novel hosting system that allows for the loading of more – and different types of – boats onto ships, giving the South African Navy an effective and rapidly deployable tool against acts of piracy. How we do it The CSIR works closely with government, state-owned enterprises, funding agencies, tertiary education institutions, other science councils as well as a range of public and private sector institutions locally and abroad – either as partners or clients where the focus is on quality science, skills and socio-economic improvement. Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
41
SCIENCE NEWS
SCIENCE NEWS RC), togethrch Council (SAMms to tackle ea es R al ic ed M The South Africane country’s finest universities, ai tablishing er with three of th causes of death worldwide by es one of the leadingCentres around the country. Cancer Research
Space will have its first black African visitor as 25-year-old Mandla Maseko from a township in Pretoria prepares for his orbital trip in 2015.
The vice-president of engineering for Twitter, Nandini Ramani, addressed young South African girls from Khayelitsha at a meeting that formed part of the TechWomen mentorship programme.
World-renowned South African AIDS researcher, Professor Salim S. Abdool Karim, was recently awarded an African Union science prize for his great work on HIV prevention and treatment.
s Year of Light kick l na io at rn te In e Th a 2015. off at Scifest Afric festival will be held e The annual sciencin the Eastern Cape n in Grahamstow 2015. from 18-24 March
The CSIR’s Microsystems Research Group is working to develop paperbased diagnostic sensors, ideal for lowresource areas such as rural clinics
ale and in ms on a global scng at about te ys os ec g in ct fe af si Climate change is an region temperatures are increathis alarmic at fr A th t rn ec ers proj the Southe for example te. CSIR research twice the global ra pact many different local sectors, ing statistic will imdustries. agriculture and in 42
Science Stars Magazine Mathematics Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
SCIFEST FEATURE
Scifest Africa At the speed of light!
S
cifest Africa, South Africa’s National
Microscopy, Nanotechnology, Optics,
blind astronomer Wanda Diaz, who will tell
Science Festival, invites visitors to
Photonics, Space Sciences, the spectrum,
the story of how she followed a career in
see the light from space, the spar-
and the universe.
astronomy against all odds and how she
kling light through diamonds, and the
listens to the stars.
shining light of inspiration at this year’s
A sure highlight will be the attendance of
The festival programme will also place spe-
event to be held in Grahamstown from 18
a high-level delegation from NASA, whose
cial focus on Grahamstown’s Observatory
to 24 March.
contributions will focus on the John
Museum, home to the only Victorian camera
Webb Space Telescope, Mars Exploration
obscura in the southern hemisphere, and
The 2015 theme, “Science alight!”, will
Programme, New Horizons Mission and
the room in which the first diamond found
form part of the 2015 International Year of
Rosetta Mission, and will include public
in South Africa, later named the Eureka
Light and Light-based Technologies.
appearances by astronaut, Dr Catherine
Diamond, was identified in 1867.
The event will celebrate several anniver-
Coleman.
saries, including the 1000th anniversary
Sponsored by the Department of Science
of the publication of the seven volume
Other international contributions to the
and Technology (DST), Scifest Africa remains
treatise on optics by Ibn al-Haytham, the
programme will come from Argentina,
the largest festival of its kind on the African
centenary of Einstein’s theory of general
China, France, Germany, Turkey, the UK
continent, welcoming over 68,000 visitors
relativity and the announcement last year
and USA. Back by popular demand, is
of all ages to Grahamstown in 2014.
that the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics had been awarded to the inventors of the blue LED. The festival programme will offer visitors exhibitions and over 600 interactive events that will explore all facets of light, including Anatomy, Architecture, Arts and Culture, Astronomy, Atmospheric Sciences, Aviation, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Diet, Energy, Fibre Optics, Gravity, Lasers, Matter,
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
43
DST
TURNING SOIL INTO SUSTAINABLE INCOME Mineral processing to become a key industry
T
he Minister of Science and
exposed to Mintek techniques for mineral
titanium metal can be produced from our
Technology, Naledi Pandor, says the
processing and undergoing in-service
abundant mineral resources. These new
time is now for the Non-Aligned
training. The first cohort comprises par-
capabilities can position South Africa as
Movement countries to make the best of
ticipants from 11 countries, namely Egypt,
a world leader in the cost-competitive
the resources in their soil.
Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, South
production of high-grade titanium metal
Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan
powder. Titanium is a sought after metal,
Minister Pandor was speaking at the
and Zambia. Minister Pandor gave exam-
especially in the aerospace industry, where
start of the Department of Science and
ples of what South Africa was doing to
aircraft and satellites need to be lighter so
Technology/Non-Aligned Movement’s
localise and advance the field of mineral
as to consume less fuel.
Centre for Science and Technology
beneficiation.
Training Programme on Minerals by the Council for Mineral Technology
Another example is platinum. Ten years ago The first example is titanium. South Africa we launched the Hydrogen South Africa is the second largest supplier of the (HySA) programme. This marked the initia-
(Mintek), in Johannesburg.
mineral ore that can produce titanium
tion of research and development activities
metal. However, we add little value to the
by two centres of Latest News competence,
The three-month training programme
mineral ore before export. The Council
namely, HySA Catalysis and HySA Systems.
(to be held from 15 January to 30 March
for Scientific and Industrial Research
We also established Clean Energy, a South
2015) will see the participants being
has developed a novel process in which
African fuel cell company that will ini-
Processing and Beneficiation, hosted
tially market and eventually assemble and manufacture fuel cells in Sub-Sahara Africa, in partnership with Anglo Platinum and Altergy Power Systems. Minister Pandor concluded: “A third example is fluorine. Five years ago, we launched the Multi-purpose Fluorination Pilot Plant at Necsa’s Pelchem in Pelindaba. Through this initiative, South Africa has the potential not only to develop much-needed human capital, but also to reduce the country’s chemical trade deficit through exports, to attract foreign direct investment, and to increase high-tech research and development towards a stronger fluorochemicals industrial base”. 44
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
DST FEATURE
RECOGNITION OF HOME GROWN TECHNOLOGIES Local technologies to uplift South Africa's market
T
he Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor, has urged the private sector, govern-
ment and research institutions to collaborate in elevating the recognition of home-grown technologies to service the country’s markets and address local needs. The Top Technology 100 (TT100) programme, an initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), working together with the Technology Innovation Agency, the National Intellectual Property Management Office and the Southern African Research and Innovation
ings were generally recognised as the best
management and energy, including project
Management Association, is committed
in the world.
development and funding and establishing
to increasing employment. Furthermore,
partnerships and networks, such as investor
providing hope for budding entrepreneurs
“We need to implement our policies that
in the technology field, and demonstrating
favour South African-based technologies
that developing countries are capable of
and local procurement,” the Minister said,
The Minister’s Award for Overall Excellence
competing with the best.
adding this was out of concern that both
was taken by Accsys (Pty) Ltd in the cat-
the state and the private sector preferred
egory of medium enterprises, and PFK
The TT100 Awards is an annual event
international over local technology sup-
Electronics (Pty) Ltd in the large enterprises
hosted by the Da Vinci Institute for
pliers.
category. These are awarded to recognise
the Management of Technology and
The 2014 TT100 Awards Programme not
companies that consistently and progres-
Innovation, under the auspices of DST. This
only showcases the increase in the output
sively demonstrate a unique ability to man-
year the awards ceremony is taking place
and quality of South African technologies,
age core elements of the business, includ-
on the sidelines of a first-of-its-kind event
but has also expanded its scope to include
ing technology, innovation, people, systems,
in South Africa, namely, the Innovation
organisations from Brazil, Russia, India and
research and sustainability.
Bridge. This is an event that DST has
China.
In the Emerging Enterprise category, Olive
organised to bring together innovators,
Among the recipients was Eskom’s
Expert Services (Pty) Ltd scooped four
financiers and technology incubators
Group Executive for Sustainability, Dr
awards for overall excellence.
under one roof, a platform that aims to
Steve Lennon, who received a Lifetime
“It is encouraging to see how, year-on-year,
bridge the gap between them.
Achievement Award.
many of these organisations have been able
Speaking at the TT100 Awards ceremony
Dr Lennon, who also chaired the National
to find innovative ways of sustaining their
in Pretoria, the Minister said that there
Advisory Council on Innovation, is widely
businesses, and, in many cases, have been
seemed a lack appreciation in South Africa
recognised locally and internationally for
able to export their products and services
for home-grown technological capabilities,
leadership in areas such as technologi-
in fiercely competitive global markets,” said
even in areas in which the country’s offer-
cal innovation and R&D, sustainability
the Minister.
relationships.
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
45
Qs & As
WHAT HEALTH SCIENCE MEANS TO THE YOUTH
1
When you think of Health & Medical Science, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? • “Health issues (e.g. HIV)” - Notemba Silewana • “Pharmaceutical industries” - Nomandla Genge • “Medication and health services” - Yazini Bekebu
2 3
46
What would interest you into pursuing a career in the science field? • “Working in laboratories” - Ziyanda Tukwayo • “Educating people about Health & Medical Science in the community and rural areas”- Reabetswe Tebele • “Seeing more young people taking Science seriously” Asanda Voto
If you could choose any field of study in Science and Health, which field would you choose? • “Pathology” - Notemba Silewana • “Nature Conservation (Conservation Ecology)” - Asanda Voto • “Environmental Health” - Katlego Mafura • “Analytical Chemistry” - Nomandla Genge • “Radiology” - Reabetswe Tebele • “Doctor” - Ziyanda Tukwayo • “Pharmaceuticals” - Yazini Bekebu
Science Stars Magazine Health and Medical Science Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za
Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference
DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E
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47
Draw up a study timetable.
FCB CAPE TOWN 10007095CT/E
Study tips
Don’t procrastinate!
Make flashcards, use acronyms, sing jingles - anything to help you remember.
Exercise and eat correctly to combat stress. Use tables, flowcharts and figures - pictures can help you remember facts.
Get up a little earlier on the morning of an exam - it will allow you time to have a proper breakfast and you will feel calm when you arrive at your exam venue.
Create a study environment free from clutter and distractions.
If the workload is too big, join a study group. But make sure you actually study.
Get a decent night’s sleep. It helps with your concentration.
Go over as many past papers as you can.
Don’t postpone difficult topics when studying tackle the hard bits first.
Good luck!
At Engen, we want to give you some extra encouragement during your final exams because we understand that education is the first step to a brighter future. That’s one of the reasons why we invest in subjects that will be of long-term value to our business and South Africa. For nearly 3 decades, Engen Maths and Science Schools have provided extra tuition to learners in grades 10 to 12 across the country. Engen wishes you every success for your final matric exams. www.engenoil.com/education
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