16.COVID-19 - Global Matter Of Concern at Present

COVID 19- Global Matter of Concern at present.

ABSTRACT Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID19); a zoonotic virus today, being a global matter of concern after its outbreak on 31st December 2019, first notified in Wuhan, China. World Health Organiza- tion(WHO) made the assessment that COVID19 can be characterized as a pan- demic on March 11,2020 after its huge outbreak outside the China and many countries. Though, virus itself is not too dangerous observing the previous his- tory, it is threat because no vaccines are made till date for both human and animals and are on trails.

Usha Khatri

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 17 IVSA Standing Committe on One Health April 2020 INTRODUCTION Coronaviruses(CoV) are a large fami- ly of viruses that causes illness rang- ing from the common cold to more se- vere diseases. Coronavirus disease was first described in 1931, with the first coronavirus(HCoV-229E) isolated from humans in 1965. Until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in late 2002, only two human coronavi- ruses(HCoV) were known-HCoVA-229E & HCoV-OC43. Once the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coro- na-virus(SARS-CoV) had been identi- fied, two further human coronaviruses were identified. Three groups coronaviruses exist: Group1(HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) Group2(HCoVOC43 and HCoV-HKU1) Group3(no human CoVs as yet) But, the new coronavirus disease as an outbreak of respiratory illness proved to be infected by a 2019 novel corona- virus, officially named Coronavirus Dis- ease 2019, notified in Wuhan, China. MORPHOLOGY OF VIRUS Coronaviruses(CoV) are divided into four genera, including α-/β-/gamma- /δ-CoV. α- and β-CoVs are able to infect mammals, while gamma - and δ-CoV tend to infect birds. The SARS-CoV-2 is a beta-coronavi- rus, which is enveloped non-segment- ed positive-sense RNA virus.They have polycistronic plus-stranded RNA ge- nomes (about 26-32 kilobases) long with 80x160 nm diameter, with 12-24 nm surface projections ( spikes ) that cause the corona (Latin: crown, appear- ance) S- spike E- envelope M- membrane N- nucleocapsid ETIOLOGY The disease- COVID-1 is caused by in- fection from the new coronavirus, SARSCoV-2, which is one of multiple corona- viruses that can infect humans. Other examples includes SARS, MERS(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). Both hu- mans and animals are affected by the virus. The new kind of virus is mainly seen to be matched in the pangolins. Source: shutterstock.com 46

VetPubHealth Journal ISSUE 17 IVSA Standing Committe on One Health April 2020 OUTBREAK The outbreak was first indentified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in 31st Decem- ber, 2019. It is supposed to be spread via the biggest meat market in Wuhan. A number of cases were registered in hospital of Wuhan related to respirar- tory problems as pneumonia with un- known medications to solve the cases. Thereafter, it spreads gradually to ex- tent. HOST RANGE The most likely ecological reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 are bats, but believed that the virus jumped the species barrier to humans from another intermediate animal host could be a domestic food animal, a wild animal, or a domesticat- ed wild animal which has not yet been identified. SPREAD OF THE DISEASE COVID-19 is a new disease and there is process of still learning how it spreads. The observation since it outbreak had shown such: Person-to-person spread The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person. Through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Between people who are in close con- tact with one another (within about 6 feet) Those droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into lungs. Spread from contact with contaminated surfaces or objects It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or pos- sibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads. PATHOGENESIS After the virus enters the body, it needs a special receptor to help it enter the cell. This receptor is called Angiotensin Converting Enzymes-2(ACE-2). The ACE-2 is present on the surface of the alveolar cells in the lung. There are 3 types of alveolar cells: Type1: Responsible for gas exchange Type2: Responsible for producing “sur- factant” which is a mixture of proteins and fats that reduce the surface tension of the alveoli. Type3: Dust cell, which is macrophages. The ACE-2 is found on Type2 of these cells. Corona virus envelop contains pro- teins called spikes and special (S-spike) that helps the virus bind to ACE-2. When the above association occurs, the genetic material of the virus enters the cell and the cell is harnessed to produce viral proteins, thus the virus multiplies and the cell dies. When( type2 alveolar cells)die, they release substances called specific in- flammatory mediators. These substanc- es stimulate the existing immune sub- stances called “cytokines” which are: Interleukin_1(IL_1) Interleukin_6(IL_6) Tumor Necrosis Factor(TNF_α) These three substances, when they reach the bloodstream, cause the symp- toms associated with infection with Co- rona virus. INCUBATION PERIOD: The entry of virus to the exposure of symptoms varies from 5 days to 14 days. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS A study led by Prof. Nan-Shan Zhong’s team, by sampling 1099 laboratory-confirmed cases, found that the common clinical mani- festations included fever(88.7%), cough(67.8%), fatigue(38.1%), spu- tum production(33.4%), shortness of breath(18.6%), sore throat(13.9%), and headache(13.6%). In addition, a part of patients manifested gastrointes- tinal symptoms, with diarrhea(3.8%) and vomiting(5.0%). In laboratory examination results, most patients had normal or decreased white blood cell counts, and lymphocytope- nia. But in the severe patients, the neu47

trophil count, D-dimer, blood urea, and creatinine levels were higher and lym- phocyte counts continued to decrease. CURRENT SCENARIO The disease has been declared as pandemic by World Health Organiza- tion(WHO) on March 11, 2020, as the virus is spreading day by day with high rate though the mortality rate is not much. There is no vaccines made till date though many trials are on process. The disease is now the global matter of concern. Over 200 countries are being affected by the virus. The death toll is increasing day by day and becoming threat to the people ev- ery moment. The people are in mental trauma due to the pandemic situation. PREVENTIVE MEASURES As prevention is better than cure and addition to this there is no any vaccines for the virus following measures should be adopted to control the spread: Do Wash your hands regularly for 20 seconds, with soap and water or alco- hol-based hand rub. Cover your nose and mouth with a dis- posable tissue or flexed elbow when you cough or sneeze. Avoid close contact ( 1 meter or 6 feet) with people who are unwell Stay home and self-isolate from others in the household if you feel unwell Social distancing is the must for to pre- vent it’s spread. Math behind social distancing and it’s help to prevent spread disease is on the figure. So many countries are being lockdown for many days. Don’t Touch your eyes, nose, or mouth if your hands are not clean. POSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENT Though threat to human existence COVID-19 has become boon to envi- ronment. Ozone layer is healing, and the cities and whole world look green and happy. But we must do something to prevent the pandemic situation otherwise there is for sure great loss of human civiliza- tion. Hope in future, human would learn from such pandemic like this and will be ready from beginning. Now we can only pray for good with having faith and hope. References: 48

IVSA Standing Committe on One Health April 2020 1.Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang b, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus 2.WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports 2020 3.Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early humanto-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2039-nCoV), December 2019 to Jan 2020 4.WHO Director – General’s Opening remarks at time media briefing on COVID-19 5.Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) Outbreak – WHO/Euroope. 6.WEB PAGES 1.https://www.who.int. 2.www.euro.eho.int 3.https://www.sciencedirect.com 4.Mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com