SS Scifest Special Edition 2015 by Science Stars Magazine

SCIENCESTARS Special Edition | May 2015

AS FAST AS LIGHT Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

UPCOMING DST EVENTS BUDGET VOTE NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK

CONTENTS CONTENTS

FEATURES

8 1 1 1 1 3 3

the evolution of the BLOODHOUND SSC

4 Kyalami race Track 5

research with the csir

scifest africa 2015

lost in translation

2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT

7 AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT

REGULARS

5 6 1 2 3 3

foreword

editor's note

science news

8 cAREERS 3 QUIZ

4 PUZZLE

FOREWORD FEATURE

the

FOREWORD

Scifest Africa 2015

ing because it gives Science, which can come across as cold and

As the youth we all have differing views about Science,

become role models to many young minds that aspire to be in

Technology, Engineering and Maths and because of our various

the same positions as them, and it has the potential to inspire

backgrounds and the things we read in magazines or watch on TV.

some who never dreamed that they would be interested in a

impersonal, a human face. Scifest allows the guest speakers to

career in Science. Some people think that Science investigations are the greatest things that mankind has ever discovered, some believe that it

We live in a country where not everyone is fortunate enough to

is all about blowing things up in a lab and others believe that

be a part of a school that has fully equipped science laborato-

Science is only for a select few because only ‘smart’ people can

ries, or even teachers that can bring abstract scientific concepts

enjoy it and appreciate its beauty.

to life. Visiting Scifest therefore becomes a great opportunity because they get to see the applications of the theories that

Scifest is a great initiative because as you step through the doors

they learn in class.

of the 1820 Settlers Monument you are transported to a world where all your views about Science, Technology, Engineering and

Attending Scifest allows one to see the pure beauty of Science

Maths are stripped away and replaced by an exciting curiosity.

and there is a different theme each year. This year’s theme was Science Alight, visitors can come year after year and still be filled

The various talks, shows, workshops and exhibitions are great

with the same awe, excitement and gain new knowledge when

because they give us opportunities, which we rarely get and we

they walk out the doors of Settler’s Monument, just like you did

are able to interact with some of the greatest minds, in the world

when you attended Scifest for the first time.

of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths - like Dr Jim Adams,

Lunako Mthenjana

the Deputy Chief Technologist at NASA. Seeing people that love

Grade 12 Victoria Girls’ High School, Grahamstown

Science and are extremely passionate about it is very encourag-

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ED’S NOTE

team Science Stars

LETTER FROM

Managing Editor • Evans Manyonga editor@sciencestars.co.za

THE DEPUTY EDITOR

Deputy Editor • Shani Rhoda

Build your passion

Graphic Designer • Cinzia-Joey Swartz When I first heard about the Bloodhound, my animal-lover instincts kicked in and I immediately pictured a coat of brown and black fur, long floppy ears and bloodshot eyes that are indented in the face of a Bloodhound puppy. This breed of dog was soon overpowered by something much greater and much faster than it. This something had a sharp nose, a smooth blue and orange body and its four legs are made of pure aluminum.

Project Manager • Renata Williams Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Public Relations • Bongeka Mnotoza

Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za

The Bloodhound SSC, in the manmade world, is a creation of genius Engineering and Aerodynamics that aims to challenge the current World Land Speed Record, leaving all past attempts in the dust of its Hakskeen Pan victory.

Copyright 2015 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

Should it be successful, this rocket car will spur a spark of inspiration for all speed lovers. Overwhelmed by the concept of this project, I started thinking about how such a large project came about. How does one start creating a vehicle that is able to travel over 1, 690 km/h without it taking off or falling apart?

Science Stars is published by Roswika Media

When we reached Grahamstown and we walked through the doors of the 1820 Settler National Monument building where Scifest Africa was held, a life-size model of the Bloodhound caught my eye. I realised that a project that big could only be created by a team of passionate individuals who, despite all odds, believe that it can be done. A simple idea can be turned into a masterpiece through hard work, patience and collaboration. Although your dreams may be daunting at times, persevere and keep building your passion. In this special issue, we hope to inspire you. We take you through the process of following your dream, whether it be breaking a world record with a new invention or researching ways to improve your world.

Shani Rhoda Deputy Editor 6

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

10th Floor, The Pinnacle 2 Burg Street Cape Town, 8000 021 839 2507 info@sciencestars.com www.sciencestars.co.za

FROM CLASSROOM TO BOARDROOM A DECADE OF EMPOWERMENT From building schools to supporting black entrepreneurs, from making university study possible for disadvantaged students to providing work experience for young work seekers, Shanduka Foundation strives to develop South Africa’s human potential. Over the last decade, Shanduka Foundation has created opportunities for educational development, career growth and entrepreneurial advancement. a combination of the best practices of both the Kagiso Trust • Adopt-a-School Foundation mobilises companies and and the Shanduka Foundation. individuals to invest in education by adopting disadvantaged schools throughout South Africa. Through its model of Whole • Shanduka Black Umbrellas (SBU) develops qualifying 100% School Development, the foundation aims to improve the black-owned businesses to a level where they may gain academic, infrastructural, social and security environment meaningful access to markets, networks and finance. This is in schools, enabling sustainable excellence in teaching and conducted via enterprise and supplier development activities learning. The foundation creates opportunities for temporary within its small business incubators where members are employment of community members and for local businesses provided with a working environment and support services that will enable them to thrive, and Shanduka Blackpages, an to get involved in improving schools. It works closely with online enterprise and supplier development portal. communities and maintains strong relationships with all stakeholders. • The Cyril Ramaphosa Education Trust provides bursaries to disadvantaged students and organises holistic holiday work • Kagiso Shanduka Trust (KST) is a collaboration between programmes for all its students. the Free State Department of Education, Kagiso Trust and Shanduka Foundation to develop and implement a district• The Shanduka experiential work programme provides wide school development model. It is a five-year programme opportunities for selected graduates and job seekers within that will work in over 400 schools, in two districts, utilising the Shanduka Group and across its partner network. Thanks to the ongoing support of many partners in business, government and civil society, Shanduka Foundation is making a significant impact in the lives of young South Africans.

www.shanduka.co.za/shanduka-foundation

BLOODHOUND SSC

THE EVOLUTION OF THE BLOODHOUND SSC Speed, light and a new world record

very person, at some stage in their

its ground. Preparing for its approach

The reason behind building a car with

life, is exposed to competition. At

to the arid runway of Hakskeen Pan, the

rocket characteristics?

schools, there are numerous sporting

Bloodhound SSC aims to overtake all

Not only to beat the current World Land

events that are held throughout the year.

competition in its way to the World Land

Speed Record (held by Thrust SSC), but also

Some might remember the athletics races

Speed Record.

to encourage youth participation in STEM

held in primary schools, where an official

- Science, Technology, Engineering and

gunshot signaled the start and others

Where did it start?

might remember playing soccer in their

On 23 October 2008, the world of

school clothes during break times.

Science and Technology was intro-

The Department of Science and Technology

duced to an exciting project that would

(DST) welcomed this project into South

Since the days of dusty hands and bloody

inspire all dreamers for years to come.

Africa and supports the idea behind it.

kneecaps, competition has evolved. At

The Bloodhound SSC team announced

Inviting a project of this scale into the

Scifest Africa 2015, a life-size model of the

the start of their project during a public

country will boost excitement in our youth

Bloodhound Supersonic Car (SSC) stood

launch at the Science Museum in London.

and increase interest in the STEM subjects.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Mathematics.

FEATURE BLOODHUND SSC

Building the Bloodhound SSC

and was unsuccessful at abiding by the

Fitted with three engines, this speed

rules. Engineers had to return to the work-

machine weighs 7786 kg and has a

shop with a new task in hand - keeping the

length of 13.4 metres. With its collection

car on the ground using computation fluid

of Rolls-Royce EJ200 jet engine, NAMMO

dynamics (CFD).

hybrid rockets and Jaguar V8 engine, the

The first runs of the car will be performed

Bloodhound SSC will be able to cover a

in the UK in August 2015. The official

distance equivalent to four and a half soc-

launch date in South Africa is set for

cer fields in a single second.

September 2015, making the launch of Bloodhound SSC the world’s largest and

The man behind the wheel

most anticipated Engineering event.

Being in control of almost 7,800kgs of fuelled weight requires a daring amount

What waits at the end of the road

of bravery, focused mental and physi-

Should the attempt be successful, the

cal strength, knowledge and experience.

Bloodhound SSC will be internationally rec-

With a history in piloting, Andy Green is

ognised as the fastest moving land vehicle.

the ideal driver. Judging from his history, this adrenaline junkie is sure to welcome

Displaying advanced levels of Engineering,

this challenge with a focused mind and a

this extreme project will create a spectacle

heavy foot.

that will see the emergence of a new breed of power-hungry Engineers.

Currently employed as a Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force, Green is properly equipped for this adventure. Naturally, there are many safety concerns when embarking on a journey of this scale, especially around the safety of the people

• Roughly 250 organisations are involved in the project; • Bloodhound SSC is fitted with three engines;

involved.

• The rocket fuel produced by the

Green has learned how to control his

• There are cameras positioned on the

Bloodhound SSC is hotter than a volcano;

blood flow, enabling him to avoid the effects of negative g-force. If a driver or pilot displays no g-force tolerance, it is

Displaying advanced levels of Engineering, this extreme project will create a spectacle

Facts:

inside and outside of the vehicle; • In the cockpit, the driver’s heartbeat will be monitored;

likely that they will lose consciousness.

• Hydrogen peroxide is used in the vehi-

The road to the Northern Cape

driver to shut the car down if problems

cle’s hybrid rocket chemistry, enabling the

Hakskeen Pan is positioned 260km from

occur.

Upington in the Northern Cape. The

Rules:

runway is the longest of its kind in the

Leaving enough room for creativity and

Southern Hemisphere. The pan floods at

unimagined growth, the Fédération

least once a year, leaving the land com-

Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) has set

pact yet arid. A team of South African

out only three major rules. These are:

workers have been employed to clear the

1. The vehicle must have four wheels and

runway of any loose rocks in preparation

must stay on the ground at all times;

for the arrival of the Bloodhound SSC.

2. The vehicle must do two runs in opposite directions within one hour;

Travelling at a speed faster than a bullet,

3. There must be a driver in control of the

the vehicle wouldn’t stay on the ground

vehicle.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

stand a great amount of heavy loads.

The suspension is designed to with-

Suspension

of problems.

emergency shut down buttons in case

sures and communication systems and

of warning displays, fuel quantity mea-

Additionally, the cockpit has a multitude

as part of the digital display system.

right foot pedals and a speedometer

need for oxygen.

enable the Bloodhound SSC to accelerate to 1000 mph.

This engine will provide a thrust of up to 123.75kN which will

3. Rocket engine - Nammo hybrid rocket

vehicle to turn around.

wheel brakes will allow the vehicle to stop at the end of the track and prepare the

These brakes are used when traveling at a speed below 250 mph. Applying the

3. Wheel brakes

a breaking strain of 23 tonnes.

Equipped with a 32mm diameter braided line (called a strop), the parachutes have

2. Parachutes

Perforated airbrakes reduce the stress on the rear wheels by breaking up the airflow.

This system uses 2 separate hydraulic rams to reduce the chances of a brake failure.

1. Airbrakes

Braking systems

operate at 11,000 rpm, without the

The rocket fuel pump is designed to

Rocket system

20 seconds.

Like any car, the Bloodhound SSC has

a steering wheel called a yoke, left and

that 800 litres of High Test Peroxide (HTP) is sent to the rocket in

In charge of the rocket oxidiser pump, the auxiliary power unit sees

2. Auxiliary power unit - 550bhp Jaguar Supercharged V8

thrust of the Bloodhound SSC.

This is an internal combustion engine that is responsible for half the

Controls

INTERIOR DESIGN

1. Jet engine - Eurojet EJ200

Power

BLOODHOUND SSC

amount of rocks and sand shooting up from the ground during a drive.

lift and the downforce (downwards thrust),

allowing the vehicle to travel swiftly.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Wheel diameter: 91cm

Wheel weight: 95 kg each

Car mass (fully fuelled): 7786 kg

Tailfin height: 3.8 metres

Length: 13.470 metres

Wheel speed: 10,000 rpm

worn out.

minium so that they do not become

The wheels are made of solid alu-

Wheels

and pointing forward.

Responsible for keeping the vehicle stable

Fin

Flying mile: 0 - 1,000 mph in 55 seconds

Speed: 1,690 km/h or 469 m/s

Maximum horsepower: 135, 000

Performance facts

Made of steel to avoid erosion from the

The winglets add to the control of the

Technical facts

Floor

Aerodynamics

800g birdstrike at 1000 mph.

screen, the canopy protects the driver from

Similar to the design of a fighter jetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wind-

Canopy

the rear side is a metallic fabrication.

The front half is made of carbon fibre and

Bodywork

EXTERIOR DESIGN

FEATURE BLOODHOUND SSC

National Science Week 2015 Focus week 2015: 3 - 9 August 2015

PROFILE FEATURE

MAKING SCIFEST POSSIBLE A brief behind-the-scenes look at Scifest

alking into an office buzzing

government (specifically the Department

with people and sitting down at of Science and Technology) is currently the a desk cluttered by papers, I met main sponsor and there are also private

the Media Officer of Scifest Africa 2015.

companies who support the event.

Making space on his desk for my flimsy page of the event and assures me that he

Why is Scifest held at this time of the year?

is listening.

Scifest has been held in the first quarter of

notepad, Steven Lang updates the Twitter

the year for as long as it has been around. It was a pleasant interview and the busy

This is a good chance for teachers to find

setting complemented Langâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s job descrip-

ways to find inspiration for their classes

tion. After supplying me with answers

and for the youth to gain an interest in

to my questions, Lang smiled for a quick

Science.

photo and returned to his Scifest duties.

How did you promote the event?

Are there any plans to extend Scifest to other regions?

We used a wide range of channels includ-

Although the actual festival takes place in

ing press releases and advertisements in

Grahamstown (and will continue to be here

national newspapers. We also promoted

in the foreseeable future), there are many

the event through international channels

activities linked to the event that take place

such as Facebook and Twitter. Previously,

in other areas. There are also extensive out-

we relied mainly on press releases but

reach programmes that aim to assist train-

this time we used social media platforms

ers in teaching Science at rural schools.

more.

What are the positive results of the How has Scifest grown over the years? event (specifically for the youth)?

Mr Steven Lang

Scifest hosted approximately 60 000 visi-

The main purpose of Scifest is to create

tors in 2014 and has managed to receive

an interest in Science and spur curiosity.

increasing support from both the public

The event succeeds in attracting youth to a

and private sectors. The South African

career in Science and related subjects.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

KYALAMI

KYALAMI RACE TRACK Adrenalin and Mechanical Engineering at their best

Fun Fact Did you know that the Formula 1 series will hold 20 races for the calendar year and these races will be in different exotic cities all over the world?

Africa’s premier motor racing circuit there are numerous racing events held at the course throughout the year. If you love brakes, speed, adrenalin and the excitement then try to make sure you go there one day. Did you know? • The last South African Grand Prix, held at Kyalami in 1993, was won by Alain Prost. • Kyalami is isiZulu for “my home”, this is because the course is regarded as the home of South African motor sport. • Kyalami was a popular Formula One Grand Prix circuit for many years. Its last race was in 1993 but today it still hosts A1 racing and superbike events as well as a lot of other motorsports. The 4.263km anti-clockwise Kyalami circuit includes 11 turns and is a heady mix of long straights, tricky corners and the infamous mine shaft, which continues to test even the world’s best drivers. Kyalami hosts a variety of domestic racing events, as well as driver training and vehicle testing. Most weekends the

f you have ever watched motor racing on television then

sounds of racing engines can be heard as fans flock to a

you know how much of a spectacle it is. The booming

variety of events featuring all kinds of wheels from motor

noises from the engines, screeching brake sounds and

bikes to racing cars.

the whole festive atmosphere makes motor racing one of the top sports in the world.

In addition to watching motorsport, you can also test your own skills in various high-speed activities at Kyalami. Super

In South Africa we have several racecourses which include

karts can be rented for 30-minute or one-hour sessions,

the Killarney Race Track but we have one that truly stands

for drivers to test their stamina and reflexes around the

out as our very own premier racecourse, this is the Kyalami

circuit. Single-seater racing cars can also be hired through

Race Track. This course hosted the South African Grand

Fantastic Racing.

Prix which is the highest level of motorsport in the world

BMW and Audi use the track to teach their drivers the skills

between 1967 and 1985 and also in 1993. As it is South

of defensive driving , skidding, aquaplaning and blowouts.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CSIR

RESEARCH WITH THE CSIR The main research areas

he CSIR deals with many ideas,

This is a new branch of research that has

problems and solutions on a daily

resulted in Nanomedicine. Research in the

basis. Various research projects that

field has resulted in a unique way of treat-

can improve the daily lives of individuals

ing Tuberculosis through a single pill that

and communities in Africa are a major ele- acts as an alternative to multiple pills and ment of what they do.

lasts for up to two weeks.

The key research areas are: Robotics

Another example of Nanotechnology

This includes, among others, building

be applied to lessen the damage of house

robots that can work in mines through

fires. This form of fire prevention could

artificial intelligence. Mining robotics are

be supplied to areas prone to unforeseen

designed to avoid obstacles and are also

fires.

research is a fire-resistant paint that can

Rabies vaccine produced using tobacco leaves

used to aid search and rescue projects, enabling assistance in the case of a mine

Laser Technology

that are used daily, such as CD and DVD

collapse.

Lasers are used in many ways in profes-

players and is also used in additive manu-

sions such as Medicine and Engineering.

facturing (3D printing).

Nanotechnology

Laser technology can be seen in objects

Biosciences This section involves indigenous knowledge and its significance in modern technological advancements. The remedies used by traditional healers can be considered when developing new products. For example, traditional healersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; knowledge on indigenous plants can be used to develop a pill or drink with nutritional value.

Biometrics Biometrics involves using human features for security purposes. Developing a feature that scans the human eye when withdrawing money from an ATM is a project that Lobsight technology used by the SA Army

can fall under this category. Within this category is the accurate use of fingerprints, even in cases where the skin is burnt.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

UNDERGRADUATE

PEOPLE BEHIND IDEAS THAT WORK

CSIR BURSARY PROGRAMME 2016 Call for Applications The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is one of the leading multidisciplinary research and development organisations in Africa with a sterling and proud track record of developing ‘Ideas that work’ to address a wide range of challenges. With some of the best and brightest minds in the world, we provide solutions that help improve the lives of all South Africans and make a significant contribution to the global wealth of scientific knowledge. The CSIR hereby invites bursary applications from talented young people wishing to pursue careers in science, engineering, research, technology development and innovation. The CSIR Undergraduate Bursary Programme is open to all academically qualified young people and aims to attract and increase the participation of women and black people in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers. If you are a South African citizen successfully pursuing a degree in a STEM field at a South African university or a Grade 12 learner aiming to study for a degree in a STEM field in 2016, the CSIR bursary may just be for you. This is a comprehensive bursary that covers all the costs associated with university studies for the duration of the approved degree programme. Costs include:

REGISTRATION FEES

TUITION FEES

BOOKS

ACCOMMODATION

LIVING ALLOWANCE

LAPTOP ALLOWANCE

Requirements GRADE 12 LEARNERS: • A minimum of a Level 5 for English First Language or a Level 4 for English Second Language in Grade 11. • Preferably at least a Level 6 for Mathematics and Physical Science in Grade 11.

To apply for a bursary: Go to www.bursary.csir. co.za to complete and submit your application or email bursaryprogramme@csir.co.za for an application form or send your application by registered mail to CSIR Bursary Office, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001 or visit your nearest university. Should you experience any problems in submitting your application, please contact the CSIR bursary office on bursaryprogramme@csir.co.za or (012) 841 3256

The CSIR is a responsible employer; we have put measures in place to ensure that equity is implemented such that it best serves the interests of the organisation and South Africa as a whole. Preference will be given to applicants from previously disadvantaged backgrounds and people living with disabilities. This speaks to the CSIR’s commitment to the Employment Equity Act of 1998.

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: • Must have passed all courses for the study period already completed.

CLOSING DATE: 15 JUNE 2015

www.csir.co.za

Ideas that work

SCIENCE NEWS

SCIENCE NEWS The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope is currently in the design phase but will soon be entering its final preconstruction phase. The decision was taken unanimously by the SKA board of directors.

Technology has made The Department of Science andnise the work done by a call for nominations to recog aim to highlight these women in Science. The awardsyouth. women as role models for the Aaron Mostoledi, South Africa’s Minister of Health, addressed the issue of Tuberculosis (TB) at the National TB screening campaign launch in Orkney in the North West province. He said; “Anybody who comes to hospitals for any ailment, we will ask them to subject themselves for TB screening”.

If one should jump through the centre of the Earth, how long would it take to reach the other side? Physics students have previously calculated the correct answer as 42 minutes. Recently, however, 4 minutes have been deducted from that estimated time.

Psychologists claim that bored creativity. Although being boredom is good for stimulating tion, it urges the creation of oth creates feelings of frustraer activities and leaves you feeling motivated.

ely the Howard Hughes Medical International organisations, nam Gates Foundation and Simons Institute (HHMI), Bill & Melinda. The partnership announced the new Foundation have joined forces ing from this programme aims to Faculty Scholars Program. Fundtheir early careers. support American scientists in

DST

SCIFEST AFRICA 2015

A celebration of Science, inventions and selfies

e arrived in Port Elizabeth on

funky hats, colorful hair and oversized sun-

The event’s main sponsor, the Department

a bumpy ride and as we dis-

glasses. This simple apparatus proved to

of Science and Technology (DST), succeeded

embarked the Aeroplane we

be our most popular attraction.

in creating a world where all spectrums of

witnessed a rumour come to life. With hair

the studies could gather. There are career

blowing in all directions, we had safely

Surrounded by exhibitions with like-

opportunities in Research, Engineering,

made it to the Windy City. Our 1-hour

minded ideas, we realised the true extent

Astronomy, Agriculture and many other

flight left little time for browsing through

to which Science affects the lives of all.

fields of study. From airshows outside to

the air company’s on-board magazine but

Everything we see has somehow evolved

the interactive workshops inside, Scifest

our excitement and anticipation grew as

from the branches of Science, Technology,

exceeded all my expectations. Scifest

we saw a Scifest advertisement in the

Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).

opened our minds to endless possibilities.

plane’s magazine. Hopeful pupils and students were introLooking back, my first Scifest Africa expe-

duced to the key players within each

rience officially started with office talks

industry. Public and private organisa-

about the annual event and creative prep-

tions were represented and the union of

arations for our exhibition as well as our

the two rewarded interested youth with

workshop. While trying to come up with

bursary and career opportunities. For all

a way of attracting people to our exhibi-

those wanting to pursue a career in any

tion, the Science Stars team came up with

of the STEM professions, Scifest is a good

a plan. Our selfie board, as we refer to it,

stepping stone from which one could plan

was a simple frame-like cutout that united their next academic move. 18

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

WORKSHOP

LOST IN TRANSLATION A review of Science Stars magazine's workshop at Scifest

ave you ever heard someone speak and not understood a word they said? Does it seem like your

teacher is explaining the new Physics work in French? Their thoughts might be lost in translation. Science Stars has noticed a cloud of misunderstanding and developed a workshop to clarify this type of confusion. With the aim of helping the youth translate their thoughts (and the thoughts of others) into words, Lost in Translation had a daily slot throughout Scifest. The response to the workshop was interesting - we spotted all aspiring writers immediately as they attentively listened and engaged with about what was covered throughout the

But what if youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re not a writer?

workshop, as well as random questions.

Because we know that not everyone enjoys

After spending some time going through

The correct answers were rewarded with

writing, we decided to give our audience

the workshop and accepting questions

a gift pack courtesy of the Department of

advice on how to tackle those dreaded

from our learners, it was our turn to ask a

Science and Technology.

school essays. Rewriting an abstract piece

the team.

few questions. We decided to keep it simple - we asked the crowd simple questions

of information can be challenging, so

What was covered

Science Stars magazine gave eager listen-

The workshop guided attendees through

ers advice on how to make Science interest-

the magazine process, including advice

ing, exciting and understandable for other

on how to interview scientists and write

readers.

factual articles. Speaking from personal experience, the Science Stars team walked Until next year learners through the intricate walk to pro- Science Stars wishes you well on the rest duction. We covered six main steps:

of your academic journey. Remember, if you experience any hiccups along the way,

1. Brainstorming ideas;

2. Researching topics;

assignments.

3. Collecting data; Lucky winner of a DST hamper

4. The interviewing process; 5. Content creation; 6. Distribution of the publication.

You can reach us on our Facebook page (Science Stars Magazine) or on Twitter (@ScienceStars2).

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ARC

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AND PERFECT POTATOES

Not as simple as it tastes

plate of Sunday food is not com-

you haven’t got the time to keep up with

out forecasts. Inevitably, natural conditions

plete without me and a packet

the demand,” he explains.

such as soil, sun and water affect the rate

of chips would remain empty if it

wasn’t filled with me. What am I?

at which crops can be produced. Recently, Previously, Rowswell’s job would be to

researchers were able to mimic these char-

control the weather stations and send

acteristics and produce identical

If you haven’t already guessed it and your cravings haven’t begun yet, the answer to this riddle is, of course, a potato. Potatoes are an irreplaceable South African favourite, but have you ever wondered how farmers keep up with the never-ending demand for these protein-rich vegetables? With the rise of problematic crops and the shift away from organic produce, there is an ongoing debate on how healthy human interference is in the cycle of nature. Are we sure that using artificial light for plant growth is a healthy, sustainable process? Dudley Rowswell, a professional in the field of Meteorology, answers with positive

Ms Nokuthula Myeza in the lab

feedback. “It’s a way of growing food when 22

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ARC

The standard growth time is 4 weeks and all the material that is produced is virusfree and certified upon leaving the laboratory. Between the laboratory and the field, production of seed potatoes takes place in the greenhouses. Farmers then use these seed potatoes to produce potatoes in the field. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The ARC services the South African potato industry and assists seed potato producers in producing virus-free seed Fully grown in vitro potato plants

potatoes which in turn lead to production of disease-free and high yielding potatoes

Potato mother material stored in the lab

ways of producing potato mother material. by the South African farmersâ&#x20AC;? said Myeza. unsuitable soils. With the help of biotechIn charge of agricultural research projects,

Promoting food security and food safety,

nology, crops can now be multiplied faster

the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

creating virus-free mother material is a

in a lab, throughout the year and irrespec-

has implemented a strategy to keep this

way of increasing production without los-

tive of the season. Along with an increased

South African tradition going. Nokuthula

ing any of the essential attributes of the

yield of production comes job creation, a

Myeza, manager of the in-vitro genebank,

natural environment. After being planted

greater food supply, a competitive market

takes us through the process of potato

in local fields, seed potatoes grow into big

and therefore cheaper cost prices for the

production in the laboratory.

potato tubers that are sold in commercial

general public.

markets. The process, which is the start of

So, the next time you bite into a forkful of

the whole South African Seed Potato

Natural processes are being duplicated

warm, mushy potato or crunch your fingers

Certification Scheme, begins with the

and improved so that they occur faster

into a packet of flavoured potato crisps,

preparation of an artificial growth medium and affect a larger target market. Farmers

remember the extensive process that goes

which is made up of 95% water and 5%

behind the production of these vegetables.

no longer need to suffer from drought or

nutrients. This medium is bound together with a gelling agent called agar. The potato tissue is then placed on the gel-like growth medium under sterile conditions. Sterile instruments are used to cut the tissue which is then placed in the growth room. In the growth room, the tissue is exposed to artificial lighting. The intensity of light changes throughout the various stages of production. When the tissue is still in its early development, it is exposed to cool white fluorescent light (similar to natural sunlight) which aids its growth and multiplication. The tissue is exposed to purple fluorescent lights during its final growth stages in order for the leaves to open up and for the plantlets to become stronger prior to being transferred to the green-

Potato plants placed in test tubes and positioned under fluorescent white lights

house for seed potato production. Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

SCIFEST GALLERY

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

SCIFEST GALLERY

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

TOP 10

TOP 10: SUPERCARS The fastest cars on the market

hese cars are based on standard models, without any modifications,

on the roads). They reach a speed of more

than double that of most average cars.

of the world’s fastest cars since 1998.

McLaren F1 (386km/h)

and are completely legal (that’s if

Light and streamlined, the McLaren

the national speed limit will allow them

F1 has maintained a spot on the list

These supercars have made it onto the most recent list of the world’s fastest cars.

A tie between SSC Ultimate Aero and 9ff GT9-R (413km/h).

Previously recognised as the fast-

est production car in the world by the

Developed by a small team of automotive workers, this Danish

vehicle had been sold to only 15 approved

Guinness World Records, the SSC Ultimate

customers after the first prototype was

Aero reaches the same speed as the

produced in 2009.

German 9ff GT9-R sports car.

Hennessey Venom GT (435km/h)

The world’s fastest car has a price tag

the front and the rear due to the engine’s

of more than $1,000,000 (roughly R 12,

position in the middle section of the car.

Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo (399km/h) Made entirely from carbon fibre,

Zenvo ST1 (374km/h)

this American car has boot space in

Pagani Huayra (370km/h) Featured in the movie Transformers: Age of Extinction, this Italian vehicle

also received positive feedback from Top Gear magazine in 2012.

000, 000). The 7.0 litre LS7 Turbocharged V8 Twin Turbo V8 Engine produces a staggering 1244 hp, and the body is unforgettable too.

Bugatti Veyron Super Sport (431km/h) After being placed at the top spot

for 3 years, this German-designed vehicle is fitted with an 8.0 litre quad-turbocharged petrol engine.

Koenigsegg CCX (394km/h) With no extra features or unnecessary gadgets, this American car is

committed to speed.

Koenigsegg Agera (418km/h) Ideal for outdoor enthusiasts, this car not only has an impressive 5.0-

liter V8 Engine with twin turbos, but can also be fitted with special tyres and a Ski Box for snow sports. 26

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

A tie between Gumpert Apollo and Noble M600 (362km/h).

The fibreglass body of the Gumpert Apollo and the carbon fibre finish of the Noble M600 are tied at 10th place, each reaching a maximum speed of 362km/h.

AWARD WINNERS

THE BEST OF SCIFEST The list of award winners

At an event like Scifest, many companies are represented and with all the interesting activities and workshops, attracting people to your exhibition can be challenging. The following exhibitions and workshops stood out and were rewarded during a special awards ceremony held on the evening of 24 March 2015.

Best Workshop Presentation: Tic Tactical Toe by the UniZulu Science Centre Best Workshop Curriculum: Foam Gnomes by Dr Jeanita Pritchett

Best exhibition: 1st place: The Agricultural Research Council (ARC). 2nd place: Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO). 3rd place: KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CAREERS

CAREERS AND BURSARIES Your keys to entering the field of Science

t Scifest, Science Stars was intro-

on their research

duced to several companies and

conducted at

organisations that deal with youth

the CSIR, as well

upliftment. Offering bursaries, funding,

as an internship

advice and support, these professional

programme which

entities help the youth in following a

offers graduates a

career in Science, Technology, Engineering

year-long working experience

support it? The Department of Science and

and Mathematics.

at one of the national research facilities.

Technology (DST) has come up with a way

The Council for Scientific and Industrial

For more information contact Nokuthula

nary ideas. Without the need for any plan-

Research (CSIR)

Zama at (012) 841 3256 or

ning or funds, you can pursue your techno-

The CSIR offers various opportunities for

nzama@csir.co.za

logical dreams, thanks to an entity of DST

of supporting young people with extraordi-

Undergraduate and Postgraduate students

- the Technology Innovation Agency (TIA).

to complete their studies in Science,

South African Astronomical Observatory

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.

(SAAO)

More information is available at

As part of the National Research

www.tia.org.za

Bursaries are available for students study-

Foundation (NRF), the SAAO encourages

ing full-time towards a BSc, BEng or BSc

the youth to take up a career that investi-

Engenius

Honours qualifications. Applications are

gates the unknown. A career in Astronomy

Formed in conjunction with the standards

accepted between May and July each

requires research in Astrophysics and

of the Engineering Council of South Africa

year and bursaries are available to South

Space Science. Undergraduate Astronomy

(ECSA), this youth outreach programme tar-

African students enrolled at a public high-

courses are offered at the University of

gets schools on a national level.

er education institution.

Cape Town (UCT) and the University of South Africa (UNISA).

In partnership with most of the universi-

More information is available at www.engenius.org.za

ties in South Africa, as well as certain

Postgraduate studies can be pursued

international universities, the CSIR offers a

through UCT in the National Astrophysics

Other places to consider

scholarship programme. Targeted at post-

and Space Science Programme (NASSP).

Bursaries and other learning opportunities

graduate students studying at any of these Undergraduate and postgraduate bursa-

are also available through:

universities, the CSIR scholarship pro-

ries are available from the NRF (www.

gramme covers tuition funding and access

nrf.ac.za), SAAO (www.saao.ac.za) and the

• South African National Roads Agency

to the necessary equipment and facilities

Square Kilometre Array, also known as SKA

Limited (SANRAL) - www.nra.co.za

needed for research projects.

(www.ska.ac.za).

• Old Mutual - www.oldmutual.co.za/

The CSIR also offers a studentship pro-

Youth Technology Innovation Fund (YTIF)

• Council for the Built Environment (CBE) -

gramme which funds graduates based

Have you ever had an idea but no one to

www.cbe.org.za

accounting.

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DST FEATURE

MEERKAT ANTENNA Deputy President visits Carnarvon

n 28 February 2015, Deputy

unveiled the second MeerKAT antenna

President Cyril Ramaphosa was

during the site visit. Still in its early stages

guided through a site visit of the

of development, the MeerKAT is set to

MeerKAT and Square Kilometre Array (SKA) have a total of 64 antennas which is SA project in South Africa’s Karoo desert.

expected to be completed in 2016.

Positioned in the small town of Carnarvon, the world’s largest and most sensitive

The SKA SA project, which was established

radio telescope is being built.

in 2003, saw its first MeerKAT antenna inaugurated in 2014. The MeerKAT pro-

The SKA Organisation is an international

gramme is an SKA precursor and was

team of professionals in the fields of

known as the world’s largest array radio

Science and Technology. This project aims

telescope before the development of SKA.

to uncover the hidden mysteries of the Universe by studying the sky at a rate

The project aims to encourage skills

much faster than any existing telescopic

development in the fields of Science and

system is able to.

Technology and attract young people to the studies. Employing a South African

Alongside the Minister of Science and

team of researchers and engineers, the

Technology, Ms Grace Naledi Mandisa

project is supported by the Department of

Pandor, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa officially

Science and Technology.

Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa and Minister Naledi Pandor

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.

REMOTE SEN SIN

Y ENGINEER C EN

SPACE WEA TH

RADIO FREQ U

NS TECH TIO NI A C ER

N IA

SATELLITE O P

However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!

CHER SEAR E R

ORECASTER F ER

DST FEATURE

WeWe useuse communication communication satellites satellites every every dayday when when we we watch watch Digital Digital Satellite Satellite television television (DStv), (DStv), access access thethe internet internet or use or use ourour cellcell phones. phones.

Navigation Navigation apps apps useuse GPSGPS satellites satellites to accurately to accurately steer steer youyou to your to your requested requested destination. destination.

Spacecraft Spacecraft areare launched launched intointo space space on rockets on rockets andand need need to be to be monitored monitored along along thethe way. way. SANSA SANSA provides provides launch launch support support andand recently recently assisted assisted twotwo Mars Mars launches launches – NASA’s – NASA’s Mars Mars Science Science Laboratory Laboratory andand India’s India’s Mars Mars Orbiter Orbiter Mission. Mission.

Weather Weather in space in space cancan damage damage satellites satellites andand interfere interfere with with ourour technology technology likelike GPS, GPS, cellcell phones phones andand internet. internet. SANSA SANSA keeps keeps a a close close eyeeye on space on space weather weather to protect to protect ourour technology technology in in space space andand on Earth. on Earth.

Images Images from from satellites satellites are are used used to develop to develop maps maps andand monitor monitor natural natural disasters disasters likelike floods floods andand droughts. droughts.

South South African African National National Space Space Agency Agency

Tel +27 Tel 12 +27 844 120398 844 0398 | Fax| +27 Fax 12 +27 844 120396 844 0396 EmailEmail information@sansa.org.za information@sansa.org.za | Website | Website www.sansa.org.za www.sansa.org.za

Terminology

DST

Light bulb light generation - The process by which a light bulb produces its light. Incandescent - An electric light which produces light with a wire thread-like structure heated to a high temperature by an electric current passing through it until it glows. Luminescent - This is light produced without generating heat. The light is generated through a chemical or biochemical reaction.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT

It all begins with a spark

Combustion - This produces light through a reaction between oxygen and another chemical to produce a higher temperature and light. Electric Arc - This type of light comes to be when an electric arc leaps the gap between two electrodes thereby producing light. Gas Discharge - This is light generated through sending an electrical discharge through an ionised gas i.e fluorescent lighting. High Intensity Discharge - This basically replaces the filament of a light bulb with a gas caps

object and bringing it out as opposed to

Natural

the other objects in a room. It could be

Sunlight, candlelight and firelight; this is

a picture, painting or a piece of furniture.

light that moves and is sometimes referred

A light-bulb and a paper shield can help

to as kinetic. The quality of natural light,

you achieve this type of lighting. The good sunlight in particular, depends on many things - the time of the day, weather and thing is its perfectly cheap to recreate. the time of the season. Next time see how Task

the different seasons affect the type of

Task lighting is the lighting normally used natural light you see. to perform daily activities such as reading, These are just a few of the many types of

Ambient lighting: A Japanese paper shade gives off ambient lighting

cooking or looking closely at something.

light we have. Can you name any other

It normally ensures the eyes are not hurt

types of light?

by direct light. A reading lamp is a perfect example of this.

Did you know? There are about five different methods

o we all know about light and how

Aesthetic

of light bulb light generation. These are

it works.. Wait.. Do we actually?

This is the type of light used to highlight

Incandescent, Luminescent, Combustion,

Maybe, just maybe there are a few

decorative elements. A blue neon table

Electric Arc, Gas discharge and High

more things we could learn about light.

would be a perfect example of this type of Intensity Discharge. lighting. A spotlight illuminating a statue

There are many different types of light.

on a pedestal or portrait on the wall is

Activity

And we are going to try to explore a few

also artistic and a good example of this

Can you try to find objects that recreate

of these:

type of lighting.

these different methods and name them?

Ambient This is that type of light that gives the room a soft and warm glow. It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t create a lot of shadows. You can create this type of light by using a dimmer or some Japanese paper shades which you can usually find in Chinese stores. Accent This is also known as directional light-

Natural lighting: Sunlight occurs naturally and depends on no artificial factors

ing. It focuses on lighting a particular 32

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

QUIZ

Test your brain

1 2

What is light? A. What we see with our eyes B. A form of energy that travels in waves C. A form of material that reflects

Reflection happens when light strikes and then _____ a surface. A. Breaks B. Bounces off C. Reflects

Which tool can be used to separate white light into different colours?

Which of the following would reflect the most light?

A. Mirror B. Telescope

B. Ceramic cup

C. Prism

C. Mirror

The colours that make up white light are called _____? A. Prism

The law of reflection involves two light rays. They are? A. Light and dark

B. Visible spectrum

B. Incoming and outgoing

C. Energy waves

C. Soft and hard

What do light rays do as they pass from one transparent

Which three things can light rays travel through?

material to another?

A. Solids, liquids, gases

A. Bend

B. Air, water, outer space

B. Disappear

C. Humans, plants, animals

C. Reflect

7 8 9 10

A. Wooden table

What property allows light to pass through a material without

What does a lens do?

the material being scattered in different directions?

A. Refracts light

A. Translucency

B. Magnifies light

B. Reflection

C. Takes pictures

C. Transparency

Lost in Translation Bongi eats at a local restaurant during his first visit to Hakskeen Pan...

May I have a light snack please?

Lost in Translation is produced by Roswika Media Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

PUZZLE

WORD SEARCH WORD SEARCH E

ENGINE LIGHT SPEED

GRAHAMSTOWN

SCIFEST

WHEELS

WORKSHOP

RACECOURSE

ROCKET

JET

BLOODHOUND

HORSEPOWER

SUPERSONIC

CAR

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

DOWN 1. What is the Bloodhound SSC? 2. The ______ provides a degree of control, the lift and downforce?

3. Who holds the current land speed record?

4. What jet engine is installed in the

Bloodhound SSC? 5. What is the acronym of these subjects: 3

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics?

6. Is 1, 610 km/ph (1000 m/ph) possible, yes/no?

ACROSS 1. The high speed wheels are forged from _______?

2. Who will drive the Bloodhound SSC? 6 6

3. How many engines does the Bloodhound SSC have? 4. Bloodhound SSC travels faster than a ________? 5. How much does each wheel weigh? 6. Where will the testing of the Bloodhound SSC be held?

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ANSWERS

Health and Medical Science magazine

Health Word Scramble

SCIENCESTARS ISSUE 08

1. ACATRBEI- BACTERIA

9. ULGSN - LUNGS

2. LBDOO - BLOOD

10. REAWT - WATER

3. ELGYALR - ALLERGY

11. ERTHA - HEART

4. IEXEESRC - EXERCISE

12. XGYNEO - OXYGEN

5. ISVUR - VIRUS

13. IESADSE - DISEASE

6. LPSHIOAT - HOSPITAL

14. OSTYMMSP - SYMPTOMS

7. IEIMDECN - MEDICINE

15. ESNUR - NURSE

8. EIHYGEN - HYGIENE

LIFE WITHIN HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

QUIZ 4

1. Cerebrum

2. Liver

R 1 1

N I

N E 2

U 6

S 5

A N

Y 3

5. Liver

H 4

4. Skin

M E

3. 206

6. 70 beats 7. Brain 8. Myopia U

S M

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

DST

Terminology Electric field: The electric force per unit charge. Electromagnetic spectrum: Putting waves in order of wavelength. Electromagnetic wave: A wave produced by the acceleration of an electric charge and propagated by the periodic variation of intensities. Magnetism: Physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields which arise due to temperature, pressure and other variables.

AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT SANSA explores light in all its forms

Wavelength: The frequency of a wave.

hat SANSA does

study of the space environment and the

fraudulent notes.

Studying what happens

effects of the sun on it;

X-rays - Medical purposes.

between the earth and the

• Space Engineering Programme - in

Gamma rays - Nuclear power plants, nucle-

sun, the South African National Space

charge of building satellites through

us of an atom, Sun and stars.

Agency (SANSA) is made up of a team

research on Physics, Maths, Electronics and

of professionals in the fields of Physics,

Mechatronics.

Listening to the radio and watching TV

Mathematics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

Established in 2010, the agency has four programmes. These include; • Earth Observation Programme -

Did you know?

The classes of the electromagnetic spectrum and examples of everyday objects they exist in:

is made possible when a satellite dish

Radio - Televisions, Telephones, Radio sta-

mits with one frequency and receives with

tions, Telescopes.

one frequency so that there is no interfer-

researches agricultural factors such as soil, Microwave - Microwaves, Cellular phones. water and vegetation;

Infrared - TV remotes, body heat, security

• Space Operations Programme - provides

cameras, health services.

ground station facilities and services;

Visible - Anything we see with our naked

• Space Science Programme - based in

eye.

Cape Town, this programme facilitates the

Ultraviolet - Banks use this to detect any

amplifies frequencies and sends it back to a receiving earth station. The satellite sub-

ence in the channels.

Task Research the differences between longitudinal and transverse waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

ACTIVITY

THE STORY OF LIGHT A workshop by UniZulu Science Centre

overing various topics centred on

glass).

light (such as the types of light,

following terms and then use them to do the activity:

the energy and intensity of light),

A. Reflection - this occurs when light

C. Diffraction - this occurs when light

the Science Centre of the University of

bounces off a surface (for example, when

bends because of an obstacle or a slit.

Zululand (UniZulu) hosted an interactive

it shines through a mirror).

workshop named; The Story of Light.

Light behaves in different ways when exposed to various situations. Study the

D. Interference - this is a result of conB. Refraction - this occurs when light

structive or destructive light (responsible

bends in different mediums or densities

for the colours that are formed at the back

(like when you look through a magnifying

of a CD).

Activity

What you need:

• Place the R1 coin under the glass.

• Slowly fill the glass up to 1/3 with

• A jug with water

• Look through the side of the glass.

water.

• An empty glass

What do you see?

• Look through the side of the glass again. What do you see now?

• A R1 coin

What happened? When the glass is empty, the coin is visible. Once water is poured into the glass, the coin is no longer visible through the side of the glass. What is the reason for this? A. Reflection B. Refraction

Your task: Do further research on the four behaviours of light and compile a list of examples of each that can be seen in everyday life.

C. Diffraction D. Interference

Science Stars Magazine Scifest Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

Cut out and place on your wall for easy reference

DRAFTFCB CAPE TOWN 10003863CT/E

PLEASE JOIN ADOPT-A-SCHOOL FOUNDATION AS WE CELEBRATE MADIBAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S LIFE AND HIS PASSION FOR EDUCATION BY GOING BACK TO SCHOOL FOR A DAY.

ANYBODY CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE THROUGH DONATING THEIR TIME, KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND RESOURCES.

Join Adopt-a-School Foundation to celebrate Mandela Day by going back to a school in need of a makeover! Save the Date and start planning your Back to School for a Day on Mandela Day.

gardening / landscaping

sports / recreation

minor renovations

educational resources

feeding schemes

educator admin

TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE IN EDUCATION! Visit www.adoptaschool.org.za/get-involve/backtoschoolfortheday/ for help in identifying a school to support and for more information on how to plan a successful corporate volunteering event for Mandela Day.