Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology, Second Edition

Second Edition

Illustrated Dictionary

of

Mycology Miguel Ulloa and Richard T. Hanlin

e

Entomogenous perithecial stromata of Cordyceps melolonthae var. rickii on a parasitized coleopteran larva (TH)

173

e

e- a Latin particle employed as a pref. that implies the idea of the loss of something, as in ecaudate, i.e., without a tail. See ec-. earth ball (OE. eorthe > ME. erthe > E. earth, earth; ME. ball, balle < OF. < G. ballax, spherical structure): common name for members of the Sclerodermatales (Scleroderma) and Hymenogastrales (Sclerogaster), which form globose fructifications in the soil. See puffball.

Earth stars, fruiting bodies of Geastrum sp., x 0.5 (RV).

Earth ball (fruiting body) of Scleroderma polyrhizum, x 1 (RTH).

earth tongue (OE. eorthe > ME. erthe > E. earth, earth; ME. tunge, tongue): the common name of the ascocarp of species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum (Helotiales).

Earth balls (fruiting bodies) of Scleroderma lycoperdoides, x 0.3 (TH).

earth star (OE. eorthe > ME. erthe > E. earth, earth; ME. sterre > OE. steorra, star): a basidioma of Geastrum (Lycoperdales), in which the exoperidium splits into several more or less triangular segments that fold back in a star-like manner.

Earth tongues of Geoglossum nigritum and Geoglossum sp., x 1 (RV).

174

echinate eccrinid (< gen. Eccrinidus < Gr. ekkríno, to separate, expel + L. suf. -idus, state or action): a member of the order Eccrinales, e.g., Eccrinidus flexilis, Trichomycetes that live as endocommensals in the digestive tract of arthropods.

Earth tongues (ascocarps) of Geoglossum sp., x 0.5 (RV).

ec-, ex- (Gr. ek): a variable pref., ec-, before a consonant, or ex-, before a vowel, is a pref. that alludes to something that moves away, changes, or is lacking, as in the generic name Eccilia (=Entoloma, of the Agaricales, which signifies an uncommon veil). eccentric, excentric (Gr. ékkentros, not in the center + suf. -íkos > L. -icus > E. -ic, belonging to or relating to): 1. Oomycota. A type of oospore in which the ooplast is displaced from the center, in contact with the internal wall of the oogonium, for which reason it is not completely surrounded by the oil droplets that constitute the reserve substances, as is observed, e.g., in Scoliolegnia (=Saprolegnia) asterophora (Saprolegniales). 2. Basidiomycetes. A stipe that is not attached to the center of the pileus of the basidiocarp, as occurs in some agaricaceous and polyporaceous fungi, e.g., Amauroderma sp. and Ganoderma curtisii, of the Aphyllophorales. Cf. centric and subcentric.

Eccrinidus flexilis, an endocommensal eccrinid of myriapods and diplopods, x 20 (MU).

echinate (L. echinatus, having spines or structures similar to spines < echinus < Gr. echínos, porcupine, sea urchin + L. suf. -atus > E. -ate, provided with or likeness): covered with spines or bristles that recall the porcupine. E.g., the conidia of Aspergillus carbonarius (moniliaceous asexual fungi), the ascospores of Tuber melanosporum (Pezizales), and the basidiocarps of Lycoperdon echinatum (Lycoperdales) are echinate.

See echinulate.

Echinate conidia of Aspergillus carbonarius, x 900 (MU).

Echinate ascospores inside an ascus of Tuber melanosporum, x 1,200 (EAA).

Eccentric stipe of the basidiocarp of Amauroderma sp., x 0.5 (MU).

175

echinid

Echinate basidiocarps of Lycoperdon echinatum, x 0.5 (EPS).

echinid, echinidium, pl. echinidia (L. echinus < Gr. echĂ­nos, porcupine, sea urchin + L. dim. suf. -idium): a type of marginal hair characteristic of the covering of the pileus of species of Mycena and Marasmius (Agaricales), not of the hymenium, although at times it is present in portions next to the hymenium due to an invasion; it varies in shape from clavate to sphaeropedunculate, fusiform or lageniform, and has spines, diverticula or bristles that give it a peculiar appearance. echinulate (NL. echinulatus, provided with small spines or with the appearance of small spines < echinus < Gr. echĂ­nos, porcupine, sea urchin + L. suf. -atus > E. -ate, provided with or likeness): like echinate, but with the spines or bristles smaller and less rigid. Applied mainly when it refers to microscopic structures or to microorganisms. E.g., the sporangial wall of Actinomucor elegans and the sporangiola of Cunninghamella echinulata (Mucorales), the conidia of Penicillium echinulatum (moniliaceous asexual fungi), and the urediniospores of Puccinia graminis tritici (Uredinales) are echinulate.

Echinulate sporangiola of Cunninghamella echinulata, x 900 (MU).

Echinulate sporangium of Actinomucor elegans, x 850 (MU).

Echinulate urediniospores of Puccinia graminis tritici, x 400 (MU).

Echinulate sporangiola of Cunninghamella echinulata, x 300, insert, x 1,200 (MU).

176

ectomycorrhiza eclosion (Fr. éclosion < éclore, to hatch, prob. < VL. exclaudere, alteration of L. excludere, to hatch, mature, to expel, to throw out): an explosive series of movements that result in the release of a germinating inner spore from a rigid exosporium, as occurs in the ascospores of Hypoxylon fragiforme (Xylariales). eco- (Gr. oîkos > L. oeco-, house or inn): a pref. employed in the formation of compound terms that refer to the environment or the natural habitat to which an organism is related, as in ecology (the branch of science that treats of the interrelations of organisms and their environment) and ecospecies (subdivision of a coenospecies, more or less equivalent to a taxonomic species, capable of undergoing a free interchange of genes among its members without impairing fertility, but less capable of achieving fertile crosses with members of other subdivisions), etc. ecorticate (e, L. particle employed as a pref., e-, implies the idea of the loss of something + L. corticatus, having bark < corticea, des. fem. of corticeus, bark, + suf. -atus > E. -ate, provided with or likeness): without bark. ecotype (Gr. oîkos, house or inn + týpos, type): a part of an ecospecies whose morphological, physiological and other characteristics appear to be genetically determined but influenced by environmental selection and isolation. Some consider an ecotype as a taxonomic subspecies, whereas others do not think that it has important taxonomic significance. ect-, ecto- (Gr. ektós, outside, external): a pref. employed in various compound terms of Gr. origin to allude to something external or that is related to the exterior of another thing, as in ectangial and ectoascus. Equal to exo-. Cf. endo-. ectal (Gr. ektós, outside, external + L. suf. -alis > E. -al, relating to or belonging to): external, the outermost, superficial. Cf. ental. ectangial, ectoangial (Gr. ektós, outside, external + angeîon, vessel, receptacle + L. suf. -alis > E. -al, relating to or belonging to): formed or developed outside of a conceptacle, like the zoospores in the vesicle of Pythium (Peronosporales). Cf. entangial. ectoascus, pl. ectoasci (L. ecto < Gr. ektós, outside, external + L. ascus < Gr. askós, sack, pouch): the outer layer of the ascus wall, which on breaking permits the extension of the endoascus. It is present in fungi of the Loculoascomycetes, such as Sporormiella (=Preussia) australis (Pleosporales). See bitunicate. ectochroic (Gr. ektós, outside, to the exterior + chrõs, color + suf. -íkos > L. -icus > E. -ic, belonging to or relating to): refers to a hypha that has pigmentation on the exterior. Cf. endochroic.

Ectoascus (EC) and endoascus (EN) of a young bitunicate ascus of Sporormiella (=Preussia) australis, x 600 (RTH).

ectocommensal (Gr. ektós, outside, external + L. commensalis, one who shares a table < cum, with + mensa, table + suf. -alis > E. -al, relating to or belonging to): an exterior commensal. See commensal. ectomycorrhiza, pl. ectomycorrhizae (Gr. ektós, outside, external + mýkes, fungus + rhíza, root): a mycorrhiza in which the hyphae of the associated fungus only grow intercellularly, never within the cells of the associated plant; e.g., the symbiosis between Pisolithus tinctorius (Sclerodermatales) and the roots of pine seedlings. Cf. endomycorrhiza.

Ectomycorrhizae of pine roots formed

by Pisolithus tinctorius, x 0.6 (MU).

177

ectoparasite ectoparasite, ectoparasitic (Gr. ektós, outside + parásitos < pará, at the side of, together + sîtos, flour, bread, food in general; or + suf. -íkos > L. -icus > E. -ic, belonging to, relating to): a parasitic organism which for the most part develops on the exterior of another organism (the host), from which it is nourished by means of haustoria that penetrate the cells or tissues of the host. For example, the Laboulbeniales (such as Rickia, e.g., R. apiculifera, common on coleopterous passalids, and Laboulbenia, such as L. formicarum, which lives on ants, and L. elongata), are ectoparasites of arthropods; the powdery mildews (Erysiphales), which attack various vascular plants, also are ectoparasites. Cf. endoparasite. See epibiotic, endobiotic and interbiotic.

Ectomycorrhizae of pine roots formed

by Pisolithus tinctorius, x 1 (MU).

Ectoparasitic thalli (arrows) of Rickia apiculifera on the body of a coleopterous passalid (Chondrocephalus debilis), x 10 (MU).

Ectomycorrhizae of pine roots formed

by Pisolithus tinctorius, x 3 (DM).

Ectoparasitic thalli of Rickia apiculifera on the abdomen of a coleopterous passalid (Chondrocephalus debilis), x 20 (MU).

Ectoparasitic thalli of Rickia apiculifera on the body of a coleopterous passalid (Chondrocephalus debilis), x 30 (MU).

Ectomycorrhizae of pine roots formed by Pisolithus tinctorius, seen in longitudinal section, x 300 (DM).

178

ectoplasm

Ectoparasitic thalli of Rickia apiculifera on the leg of a coleopterous passalid (Chondrocephalus debilis), x 40 (MU).

Ectoparasitic thalli of Laboulbenia formicarum on the body of an ant, x 250 (GVD).

Ectoparasitic thalli of Rickia apiculifera on the leg of a coleopterous passalid (Chondrocephalus debilis), x 40 (MU).

Ectoparasitic thalli of Laboulbenia formicarum on the head of an ant, x 65 (GVD).

Ectoparasitic thalli of Laboulbenia formicarum on the body of an ant, x 130 (GVD).

Ectoparasitic thalli of Laboulbenia elongata, x 250 (RTH).

ectophloeodic, ectophloeodal, ectophloeic (Gr. ektós, outside, external + phloiós > L. phloeo, bark): refers to the thallus of crustaceous lichens that are found on the surface of tree bark. Syn. of epiphloeodic. Cf. endophloeodic. ectoplacodium, pl. ectoplacodia (Gr. ektós, outside + NL. placodium < Gr. plakós, plaque + L. suf. -odium, resembling < Gr. ode, like < -oeídes, similar to): see placodium. ectoplasm (Gr. ektós, outside, to the exterior + plásma, formation, bland material of which a living being is formed): an external layer of the cytoplasm, relatively rigid and free of granules, that can revert from a gel to a sol state, as occurs in the plasmodial veins of the Myxomycetes. Cf. endoplasm.

179

ectospore ectospore (Gr. ektós, outside, to the exterior + sporá, spore): an exogenous spore. A term formerly used to designate a basidiospore. Syn. of exospore. ectostroma, pl. ectostromata (Gr. ektós, outside + strõma, bed, small cushion): in the stromatic Pyrenomycetes, such as species of Eutypa (Xylariales) and Cryphonectria (Diaporthales), it represents the stroma situated in the periderm of the host plant, above the endostroma (internal stroma in which the perithecia form); generally, the ectostroma produces conidia. In other stromatic Pyrenomycetes, such as the species of Xylaria (Xylariales), the ectostroma (which is usually dark in color) is penetrated by the ostiolar necks of the perithecia and is clearly separated from the endostroma, which is much less pigmented.

Cf. endostroma.

Ectostroma (EC) and endostroma (EN) of Cryphonectria (=Endothia) parasitica; the perithecia are embedded in the endostroma and their ostiolar necks protrude from the ectostroma, x 25 (MU).

Ectostroma (arrow) and endostroma of the perithecial stroma of Xylaria sp., seen in transverse section, x 80 (MU).

ectothecal (Gr. ektós, outside + L. thecicus, belonging to or relating to the theca < Gr. thêke, box; here, of the asci + L. pref. -alis > E. -al, belonging to or relating to): Ascomycetes. Having the hymenium exposed.

ectothrix (Gr. ektós, outside + thríx, hair): one of the two modes of invasion by fungi of the hair of man and animals, in which the parasite forms a layer of arthrospores in a mosaic outside the axis of the hairs, as happens in the ectothritic species Microsporum audouinii and M. canis (moniliaceous asexual fungi).

Cf. endothrix.

Ectothrix invasion of a human hair

by Microsporum canis, x 260 (MU).

ectotroph (Gr. ektós, outside + trépho, to feed, nourish): 1. Mycorrhizae. A mycorrhizogenous fungus that does not penetrate the cells of the host plant, but remains outside the root, or at most, insinuates itself between the cells; also applied to a mycorrhiza formed by a fungus with this behavior. The name ectotroph is due to the fungus obtaining from the external medium the nutrients that it provides for the host. 2. Lichens.

A cephalodium that is formed on the thallus. Cf. endotroph. ectotropic (Gr. ektós, outside, on the exterior + trépo, to revolve, to turn): something that curves away from its point of origin. Cf. endotropic. ectotunica (Gr. ektós, outside, on the exterior + L. tunica, covering, wrapper): the external layer of a bitunicate ascus. Syn. of exotunica. Cf. endotunica. ectozoic (Gr. ektós, outside + zõon, animal + suf.

-íkos > L. -icus > E. -ic, belonging to or relating to): fungi that develop on the exterior of living animals as commensals, symbionts or parasites, as happens, e.g., in the Laboulbeniales. Cf. endozoic. edaphic (Gr. édaphos, soil + suf. -íkos > L. -icus > E. -ic, belonging to or relating to): relating to the soil. edaphosphere (Gr. édaphos, soil + sphaîra, sphere, scope): the area of the soil that is free of any effect produced by the roots of plants, beyond the rhizosphere. The microbial composition of the edaphosphere differs qualitatively and quantitatively from that of the rhizosphere; the latter is generally richer in fungal species, including mycorrhizae. See rhizosphere. edible, esculent (LL. edibilis < L. edere, to eat; L. esculentus, edible, good to eat < esca, food < edere, to eat + suf. -ulentus, that abounds in): edible; not causing damage after being ingested. There are many 180

edible fungi species of edible fungi, mainly among the macroscopic forms, wild as well as cultivated. Morchella esculenta (Pezizales), e.g., is an edible species much appreciated for its culinary properties; in fact, the specific epithet reflects this property (L. esculenta, edible). Other edible species are in the gen. Amanita, Volvariella, Lactarius (Agaricales) and Hypomyces lactifluorum (Hypocreales), the latter parasitizes Russula delica.

Cf. poisonous fungus.

Edible basidiocarp of Lactarius indigo, x 0.5 (RV).

Edible ascocarps of Morchella esculenta, x 0.2 (SA).

Edible basidiocarps of Russula delica (Agaricales) parasitized by Hypomyces lactifluorum, x 1 (RV).

Edible basidiocarps of Amanita caesarea, x 0.3 (RV).

Edible basidiocarps of Volvariella bombycina, x 0.3 (RV).

edible fungi, sing. fungus (LL. edibilis < edere, to eat + L. suf. -ibilis, -ible; L. fungus, sfungus, fungus < Gr. sp贸ngos, sph贸ngos, sponge): a wide variety of macromycetes are utilized as an important source of food in many regions of the world, especially fleshy basidiomycetes of the order Agaricales, e.g., Agaricus, Boletus, Coprinus, Lactarius, Lepista, Macrolepiota, Pleurotus, Termitomyces and Tricholoma, as well as of other orders, such as Cantharellus (Aphyllophorales) and Lycoperdon (Lycoperdales). Accurate species identification is important, but the genera of edible species (e.g., Amanita, Boletus, Coprinus) contain others that are nonedible or poisonous.There also are various edible ascomycetes, mainly in the gen.

Morchella (the morels) and Helvella (the saddle fungus), as well as the different varieties of truffles (Tuber, Terfezia and Tirmania, of the Pezizales), some of which are cultivated. In the basidiomycetes, the edible part is generally the basidioma, but in the Aphyllophorales Laccocephalum (=Polyporus) mylittae (of Australia), Wolfiporia extensa (=Poria cocos), of North America, and some tropical species of Lentinus, the sclerotium is consumed as food, since 181