Earthquake Design Solution Techniques Isolation Bearings
Construction Method
Seismic Considerations
Additional Design Strategies
Diaphragms: Floors and roofs can be used as rigid horizontal planes, or diaphragms, to transfer lateral forces to vertical resisting elements Shear Walls: Strategically located stiffened walls are shear walls and are capable of transferring lateral forces from floors and roofs to the foundation. Braced Frames: Vertical frames that transfer lateral loads from floors and roofs to foundations. Moment-Resistant Frames: Column/beam joints in moment-resistant frames are designed to take both shear and bending thereby eliminating the space limitations of solid shear walls or braced frames. Energy-Dissipating Devices: Energy-Dissipating Devices are used to minimize shaking of the building. Base Isolation: Separate the building from the foundation to absorb shock.
Attachment Plates
Seismic Activity Map
Seismic Design Factors
Factors that affect the design of the building. Torsion Damping (Vibration Absorption) Ductility Strength Stiffness Building Configuration
Sliding Bearings
Calculations
Internal forces within buildings called Inertial Force (FInertial) cause most damage FInertial = Mass (M) x Acceleration (A) The greater the mass (weight of the building), the greater the internal inertial forces generated. Light weight construction is more beneficial for earthquake prone buildings Sources: WBDG, FEMA, MCEER
Prefabricated Construction
“The practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located.”
BrightBuilt Barn by Kaplan Thompson Architects Rockwood, Maine
BENEFITS
FEATURES
technological advances over the last decade have produced an increase in the use of prefabricated buildings
90% prefabricated structure
the use of prefabricated building methods has increased by the push for sustainable building practices due to prefabrication’s typical resource efficiency and green construction practices
constructed on 4-foot modules
promotes the specification and installation of more sustainable and better quality building materials
net-zero
prefabrication makes up for the decrease in skilled tradespeople in the construction industry, reducing the required manpower by 20%
material waste was less than 10 percent
project schedules are decreased on average by four weeks with the use of prefabricated construction
materials that have at least 25% recycled content
construction site waste is decreased on average by 5% or more less on-site construction results in less disturbance of natural environments BIM promotes the increased use of prefabrication and modularization and supports the use of prefabrication on larger, more complex projects project budgets are decreased on average by 6% or more which creates a greater return on investment for the client by providing predictable results for costs and scheduling increased construction site safety results in lower insurance costs for contractors healthcare, warehouses, and hotels are the fastest growing industries utilizing prefabricated building methods 85% of the construction industry is estimated to use at least some component of prefabrication in building, with exterior walls being the most common prefab element used in construction manufacturers store large amounts of materials during prefabrication of components in the factory, creating the opportunity to continue fabrication of components, rain or shine, speeding up the construction process prefabricated buildings are easily disassembly at end of use for recycling or reclamation
LIMITATIONS coordination of multiple trades at off-site assembly and manufacturing sites can be challenging availability of skilled trades experienced in the creation of prefabricated components is a concern contractors, engineers, and architects who are not familiar with the design process for prefabricated buildings require additional training prefabrication design decisions must be made early in the design process less flexibility of building layout and floor-planning as well as possible limitations on building height restrictions increased transportation and delivery logistics
Construction Strategies Prefabrication
timber-frame structural insulated panel construction framing and other wood products from local sources within 250 miles of the site building envelope uses R-40 insulation in combination with high efficiency windows creating a building tight enough to remove the requirement of a furnace in the cold winters of Maine construction process increased material efficiency by allowing for precise computer-assisted fabrication of components accurately cutting each piece and in return reducing waste tightly integrated BIM modeling (within 1/32-inch tolerances) resulted in a fabrication process with a significantly lower environmental footprint due to the production taking place under controlled conditions components were shipped on trailers to the site and erected in three days sited to minimize damage to the existing landscape while maximizing solar exposure pre-construction planning limited the construction area footprint (since the building envelope was pre-fabricated off-site there was minimal material storage and smaller construction crews, reducing the dimensions of the construction footprint) movable wall partitions can be moved for easy reconfiguration and renovation prefabrication methods allowed a level of flexibility and sustainability beyond the reach of typical residential construction one month’s energy surplus of 727 kilowatt hours (monthly average of 550 kilowatt hours) contributed to achieving Net Zero energy consumption while in-turn providing a fast turnaround time to offsetting its own carbon footprint from its’ construction
Shannon Ferguson
PreFab: Ready to Assemble Strengths: Simple to put together, No field cuts/waste, Cost
control, Minimal site intrusion
Weaknesses: Loose tolerances, Favors design-to-parts rather than parts-for-design
Paper Dome
http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/works/1998_paper-dome/index.html
Sydney Opera House
http://www.arup.com/Projects/Sydney_Opera_House.aspx
Swiss Sound Pavillion
http://theaccounts.tumblr.com/post/306594535/swiss-pavilion-in-hanover-2000-by-peter-zumthor
DEFINITIONS Prefabrication | many parts of the building are pre-made in factories and transported to site in order to cut down on construction time and lower the overall cost of a project
STRATEGY+EQUIPMENT In prefabricated construction, only the foundations are transported and constructed on site, while sections of walls, floors and roof are assembled in a factory (possibly with window and door frames included), transported to the site, lifted into place by a crane and bolted together.
ADVANTAGES Faster construction for parts largely assembled in separate factories and transported to the construction site Site sensitive with less equipment, construction, and labor on the site Often less wasteful than other methods in material costs and transportation Can be more easily deconstructed at the end of the building life
DISADVANTAGES Less flexibility in construction timeline and unexpected obstacles Leaks can form at joints of separate components Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous sections than efficiently packed materials Heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement required
Most helpful site: http://www.umlawcampaign.com/2012/10/prefabricated-construction-is-it-for-you-the-advantages-anddisadvantages-of-prefabricated-construction-components/
construction
P r e f a b r i c a t i o n
W A L L A W O M B A G U E S T H O U S E Bruny Island, Tasmania, Australia | 1+2 Architecture | 2150 sq ft All parts of the home that could be prefabricated and brought to site were done so to prevent extra construction equipment, material, and labor on site.
The house lightly touches the ground with steel feet on concrete pilings,
dispensing the need for continuous concrete footings, as with typical concrete foundations. This strategy greatly reduces disturbance of a site and the requirement to remove massive amounts of earth for a concrete-foundation-wall system.
Prefabricated Design Site Impact If properly coordinated, a structure can be manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. This greatly reduces the building’s construction footprint.
Time Because components can be manufactured off-site, there can be an overlap of construction activities. For example, components can be manufactured while the site is still undergoing construction or while the foundation is being poured. Once on-site, prefabricated components can be assembled rapidly.
Cost Time and labor are large cost drivers. By reducing the number of hours that skilled laborers are on-site, costs can be reduced.
Modular Design A key component of prefabrication is modularity. Modularity greatly reduces manufacturing costs.
Eames House Architects: Charles and Ray Eames Build date: 1949 The design used prefabricated materials ordered from catalogues, a continuation of the postwar trend of mass production. It took just 1.5 days for eight workers to erect the structural frame. The goal of the home was to 1) minimize the impact to the site and 2) maximize volume from minimal materials. Final cost (excluding design labor): $1 per square foot.
Michael Reilly 10/14/2013
construction: end of building life
Cradle to Cradle® design mankind as a positive, restorative, beneficial impact on the environment
• what is it?
background: trademarked “idea” began 1991 before the USGBC formed in 1993 by partners William McDonough and Dr. Michael Braungart importance of a closed loop, that only materials and processes that can be reused endlessly should be included in product design qualifying criteria (as of 2005): 1. Their use of environmentally safe and healthy materials 2. Materials are designed for recycling or composting at end of life 3. Manufacturing must make use of renewable energy and carbon management 4. Water stewardship 5. Social fairness
• what ways can this be implemented? material reuse/recycle for construction: reclaiming non-structural components (appliances, doors, windows, finish materials) harvesting “waste” material and reclaiming it to build new examples include breaking down old concrete for aggregate in new concrete, structural material reclamation, glass recyling (melting it to make new) giving back to the environment: harvesting more energy than is used self water purification (on site) food production produce oxygen clean the air collect rainwater support the biodiversity examples include living walls and green roofs for harvesting oxygen and food
• precedent: Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College Oberlin, Ohio
Team: William McDonough + Partners, Design architect Andropogon Associates, Landscape architect Lev Zetlin Associates, MEP / Structural engineers Loisos + Ubbelohde, Daylighting and energy consultants Living Technologies, Wastewater consultant Steven Winters Associates, Building systems consultants CT Consultants, Civil engineer Mosser Construction, Contractor Project Completion Date: January 2001 Client: Oberlin College the building program: Classrooms, offices, atrium, & auditorium the southern campus’s town hall, or public square desire to blur the distinction between indoors and out construction strategies: Regional sustainably harvested wood from northern Pennsylvania Interface carpet panels Recycled steel I-beams Energy efficient lighting fixtures Acoustical panels constructed of agricultural straw wastes In 2006, the site became a net energy exporter, producing 30 percent more energy than it needs to operate and sharing this excess energy with the community ecologically engineered system that combines elements of conventional wastewater technology with the purification processes of wetland ecosystems to treat the buildings wastewater and then recycle it within the building
CONSTRUCTION: CRADLE TO CRADLE Project_20/20 Park New Amsterdam Design based on the key principles of Cradle to Cradle: 1. Use waste as food 2. Celebrate diversity (rather than rely on one-sizefits- all solutions) 3. Use only renewable energy It contributes more to the site than it uses. This is achieved by circulating water, ecologically managing storm water, generating renewable energy, protecting the existing water supply, cutting down CO2 in the adjacent community, reintroducing native plants, restoring bio diversity to the area, re-using waste Cradle to cradle focuses on a material’s ability to be continuously upcycled into a form with equal or high strength than it had originally. Downcycling process is one such as concrete, which is typically ground up at demolition and used as a lesser strength aggregate. Idea of doing better than net zero energy approach- giving a positive return to the site
Construction Strategy: Zero Waste
Zero Waste is a concept wherein materials that usually get scrapped or put in a landfill are instead recycled and reused. In addition, Zero Waste is also about restructuring production and distribution systems to prevent waste from being manufactured in the first place. Zero Waste favors the design of buildings as assemblages of high level components, not their creation from rough materials such as lumber, cement or plaster, to the extent that entire rooms, entire walls, roofs or floors or entire utility systems can be pre-built and installed as completed components. Unfortunately this ideal is not in practice yet. Until buildings are built as components capable of later dismantling, deconstruction is a stop-gap process that the United States can use to minimize the waste of building materials. Deconstruction can be described as construction in reverse. It involves carefully taking apart a building to maximize the reuse of materials, thereby reducing waste and conserving resources, which plays into the end of life considerations for a building.
One method of moving towards a Zero Waste ideal is through the use of SIP’s. While they are not complete floors, roofs, or walls, they are easily put together and deconstructed, allowing for re-use.
Benefits of Zero Waste: -Reduced waste created. -Landfills last longer due to less construction waste. -Reduced environmental impact. -Increased material recycling and reuse.
Desert Rain House Location: Bend, OR Architect: Al Tozer, Jr. Patrons: Tom Elliott and Barbara Scott Built: 2011-2014 The Desert Rain House is a Living Building Challenge project that focuses on sustainability in all aspects of its design, construction, and use. It has net zero water, energy, and was built with a Zero Waste focus. It used recycled wood soffits, tile, wood beams, and other materials in its construction. Typically for a 2000 SF home, 8000 lbs of waste is sent to a landfill. To date, only 600 lbs of material has had to go to a landfill from Desert Rain. Waste material is recycled, and in some cases brought back to the site for reuse.
zero waste
c+D ordinance
construction strategy
san francisco,ca
what is it
Components
how it works
requires all construction and demolition debris materials be recycled or reused
-asphalt -concrete -brick -lumber -plastic pipe -metals -carpeting -gypsum wallboard
construction strategy: zero waste “Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient and visionary, to guide people in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources for others to use. Zero Waste means designing and managing products and processes to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Implementing Zero Waste will eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.� - Zero Waste International Alliance Strives for: - Zero waste of resources - Zero solid waste - Zero hazardous waste - Zero emmisions - Zero waste in production activities - Zero waste in administrative activites - Zero waste in product life style - Zero toxics
BUILDING TIGHTNESS A TIGHT BUILDING ENVELOPE PROVIDES A CONTINUOUS THERMAL BARRIER AND AIR AND WATER VAPOR BARRIER, RESTRICTING THE MOVEMENT OF AIR AND PASSAGE OF HEAT. IT ALSO ELIMINATES MOLD ISSUES BY RESTRICTING THE PASSAGE OF WATER VAPOR. A GOOD WAY TO A TIGHT BUILDING ENVELOPE IS THE CONTINUITY OF TRANSITIONS & PARTS - FOUNDATION TO WALL, WALL TO WINDOW, WALL TO WALL NEEDS COMPATABILITY OF MATERIALS AND SHEET MEMBRANES, SILICONE SHEETS, SEALANTS, SPRAY FOAMS
E+ GREEN HOME UNSANGDONG ARCHITECTS
THE BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION HAS BEEN MINIMIZED WITH THE HELP OF HIGH PERFORMANCE INSULATION AND HIGH DENSITY TRIPLE PANE WINDOWS FROM THE ENERGY+ TECHNICAL ELEMENTS. THE PERFORMANCE OF AIR TIGHTNESS HAS BEEN IMPROVED BY MINIMIZING AIR LEAKAGE FROM THE WINDOWS.
Construction Strategies
Cut and Fill This method is intended to use displaced soil on the same site so that it does not need to be carted away. In some cases, there is too much that is cut out of the land that there is no room for it on the site. In these situations, the soil is taken to another site that needs soil remediation. Although this is the last resourse to use the soil, it still allows for no wasted material.
Vall d’en Joan by Battle i Roig Architectes
The use of cut and fill allows a site to be reinvented to have a new purpose. Cut and fill in this situation was moved around the site to turn an extraction site into a usable facility.
Construction Strategy: Cut and Fill Description: The process of using excavated soil material, for construction elements such as foundations and site design, in other ways on the site, such as landscape design, rammed earth wall construction, ect.
Advantages: - Reuse of product on site reduces the need to bring material to and/or from the site - Reduces carbon footprint of project - Reduces need for staging space for excess materials being brought to site - Reduces environmental impact from trucks shipping materials
Disadvantages: -Local soils may not meet the engineering specifications of the design - Structural, capillary, ect. - More equipment needed when compared to slab on grade construction
Diagramming:
Prefabrication: Pre-Cast Concrete Plant Produced Because precast components are cast in a plant and delivered to a job site,disruption to the surrounding community is greatly reduced. Noises associated with the construction of forms and placement of concrete is contained within the plant environment. This results in substantially quieter construction sites .
Faster Construction & Smaller Footpring Precast installation is so quick that other trades can begin work sooner often saving weeks on the construction schedule. Precast also requires less storage space on site, no long setups for scaffolding, and smaller crews to install. Precast needs no additional curing on site and does not require protection from weather.
Less Vulnerable to Weather Because nearly all precast production takes place within the controlled climate of a plant, precast is significantly less vulnerable to disruption caused by wet, cold or very hot weather, enabling installation to take place year-round in most cases.
Sustainable The materials that comprise precast concrete products come from natural and recycled sources, making it a very sustainable construction material, perfect for green building under LEED guidelines. Aggregates and water are all widely available and in plentiful supply.
Widely Available Precast concrete uses materials that are widely available in all locations. With an estimated 3,000 precast plants in North America, many products can be manufactured locally, saving on delivery time and cost.
Highly Customizable Casting precast concrete in carefully constructed molds means that very highly articulated panels are possible. being able to produce a variety of different profiles can be very important. This is an area in which precast concrete excels because of the flexibility and accuracy in the production process.