Plant Health by Science Stars Magazine

PLANT HEALTH

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CONTENTS CONTENTS

ED’S NOTE

FEATURES

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3

an overview of scifest

Plant diagram

Plant health – do your bit

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

Editor • Shani Tsai

Going … going … GONE GREEN!

HOW WILDFIRES AFFECT LIFE

more on plant nutrition

VEGAN VS VEGETARIAN

MEDICINAL PLANTS

plant disease

0 PROFILE – Nontembeko Dube

Plants have taken over the world. Office desks are lined with cute pot plants that contain easy-tomaintain cacti, park runs have become a favourite Saturday activity among many fit (or trying) people who may even follow a plant-based diet to follow an ecofriendly lifestyle … but aside from this, plants play a very important part in everyday life.

7 REGULARS

7 1 3 3 3 3 3 3

18 15 4

team Science Stars

2 PROFILE – Katekani Ngobeni

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

COVER STORY

SCIENCE NEWS

AVAILABLE BURSARIES

QUIZ

PUZZLES

ANSWERS

FACTS

SCIENCE CENTRE

On page 17 we get into it, with an explanation of The International Year of the Plant, which was declared by the United Nations. It was also meant to be the theme of this year’s Scifest, which was cancelled due to the Covid-19 pandemic (more on the virus on page 7). We also take a look at the more serious side of plant health with the effects of fire on vegetation on page 20 and diseases on page 29. Plants also play a huge part in our diets and have had an influence on modern medicine – some cultures still rely majorly on plants to cure their diseases. In addition to all the plant love this issue contains, we hope it’ll boost your excitement of STEM too! Let us know which features you enjoyed the most on our Facebook page Science Stars Magazine or Twitter @ScienceStarsMag!

Graphic designer • Stacey Swartz Contributing writers • Zakiyah Ebrahim • Nicole Ludolph Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Sales & Marketing Rep • Ntombizanele Thangayi

Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za Copyright 2017 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission. Science Stars is published by Roswika Media.

Shani Tsai Editor

10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za

COVER COVER FEATURE FEATURE

Celebrating the great women of UWC The University of the Western Cape is home to many inspiring women – who are making their mark at the University and far beyond. Here are just a few.

Dr Fanelwa Ngece-Ajayi Dr Ngece-Ajayi is a senior lecturer in Physical Chemistry at UWC, and a research leader in the field of drug metabolism nanobiosensors for antiretrovirals and Tuberculosis treatment drugs. Apart from her role at the University, Dr Ngece-Ajayi also leads a non-profit organisation called AmaQawe ngeMfundo, which she founded along with five other academics. Together, they aim to change the negative stereotypes about townships and instil confidence among pupils living there to study maths and science.

fishgate.co.za_UW7891

Through their efforts, they have empowered more than 60 pupils from different schools in Khayelitsha using motivational seminars, workshops and talks. These events are also tailored to provide pupils with information pertaining to bursary and scholarship applications, apart from assisting them with placement at institutions of higher learning.

Dr Imogen Wright

HOW COVID-19 IS CHANGING OUR ENVIRONMENT Dr Mmaki Jantjies

Dr Wright, a scientist and researcher at UWC’s South African Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), was instrumental in the development of a software solution called Exatype, which enables health workers to determine a patient’s responsiveness to antiretroviral drugs.

Dr Jantjies is one of the first black women to obtain a Ph.D. in Computer Science, and has greatly contributed to research on mobile learning technology development for mathematics and science in South African schools, with a focus on multilingual content presentation.

Through a simple report, Exatype detects drug resistance in patients – highlighting the need to avoid certain drugs to ensure successful treatment. The software has the potential to contribute towards effectively managing HIV/AIDS in Africa, and also holds promise in helping detect drug resistance for other disease burdens such as Tuberculosis, Malaria and antimicrobial resistance.

She is currently the head of the Information Systems Department at UWC, and also coordinator of the Mozilla and UN Women technology clubs for girls. These clubs are focused on teaching basic technology skills to young girls in disadvantaged communities, with the aim of introducing the technology industry as a viable career option.

This noteworthy work, done in conjunction with UWC spin-off company, Hyrax Biosciences, earned Dr Wright a second place at the 2016 Innovation Prize for Africa (IPA) Awards.

IT’S BEEN SAID THAT OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE CORONAVIRUS IS NATURE’S WAY OF SENDING US A POWERFUL MESSAGE FOR OUR UNNATURAL LIFESTYLE THAT HAS BEEN DAMAGING THE EARTH FOR MANY, MANY YEARS. IS THERE ANY TRUTH TO THIS STATEMENT? By Zakiyah Ebrahim

Dr Jantjies’ passion for ICT development earned her a spot on the 2017 Mail & Guardian Young 200 Top Achievers’ list, as well as a place on the list of South Africa’s top 50 inspiring women in technology.

For more inspiring stories, visit www.uwc.ac.za

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

COVER FEATURE

he Covid-19 pandemic, brought about by the new

In South Africa, however, the agricultural industry is facing some

carbon emissions and, ultimately, a positive impact on our

coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has severely disrupted human

inconveniences due to strict lockdown regulations. Although

carbon footprint. In fact, in China, satellite images have

life and the global economy since its outbreak. As at

farmers in the country have been in a fortunate position to be

revealed a significant drop in nitrogen dioxide pollution in

27 May, there were over 5.6 million reported cases and more

classified as essential workers during the lockdown period,

northern Italy under lockdown. And, as humans continue

than 353 000 confirmed deaths, indicates the Johns Hopkins

ensuring food security through informal food suppliers have been

to stay indoors, some councils in the UK have stopped

Coronavirus Resource Center. But what exactly has this crisis

particularly challenging, explained Dan Kriek in a News24 article.

mowing verges and parks, which, as a result, is expected

meant for our natural environment? We take a look.

to lead to a boost in wildflowers, reports the BBC. It is also worrying that food demand has shot up dramatically,

Coronavirus crisis: a blessing in disguise?

especially with the majority of people in the country being

An article by the Conversation explains the remarkable resilience

The UN’s environment chief, Inger Andersen, told the Guardian

homebound for several weeks, however, on the bright side,

of nature, in that it is known to ‘reclaim’ land once humans have

that humanity is placing immense pressure on the natural world,

considering the outlook for the harvest season and the rainfall

abandoned it. This, it further explains, is referred to as ‘ecological

and that our actions are having damaging consequences. Andersen

patterns we have been experiencing in the country, it looks fairly

succession’, where temporary pioneer

said that if we continue our current behaviour, our planet may not

upbeat for our winter crops, Pertunia Setumo, an agricultural

species initially inhabit spaces and are

be able to take care of us in the long run.

economist at FNB Agri-Business told SABC news.

gradually replaced by shrubs and trees.

“At the end of the day, [with] all of these events, nature is sending

“We had a good season for summer crops. We’re now looking into

diverse wildlife and an overall biodiverse

us a message. We are intimately interconnected with nature,

the winter crop season, and the recent showers have set the tone

ecosystem. Pioneer species are the first to

In the long run, this supports more

whether we like it or not. If we don’t take care of nature, we can’t take care of ourselves. And as we hurtle towards a population of 10 billion people on this planet, we need to go into this future armed with nature as our

However, since the pandemic, our planet has been seeing some unexpected beneficial change in a number of ways.

strongest ally,” Anderson said.

for a good season, but it’s still too early

take over disrupted or damaged ecosystems.

to tell,” Setumo said. FAO also draws

When this happens, it begins the chain of

importance to the threat of climate

ecological succession.

change (due to human activities) on plant health, explaining that it alters

Wake-up call

ecosystems and reduces biodiversity.

Possibly the biggest lesson to take from this

Since the pandemic, our planet has been

pandemic is the requirement of humanity

seeing some unexpected beneficial change in a number of ways.

Covid-19, agriculture and food security

to press pause on the destruction of the environment. After all, activities such as

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), it is

Unexpected environmental consequences

deforestation, intensive farming, and destroying wildlife habitats

estimated that up to 40% of food crops are lost annually, and

Since many countries around the world, including South Africa,

are leading to an increase in disease-carrying wild animals moving

the causes behind this are plant pests and diseases. Such a

Italy and Germany, have imposed lockdowns to curb the spread of

closer to humans, and this might just cause more deadly pandemics

staggering loss of crops damages agriculture, and perhaps

the coronavirus, spaces have become emptier and streets quieter.

in future. Smiley Evans, an epidemiologist at the University of

unfortunate of all – it leaves millions of people without food.

In some ways, nature has ‘taken over’ cities. Cape Town residents,

California told CNBC that the coronavirus is the most recent

A 2019 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveals

for instance, were entertained by a rare sighting of dolphins

example of how human degradation of wildlife habitats is linked to

that more than 820 million people in the world are still hungry

frolicking in Hout Bay waters in April, while deers have been

the spread of infectious diseases. Evans added: “Preserving habitats

today, and that about two billion people across the world

wandering through city streets in Nara, Japan.

for wildlife and preserving our world is a human health issue.”

experience moderate to severe food insecurity. Venice’s canals have also seen crystal clear waters – certainly an

In the end, if we really think about the global battle against

The year 2020 was declared as the International Year of Plant

uncommon sight amidst the usual crowds of tourists flooding the

Covid-19, we will realise that as our lives are continuously confined

Health (IYPH) by the United Nations General Assembly. It is an

city – and pollution from the city’s motorboats have been greatly

within the four walls of our homes every day, parts of nature are

opportunity to raise global awareness on the importance of plant

reduced. As a result of fewer activities in city centres and the

bouncing back, and so, our environment may just be the only true

protection and the fight to protect our environment.

temporary closing of factories worldwide, this also means less

beneficiary of this crisis.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

NEWS COVER FEATURE

MAKING HEADLINES

HERE ARE THE STORIES

MAKING LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL NEWS. Algae’s ancestor

One billion years ago, a plant the size of a rice grain (about 2mm long) called the ocean floor home. How do we know this? In northern China, scientists recently discovered the fossil of a green algae plant named Proterocladus antiquus. The plant attached itself to the seafloor with thin root-like branches. Why is this an important discovery? It is the oldest recorded fossil of a green plant.

Opening doors A new university is said to be opening its doors in Johannesburg’s Ekurhuleni in the next 10 years. Plans for the new addition – Oliver Tambo University of Science and Technology – was announced in February this year. Some of the areas of study that the university will focus on include: data science, artificial intelligence, robotics and hydrogen-powered technologies.

Pick plastic-free Pick n Pay has gone against the major grocery store grain and introduced a plastic-free fruit and vegetable section in 13 stores nationwide. This action is a different approach to the traditional pre-packaged portions, in hopes of making an impact in reducing single-use plastics.

Steps to change Adidas recently pledged to use only recycled plastics when manufacturing all their shoes in the near future in a bid to produce sustainable goods. In addition to its shoes, the brand has also spoken out about reducing the plastic footprint in its offices, stores and warehouses, by 2024.

Planting bottles A company based in Cape Town has introduced an alternative to plastic bottles – 100% plant-based, vegan ones.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PROFILE

s a senior researcher from the Council for Scientific

Authority (HWSETA) and co-sponsored by the Foundation for

and Industrial Research (CSIR), Katekani Ngobeni is

Professional Development (FPD).

among the many dedicated young South African

scientists who have stepped in to help curb the spread of

“Healthcare workers need critical information about

the coronavirus in the country.

respiratory protection. Hospitals across South Africa are running out of N95 masks, which filter at least 95% of

YOUNG INSPIRATION THIS CSIR RESEARCHER HAS ROLLED UP HER SLEEVES TO FIGHT THE SPREAD OF COVID-19. 12

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Ngobeni (34) from Ka’Ndengeza outside Giyani, Limpopo, has

particles that are 0.3 microns or larger, including the new

worked in the field of infection prevention and control for

coronavirus. In response to continued respirator shortages,

nearly 10 years. Ngobeni is using her experience to provide

many countries, including South Africa, have resorted to the

scientific advice and training countrywide in a bid to curb the

use of KN95 masks. However, currently, there are no specific

spread of the virus.

guidelines in South Africa on which criteria apply for the use of the product, including evidence demonstrating that

She has established herself as an active researcher in the

the respirator is authentic. In addition, there is conflicting

field of TB over the past few years. Her work has taken her

guidance about the application of these respiratory masks. In

around the world to ensure that health-care workers in

order to continue providing technical assistance and capacity

resource-limited areas operate in a safer environment. This

building to healthcare workers, we collaborated with the FPD

has paved the way for her current contribution to the fight

to provide online training,” says Ngobeni.

against Covid-19 in healthcare settings, where the risk of infection is higher. Since the outbreak of Covid-19, Ngobeni has been providing ongoing workshops to various

Ngobeni is using her experience to provide scientific advice and training countrywide in a bid to curb the spread of the virus.

provincial departments of health struggling to cope with the new reality brought about by

Since joining the CSIR, Ngobeni has pursued a Master’s degree through the University of Johannesburg, exploring the use of respiratory protection devices in low-income healthcare settings. Her work on TB and personal protective equipment has set the foundation for her as a key

player in the fight against the spread of Covid-19.

the pandemic. She carries out these advisory responsibilities by developing and maintaining close working relationships

Among other achievements, Ngobeni was selected to attend

with government departments and implementing partner

the Building Design and Engineering approaches to Airborne

organisations in order to ensure that programme activities

Infection Control training hosted by Harvard University

are carried out within the recommended practice standards

in the USA. In 2013, Ngobeni was a runner-up for the JD

based on evidence and international guidelines. She also

Roberts Award for emerging researchers under the age of

facilitated a Covid-19 preparedness course for the South

35 to recognise and celebrate the contributions of younger

African National Defence Force (SANDF).

colleagues within the CSIR.

Recently, Ngobeni presented her work at the first South

“There is an urgent need to address the challenges in the

African Covid-19 Conference held before lockdown in

spread of Covid-19. Young people have a huge role to play

Pretoria, and attended by more than 250 healthcare

during this pandemic. We need to educate ourselves and

professionals who obtained a free scholarship from

others, especially those in disadvantaged areas, about the

the Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training

importance of hygiene and living a healthy life,” says Ngobeni.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

SCIFEST

SCIFEST AFRICA 2020 HERE’S HOW THE COVID-19 LOCKDOWN RESTRICTIONS HAVE AFFECTED THIS YEAR’S FESTIVAL… By Zakiyah Ebrahim

Since its inception in 1996, Scifest Africa, South Africa’s National Science Festival, has been educating and enlightening its audiences. Featuring world leaders and experts in conversation, the festival aims to mesmerize, amaze, educate and entertain. Each year, the festival offers a diverse and exciting programme, and is a crucial (and exciting!) doorway to the world of Science, Technology, Innovation, Engineering and Mathematics and aims to promote public awareness and appreciation of the disciplines in South Africa.

It’s what we build

Scifest Africa has hosted hundreds of international speakers and workshop leaders, and hosted well over a million attendees of all ages, becoming the largest science festival on the African continent. The public, parents and learners from across the 3112

We all dream of a better future. For ourselves, our families and our country. SANRAL, as part of the National Development Plan, is improving and expanding vital road infrastructure. In the process we are creating jobs, transferring skills and developing opportunities for all South Africans. We are proud to be a part of the National Development Plan, because we know that roads are more than just roads, they pave the way to a better future.

country are encouraged to attend the event. More about the festival Whatever your age, from six to 106, there is the chance to learn more about science and take part in experiments in a fun, engaging and thought-provoking way. Scifest Africa consists of two components • the National Science Festival, held in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, in March every year; • regional and national Outreach Programmes implemented throughout the rest of the year.

More than just roads

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

TRENDING PLANT HEALTH TOPIC

SCIFEST

Showcasing work Scientists from Southern Africa and the world are afforded the opportunity to share their work, network with one another, and make science accessible within the reach of ordinary people. Best of all, it is a chance for youth to receive proper career guidance and tips on becoming leaders in STEM someday.

“Take root... nurture!” Theme talk This year’s theme is in celebration of the International Year of Plant Health (IYPH), as proclaimed by the United Nations. It recognises that plants constitute the foundation for all life on earth, ecosystem function, food security and boosts economic development. The theme also feeds into the 2030 agenda for sustainable development and recognises that plants are relevant in various disciplines. Before the announcement that the event would be postponed or possibly cancelled, Deputy Minister of Science and Innovation, Honourable Buti Manamela would have officially opened the National Science Festival on 17 April.

How Scifest had to change due to Covid-19 While the country awaits news on whether or not larger gatherings would be able to take place at all this, Scifest Africa 2020 has taken steps to make sure the public still gets their dose of STEM. A range of online resources have been made available – including links to free e-books, training sessions and Zoom webinars. Keep your eye on the Scifest Facebook page for updates: @ScifestAfrica

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DIAGRAM

PLANT HEALTH

PARTS OF A PLANT THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANT HEALTH

Flower

A QUICK OVERVIEW ON HOW YOU CAN AID PLANT HEALTH. Leaf

By Nicole Ludolph

y declaring 2020 the International Year of Plant

What can I do to help promote plant health?

Health, the United Nations (UN) aims to create

The FAO recommends that individual people take the

awareness around the topic across the globe. Despite

following actions and precautions:

the fact that we need plants to survive, the UN found that

Stem Root

the health of plants is rarely a consideration for most

- Be careful about transporting plants and plant products.

people. This lack of consideration has had devastating

The plants you take with while travelling may spread

results on plant health, with the UN’s Food and Agricultural

pests and diseases. To prevent this, it is best to contact

Organisation (FAO) estimating that “40% of food crops are

the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

lost due to plant pests and diseases annually”.

beforehand to make sure that you are not breaking the law.

An example of the devastating effects plant pests can

- Be cautious when ordering plants and plant products online

have on plant health is the current locust invasion in parts

or through postal services. These small packages can easily

of East Africa. February 2020 saw the region overrun by

bypass regular plant health controls.

hundreds of millions of locusts. According to The Guardian, this is the worst locust invasion the area has experienced in

- Spread the word! Use the hashtag #PlantHealth on social

a quarter of a century. Locust invasions have a devastating

media when talking about the topics.

impact on farmland, and even a small swarm of the insects

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

can consume the equivalent of food for 35 000 people in

- Take daily actions to reduce your carbon footprint. Actively

a single day. The current invasion is threatening the food

engage in initiatives to protect and manage natural

security of about 25 million people in the region.

resources in your region.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DISASTER

THE EFFECT OF WILDFIRES CAN VEGETATION SURVIVE AFTER BEING BURNT? WE INVESTIGATE.

hy do we need healthy plants? To start

from drones, lightning and weather data as well as

As the fires worsened, the government declared a state

with, plants form part of our diets, are

satellite images.

of emergency in November 2019 – ahead of Australia’s summer which lasts from December to February. Over

used for health purposes and they boost A week prior to the start of the fires, warnings of

1 billion animals, including mammals, reptiles and

extreme weather conditions were put out by the

birds, were killed by the fires and the effects thereof.

In recent years, devastating fires have destroyed

experts – predicting strong winds and heavy rains.

Shockingly, around 8 000 koalas were part of this

many areas – leaving residents homeless and

A study following the fires linked the presence

number, with 30% of their habitat being destroyed.

animals overly exposed to humankind, injured or

of invasive pine trees to the severity of the fires.

Experts say that it’ll take years to see the full

even dead.

According to the study published in the journal Fire

impact of these fires but that certain ecosystems

economic development.

Ecology, the areas that contained invasive alien trees

and vegetations, such as the eucalyptus forests, will

We take a look at three of the most destructive fires

were worse off than those containing only the natural

recover from the destruction as they are prone to fires.

to happen in the past few years and go into their

vegetation of the area.

In fact, these trees release seeds during fires so there may be a glimmer of hope!

possible causes and the effects they’ve had on life – both human and animal – in the surrounding area.

Australia fires When: June 2019 – January 2020

Amazon fires

Knysna fires

Where: New South Wales, Australia

When: January – October 2019

When: June 2017

Devastation factor: 34 direct deaths and 417 deaths

Where: Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru

Where: Knysna/Plettenberg Bay, Western Cape,

caused by indirect factors such as smoke inhalation;

Devastation factor: estimated 2.3 million animals died

South Africa

around 1 billion animals died; over 9 000 buildings

Interesting fact: about 60% of the Amazon lies within

Devastation factor: seven people killed;

were destroyed.

Brazil’s borders.

10 000 people displaced; 800 structures destroyed.

Interesting fact: the total area burned was roughly the

Interesting fact: the fires deployed the largest

size of South Korea!

It’s not something you’d expect to find in a rainforest, but the wildfires experienced in the Amazon were

amount of firefighters in the country’s history! Australia is fondly known for its unique array of

so significant, the effects are still very much evident

The Knysna fires are known as one of the worst

wildlife – from koala bears to kangaroos and the Great

today. It’s a big deal because the Amazon rainforest,

wildfire disasters to ever hit South Africa, as it

Barrier Reef, the country is a magnet for animal lovers

which takes up 5.5 million km2 of space, plays an

led to 26 separate wildfires flaring up around the

all over the world who want to see species that exist

important role in the global climate. The large amount

same time. The Council for Scientific and Industrial

nowhere else on earth. It’s not surprising then that

of trees release oxygen, helping to slow down climate

Research (CSIR) released a report that said the

the wildlife was one of the biggest concerns for those

change. Fires are not uncommon in the Amazon

disaster was most likely caused by a lightning strike,

experiencing the fire’s devastation as well as those of

and are expected to continue, though not on such a

which then caused the spread of the fires. This

us who were following the updates online.

widespread scale of devastation.

prediction was made following the study of footage 20

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

NUTRITION

PLANT NUTRITION: WHAT THEY NEED WITH MORE THAN 390 000 PLANT SPECIES WORLDWIDE, THEY’RE SMARTER THAN WE THINK. By Zakiyah Ebrahim

lants have an incredibly diverse skillset and work

•

Calcium (Ca)

steadily to get what they need. In order for them to

•

Magnesium (Mg)

survive, it involves a complex relationship of several

•

Sulphur (S)

mineral elements. These elements are essential and benefi-

•

Borom (B)

cial for optimum plant growth, explains News Times Post.

•

Copper (Cu)

•

Iron (Fe)

Plants absorb their nutrition through inorganic minerals from

•

Chloride (Cl)

the soil, and this can happen from both the garden or within

•

Manganese (Mn)

a container. Many different factors can influence the uptake of

•

Molybdenum (Mo)

nutrients, for example: soil that is too high in pH (alkaline) or

•

Zinc (Z)

too low (acidic) can mean that the minerals are unavailable These minerals are dissolved in water and are absorbed

to plants.

through the plants’ roots. However, when these nutrients The nutrients for plant growth and survival

are deficient in the soil, fertilisers are added to make up

There are 16 plant nutrients, or chemical elements, which

for the deficiency.

are known to be important to a plant’s growth and survival. These are further divided into two main groups: non-mineral

Plants use a large amount of three major nutrients for their

nutrients and mineral nutrients. Each of these comprise three

growth and survival, and they are Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus

elements.

(P) and Potassium (K).

Non-mineral nutrients

Nitrogen

The three non-mineral nutrients are:

Nitrogen is key for the growth processes of the plant. Not

•

Carbon ©

only does it promote rapid growth, but also gives a healthy,

•

Hydrogen (H)

deep green colour to the foliage and stems.

•

Oxygen (O)

Tip: If a plant is deficient in nitrogen, it may start dying at the tips.

These three elements are obtained from the carbon dioxide

Phosphorus

(CO2) in the air and H20 from water. Plants then use the

Phosphorus also plays a central role in the production of

energy from the sun to convert this CO2 and H20 into food (carbohydrates) for the plants, by a process known as

sugar and starch, and produces energy. It is needed by plants

photosynthesis.

during all phases of growth as it plays an important role in photosynthesis, respiration and seed and fruit production.

The carbohydrates are also a source of energy for the plant

Tip: When plants have poor growth and are dwarfed or

and provide the strength of cell walls, stems and leaves. The

stunted, it may be a sign that it has a phosphorus deficiency.

wonderful thing about ©, H and O is that they are found in the environment and are easily absorbed by the plants, which

Potassium

means there is no need to be supplemented as a fertiliser.

Potassium is essential in the process of photosynthesis. It also helps the plant to effectively respond to drought stress

Mineral nutrients The 13 mineral nutrients that come from the soil are:

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

•

Nitrogen (N)

•

Phosphorus (P)

•

Potassium (K)

and encourages strong root growth and reduces water loss from leaves.

Tip: When the leaves start falling out, it’s usually a sign of potassium deficiency. Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

HEALTH

ot only are plants the source of the air we breathe,

veganism do not eat meat or animal-produced food, nor do

but they also make up most of what we eat. In the

they wear clothing derived from animals, or use products that

last decade or so, the amount of people who have

are tested on animals.

chosen plant-based diets have increased exponentially. Veganism does not just take into consideration the personal What are the health benefits?

health benefits of the diet, but also strongly emphasises how

In a 2019 study conducted for the American Heart

the diet benefits the planet. Plants, animals and humans are

Association (AHA), people who are on a plant-based

in a symbiotic relationship, with one unable to survive without

diet have a lower risk of heart disease. Another 2019 study for Nature Research found that the

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

short-to-moderate effects of a plant-based diet is beneficial to

It is evident that plant-based diets are not just good for one’s personal health, but it is also good for the environment.

the others. Today, however, that relationship is out of balance. Humans are consuming too much meat, which contributes significantly to climate

one’s health. The study compared plant-based diets to more conventional ones, and

change. One of the primary selling points of veganism is

found that people with different health statuses, such

that, by practicing it ethically, people can reduce their carbon

as obesity or type-2 diabetes, have a healthier weight,

footprint and thus their contribution to climate change.

a better energy metabolism and systemic inflammation when on a plant-based diets. The same was found in

Vegetarianism

healthy participants.

People often get confused between vegetarianism and veganism, but these two plant-based diets are not the same.

The study did note, however, that there is a lack of

While veganism is the complete exclusion of animal products

information on the long-term effects of plant-based

from one’s diet and lifestyle, vegetarianism is the exclusion

dieting. There is also very little information available on

of meat from one’s diet. Under a vegetarian diet, people are

the effects of a plant-based diet on one’s cognitive (or

still able to consume eggs and milk as well as other animal

brain) functions.

products. Unlike pescatarians, vegetarians do not eat fish.

Plant-based diets come in three forms: veganism,

Both veganism and vegetarianism are primarily based on an

vegetarianism and pescatarianism. Pescatarianism is just

ethos of anti-animal cruelty, and therefore practitioners of

exclusion of red meat from one’s diet – fish and animal

both diets do not eat products that are the result of animal

products are still included at mealtimes.

slaughter.

Veganism

It is evident that plant-based diets are not just good for one’s

Leather, meat, fish, eggs, milk and all other animal

personal health, but it is also good for the environment. Given

products are excluded from the life of someone who has

that we are living in the time of climate change, plant-based

decided to take up a vegan lifestyle. People who practice

dieting may just become the norm.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

MEDICINAL

TREATING PAIN

DOES THE NATURAL APPROACH TO FEELING BETTER REALLY HELP?

Natural pain treatments are becoming an

as our first-aid kit to treating common

increasingly popular way to manage pain,

health issues and dealing with pain?

and medical professionals are looking to

We spoke to a health expert for answers.

Rosemary

science of nutrition but, sometimes, the

to pain relief, said Ilene Ruhoy, a certified

overwhelming spread of information can

neurologist and speaker at the American

lead us to confusion, says author Danielle

Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting. “One

Arsenault in her TED Talk, explaining that no

should follow where nature leads” when

one food is going to promise perfect health.

looking for ways to treat inflammation and

Instead, we need to gain our nutrition from

pain, Ruhoy told attendees.

Cloves

says that if we look at ancient diet practices,

category of treatment known as ‘alternative

we’ll see that they ate local, fresh foods

medicine’. Many people use these plant

that were preserved naturally – a diet based

remedies alongside Western medicine, often

upon their surroundings.

for chronic pain and stress, and an overall

chronic pain is linked to unhealthy diets.

practitioner Dr Aaseema Mugjenkar says

Apart from including plants in our diets, they

doctors are inclined to prescribe Western

can also relieve pain in many conditions.

medications first, based on symptoms

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

it is certainly okay to try it out as natural

Turmeric

medications frequently have fewer side

This flowering plant contains curcuma, the

effects than Western medication.

active ingredient in the spice turmeric, and

“I would advocate for the use of natural

small-scale 2014 study found that curcuma

products to treat illnesses, provided they are

extract is as effective as popular Western

not harmful to one’s physical and mental

medication for treating pain of knee

health. If you’ve tried it out and they don’t

osteoarthritis when taken for four weeks.

seem to work, I would suggest you contact a

What’s wonderful about turmeric is that you

medical professional for an assessment and

can include it in its natural form in juices,

further treatment. And we should bear in

curries and smoothies.

mind that there are many natural products

Power in these plants… Rosemary According to some researchers, the rosemary plant, Rosmarinus officinalis L., may help treat Feverfew

headaches, as well as muscle and bone pain.

Cloves If your grandma ever told you to dip a cotton ball in clove oil and wipe it against your gums to get rid of toothache, she wasn’t far off. People have traditionally used cloves, from the Eugenia caryophyllata plant, to relieve pain from toothache. Buchu

Feverfew Research done in 2011 found that the leaves of a feverfew, also called featherview, have pain-relieving properties. This medicinal plant’s uses include treating fever, migraine

Studies suggest we’re living shorter than Cape Town-based independent registered

reports an article on Health24.

research proves its safety.”

improvement in their health. our ancestors because of our diets, and that

treatment of burns and bladder infections,

scientific evidence on the efficiency of a

and we should refrain from using them until

Certain plants can treat inflammation and other related conditions, and fall under a

However, she adds that if there is sufficient

on the market which are still in a grey area,

a variety of nutritional sources. In her talk titled The Power of Plants, she

the buchu plant have been shown to help

is known for its pain-relieving qualities. A

are many plants that may fill the growing need for non-pharmaceutical alternatives

doesn’t encompass plant-based treatments.

particular plant as alternative medication,

plants as a source of inspiration. There

We’ve made leaps and bounds in the

Western Cape's Fynbos species, extracts of with conditions such as joint pain, eczema,

By Zakiyah Ebrahim

hould we consider natural remedies

patients experience, and that their training

headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, toothaches and stomach aches.

Turmeric

Buchu Native to a very specific region of the Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DISEASE

CAN PLANTS GET SICK? We’re constantly reminded that plants are living organisms, so does this mean they suffer from disease? We take a look.

urely all living things that grow and reproduce are able

How does disease affect plants?

to fall ill, but how do you know when a plant is sick? And

When plants are sick, they may not be able to perform some of

do diseases range from mild to deadly, just like they do in

their usual function, such as photosynthesis, absorbing water and

humans and animals?

nutrients, and the ability to grow fruits. Of course, when plant diseases spread within a crop and it is left undetected and then consumed as food by humans, it may have a negative impact on

What causes plant disease? Diseases can either be infectious (able to transfer from one plant

our health.

to another) or non-infectious, and are often caused by a lack of necessary nutrients. Infectious plant diseases, much like human and animal diseases, are caused by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Factors that may prevent individual plants from getting the necessary nutrition include polluted areas (air and soil), extreme weather conditions and a lack of, or too much, water or sunshine.

Signs and symptoms of disease Though not all signs are visible, if a plant experiences slow or no growth, and yellowing or damaged parts seen on its leaves, it may be infected.

Definition: Plant pathology This is the study of plant health – including environmental factors that cause diseases, the ways in which the illness occurs, which organisms are involved, and how the disease affects the growth and quality of crops. Plant pathology extends into the solution to disease – ways in which the spread can be managed and how to control it going forward. Image source: Natural Planet Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PROFILE

MEET DR NONTEMBEKO DUBE Nontembeko Dube (phD) joined the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Plant Health and Protection in April 2006 as a Professional Development Programme (PDP) student at Cedara College of Agriculture. She enrolled at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) for a Master’s degree in Entomology and worked on the biology and crossbreeding of a leaf-feeding moth Pareuchaetes insulata and implications for the biological control of Chromolaena odorata under the mentorship of Dr Costas Zachariades at the ARC and supervision of Dr Terence Olckers. Because of her attitude towards work, soon after her graduation in April 2009 she was recommended for a vacant researcher position under Chromolaena project and was appointed in September 2009. Her first assignment was to maintain the culture and conduct research on the shoot-boring moth Dichrorampha odorata (e.g. host specificity testing and impact studies).

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Early in her career as a researcher, she felt a desire to pursue

After gaining good research experience, she registered for

a PhD (as her first dream of being a medical Dr didn’t work

PhD in Entomology under the supervision of Drs Zachariades,

out). This desire was encouraged by Dr Zachariades and Dube

Osariyekemwen Uyi and Caswell Munyai at the UKZN in

wrote her first proposal which received unexpected and

2016. In her research, she sought to understand the fitness,

heartbreaking rejections from her potential university-based

preference and performance of specialist herbivores of the

supervisors. Nevertheless, with encouragement from hosted

southern African biotype of Chromolaena odorata (asteraceae),

students and senior staff at Cedara College of Agriculture

and impacts on phytochemistry and growth rate of the plant,

and Rietondale, and her burning desire to be a Dr, she

She published two peer-reviewed papers before completing

continued with positive attitude towards work conducting

her PhD. Only at this stage did she realise the sense in her

her research as if doing PhD.

earlier rejections – some of her PhD objectives needed a multidisciplinary approach and she worked closely with Prof

Discussions during journal club at Cedara also led to mind-intriguing questions that were later answered in her PhD studies. Some of the obstacles included the amount of time required to maintain adequate culture for research. To improvise for this, she introduced experiential training under different

Fanie van Heerden from the school

Because of her attitude towards work, soon after her graduation in April 2009 she was recommended for a vacant researcher position under Chromolaena project and was appointed in September 2009.

projects at Cedara, which led to

of Chemistry and Physics at UKZN. She obtained her PhD degree just after turning 35 in 2019! Impressed by her attitude towards work, Dr Munyai invited Dr Dube for collaboration and motivated for honorary research fellowship at UKZN. Her application was successful

collaboration with Mangosuthu University of Technology

and she is currently supervising a Master’s student with

(MUT) in Durban, completion of seven National Diplomas in

Drs Zachariades and Munyai and still holds strong ties with

Agriculture of which one of these proceeded to BTech under

Prof van Heerden. Having completed her PhD, she has good

her supervision and employment of all these students on

prospects for new adventures in weed biological control.

contract basis as junior research technicians. Dr Dube is grateful for the mentorship of Dr Zachariades and As a researcher, she contributed to writing of Chromolaena

to the ARC for the platform it provides to enable continued

proposals and she was also appointed as an external

capacity building of students and employees. Dr Dube’s

moderator for Crop Protection III by MUT from 2015-2018

lesson learnt from this journey is: “When life does not give

and currently has one experiential trainee Ms Goldys

you what you want, focus all your energy to what goes right,

Khentsani Themba from this institution.

that might be all you need for your breakthrough”.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CAREERS

BURSARIES

WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE A BOTANIST?

FUNDING YOUR FUTURE Petra Diamonds Bursary What it covers: Full tuition fees, full residence, meals, travel and personal allowances. Fields of study: • Engineering: Electrical, Mechanical, Mining, Metallurgy • Earth Sciences: Geology, Environmental Management • Human Resources Management • Financial management Who can apply? • South African citizens • Accepted/registered at accredited university or university of technology • No criminal record • Medically fit • Good academic performance • Relocation flexibility • Preference will be given to candidates from local mining communities How to apply: Register an account on the CareerWise website and apply for the bursary. Closing date: Applications are accepted throughout the year. Who to contact: Call 011 702 6900 or email info@petradiamonds.com

Standard Bank Learnership What it covers: Recipients will be given learner allowance each month for the duration of their programme. Upon successful completion of the learnership programme, candidates will receive an accredited National Certificate in Banking (NQF level 4). Fields of study: • Financial services Who can apply? • 18-30 year olds • Fluent in verbal and written English • Matric completion with passing mark in Mathematics, Maths Literacy and Accounting • Computer literate • Not permanently employed • Not studying at any other institution • Not registered on any other learnership • As part of the application process, the applicants

will be background-checked for register for employees dismissed, credit record, criminal record, reference checks with previous employers (if applicable), educational qualifications • South African citizens, or those with a residency or work permit How to apply: • Register your profile on the Standard Bank Graduate site • Complete the online assessment and score at least 60% • After passing the online assessment, applicants will be contacted to perform competency-based tests • The final step will require a face-to-face interview • Applications done in any other method except for online application will be rejected Closing date: Applications are accepted throughout the year. There are various bursaries available at any given time – please enquire. Who to contact: Call 0860 123 000 or email information@standardbank.co.za

Dell Young Leaders Bursary Programme What it covers: A bursary amount of R150 000 will be granted as well as laptop and allowance for textbooks and other basic educational needs. Work opportunities may also be provided to bursary holders according to availability. Who can apply? • First-year students at the University of Pretoria and University of Cape Town • South African citizens • Those with proven need for financial assistance How to apply: Contact the department at the relevant university – contact details below.

AFROX Bursary What it covers: The bursary covers education fees, books and student accommodation, including and laundry. Vacation work is required for the bursary holders during June/July and December/January university breaks. Fields of study: • Mechanical Engineering • Industrial Engineering • Metallurgical Engineering • Chemical Engineering

YOUR ONE-STOP GUIDE TO KICKSTARTING YOUR CAREER.

Who can apply? • Those from disadvantaged backgrounds • Excellent academic performance • South African citizens • Higher Grade Mathematics and Science are required

In South Africa, the plant industry is

Remember that, because new discoveries are

experiencing a shortage of skilled

NATIONWIDE

always being made in STEM, research is a big

- University of South Africa (UNISA)

professionals according to the South African

part of a career in botany.

WESTERN CAPE

How to apply: Register your CV online at careers.afrox.co.a

is just one reason for you to explore the

What are the branches?

(CPUT)

various study and career options that exist

When pursuing a career in STEM, there are

- University of Cape Town (UCT)

Closing date: Applications are accepted throughout the year.

within the industry.

many different branches within the various

- University of the Western Cape (UWC)

Who to contact: Call 0861 227337 or email afroxsupport@pnet.co.za

National Biodiversity Institute (Sanbi). This

- Cape Peninsula University of Technology

industries.

EASTERN CAPE

What is botany? Botany is the science of plant life and it covers many different aspects including how plants survive in certain ecosystems, discovering new species, the effects of plant diseases and how a plant’s structure may affect its survival. Botany deals with not only trees, bushes and flowers but fungi, mosses, bacteria and algae also exist in its range of focus.

In botany, one can specialise in:

• • • • • • •

- University of Stellenbosch (US)

Plant ecology Plant genetics Plant morphology Plant pathology

- Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) - Rhodes University - University of Fort Hare (UFH) KWAZULU-NATAL - University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN)

Plant physiology

- University of Zululand (UNIZULU)

Plant taxonomy

- Durban University of Techonology (DUT)

Economic botany

FREE STATE - Central University of Technology (CUT)

Where to study

- University of the Free State (UF)

Why is it important?

Do your research on the various paths

GAUTENG

The study of plants is important to many

available within the industry and speak to as

Who to contact: University of Cape Town: Call 021 650 4147 or email Apply.UCT@dellyoungleaders.org

other industries, including medicine, food

many professionals as you can when making

security, building and, of course, conservation.

your decision. The minimum requirement

University of Pretoria: Call 012 420 4874 or email Apply.UP@dellyoungleaders.org

Who should consider it?

be a BSc degree majoring in Botany and your

If you love exploring nature and have an

preferred area of specialisation. Look out for

interest in caring for it, a job in botany may

suitable courses offere at the institutions

just be the career you’re looking for.

listed in the box on your right...

Closing date: Applications are accepted throughout the year.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

when searching for jobs in the field would

- University of Witwatersrand (WITS) - University of Johannesburg (UJ) - University of Pretoria (UP) - Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) LIMPOPO - University of Limpopo (UL) NORTH WEST - North-West University (NWU)

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PUZZLES

QUIZ

SUDOKU

Picking your brain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

How many animals died as a result of the fires in Australia? A. 100 000 B. 1 million C. 1 billion

What is the United Nations’ theme for this year? A. The Year of the Plant B. The International Year of Plant Health C. The International Year of Plant Biodiversity

Scifst Africa usually takes place in… A. Grahamstown B. Grabouw C. Pretoria

What do carnivorous plants eat? A. Fruits B. Flies C. Small insects Which fruit contains a feel-good hormone? A. Grape B. Strawberry C. Banana Fresh rosemary may be used to treat… A. Earaches B. Headaches C. Sore throat A new university is scheduled to open in which South African city? A. Durban B. Mbombela C. Johannesburg

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Fill in the 9×9 grid with digits so that each column, row, and 3×3 section contain the numbers between 1 to 9. When a plant’s leaves start falling out, it may be deficient in… A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium If you’re vegan, which of the below foods would you not eat? A. Eggs B. Mushrooms C. Potatoes Which region is experiencing a locust invasion? A. East Africa B. South Africa C. Middle East

46 1

8 9

2 1 4

1 56

5 8 3

73 5

6 36

8 9

3 5

2 79

1 42

6 64 7

36 36

4 5 2

WORD SEARCH E

M C

N I

CGL

I ES

T IO

M O

M ER

N RG

YO K

ORA

CCG

SAL

Y M

SG E

N T

EO D

S W

S O

I O

U A

IM E

ALT

S O

E O

N C

Y I

ODS

PO N

ETI

ON O

S H

G S

SDS

A E W Oxygen NPlants G I O I Greenhouse R E C Medicinal T S D E Nitrogen U G K A Potassium U C E N Photosynthesis NBiology E S U C Stem I D C A RootE S T

I N

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

E O G R A P H Y

FACTS

ANSWERS

TEST RESULTS

TEN FACTS ON… PLANTS AND FRUITS

What was your score for the Women In Science issue?

SUDOKU SPECIAL EDITION 2019

WOMEN IN SCIENCE

5 6 21

36 71 9

84 2 8

56 18 3

74 9 4

8 53 2

79 3 5

1 4 6

32 86 7

8 41 57

75 2 1

29 6 3

97 8 9

63 5 26

1 3 41

4 7 8

62 9 57

13 12 6

9 62

6 8

1 71

5 4

3 12

7 95

2 6

8 3

4 5

QUIZ

WORD SEARCH

1. A - Russia

2. B - Doubting your success and

E U

U H

M T

E G

V R

M D

S G

E I

U O

U T

E D

O E

A G

5. C - The rise in the earth’s

R U

O G

R K

S A

temperature

O L

U O

N M

A I

G H

O E

M S

E U

M I

E D

Y H

9. A - Northern Cape

O W

N S

10. C - Burj Khalifa

C S

C D

T N

C I

D A

S O

G C

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

feeling like a fraud

Bananas contain the amino acid tryptophan, which is converted into the feel-good hormone serotonin.

Apples float on water – they consist of 25% air, meaning they are less dense than water.

The fastest-growing plant in the world is a species of bamboo, which is said to grow by approximately 90cm in a single day!

The world’s largest botanical garden is Kew Royal Gardens in London.

Roses may symbolise love, but the world “tulip” means perfect love, based on a Turkish and Persian tale.

3. B - A Microsoft coding workshop 4. C - Methane

6. B - 20% 7. A - To remove waste from the blood 8. B - Blue whale

Stellenbosch is also known by its nickname Eikestad, which translates to “village of oaks”. This is because of the great amount of oak trees in the area.

Around 400 species of coral can be found in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

Africa's most famous tree is the baobab.

Fruits contain seeds while vegetables form part of a plant but do not contain seeds.

Carnivorous plants do exist, and they eat small insects to survive.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

SCIENCE CENTRE

CENTRE OF ATTENTION THIS ISSUE, WE HEAD TO KWAZULU-NATAL. By Zakiyah Ebrahim accessible to everyone – in both urban

Some of these offerings include:

enjoy a visit to one of Kwa-Zulu

and rural communities – in a fun and

• over 150 cool interactive exhibits;

Natal’s most popular science centres,

innovative way. You can expect to find

• outreach tours;

the KZN Science Centre, a leading

an interesting variety of more than one

• career jamborees: guidance intervention

registered non-profit organisation (NPO)

hundred interactive displays, including

that is focused on enriching learners,

an interactive Exhibition Space, fully

educators and the general public on

equipped Science Laboratory, ICT Centre,

STEM education.

120-seater state-of-the-art auditorium,

Formerly located at the popular Gateway

for grade 9 female learners; • supplementary learning interventions: maths and science bridging courses/ Saturday Schools interventions;

and interactive learning classrooms for

• practical implementation of science:

workshop and training implementation.

with educator and learner-specific

Theatre of Shopping and founded in 2002,

training;

KZN Science Centre has since embarked

The centre, whose slogan is ‘Developing

on a journey of expansion in an effort to

young minds’, has a dedicated team who

respond to the needs of the communities

ensures all resources provided to the

• ScienTastic Science Shows;

they serve.

public are relevant, current, accurate

• exciting public educational programmes;

• ICT advancement: programming and coding training workshops;

and meaningful. Annually, KZN Science

• planetarium shows.

This world-class centre provides a

Centre sees over 180 000 people

All funds received by the KZN Science Centre

unique combination of education

through its various offerings and funded

directly support its educational programmes

and entertainment, making science

interventions!

and exhibits.

You can find KZN Science Centre at: 1 Airport Road, Reunion, Durban, 4331. Get in touch via email: education@kznsc.org or give them a call at 031 408 1012.

Science Stars Magazine Plant Health Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

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