Sebastiaan
Urban and Landscape Design
www.sebastiaanbrons.nl
‘We should be using Nature’s inexhaustible sources of energy — sun, wind and tide. … I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.’ - Thomas Edison, 1931
Why transition?
Amsterdam climate in 2071
Independence from Russia
Rising sea levels Image 2, 3, 4 source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015)
Natural gas is getting expensive
Fossil fuels are getting scarce
Worldwide energy consumption
Nuclear = 2.7%
Renewables = 16.7%
Fossil fuels = 80.6%
Worldwide energy consumption Worldwide Energy Consumption
Geothermal electricity = 0.07% Solar PV power = 0.06%
Wind power = 0.51% Biomass electricity = 0.28% Biodiesel = 0.17%
Nuclear = 2.7% Ethanol = 0.50%
Hydropower = 3.34%
Renewables = 16.7%
Biomass heat = 11.44% Geothermal heat = 0.12%
Solar hotwater = 0.17%
Fossil fuels = 80.6%
Data from source: Renewable Energy Policy Network, 2010
Total
Renewables
Fossil fuels = 80.6% Renewables = 16.7% Nuclear = 2.7%
Biomass heat = 11.44% Solar hotwater = 0.17% Geothermal heat = 0.12% Hydropower = 3.34% Ethanol = 0.50% Biodiesel = 0.17% Biomass electricity = 0.28% Wind power = 0.51% Geothermal electricity = 0.07% Solar PV power = 0.06% Solar CSP = 0.002% Ocean power = 0.001%
In the Netherlands, an estimated 10 GW of energy is lost in the form of heat. This corresponds to 10 considerable coal power plants.
Source: De Ingenieur (January 20, 2012), Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015)
Sustainable energy assumptions Solar insolation Amsterdam
Only rooftops
Orientation / suitable
Efficiency solar panel
Hydrous sand layers
Flow and radiation
Limited range
Near buildings
1% 3,75 PJ
100% 475 PJ
50% 237 PJ
33% 157 PJ
23% 108 PJ
Deep heat source
Heat exchanger
Heat loss distribution
90% 11,4 PJ
75% 9,3 PJ
N 100% 597 PJ
15% 89 PJ
Wimdturbines Amsterdam
Minimal distance buildings
6% 41 PJ
Windstrategy municipality Amsterdam
300 m 3 km
100% 14,6 PJ
55% 8 PJ
11% 1,6 PJ
100% 12,7 PJ
Waste production Amsterdam
Efficiency waste powerplant
Energy production
Waste heat
Collect
Heat exchanger
Seasonal storage
100% 4 PJ
50% 2 PJ
25% 1 PJ
12,5% 0,5 PJ
Heatpump
+
100% 5 PJ
27% 1,6 PJ
26% 1,5 PJ 1% 0,1 PJ
17% 0,7 PJ
Consumption vs Potential Potential
Source Efficiency (%) = Amount (GWh) 3 km
75% = 2582 GWh
1% = 1042 GWh
2014 consumption
4545 GWh Electricity
2014 consumption 780 777 453 m3 Gas
= 229 GWh
17% = 195 GWh 11% = 444 GWh
1% = 28 GWh
26% = 417 GWh
Total: 1903 GWh
Electricity potential vs. Heat potential
Total: 2805 GWh
Changing politics
Global agreements
June, 2015: G7 conference
Picture from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/08/us-g7-summit-idUSKBN0OM0I320150608
Ambition Europe
Infrastructures across international borders
International agreements (IPCC / G7 conference)
80-95% CO2 reduction by 2050.
Ambition Netherlands
Energy transition in the cities
In 2023, at least 16% of all energy must be sustainable. Less dependent on fossil fuels
National policies should change
Ambition Amsterdam
40% CO2 reduction by 2025 and 75% in 2040, compared to 1990. Funding of local initiatives
Investing in renewable energy
Funding of innovation in renewables
Change in thinking Urban Metabolism / Circular Economy
Source: http://www.acceleratio.eu/circular-economy/
Agenda for Circularity 1) Connect the city with its surroundings 2) Realize regional and local energy grids 3) Approach buildings as power plants for commodities and energy 4) Adapt tax system, laws and regulations 5) Give space to local innovative districts 6) Share knowledge and data 7) Give space to local production 8) Make recycling easier 9) Create local or regional coalitions 10) From circular thinking to circular action Source: Ruimtevolk; Het perspectief van de Circulaire stad (2015)
Spatial design objectives 1) Connect the city with its surroundings 2) Realize regional and local energy grids 3) Approach buildings as power plants for commodities and energy 4) Adapt tax system, laws and regulations 5) Give space to local innovative districts 6) Share knowledge and data 7) Give space to local production 8) Make recycling easier 9) Create local or regional coalitions 10) From circular thinking to circular action
Connect city with its surroundings
Realize regional energy grids,...
...local electricity grids...
...and local heat grids
See each building as a power plant,...
...make space for local innovative districts...
...and produce local! Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Total: 455 MW
Total: 1700 MW
Total: 550 MW
Total: 1900 MW
Total: 875 MW
Production of: Electricity Total: 1629 MW Solar (0.6%)
Waste (3.3%) Waste (8.3%)
Waste (4.5%) Waste (8.6%)
Solar (9.4%) Biomass (6.4%) Solar (23.2%)
Wind (9.4%) Waste (14.4%)
Biomass (11.4%)
Geothermal (9.1%)
Waste (15.8%)
Wind (15.3%)
Geothermal (28.6%) Coal (38.7%)
Wasteheat (96.7%)
Coal (25.6%)
Wasteheat (80.0%) Wind (52.6%)
Wasteheat (51.4%) Gas (43.0%) Gas (35.3%)
Coal (3.2%) Gas (5.2%)
2015
2020
2040
Costs?
Source: http://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/Green%20energy_79881
Economical data; electricity *LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy consists of: -Investments -Operations/maintenance -Fuel -Electricity generation -Life of System
Solar PV (Rooftop residential)
$180
Solar PV (Rooftop Commercial & Industry)
Alternative energy
$126
Solar thermal with storage
$118
Fuel Cell
$115
Microturbine
$89
Biomass
$87
Wind
$37
$177 $130 $176
$102
Geothermal
$265
$135 $142 $116
$81
Diesel generator
$297
Gas peaking
Conventional energy
$179
IGCC
$102
$332
$230 $171
(integrated gasification combined cycle)
$92
Nuclear Coal
$66
Gas combined cycle
$0 Data from source: http://www.lazard.com/
Data from source: http//www.lazard.com
$132 $151
$61
$87
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
LCOE* ($/MWh)
$350
$400
$450
$500
Economical data; heat
CV
CV
CV
Existing building
1. Profitable isolation
2. Passive isolation
â‚Ź / year
â‚Ź / year
2500
3500
3. Connection city heating
3000 2000 2500 1500 2000
1500
1000
1000 500 500
0
0 Own natural gas 2014
Import natural gas
Doubled gas price
Macro economic costs
Data from source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015)
Own natural gas 2014
Consumer price
Import natural gas
Doubled gas price
Each scale has its own solution...
Regional scale
Regional; electricity - Infrastructure throughout the region - Large scale energy production - Connect existing with new - No heat infrastructure on regional scale
City scale; electricity
City scale; electricity - Local energy production from wind and solar panels - Ring infrastructure of energy grid (together with heat infrastructure) - Make use of existing infrastructure as far as possible - Solar panels at Schiphol / in Waterland
City scale; heat
City scale; heat - Ring infrastructure, to complete circle of existing district heating - A branched network for further connection of the city - Together with electricity network, two separate networks - Heat hubs as part of the structure
Heat hub Defrozen bike/walk paths Existing housing
Heavy industry Heated vertical green
New housing
Geothermal
Storage Offices
Greenhouses
Heated street furniture
Idea from: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015) and IABR Rotterdam (2014).
Heat hub possibilities
Heat hub
Restaurant
90째C
Sauna
Tropical green
Heat source
City thermometer
Idea from: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015) and IABR Rotterdam (2014).
Typologies Transport Recreation Transport heat
Industrial area
Typologies
Small scale solutions Storage / Recreation
Residential
Collect phosphates from sewage
Typologies
Medium scale solutions
Use phosphates from sewage to grow crops
Biomass plants
Use ditch for cleaning groundwater Agriculture
Typologies
Solar panels on roofs Innovative solutions (adaptive led lights) Solar bike path
Electricity / Heat infrastructure High rise residential
Typologies
Large scale solutions
Transport to land Outskirts
Typologies
Storage
Harbour
Living lab of energy production
How further?
Complete circular Invest in district heating 70% renewables Ring structure heat / electricity
windparks at sea
2015
2040 Windturbines harbor / lake
Solar panels Use of surroundings
Export green energy
Step 1: Invest in district heating
Step 2: Windturbines in harbor
Step 3: Ring infrastructure electricity
Step 4: Windturbines at sea
Step 5: Solar panels
Step 6: Connect surroundings (biomass)
Step 7: 70% renewables
Step 8: Complete circular economy
Conclusion
Image based on: https://www.deingenieur.nl/artikel/landschapsarchitect-dirk-sijmons-over-het-metabolisme-van-de-stad, edited by myself
Sebastiaan
Urban and Landscape Design
www.sebastiaanbrons.nl
Total electricity consumption Total Electricity Consumption - Commercial
Commercial + Residential Total Gas Consumption - Residential & Commercial
Average consumption: Total / known connections
Commercial
Total Gas Consumption - Residential
Most consumption
Least consumption No data Protected data
Source: www.energieinbeeld.nl through Laura Hakvoort (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015), edited by myself
Total Gas Consumption - Commercial
Residential
Total gas consumption Total Electricity Consumption - Commercial
Commercial + Residential Total Gas Consumption - Residential & Commercial
Average consumption: Total / known connections
Commercial
Total Gas Consumption - Residential
Most consumption
Least consumption No data Protected data
Source: www.energieinbeeld.nl through Laura Hakvoort (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015), edited by myself
Total Gas Consumption - Commercial
Residential
Power plants Amsterdam
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Housing Corporations
Home ownership
Potential Amsterdam (electricity production)
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Potential Amsterdam (waste heat)
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Potential Amsterdam (thermal storage)
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Change in percentage Renewables
100
% Amount renewable
80
60
40
20
0 2015
2025
2035
2045
2055
2065
2075
2085
Year
Technological development IPCC conference
Conflicts between nations Oil crisis
End of oil age / end of fossil fuels Oil crisis
Global renewable network New innovation
2100
Change in heat production
3 km
Producing wasteheat from fossil fuels
Producing heat from renewables
Change over time
Business Plan
Manufacturer responsible for recycling
Products are owned by manufacturer Pay per used heat
1. Analysing usage
2. Heat plan
3. Customized products
4. Service, lease or buy?
5. Installation
Investments for users lower
Personal plan for each user, easier to predict demand
6. Maintenance
7. Re-use / recycling