10.Infectious Disease Threats In Twenty First Century

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 17 IVSA Standing Committe on One Health April 2020 Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century Sachin Shrestha Abstract Recently we are facing global pandemic of CoViD-19. It has kneeled down all the people in the world. It has first seen in Wuhan p rovince of China. Researchers has suggested that it is zoonotic and it is transmitted to human from bat and it is contagious. Till now it has affected almost 440 thousand population of world and death tolls reaches to 19000 whereas 112 thousand people have already recovered and living normal life. COVID-19 shows the symptoms similar to general flu. The present condition of people suggests that we people are not ready to face such type of outbreaks till now and more efforts need to be done to cope with such types of outbreaks in coming future. INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND WE Infectious disease are caused by pathogenic micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses’ parasites or fungi. It can spread directly or indirectly from one person to another. Likewise zoonotic disease are infectious of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to human. Human have been ruling this planet since long time. Being the most intelligent creature on earth human have failed to move along with nature, thus nature played its part. Our national interest are inevitably linked to the health of people throughout the world. Health, like education, is an investment in human capital that can help break cycles of poverty and political instability and is of fundamental importance is shaping and stability and well-being of a nation or region. The tragedy of all the outbreaks till now has deeply scarred large regions of the continent and it threatens to undermine economic progress, institutional strength and the survival of family units. Although less visible than the other outbreaks the human toll of economic hardships and social instability in Russia has resulted in a 10-year decrease in birth rate from the mid-80sto the mid-90s, far lower than the replacement rate needed standard of living. These are only 2 examples of global health events that could threaten peace, prosperity and international relationships in the decades to come. The global reach of emerging infectious issuance of ‘Microbial Threats to Health Emergence, Detection and Response’ (2003), the SARS epidemic pandemic can emerge with astonishing speed and spread globally in matter of weeks. Shortly thereafter Bovine Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease) and Monkey pox emerged for the first time in the Americas. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) contributes to improved global health through studies that advise on how to reduce the burden of disease and disability in developing countries, that illuminate emerging threats to international and global health and that emphasize infectious disease the most truly global threat to health. How infectious disease start? Infectious disease today ignore geographic and political boundaries, and thus constitute a global threat that places every nation and every person at risk. Food products, livestock, exotic pets and material goods and the microbes they carry are exchanged as culture from every region of the world are explored.- Microbial Threats to Health, 2003 Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection and Response (2003) concludes that the public health and medical communities are inadequately prepared to deal effectively with infectious disease. Many reports on infectious disease describes scientific, social and political 30

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 17 IVSA Standing Committe on One Health April 2020 trends that have influenced infection and disease emergence and control over the past decades. New or previously unrecognized diseases (such as SARS) have emerged and known disease that thought to be virtually eradicated have reappeared, occasionally in epidemic proportion. WHO has been working together with all the countries in the globe to cope with all the epidemic. Observing the present condition of the world we can say that we are not yet ready to face the epidemic. Unlike viruses and microorganisms the agents of most known infectious disease prions are an abnormally shaped form of a normal mammalian protein. Identified in 1982, prions appears to be associated with a group of uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disease called Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), which include ‘Mad Cow’s Disease’ conventional method used to diagnose most infectious disease fail to detect TSEs. There is no cure, prophylaxis or fail-safe ante mortem diagnostic test for TSEs. A decade worth of attempts of develop effective prion detection tests have failed. Effective treatment for TSEs fails because of lack of proper funding, investigators, lab facilities. International collaboration offers opportunities to expand that capacity. Today’s superpower countries have been spending its fund only to aircrafts, missiles and weapons. Recent CoVid-19 outbreak have shown that being supremacy on weapons is not enough. One need to provide enough look to proper research and health facilities. MAJOR DISEASE OUTBREAK IN HUMAN HISTORY We human have faced many disease outbreak in history. At past there was no proper care thus it becomes more difficult eradicate disease. Likewise superstition had also enraged the condition at past. The pandemic emerged at past remained at only one region but at present due to vast development of transportation facilities disease seen in one region takes no longer time to reach every nook and corner of the country. Major disease outbreaks; 1.Prehistoric epidemic: Circa 3000 B.C 2.Plague of Athens:430 B.C 3.Antonine Plague:165-180 A.D 4.Plague of Cyprian:250-271 A.D 5.Plague of Justinian:541-542 A.D 6.The Black Death:1346-1353 A.D 7.Cocoliztli Epidemic:1545-1548 A.D 8.The American Plague:16th century 9.Great plague London:1665-1666 A.D 10. Plague of Marseille: 1720-1723 A.D 11. Russian Plague: 1770-1772 A.D 12. Philadelphia Yellow Fever : 1793 13. Flu Pandemic: 1889-1890 A.D 14. American Polio Epidemic: 1916 15. Spanish Flu: 1918-1920 16. Asian Flu: 1957-1958 17. AIDS Pandemic : 1981-Present 18. Swine Flu Pandemic: 2014-1016 A.D 19. Ebola Epidemic: 2014-2016 A.D 20. Zika Virus: 2015-present 21. COVID-2019-Present These pandemic have infected billions of population and caused death of millions of population. Human need to learn from these outbreaks to prevent the future epidemic. The superpower countries need to invest more on research and health facilities than on weapons. The organizations working in the betterment of the human health all over the world need to take all the countries in hand to hand to control the future outbreaks. Cause Rank Estimated number of death Respiratory infection 1 3871000 HIV/AIDS 2 2866000 Diarrheal disease 3 2001000 Tuberculosis 4 1644000 Malaria 5 1124000 Measles 6 745000 Pertussis 7 285000 Tetanus 8 282000 Meningitis 9 173000 Syphilis 10 167000 Source: WHO 2002 Table:Leading Infectious Causes of Death Worldwide, 31

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