Sebastiaan
Urban and Landscape Design
the post-fossil city. the Energy transition of Amsterdam: an urgent necessity.
www.sebastiaanbrons.nl
‘We should be using Nature’s inexhaustible sources of energy — sun, wind and tide. … I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.’ - Thomas Edison, 1931
What is the problem? TEXT
100
80
60 % Gas 40 Oil Peat 20 Wood
Coal Other
0 1600
1650
1700
1750
1800 Year
Data from source:
1850
1900
1950
2000
Question?
economic and demographic growth and at the same time provide a decreasing energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions and increase renewable production?
How does Amsterdam accommodate
rgy demand
solution this simple?
Now production
Goal
sil production Source: http://www.dingemandeijs.nl/index.php?/warmsterdam/
hange Image source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015), edited by myself.
Why transition?
Amsterdam climate in 2071
Independence from Russia
INdependency from Russian Gas.
Amsterdam climate in 2071
Image source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015)
Independence from Russia
Natural gas is getting expensive
Gas is getting expensive.
Independence from Russia
Natural gas is getting expensive
Image source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015)
rising sea levels.
Amsterdam climate in 2071
Rising sea levels
Independence from Russia
Natural ga
Fossil fuels are getting scarce
scarcity of fossil fuels.
climate in 2071
Rising sea levels
Independence from Russia
Natural gas is getting expensive
Fossil fuels are getting scarce
Before we can tackle the problem we have to take a look into...
the energy consumption
Worldwide. TEXT
Nuclear = 2.7%
Renewables = 16.7%
Fossil fuels = 80.6%
Data from source:
Worldwide. Worldwide Energy Consumption
Geothermal electricity = 0.07% Solar PV power = 0.06% Nuclear = 2.7%
Wind power = 0.51% Biomass electricity = 0.28% Biodiesel = 0.17% Ethanol = 0.50%
Hydropower = 3.34%
Renewables = 16.7%
Biomass heat = 11.44%
Geothermal heat = 0.12% Solar hotwater = 0.17%
Fossil fuels = 80.6%
Data from source: Renewable Energy Policy Network, 2010
Total
Renewables
Fossil fuels = 80.6% Renewables = 16.7% Nuclear = 2.7%
Biomass heat = 11.44% Solar hotwater = 0.17% Geothermal heat = 0.12% Hydropower = 3.34% Ethanol = 0.50% Biodiesel = 0.17% Biomass electricity = 0.28% Wind power = 0.51% Geothermal electricity = 0.07% Solar PV power = 0.06% Solar CSP = 0.002% Ocean power = 0.001%
Netherlands.
Conversion losses Built environment 15%
20% gas
61%
electricity other 29%
33% 6% 0%
Industry
33% Transport 3% Agriculture
Total Energy consumption per sector (1150 TWh*/y) *One terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of approximately 114 megawatts** for a period of one year. **In comparison one big windturbine of has a sustained power of approximately 6 MW.
Amsterdam enough Jeroen wasteAtteveld, heat toDingeman provide heat the edited wholebycity. Image source:produces Young Innovators: Deijs for (2015), myself. (Rotterdam produces enough waste heat to provide heat for the entire Randstad)
100%
Amsterdam electricity consumption.
Amsterdam gas consumption.
co2 emissions.
Electricity Heat Mobility
4100 GWh
=2500 kton CO2
800 mill. m gas 3
=1500 kton CO2 =1600 kton CO2
Netherlands (Loss).
Image source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015), edited by myself.
Amsterdam (Loss).
Power plant locations.
there is more than energy...
Changing politics
Global agreements.
June, 2015: G7 conference
Picture from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/08/us-g7-summit-idUSKBN0OM0I320150608
And different ambitions.
Infrastructures across international borders
International agreements (IPCC / G7 conference)
80-95% CO2 reduction by 2050.
Ambition Netherlands.
Energy transition in the cities
National policies should change
In 2023, at least 16% of all energy must be sustainable. Less dependent on fossil fuels
Ambition Amsterdam.
Investing in renewable energy
40% CO2 reduction by 2025 and 75% in 2040, compared to 1990. Funding of local initiatives
Funding of innovation in renewables
What is sustainibility?
What is sustainable energy?
Reduce energy demand
Now
?
?
?
Sustainable production
sustainable Production.
What is sustainable energy?
Reduce energy demand
Now
?
?
Sustainable production
?
Goal
Efficient fossil production
Source: ht
efficient use of fossil sources. Now
?
?
Sustainable production
?
Goal
Efficient fossil production
Source: h
Energy exchange
Goal
Re-use of residual flows. Efficient fossil production
Source: http
Energy exchange
The path to Sustainibility. What is sustainable energy? Reduce energy demand demand Reduce energy
Now
?
?
Sustainable production
Sustainable production
?
Goal
Efficient fossilfossil production Efficient production Source: http://www.dingemandeijs.nl/index.php?/warmsterdam/
Energy exchange Energy exchange
the potential of renewables.
Now in use: 0,02 PJ Potential now: 3,75 PJ
Theoretical potential: 596,9 PJ Sun Potential Amsterdam: 1.042.000 MWh
Data from source: Energie Atlas Amsterdam Zuid-Oost, april 2014.
the potential of renewables. Sun Potential
Wind Potential
Heat Potential
Now in use: 0,02 PJ
Now in use: 0,5 PJ
Now in use: 0 PJ
Potential now: 3,75 PJ
Potential now: 1,6 PJ
Potential now: 0,39 PJ
Theoretical potential: 596,9 PJ
Theoretical potential: 14,6 PJ
Theoretical potential: 11,6 PJ
Sun Potential Amsterdam: 1.042.000 MWh
Wind Potential Amsterdam: 445.000 MWh
Cold Potential
Hot/Cold Storage open system potential
Hot/Cold Storage closed system potential
Now in use: 0 PJ
Now in use: 0,64 PJ
Now in use: 0 PJ
Potential now: 0,25 PJ
Potential now: 54 PJ
Potential now: 4 PJ
Theoretical potential: 10 PJ
Theoretical potential: 237 PJ
Theoretical potential: 20,7 PJ
Geothermal Potential
Waste heat potential
Waste potential
Now in use: 0 PJ
Now in use: 0 PJ
Now in use: 0,3 PJ
Potential now: 9,31PJ
Potential now: 1,31 PJ
Potential now: 0,3 PJ
Theoretical potential: 10,96 PJ
Theoretical potential: 3,92 PJ
Theoretical potential: 1,14PJ Waste Potential Amsterdam: 77.778 MWh
Source: Energieatlas Amsterdam Zuidoost, Gemeente Amsterdam (april, 2014)
Data from source: Energie Atlas Amsterdam Zuid-Oost, april 2014.
difference theoretical and real potential.
Solar insolation Amsterdam
Only rooftops
Orientation / suitable
Efficiency solar panel
N 100% 597 PJ
15% 89 PJ
Data from source: Energie Atlas Amsterdam Zuid-Oost, april 2014.
6% 41 PJ
1% 3,75 PJ
Sustainable energy assumptions. Solar insolation Amsterdam
Only rooftops
Orientation / suitable
Efficiency solar panel
Hydrous sand layers
Flow and radiation
Limited range
Near buildings
1% 3,75 PJ
100% 475 PJ
50% 237 PJ
33% 157 PJ
23% 108 PJ
Deep heat source
Heat exchanger
Heat loss distribution
90% 11,4 PJ
75% 9,3 PJ
N 100% 597 PJ
15% 89 PJ
Wimdturbines Amsterdam
Minimal distance buildings
6% 41 PJ
Windstrategy municipality Amsterdam
300 m 3 km
100% 14,6 PJ
55% 8 PJ
11% 1,6 PJ
100% 12,7 PJ
Waste production Amsterdam
Efficiency waste powerplant
Energy production
Waste heat
Collect
Heat exchanger
Seasonal storage
100% 4 PJ
50% 2 PJ
25% 1 PJ
12,5% 0,5 PJ
Heatpump
+
100% 5 PJ
27% 1,6 PJ
26% 1,5 PJ 1% 0,1 PJ
Data from source: Energie Atlas Amsterdam Zuid-Oost, april 2014.
17% 0,7 PJ
Consumption vs Potential. Potential
Source
TEXT
Efficiency (%) = Amount (GWh)
3 km
75% = 2582 GWh
1% = 1042 GWh
2014 consumption
4545 GWh Electricity
2014 consumption 780 777 453 m3 Gas
= 229 GWh
17% = 195 GWh 11% = 444 GWh
1% = 28 GWh
26% = 417 GWh
Data from source: Total: 1903 GWh
Electricity potential vs. Heat potential
Total: 2805 GWh
What is already been done?
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Renewable energy production.
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
there should be a change in thinking...
Thinking in concepts
Urban Metabolism / circular economy. hinterland is the garbage bin of the city Coal Oil Gas
Sun Wind Biogas
landfill, sea dumping
Food Energy Goods
Emissions Input
Output
Wastes
Biogas
Food
Re-use of flows
Energy Goods
Recycling of products hinterland works with regional ecosystems
Urban Metabolism / circular economy. hinterland is the garbage bin of the city Coal Oil Gas
Sun Wind Biogas
landfill, sea dumping
Food Energy Goods
Emissions Input
Output
Biogas
Food Energy Goods
Wastes
Input
Output
hinterland works with regional ecosystems
Re-use of flows Recycling of products
From a centralized system, Resources
Fossil fuels
Source: www.energyplan.eu, edited by myself
Source: www.energyplan.eu, edited by myself.
Conversion
Demands
Combustion engine
Mobility
Power plants
Electricity
Boiler
Heat
to a decentralized system. Resources
Conversion
Demands
Combustion engine
Electric vehicles Fuel storage
Wind
Bioenergy fuels
Fluctuating electricity
Combined heat power plant
Synthetic fuels
Heat pump
Power exchange
Electricity storage
Mobility
Flexible electricity
Cooling
Solar
Fluctuating heat
Source: www.energyplan.eu, edited by myself
Source: www.energyplan.eu, edited by myself.
Thermal storage Heating
Agenda for Circularity. 1) Connect the city with its surroundings 2) Realize regional and local energy grids 3) Approach buildings as power plants for commodities and energy 4) Adapt tax system, laws and regulations 5) Give space to local innovative districts 6) Share knowledge and data 7) Give space to local production 8) Make recycling easier 9) Create local or regional coalitions 10) From circular thinking to circular action Source: Ruimtevolk; Het perspectief van de Circulaire stad (2015)
Spatial design objectives. 1) Connect the city with its surroundings 2) Realize regional and local energy grids 3) Approach buildings as power plants for commodities and energy 4) Adapt tax system, laws and regulations 5) Give space to local innovative districts 6) Share knowledge and data 7) Give space to local production 8) Make recycling easier 9) Create local or regional coalitions 10) From circular thinking to circular action
Connect city with its surroundings.
Realize regional energy grids,...
...local electricity grids...
...and local heat grids
See each building as a power plant,...
...make space for local innovative districts...
...and produce local! Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Total: 455 MW
Total: 1700 MW
Total: 550 MW
Total: 1900 MW
Total: 875 MW
Production of: Electricity Total: 1629 MW Solar (0.6%)
Waste (3.3%) Waste (8.3%)
Waste (4.5%) Waste (8.6%)
Solar (9.4%) Biomass (6.4%) Solar (23.2%)
Wind (9.4%) Waste (14.4%)
Biomass (11.4%)
Geothermal (9.1%)
Waste (15.8%)
Wind (15.3%)
Geothermal (28.6%) Coal (38.7%)
Wasteheat (96.7%)
Coal (25.6%)
Wasteheat (80.0%) Wind (52.6%)
Wasteheat (51.4%) Gas (43.0%) Gas (35.3%)
Coal (3.2%) Gas (5.2%)
2015
2020
2040
Costs?
Source: http://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/Green%20energy_79881
Economical data; electricity *LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy consists of: -Investments -Operations/maintenance -Fuel -Electricity generation -Life of System
Solar PV (Rooftop residential)
$180
Solar PV (Rooftop Commercial & Industry)
Alternative energy
$126
Solar thermal with storage
$118
Fuel Cell
$115
Microturbine
$89
Biomass
$87
Wind
$37
$177 $130 $176
$102
Geothermal
$265
$135 $142 $116
$81
Diesel generator
$297
Gas peaking
Conventional energy
$179
IGCC
$102
$332
$230 $171
(integrated gasification combined cycle)
$92
Nuclear Coal
$66
Gas combined cycle
$0 Data from source: http://www.lazard.com/
Data from source: http//www.lazard.com
$132 $151
$61
$87
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
LCOE* ($/MWh)
$350
$400
$450
$500
Economical data; heat
CV
CV
CV
Existing building
1. Profitable isolation
2. Passive isolation
â‚Ź / year
â‚Ź / year
2500
3500
3. Connection city heating
3000 2000 2500 1500 2000
1500
1000
1000 500 500
0
0 Own natural gas 2014
Import natural gas
Doubled gas price
Macro economic costs
Data from source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015), edited by myself
Own natural gas 2014
Consumer price
Import natural gas
Doubled gas price
Each scale has its own solution...
Regional scale.
Regional; electricity. - Infrastructure throughout the region - Large scale energy production - Connect existing with new - No heat infrastructure on regional scale
City scale.
City scale; electricity. - Local energy production from wind and solar panels - Ring infrastructure of energy grid (together with heat infrastructure) - Make use of existing infrastructure as far as possible - Solar panels at Schiphol / in Waterland
City scale; heat.
City scale; heat. - Ring infrastructure, to complete circle of existing district heating - A branched network for further connection of the city - Together with electricity network, two separate networks - Heat hubs as part of the structure
Heat hub. Defrozen bike/walk paths Existing housing
Heavy industry Heated vertical green
New housing
Geothermal
Storage Offices
Greenhouses
Heated street furniture
Idea from: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015) and IABR Rotterdam (2014).
Heat hub possibilities.
Heat hub
Restaurant
90째C
Sauna
Tropical green
Heat source
City thermometer
Idea from: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015) and IABR Rotterdam (2014).
from Concept to Design.
Typologies. Transport Recreation Transport heat Industrial area
Typologies.
Small scale solutions Storage / Recreation
Residential
Collect phosphates from sewage
Typologies.
Medium scale solutions
Use phosphates from sewage to grow crops
Biomass plants
Use ditch for cleaning groundwater Agriculture
Typologies.
Solar panels on roofs Innovative solutions (adaptive led lights) Solar bike path
Electricity / Heat infrastructure High rise residential
Typologies.
Large scale solutions
Transport to land Outskirts
Typologies.
Storage
Harbour
Living lab of energy production
Where to start?
Where to gain the most profit?
Average Electricity Consumption - Re
Average Electricity Consumption - Co
Average Gas Consumption - Residen
Average consumption: Total / known connections (gas/electricity)
Average Gas Consumption - Comme
Most consumption
Least consumption No data Protected data
Source: www.energieinbeeld.nl through Laura Hakvoort (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015)
Four areas. - Nieuw-West - Zaan/IJ riverbanks - Zeeburg/IJburg expansion - Amsterdam-Noord, around NDSM.
How is this going to look in Amsterdam?
Nieuw-West / Zaan-IJ. - 32x 3MW turbines - 11x 7,5MW turbines - 477 solar panels = 4,7MW - 512MW from windfarms at IJmuiden - Total of 704MW
Zeeburg / IJburg. - 14x 3MW turbines - 36x 7,5MW turbines - 352 solar panels = 3,5MW - Total of 315,5MW
Harbor area.
IJ lake.
Ijdijk.
Durgerdam (view to zeeburg).
Nieuw-West.
Nieuw-West.
How further?
Complete circular Invest in district heating 70% renewables Ring structure heat / electricity
windparks at sea
2015
2040 Windturbines harbor / lake
Solar panels Export green energy Use of surroundings
Step 1: Invest in district heating.
Step 2: Windturbines in harbor.
Step 3: Ring infrastructure electricity.
Step 4: Windturbines at sea.
Step 5: Solar panels.
Step 6: Connect surroundings (biomass).
Step 7: 70% renewables.
Step 8: Complete circular economy.
Conclusion.
Image based on: https://www.deingenieur.nl/artikel/landschapsarchitect-dirk-sijmons-over-het-metabolisme-van-de-stad, edited by myself
Prevent this.
Image source: http://www.electricblueskies.com/tag/landscape/page/2/
And create the post-Fossil city.
Sebastiaan
Urban and Landscape Design
the post-fossil city. the Energy transition of Amsterdam: an urgent necessity.
www.sebastiaanbrons.nl
Total electricity consumption. Total Electricity Consumption - Commercial
Commercial + Residential Total Gas Consumption - Residential & Commercial
Average consumption: Total / known connections
Commercial
Total Gas Consumption - Residential
Most consumption
Least consumption No data Protected data
Source: www.energieinbeeld.nl through Laura Hakvoort (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015), edited by myself
Total Gas Consumption - Commercial
Residential
Total gas consumption. Total Electricity Consumption - Commercial
Commercial + Residential Total Gas Consumption - Residential & Commercial
Average consumption: Total / known connections
Commercial
Total Gas Consumption - Residential
Most consumption
Least consumption No data Protected data
Source: www.energieinbeeld.nl through Laura Hakvoort (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015), edited by myself
Total Gas Consumption - Commercial
Residential
Potential Amsterdam (waste heat).
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Potential Amsterdam (thermal storage).
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Change in percentage Renewables.
100
% Amount renewable
80
60
40
20
0 2015
2025
2035
2045
2055
2065
2075
2085
Year
Technological development IPCC conference
Conflicts between nations Oil crisis
End of oil age / end of fossil fuels Oil crisis
Global renewable network New innovation
2100
Change in heat production.
3 km
Producing wasteheat from fossil fuels
Producing heat from renewables
Change over time
Business Plan.
Manufacturer responsible for recycling
Products are owned by manufacturer Pay per used heat
1. Analysing usage
2. Heat plan
3. Customized products
4. Service, lease or buy?
5. Installation
Investments for users lower
Personal plan for each user, easier to predict demand
6. Maintenance
7. Re-use / recycling